ISSN 1859-4611 Tap chi s6 19. U,ang 8-2016. midng Dai hoc Tax Nguyen
V E M O T S O mj&SG N G H I E N ' C t n i ) K H O A H O C G U O D U C T R O N G G I A I B O . \ N H I E N , \ A Y
Ngo Dinh Q u o c ' Ngay nhan bai: 20/7/2016: Ngaj phan bien thdng qua. OI/S/2016; Nga.v duyet dang; 15/8/2016
TO.M T A T
Nam 1994 sau khi phan tich dijm sd cua 100.000 hpc sinh d IOO tnidng hpe. William Sanders cuno dong nghiep da dua ra ket luan rang; ea nhan ngudi giao v,™ dimg Ipp U,a,n ehi cdn cd anh h u d n . l d i do, vm ke, qua hpc ,ap cOa hpc sinh hm, ea mong dpi. Ngu y r i , ro ri,ng va e i p , h i j , eua k j , luaiMiav la de nang eao chat lupng giao due thi viec nghien cuu d j nang eao c h i , lum,g gidng day cOa giao viei (lm,g I , ^ la uu „en hang diiu. ma khdng phai la eac yju Id khae. Trudc thuc trang do nav sinh vin d j la can pha, „en hanh ngh.en euu khoa hoc g,ao due. Bao cao na, nhim phan hch , i ; h c i p ,'hi j , phai diy
mpt de tai KHGD va de xual mpt sp hudng ngh.iin cira vi KHGD trong Ihd, gian tdi.
Tir khia: Nghen cia, khog hoc g,io due. nghien cini di iii KHGD. humig nghien cia, vi KHGD.
1. M O BAU
Chung ta. nhirng nha giao due hpc. dang d mpt thdi diem dac biet; khong chi d nhimg nam diu cua d,ap ky. dau mp, the ky mdi ma mp, ,hien men ky mdi dang b i , diu. Til nhien, diju nay mang den ci, nhimg c o hp, va thach lhi,c phuc ,a'p. Tha, vay ngay nay -nghe ihua," day hpc da ffd ,hanh
•'khoa hoc" day hoc dd chinh la mol thav ddi cd tinh ban le.
Chimg ,a cd ,he ngac nhien ring each day hpn 30 nam. viec day hpc cdn chua dupc nghien cuu mp, each he ,hdng va khoa hpc. Diju do khdng CO nghia la nhimg phumig phap day hpc hieu q u i vang bdng irude nhirng nam 70 cua , h j ky ,nrac Trong ,huc ,e. cac nha gjao due hpc da ap dune mp, each hieu q u i cac yeu ciu cUa he ,hdng Socra", nhu ia mp, phuang phap da> hpc ,rong vdng 2500 nam qua.
Tuy va>; vao dau nhirng na,n 70 cua , h j ky irupc cac nha nghicn cuu b i , diu xem lai hieu qua viec giang day dd, vdi viec hoc cUa hoc smh Kjl qua ia. ngudi ta tin ring nha ,rudng lao nen mdi su khac bicl rat nho ddi vol kjl q u i hpc tap ciia hoc sinh. Dd li mol kjl luan ciia mol cdng trinh noi neng cd ,en "Binh dang ,rons co hdi siao due"
xui, bin nam 1966 Bao cao na> la cOa James Coleman. Sau khi phan ,ich 600.000 hpc s,nh \ a 60 000 giao vien a 4 000 uudng Coleman va cac dong nghiep dua dcn md, k j , luan li ; Nhi ,rui„g ch, chi,,, 10% g„h hiroug ,ro„g ki, qug hoc ,ip cua hoc s„,h The mp, cau ho, logic duac da, ra li- Cai gi anh hudng djn 90% kia^'
Mpi phil hicn luong lu cung duac nahien cdu a Hanard. Chrisiopher Jencks dua ra irong cudn
sach "su mat binh dang"- Danh gia v j anh hudng cua gia dinh va nha inrdng a My nam 1972 Jencks Viet; Phin lii, nhimg yiu li ,gc ding din sukhic b,e, ,ro„g kel qud hoc ,ip cug hoc .mh la nhTug d,eu mi nha ,ruing khong Ihi hin, .wi, d,rgc.
Neu nhu vay thi su cd ging eii each giao due va ddi mdi nha tmdng d j lam g i ' Tuy nhien, Iha, may la ngay nay chOng ,a cd d, j p h i , hien mp, vai sai lam nghiem Irpng Irong cie k j , luin niy va lai ed ,he xem xel nhung anh hudng cua nha trudng
\ i cua giio vien dji vdi hpc sinh bing cai nhin lac quan hpn. Thu nhi,, dd la li, ky , h u i , m i Coleman v i Jencks sir dung ,ap ,rung v i o ,i le phin iram Irong su khac biet giSa cic dijin sd. Thi, hai l i ngudi ta thiy c i nhin giio vicn cd inh hudng quan irpng dJn hoc sinh, k j c i khi nhi trudng khdng lim dupc diju dd. Thuc lj ra la sau khi kiem nghiem lai hang iram nghien cdu duoc ,huc hien vio Ihip nien 70. cac nhi nghien cuu Jere Brophy vi Thomas Good (1986) da dua ra nhan x e l ; -.V,™ i„, ve v,ec giio vien khong ,ao nen sir khic bli, nheu irong kit qui hoc tip cug hoc sinh da bi bac ho" Ngu y rit rd ring va c i p thiel cua kel luin n i ) li de ning cao chil lupng giio due thi vice nghien cuu d j nang cao c h i , luang giing daj cUa giio vien dimg Idp li uu ,icn hang diu, ma khong phii li cic yeu ,6 khac Trudc [hue Irang dd na> smh \ i n dc li cin phai uin hinh nghien ciru khoa hoc giio due
2. NOI DUNG V.A PHircCVG P H A P N G H I E N
2.1. Spidung
- Phan rich ,inh cip , h , j , phi, div manh nghicn cuu khoa hpc giio due (KHGD). C i c vcu ciu / re. lihoa kHT\ii,:s „-,„„,j, Ba, hoc Td,- ,\-^,„,i„
racg,ohi-„he .\soD,„l,0,„-,c. DT II9U0092JS. E,„a,l q„„cJlm, i,g,„a,l c.
Tap chi so 19. thang 8-2016, truang Bai hpc Tay Nguyen ISSN 1859-46U hinh thuc to chirc tien hanh nghien cuu mot de tai
KHGD.
- De xuat mot so huong nghien cuu ve KHGD 2.2. Phuangplidp nghien cuu
Chiing toi tien hanh nghien cihi bang cac phuang phap chii yeu:
- Phuang phap khao sat tai lieu, van ban;
- Phuang phap phan tich;
- Phuang phap so sanh, va cac phucmg phap nghien ciru ciia khoa hoc giao due.
3. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN
3.1. Tinh cap thief phdi nghien ciru khoa hpc gido due
Cugc each mang xa hoi tren the gioi dang bi^n dpng va phat trien khong ngijng. The gioi darig chuyen dan sang mgt ky nguyen mai vai nhung xuthe CCT ban la.
- Xu the dan chii, nhan quyen, - Xu the hoa binh, hpi nhap,
- Xu the hgp tac giira cac niroc de giai quyet cac van de moi truong, benh tat, ngheo nan, lac hau va cac te nan xa hgi...
- Nhung nghich ly trong bien doi dan cu va xu the di tim kiem viec lam ciia nguai dan a cac nuoc ngheo.
Tat ca nhung van de tren phai dugc giai quyet bat dau tir giao due. Tir viec dinh huang diing diin cac van de dang dugc dat ra va viec phat huy vai tro nang dgng, sang tao cho hgc smh, con nguoi phai duoc dat vao vi tri trung tam ciia cac van de thoi dai. Nha truong phai trang bi cho hpc sinh sinh vien nhirng tri thuc ca ban, hien dai, phii hop voi thuc tien Viet Nam. Cach mang xa hoi doi hoi giao due va dao tao khong ngiing doi moi muc tieu, noi dung, phuong thirc dao tao. Can phai dao tao the he tre thanh nhung con ngucri co nang lire va pham chat phat trien o mirc do cao, co dao dirc trong sang, co sue khoe va co kha nang lao dpng voi nang suat cao, co tinh tich cue hoat dgng chinh tn - xa hoi . . De lam dugc dieu do mot each hieu qua thi nhat thiet phai dau tir nghien cuu KHGD.
Chien luge giao due 2001 - 2010 da khai quat thuc trang giao due Viet Nam voi nhieu thanh tuu nhung Cling rat nhieu han che ma noi bat la cac han che sau:
- Chat lupng giao due con yeu, mat can doi ve CCT cau, hieu qua giao due chua cao; giao due chua gan chat voi thirc tien; dao tao chua gan vai sir dung, dpi ngii giao vien con yen; ca sa vat chat con thiSu; chuong trinh, giao trinh phuong phap giao due, cong tac quan ly cham doi mai; mot so
It hien tupng tieu circ, thieu ky cuong cham duoc khac phuc,
- Chat lupng giao due noi chung con Ihap. Mgt mat chua tiep can dugc voi trinh dp tien lien trong khu virc va tren the gioi, mat khac chua dap ung vai cac nganh nghe trong xa hgi. Hgc sinh, sinh vien tot nghiep con han che ve nang lire tu duy sang tao, ky nang thirc hanh, kha nang thich irng voi nghe nghiep; ky luat lao dgng; tinh than hpp tac va canh tranh lanh manh chua cao Kha nang lap nghiep con han che...Tir nhiing nguyen nhan tren dan den phai day manh nghien cim KHGD de nang cao hieu qua dao tao, khac phuc cac han che tren
3.2. Yeu cau, hinh thuc td chirc tien hanh mpt di tdi nghien euu KHGD
Mac du CO rat nhieu nghien ciru ve khoa hpc giao due da va dang thuc hien o nhieu truong dai hgc, cac trung tam va cac vien nghien ciru, cac truong pho thong, nhung mpt so khong it cac chuyen gia nghien ciiu trong nganh va ngoai nganh danh gia khong cao lam ve cac cong trinh nay. Mpt so ngiroi cho rang cac nghien ciru ve khoa hpc giao due khong dat den dp chinh xac hoac thuyet phuc nhu nhirng nghien ciru trong cac nganh "khoa hpc Cling" vi du nhu vat ly, toan hgc... De khang dinh tinh chinh xac va do tinh cay frong nghien cuu khoa hgc giao due, nhat thiet phai liru >• toi each to chirc nghien ciru va phirong phap nghien cihi.
Muon nghien cuu mgt d6 tai KHGD trirac hk phai nung nau va lua chon van 66 nghien ciiu mpt each ky cang (gpi la lira chgn ten dS tai), dS tai phai mang gia thiet khoa hpc can khang dinh sau khi nghien ciiru xong. Sau do moi vach ke hogch nghien ciiu. De co ke hoach nghien ciiu phii hpp thi chil nhiem de tai phai suy nghi ky ve ti'nh kha thi cua ke hoach, lya chpn phuang phap.
Khi da len ke hoach nghien ciru, buac quan trpng dau tien la phai thu thap tim toi cac cii lieu khoa hgc, cac can cir ve ly luan, cac minh chiing ve thuc tien sau do moi khai quat len nhirng van de ly luan. Buoc quyet dinh mang tinh khoa hpc la nghien ciiu ly thuydt tren co so cua kien thiic tam ly hpc va giao due hpc de nit ra cac luan cir khoa hoc, Cu6i cimg nhit thiet phai kiem nghiem thirc tiln va xii ly th6ng ke {niu dk Iai thuc nghi?m).
Cac can cu* ly luan phai dua vao triet ly ciia giao due ma theo toi la phong cdch ciia dao Idm thdy ma bit ngu6n chu nghTa Ho Chf Minh ve giao due, do la tu tucmg nhdn di. dSng cam. sdng tao vd hoinhdp.
3.3. Mpt so hudng nghien cu-u khoa hpc gido due
trong giai doan hiin nay
Tap chi so 19, thang 8-2016, truong Dai hgc Tay Nguyen ISSN 1859-461
Nhu chiing la da biet ban chat ciia quan diem
"Hgc sinh la trung tam cua he thong giao due" ve phuong dien vT mo la phai thoa man 2 yeu cau sau:
i) San pham he thong giao due quoc dan va nha truong dao tao ra phai dap img day dii kip thai cac yeu cau ciia nen kinh te xa hoi.
ii) Chil y day dii lgi ich cua hgc sinh tire la phai quan tam den dac diem sinh ly, tam ly, va cac dieu kien kinh te. xa hgi ciia hoc sinh, phai liun cho hpc sinh duoc phat trien tir do co dugc niem vui va hanh phiic trong hgc tap.
Ve phuang dien vi mo (Tire la trong pham vi qua trinh day hpc) ban chat ciia quan diem day hpc lay hpc sinh lam trung tam la Ihuc hien 4 nhiem vu sau:
1 )Viec day hoc phai xuat phat tir nguai hgc, tir dau vao.
2) Phai de hpc sinh hoat dpng ca ve the chat va tinh than chu khong the de cho hgc sinh bi dgng tiep Ihu.
3) Phai chu y den cau tnic tu duy ciia timg hpc sinh, phai ca the hoa viec day hoc.
4) Phai dgng vien khuyen khich va tao diku kien de hgc sinh Ihucmg xuyen tu kidm tra tu danh gia qua trinh hpc tap cua minh, de khong ngimg cai tien phuang phap hpc tap.
Theo su phan tich tren day thi nghien ciru KHGD Irong thai gian toi nen tap trung vao mpt so huong nhu !a-
i. Ban chat va each Ihuc hien day hoc lly hgc sinh lam Irung tam thong qua mon hgc ma minh phu trach o truong A hoac dia phuong B.
2. Thuc trang viec ung dung cac phuong phap day hoc tich cue hien nay o cac truang ph6 thong cita bo mon minh day
3. Cac ky nang can thiet cho sinh vien su pham nganh loan.
4. Phuang phap day hpc tich hop ihong qua viec giang day mot so bai . . lop 6, 7. 8. 9, 10 11. 12.
5 Phuong phap day hpc giup hoc sinh hung thil lu hpc,
7. Thuc trang doi moi phuang phap day hgc hicn nay a truong A nao do.
8. Phuang phap day hoc sir dung giao an dien tir.
9. Nghien ciiu tim phuang phap day hpc dat hicu qua cao hem doi vol mgt so mon hpc nhll dinh nao do,
10. Nghien ciru lim phuong phap day hpc dat hieu qua cao hon doi voi mot cip, 16p hoc nhll
dinh nao do.
11. Nghien ciiu tim phuong phap day hgc dat hieu qua cao hon doi vai mpt so nhom hoc sinh co hoan canh gia dinh khac nhau
12. Nghien cim tim phuong phap day hpc dat hieu qua cao hon doi vai nhimg hoe sinh co tu chat hoac nang khieu khac nhau.
13. Hieu qua su pham phu tliuoc cac yeu to nao. Phuong phap giang day, ky nang quan ly lop hgc. thiet ke chuong trinh giang day.
Do la nhung huong nghien cuu moi, tra loi dugc cac cau hoi do se giup cho viec day hge tir mpt "nghe thudt"" tro thanh mot ""khoa hoc"
Nhung cho den khi dat dugc dieu ay, chiing ta phai Ihan trpng vcri nhirng gi minh biSl Thuc vay, su dung mpt phuong phap day hgc chua duac kiem nghiem co the tao ra nhirng hieu qua tieu cue khong nen c6. Mgt so phuong phap day hpc tich cue da dugc vien nghien cuu chuan khoa hoc giao due Quoc gia (1996) de xuit l a .
- Phuang phap coi hpc sinh la trung tam - Phucmg phap day ky nang tu duy phan bien.
- Phuong phap day hpc sinh tien hanh nhCrng hoai dong thyc hanh trong phong Ihi nghiem
Mpt so phucmg phap day hoc hieu qua ma Bp Giao due va Dao tao gioi thieu la-
1 Nhan r a s y giong nhau va khac nhau, 2. Tom tai va ghi y chmh.
3. Phuong phap khich le hpc tap va cong nhan nhirng co gang
4. Bai tap ve nha va thuc hanh.
5. Cac each the hien phi ngon ngir.
6. Hgc theo nhom
7. Lap muc ticu va dua ra ihong lin phan h6i.
8. Tao va kiem dinh cac gia thuyet.
9 GCTI y, cau hoi va khung thong tin eho truoc.
Tir nhihig phuong phap day hpc hieu qua vira neu. chiing ta co the nghien ciru lao ra mgl giao an ciia timg mon hpc cu the cho cac c i p hpc nhu nhung gi lien quan den ba qua trinh sau.
-t- Cldi thieu ve bdi hoc, bao gdm cac phuong phap xac dmh myc lieu cho hgc sinh
- Qua trinh giang bdi, bao g6m cac phuong phap de
- Theo doi qua trinh lien den muc tieu cua bai hgc
- Gioi thieu nhirng kien thiic mai, - Thuc hanh, on lai va iing dung ki^n thirc - Kel thuc bdi hoc. dua ra cac phuong phap