TAP CHlKHQA HOC VA CQNG NGH$, Tmdng Dgi hgc Khoa hgc- Bgi hgc HuS Tgp 5, So 2 (2016)
SV" K H A I P H O N G T I N H T H A N P H A T G l A O T R O N G T H O V A N C U A N G O T H I N H A M
Phan Thanh Nghiin oiu sinh, Khoa NgU van, Tru&ng Dgi hgc Khoa hgc—Dgi hgc Hui
Email: thicbchandao@gmailcom T 6 M TAT
Ngd Thi Nhgm (1746 - 1903) Id mgt tdc gia l&n ciia nin vdn hgc trung dgi Viit Nam. Cudc ddi cua ong cd nhiiu biin dpng vi cd con dudng hoan lg ldn tu lu&ng. Qua nhiing chdng du&ng tu tu&ng ta thdy dugc rang, ong dd chiu dnh hudng sdu dgm nhiing tu lu&ng Phdt gido md cy Ihi & day Id lu tu&ng ciia thiin Phdi Trdc Ldm Yen Tu.
Ngd Thi Nhgm sdng Irong giai dogn Nho gido dang bi lung lay tdn gdc re, niim tin & nin Nho hgc khdng cdn. Ong dd tim din tu tu&ng Phdt gido vira de gidi quyet mdu thudn cua bdn thdn vira de lim con du&ng sdng giiip dd nhdn ddn cd dugc cupc sdng an binh. Bdn thdn dng dd thdm nhudn tu lu&ng Phgt gido. vd chinh tu tuong Phgt gido da giiq) ong khai phdng khoi nhiing rdng bugc lgi danh chue tu&c de ddn thdn phuc vu nhdn ddn.
Td khda: Khai phdng, Ngo Thi Nhgm, Phdt gido. Thiin tdng
Ngd Thi Nhgm la mpt ngudi ed n h u n g ddng gdp to ldn cho dan tde tren n h i l u linh v u c n h u van hda, triet hpc,van hpe, giao due, q u a n sy, ehinh trj, ngoai giao... Chi xet rieng v l van hpe, dng da dc lai mpt khdi lupng tae pham dd so vdi nhieu the logi khac nhau. N g d I h i Nham sdng trong mOt giai doan d i y b i i n d d n g , roi ren cua ljch sft dan tgc Vift Nara - mdt giai doan nOi c h i l n tranh gidnh q u y l n lyc, huynh df t u o n g tdn, ndi d a xao thit xay ra lien tyc. Y thfrc he t u t u d n g N h o gido khdng cdn dara d u o n g d u p e vai frd frong v i l e xay d u n g trgt t y xa hdi. Tnrdc eanh cuong t h u d n g luan ly bj dao lOn, da sd nhfing tri thfrc d u o n g thdi ed n g u d i an e u d l gift
^ n thanh tilt, cd ngudi chju ludn cui de d u p c vinh than. So v d i nhimg trf thfrc cflng thdi, Ngd Thi Nham cd nhfrng b u d c t i i n vupt bae ve t u tudng. Ong khdng di vao ldi cut t u t u d n g , bi quan an dat rad dd tim d i n vdi Dgo Phat d l giai quyet nhihig vdn d l thdi dai.
Ngd Thi Nhdm anh hudng t u t u d n g dgo Phat tfr nhd nhung ban d i u e h u a Id df tfr Phat gia. D i n lflc b i t i c ttong t u t u o n g N h o gia, d n g mdi that s y nghiln cmi Phat gido. Ong da tim d i n Phgt giao, m a eu the d day la T h i i n phai Trflc L a m Yen Tfr de mong raudn kien tao mpt k i l n trflc t h u p n g t i n g dp dyng vdo d d i sdng, xay d y n g cuOc sdng binh dn cho nhan ddn. Ong lap Thien vien True L a m d p h u d n g Bich Cau d l n g h i l n efru Phgt hgc. Ong cung c a c bgn d i n g tu rdiu Phan Huy Ich, Ngd Thi Hodng, V u Trinh, Nguyen Ddng Sd, Nguyen D a m v i i t nen cudn Tnie Lain tdng ehi nguyin thanh mang nhieu gid trj Phdt hpe, dam khdng khi Thien tdng. Ngd
Sy khai phdng tinh thin Phit gido tmng tha vSn cda NgS Thi Nhim
Thi Nhgm dupe xem la vj t i thu tu cfla Thiin phdi True Ldm Yen Tu, cd phdp danh Id Hdi Lupng thien su.
Nhin Igi tu tudng ttong tha vSn eua Ngd Thi Nhdm, ta thay dng da tham nhuin tu tudng Thiin tdng mpt edch ro nit. Cl bdi viet nay, chflng tdi chi nhin nh§n dudi hai gdc dp la tinh than pha chip va tinh thin thodt khdi rang buOc ipi danh. Id van dl giai thoat luan efla Phat giao de thiy dupe aitii hudng cfla Phdt giao doi vdi con ngudi va sdng tae eua dng.
1. Tinh thin phd chip
Pha chip Id mOt tu tudng quan ttpng cua Phgt giao dupc dat nin mdng d trilt Ip Tanh Khdng. Due Phat tfrng ndi ring trong suit 45 nam thuyit phdp, Ngai khdng he ndi diiu gl. Myc dieh nhim tac dOng din sy ty tu chflng, pha bd nhung co chip ma dat den giae ngg giai thodt.
Theo Tir diin Phgt hgc Hdn Viet thi "pha chap" cd nghTa la: "pha bd ml chap, td kien, cho la cd cdi thyc nga, thuc phdp. Dung fri tug va bifn tdi ma giang giai cho ngudi ta bilt tin lim cai thdn ta la ed thgt, eac phap la ed th§t. Phd y kiln thiin lieh eua nha hpe dgo, khiln p chi hp trd nin dung thdng, thau nhgp giao ly trung dgo" [9, tt.947]. Cung cd nghTa la pha bd e i chip nhj kiin ddi dai, vupt ra ngodi cdc c$p phgm trfl khai nifm cd - khdng, sinh - digt, niet ban - dja ngyc... Kinh Kim Cang, kinh Bdi Nhd, kinh Hoa Nghiim... la nhiing bp kinh Phgt giao Dgi thfra mang tinh phd chdp trift dl, hudng ngudi tu dat din efla Khdng, giai thoat tjch tTnh.
Thiin tdng chfl truemg nham thang din tam (true ehi chan tam) de thiy rd bdn tanh chan nhu raa thanh Phgt (kien tdnh thanh Phgt). Muon tryc ehi ehdn tam thi can phai dgp bd tat ca nhung vudng mac tu ben ngoai. Cai nhin (kiln) eua con ngudi la cai nhin cfla tu duy phan bift, logic, so sdnh nin cd cai Sac vd Khdng; cd ngan - dai; cao - thap; day - mdng; den - tring... mgt ngudi tu Thien dat din cdnh phd bo di het nhihig so sanh nhi nguyin ddi ddi ay mdi mong co the td ngO dupc chan tdm. Hdi Lupng Ngd Thi Nham nghiln cfru Pb|t hpc da thim nhuan tu tudng nin dng di din phd chip cho chinh ban thdn dng va cdc ban be, h§u hpc.
Trong bai Tuang San ly ky Ihdng Hai Lupng, Ngd Thi Nhgm da khdng djnh cit tiiy cua dgo Ph|t Id phd di cdi nhin Sdc va Khdng:
"Thien qua "sac", "khdng" van nhilu ty"
(Dgo Thiin Sdc la Khdng nhu mdy vdn quanh nui) [8, tdp 2, tt.422]
Sac va Khdng Id hai phgm trfl dii lap nhau nhung ban the that tinh thi khdng khac. Sy luan chuyin, bien thi vl mat hifn tupng nhu khdi, nhu may, nhu nude, nhu mua nhung that tinh udt ludn ludn ed. Nlu nhin vdo mat hiln tupng thi ta cho la Cd, cdn khi c i chip vao gido phap thi lgi cho Id Khdng. That ra nhin thay cd Sdc va cd Khdng vin la cdi thdy edn chip, vdn chua thau dgt giao ly Phdt gido. Vupt ra khdi nhj nguyin Cd - Khdng, khdng bam vao bd ben nay hay bd bin kia moi th^t sy la tinh phd chap efla Phgt giao. Trong Triic ldm long chi nguyen Ihanh,
TAP CHl IWOA HQC VA CONG NGH$, Tm&ng Bgi hgc Khoa hgc- Dgi hgc Hue Tgp 5, So 2 (2016)
Bai Lupng Ngd Thi Nhgm dS ttich ddn rat nhilu cdu ttong kinh Kim Cang - la bp kirtii Dai thiia pha chap sdu sdc - de the hifn tinh phd chap cfla minh.
6ng da din lgi cdu kg trong kinh Kim Cang:
"DTdm thanh cau ngd DT sdc tudng ciu nga Thj rtiian hinh ta dgo Bit nang kiln Nhu Lai"
(Nlu ngudi nao tim ta qua dm thanh Nhin ta qua sae tudng Thi ngudi dd theo td dgo Khong thiy dupe Nhu Lai).
Due Phgt dgy ttong Kinh Kim Cang ring: "Sd ngdn nhat thiit phap gia tfrc phi nhit thilt phdp, thj ed danh nhit thilt phdp" (Ndi tit cd phdp, tfrc khdng phai tit ea phap, cho nen gpi la tit ca phap). Tfr do Hai Lupng Ngd Thi Nhdm da ttd ldi cau hdi: "Ly khdng noi theo hit dupc. Dye khdng eit dut hit dupc hay sao?" nhu sau: "Khdng edt thi dut, cdt dfli thi Igi khdng dfrt"; "nude xem la nude, thi dd khdng phai la nude thdt"; "Ifra xem la Ifra thdt thi do chinh la Ifra gid"[8, tap 3, tt.l52]. Cflng ttin ca sd ay, Ngd Thi Nham di din quan nilm tdt xdu va pha v& di quan nifm thudng tinh the gian ve tdt va xiu:
"Mpi vdt diu tdt cd. Vdt gi ta thieh tbi tot, ta khdng thieh thi khdng tdt. Cho nin ed eai tot md khdng tdt, cd cdi khong tdt ma tdt" [8, tap3,fr.l52].
Nhu vay, dng da ehi rd ra sy vudng bdn cfla Ngd va Phap ma sinh ra su so sanh, me md, khdng lilu dgt Phgt dao duoc.
Cai nhin hi vd minh che lap nen khong thiy ro ehdn nhu, that tudng. Cac phdp thay ddi ma cho ring tin tgi vTnh hdng. Ddy la cai nhin sai Idm vl cdc phap. Hdi Lupng Ngd Thi Nhgm dd chi ra hai van de Sdc va Khdng la nhj biln cin dgp bd:
"Thiy ben nhin chim md nhdn ra hoa long, dpc kg ring;
Dilu than phi dilu Hoa hdn phi hoa Hanh ehi nhieu tha Nga nai ngd ha NghTa Id:
Than chim ching phai chim
Sy khai phdng tinh thSn Phgt giio tmng tha vSn cua Ngd Thi Nhim Hdn hoa chdng phai hoa
Dfrng di la bdi nd Ta ndo cd lam gi dupe dau.
Nha su ben hihi chip tay nifm:
Thj sic phi sac Thi khdng phi khdng NghTa la:
Sac ehang phdi sdc
Khdng chdng phdi khdng". [8, t|ip 3, fr.l46]
Trong Triic ldm (dng chi nguyin thanh, Hdi Lupng Ngd Thi nhgm da chi ra cae cap pham tru cfla Nho gido va so sanh vdi Phdt giao di cuoi ciing di den viec phd bd quan nifm khen chi cua cac ting Idp fri tiiue thdi biy gid. Cdc cgp phgra trfl: ehinh tam - minh tam; thanh tinh - kiin ti'nh; vi nhan - vj ky; tjch - huyin; dift - khdi... dupc ly giai mOt each sdu sie bdng nhan quan phd bd nhj nguyen.
v i n dl sinh - digt dupc ong chi thing tren tinh than pha chip khi dupe hdi:
"Phgt ndi bit smh, sao lgi ed sinh; Phdt noi bit dift sao lai cd diet?
Su ddp ring:
Cd sinh la bit smh, ed dift la bit diet". [8, tap 3, fr.l56]
v i mgt hifn tupng, ro rang van vat cd sinh, ed diet nhung thye chat vgn vdt vdn khdng sinh khong dift, chflng chi biln chuyln tfr hinh thuc nay sang huih thfrc khac. Vdi nhan thflc thdng thudng, quan sat tryc quan khd nhin ra dupe su chuyln biln ay. Kbi ndi bat sinh bat diet la ndi vl chdn tudng, bdn thi cfla mpi sy vdt, bifn tupng; cdn ndi vl cd sinh cd dift la n6i vl hinh tudng cua vgn vdt.
Y thue va sy vgt ludn bien chuyin khdng ngfrng nen nlu nhan thue mpt each eo chap va bj vpng tudng thi dl bj mac sai lam. Chap thudng va chip dogn, chdp cd va chap khdng diu Id phiin diln de dan den sai lam. Cai thdy thudng bj vd minh che lap, khdng ro ban tdnh chan nhu Igi thim vpng tudng diln ddo sai lam nen nhin mpi thfr hifn tupng cfr tudng la that: "Thdy Ipn dpi bun, chd ma mOt xe thi nha ngudi cho do la ma thgt, lpn that hay sao? Mit vdn sdng ma hoa, tai vdn td ma u, mat hoa thi khdng cd bdng, tai u thi khdng ed vang. Bdng vang la hinh khi ben ngoai, tai mdt la hinh khi d bin frong". [8, tgp 3, fr.I66]
Pha bd chudng nggi vdi cai Kiin phdn bift, Ngd Thi Nham thiu dgt tinh than pha chap cfla Td Ldm Te vdi cau ndi nil tilng "gap Phdt giit Phgt ggp ma giit ma ". Ong da thay duac tinh bhih dang cfla Phgt gido, vd phdn bift cfla Thiin tdng: "vi vay cho nin giit cha me, giet su sai, dd la cai nghia binh ding Ihu nhit eua Phgt gia"[8, tap3, fr.l70].
TAP CHl KHOA HQC VA CONG NGH$. Tm&ng Bgi hgc Khoa hgc - Bgi hgc HuS Tgp 5. SS 2 (2016)
Thdi Trdn, ngudi dgt nin mdng eho thiin phdi True Lam la ngai Tuf Trung Thupng sT da triet ngp tinh thin pha chap cfla Thiin tong Phat giao. Ngai da khdng djnh ring:
Mi mao tilm hoanh ty khong thuy Phgt dft chung sanh dd nhat difn (Cung net may ngang dudng miii dpc Phgt vdi chflng sanh mat giing nhau)
Cflng mpt bp mgt tfrc la cflng ehung Bdn-lai-dif n-mye, la ehdn tdm chfr khdng phdi la hmh sic bin ngoai. Hai Lupng Ngd Tbi Nhdm da khing dinh bdng each din lai kinh Dieu Phdp Lien Hoa:
"Kinh Liin Hoa ndi ring: "Ta xem hit thay diu birtii ding, khdng cd Idng yen ghet nay np. Ta khdng tiiam cai gi, efing khdng ed cdi gi hgn djnh va ttd nggi ta dupc'. "[8, tdp 3, tt.I74]
Vdi kiln thfrc uyen thdm, thiu ro bdng sy dich than trai nghifm, Hdi Lupng Ngo Thi Nhdm dd dflng hinh thfrc cdng dn va phuang phap pha chip dl thuc bach ngudi hpc ty than chilm nghifm, suy nghT va ITnh hpi. D§t trin nin tdng tdnh Khdng, tinh thin pha chip cfla Phdt gido dua con ngudi rdi khdi tu duy I^ tinh, dgp bd cdi thay phan bift di nhgn diln ddi tupng mdt each chinh xdc nhu nd dang Id. Tinh thin phd chip c6 vj tti quan ttpng ttong giao ly nha Phat, Hai Lupng Ngd Thi Nhgm thiu frigt tinh thin nay nin dd pha bd dupc nhihig kiin chip vi Nga va Phdp, khdng cdn vudng bdn vl ngoai eflnh.
2. Tinh than thoat khdi rang budc lai danh
Tfr Difu De la bai phdp dau tiln rad Dfrc Phgt thuyet gidng sau khi ngai chung qud gidc ngO gidi thodt. Vdi cai nhm vi cupc ddi gim cd Kho - Tap - Dift - Dao, dfrc Phat da chi ro sy kho d ddi, nguyen nhan cfla kho, con dudng diet khi va chflng dat Nilt-ban gidi thoat cho chung sanh. Sd dT ehung sanh dau kho la do vd minh che lap, khdng thau ro sy chuyen bien vd thudng hpp tan, sanh diet. Vi khdng nhgn chan dupe su chi phdi cua vo thudng nin hi rang budc ttong vile dupe - mat, hon - thua. Di cham diit dau klid phai giai thodt nhfing rang budc ay, eung cd nghTa la lia sy bam viu vdo cdc phap, thoat khdi cae due eiia ban than.
Cac phap chuyln biln vd thudng ma chflng sanh Igi dam ml khdng ehju budng bd nen khi phdp khong tin tgi thi khd dau sinh khdi. Sy dam me, tham dam - tuc la Dye la nguyen nhan gay dau khd cho ehflng sanh.
Dye la tham muon, thupc vi Tham trong tam dpc gdm tham - san- si. Cd rat nhilu loai due, nhung nha Phat chia ra 5 thfr due gpi la Ngu dye gora; Tdi dye (ham mudn tiln tdi); Sde dye (ham mudn sic dgp); Danh dye (ham muin danh lpi); Thye dye (ham mudn an ngon, dn nhilu); Thyy due (ham mudn ngu nghi). Con ngudi chim dara vao trong cdc dye ma khdng nhgn ra dupe nd la mdm mdng khd dau.
55
Sy khai phdng Unh thSn Phit giio tmng tha van cua Ngd Thi Nhim
Giai thoat la ty do khi budng xd, xa rdi, khdng bam viu vdo frong nbung thfr dye nay.
Nhm nhdn eude ddi day biin do, ban than ti^i qua sy hung thjnh rii suy vong efla eae tap doan phong kiin, sy bon ehen, nghi kj, franh gianh quyln lyc dja vj frong chin quan trudng, Hdi Lupng Ngd Thi Nhgm nhgn thiy sy rang bupc eua lpi danh khiin khong chi ban tiidn dau khi ma edn gay dau khd cho nhdn ddn.
Trong bai phu Thien qudn thdi nhiin, Hai Lupng Ngd Thi Nham da thi hifn quan nifm efla minh ve viec hanh vd tang nhu sau:
"V6 y, tit, CO, nga;
Tri cuong, nhu, bien, thong.
Dyng tie hanh, xa tic tang, xuit, xft ngft, mge, giai thong hd thdi ngJiTa Ngdn chi tin, hdnh ehi qua, tu, sinh, kinh, cy, bit nhgp h i hung trung"
(Khdng tu lpi, chip nl, vj ky Biet Cling ralm, hiiu le bien, thdng.
Ddi dflng thi lam, ddi bd thi vl in, ra hay in, ndi hay im, diu bdi hieu thong thdi van;
Ldi ndi thi gift tin, vigc ldm thi quylt xong, song vdi chet, lo vdi sp, chflt khdng vudng bin frong long.) [8, tdp 2, tt.2I]
Ngd Thi Nhgm da tiip thu vd hanh xfr quan nifm hanh tang nhu Tue Trung thupng sT - mpt vj quan diu frilu hilu thdm sau frilt Iy Phgt giao, song khdng eau ng hinh thuc, vudng ban cfla bui frdn.
Trong bai Phdng cudng ngdm, Tuf Trung tiiupng sT vilt:
"Dyng tic hanh hi xa tic tdng" [10, fr.559]
Vdi quan nilm hanh tdng ay, ta thiy Hdi Lugng Ngd Thi Nhgm khong cd chut "vudng bgn frong long" vdi danh lpi, khdng phdi ldm vigc wi danh, vi ban than ma lam vi tam ldng frong trdng giflp ddn. Trong bai Tru&ng dodn eu ngdm dng xem tam cua minh nhu nude lang frong:
"Tdm thuy ban trung hao bdng lai Hanh ngd t i vi sdng ngd hoai"
(Bau tam frong ttang, nude trong soi Phan sy lo ttdn, long thdnh thai) [8, t|ip 2, fr.339]
Khi budc di fren eon dudng chfrc tudc Ngd Thi Nhgm nhgn ra:
"Danh lpi fly do da nao nhiet"
(Con dudng danh Ipi hiim ngheo phin nhiiu nao nhilt) [8, tap 2, fr.532]
TAP CHl KHQA HQC VA CONG NGH$, Tmdng Bgi hgc Khoa hgc - Dgi hgc HuS Tip 5. SS 2 (2016) Con dudng iy nao nhift bdi sy tranh gianh, ganh dua day nguy hilm. Ngam nhin su the ndi trdi, tu co chi kim biet bao bge danh hao eiing bj vdng danh lpi nhan chim. Ong viit:
"Phu thi dgi dd bi hfl eye Cao nhdn da tgi lpi danh trudng Tri chung fri chi tu vd eiiu Nang tinh nang an ty bdt mang"
(Coi phfl thi hiu hit Id eufc buin vui Bae cao nhdn phdn nhilu d trudng danh lpi Bilt vfta du thi khdng tai hpa
Hay tinh hay yen minh chang hoang mang) [8, tgp 2, tt.303].
Ldi mdn danh lpi ngudi ngudi van cu budc di, con ngudi khdng thoat khdi dupc dam ml vat chat. Chinh vi the, dng hd thgn khi ban than minh dang ludn qudn ttong vdng lpi danh iy:
"Kha tu man phflc do minh the Ha ty cao chi nhat tilu cam"
(Then long ta diy nhimg hu danh vdi ddi
Sao bang con chim nho nhd ttin canh cao kia) [8, tgp 2, tt.209]
Cd lflc Ngd Thi Nh^ira nghT ring con chim nhd ty do tu tgi bay lupn cdn ban than dng thi lai giam gift minh ttong hu danh cfla cuoc ddi. Ke kiim tim Ipi danh nhu ngudi md ttang dudi ddy h i , trang khdng c6 lgi vd tinh khiin ddng nude vin dye lflc ndo khdng hay. Kiim tim lpi danh se lam cho tam hin do dye. Tham san cfla kilp trude vdn ehua rii sgch thi ma lai cdn nhpc nhdn tim kiim lpi danh:
"Vi liiu tham san tiin qua chudng Khdng lao danh lpi thu sinh tdm"
(Chua rij xong nghigp chudng thara sdn kiep trude, Lai luing nhihig nhpc long danh lpi kiip ndy) [8, tap 2, tt.305]
Trong bai phu Tiiu dao du, Ngd Thi Nhgm khi dfrng ngdm nhihig chile budm xudi ngupc fren sdng thi dng eho ring do ching khac nao sy nhgc nhan dua chen trong vdng danh lpi. Cd chiie ehd danh, cd chiie chd Ipi cfr xudi ngupe nhu kiip ngudi bdn ba:
"Luu hdi hoan he sinh lgc chau Phdm khu lai hi danh Ipi thj"
Sy khai phdng tinh thin Phit giio tmng tha vSn cda Ngo Thi Nh$m (Ddng chdy vdng quanh chft, bSi ndi bai chim
Canh buom ngupc xudi chfr, chp danh chp lpi) [8, tap 2, tt.55]
Di roi dng nhdn thiy tim ldng khdng vj ky, khdng nhiem tap chmh la dilu dng cin co va phdi cd. Ngd Thi Nham dfrng frong danh lpi ma khdng bj nd Idm itiia nhdp nhu hoa sen mgc gifta bun md khdng bj bun lam 6 nhilm. Trong bii Thu&ng liin dinh pha, dng khen ngpi hoa sen cung la cdi dk dng thodt khdi d frpe cfla danh Ipi:
"Sinh u nl nhi bit nhilm hi, lang ngpc bd nhi uy dT Ty "viit nhupc" chi k;^ viln hi, thuy "phyng nhat" nhi thodt ty"
(Smh trong bfln md chdng nhudm bfln chft, eo khae chi ttong biu nguc?
Tfr Nghieu Thuan dd khuit xa chu, ai bd ngai vdng nhu quang ddi dep rdch?) [8,tgp2,fr.9I3
Thai tfr Siddhartha bo hit cung vang difn ngpc, b|c Nghilu Thuin hay dfrc Trin Nhan Tdng bd hit giang son cdn dupe huong chi ban thdn dng. Trong chon danh lpi dy lam the nao phue vy nhan ddn ma khdng bj loi danh chi phii, lam nha tim ldng. Ngd Thi Nhdm theo ldi Phdt day, nhin lai ban tam cfla mmh. Lam vifc vi tu lpi ich kp thi Id tilu nhdn, edn phdi dem tam Idng vj tha ma phyc vy nhan ddn. Trong bdi Vi chi phu, dng viet:
"Vi chi tgi tdm Tri thu tgi chi Tilu nhdn vj nhdn Qudn tfr vj 1^"
(Ldm va di Id do d tam Md sy gift gin la do d ehi Ke tieu nhan thi vj ngudi Bae qudn tii tiii vj ky [8, tgp 2, fr.108]
(3 ddy, Ngd Thi Nhgm quan nifm vj ky Id noi theo thanh hiin, tam die va thyc hartii; vj nhdn la dung bflt nghien di them chit lifu eho sy cudi dfla, lara nhftng bdi van bia, nhfing bai rainh khdc vdo vac de njnh hdt vucmg hiu. Nhu v|iy, ngudi quan tfr vj 1^ tfrc la Idra vifc dem Igi lpi lgc cho nhan dan cdn kl tieu nhan vj nhan thi lam vifc chi dl dem lai lpi dudng cho ban than minh.
Mft moi d chon quan trudng, ganh dua lpi danh khd nhpc thi hay quay vi ty tdm dl tim thdy diiu minh cin la nilm vui an tTnh. Phai rii sach long ttin dl khdng cdn bdn Idng ban thua thift thdi. Trong bai Ldm tri phu dng khuyin ring:
"Nhdn sy bat thang da
TAP CHl KHQA HQC VA CONG NGHB, Tmong Dgi hgc Khoa hgc - Bgi hgc HuS Tjp 5, So 2 (2016) Ha thich tht'ch vat ngogi
Tha duong duong dT bd sa"
(Bi bpn vif e ngudi ddi Sao lo lang hodi cau ngoai vat
Hay nhdn nho tim thfl thanh thai)[8, tgp 2, tt.45]
Ndi nhu Ngd Thi Nhgm Id edn phdi lam eho cdi ldng ta nhe nhdng, khdng dm nang dai giap lpi danh:
"Ta ngd hoai ehi du du Tuylt trin anh ehi uat uat"
(Khien ldng ta ru nhe lang
Diu bui trin dudng gOt saeh) [8, tgp 2, fr. 11]
Can hge theo dao tfr bi efla Tam to - la nhung tim guang sdng mdt ddi, dem lai lpi ich cho quin chflng nhan ddn, klidng tham ddm ttong ngdi vuong di vj di:
"Mgnh ngd an hi, tdm ngd Igc"
(Mfnh ta yln in chft, ta vui ttong long) [8, tgp 2, tt.34]
Ong cho ring khi ldm vigc thi can Iam trpn vgn, thugn theo le ttdi, khdng nghieng ngd theo su ninh hdt hay uy quyen dp lyc. Khi khdng bj rang buOc thi cd chfrc ed quyen hay khdng vdn gift tam long vi dan vi nude. Cuoi cflng khang dinh rang:
"Thj dl quan tu, Tl nguyft quang phong, Phong lai hi duong lilu Nguyit ehieu he ngd dong Tuy xfr nhi lae U tdm ha dung"
(Cho nin ngudi qudn tfr Gid mat vdi trang frong Gid thdi chfr chdm duong lilu Trang soi chft cdy ngd ddng Tim vui tuy canh
Ching chflt bin ldng) [8, tap 2, fr.45]
Sy khai phdng tinh thin Phit giio tmng tha van cua Ngd Thi Nhgm
Ngd Thi Nhgm vupt Iln tren nhung hu danh, khdng chut bdn long tiudc lpi lpc chflc tude. Dupe mit, thanh bgi, hon thua cung nhu mdy bay gid thoi, chi cdn tdm hin ma dng nhgn diln ra nd rOng minh mdng nhu khdng gian, sang td nhu trdng ram, thanh thai nhu may lupn giua trdi. Diiu nay dupe dng khing djnh ttong bdi Tiiu dao phii:
"Thj phi thanb bai he, nguyft ha tdm Die tang doanh khuy hi, vdn vd y...
,. .Thien dja trung hi ngo mmh mfnh Vu try nOi hi ngd linh dai"
(Phai frdi bai thartii chu frang cd mdng chi Dupc mit diy voi chft mdy hay gi nhi...
... Mf rtii sang cfla ta chft, d frong trdi dat
Ldng son efla ta chft, khdp frong khdng gian) [8, tap 2, tt.54]
Vdi nhung quan diim frln cho ta thiy Hai Lupng Ngd Thi Nham khdng hi vudng bgn d chdn quan trudng, dua chen Ipi dudng cdng danh. Ong doc tdm, ddc lyc cong hien cho cdc trieu dgi khdng phai vi tham dim frong chfrc tude bdng lpc, virtii than phi da ma vi canh ddi khd ldm than cfla quin ehflng nhan dan.
Hai Lupng Ngd Thi Nhdm de cao tinh thin phd chdp va thoat khdi rang huge lpi danh cho ta thiy ring khi dng quyet djnh theo Tdy Son, phd Quang Trung danh gigc gift nude Id vi tim ldng ttinh son dem lpi binh cho nhdn ddn chfr khdng phai vi "ngd theo chilu gid" ma mft so nha nghiln eflu nhdn djnh. Ong vupt qua nhung tai tieng ve quan niem trung Quan cfla thdi dai, pha chip quan nifm khdng thd hai chfl eua mdt ngudi hpc Nho bj bd bupe.
Thodt khdi nhiing rang bufe cfla lpi danh, pha bd cai vong tham dye vl chfrc quyln lai dudng, Ngd Thi Nham da thgt sy song theo tinh than Phat gido. Tfr vile pha chap vl eac khai nilm frong tu tudng din vifc ban thdn dflt bd tiiam dim, ta thiy Ngd Thi Nhdm di theo con dudng cua Tam Td Tnie Lam, tllp thu tinh thdn cfla Thiin phai True Lam Yln Tfr, gidi thodt ve mat tu tudng hudng den vile xay dyng xd bdi. Hdi Lupng Ngd Thi Nhgm la mpt thiin su nhap thi tich cue. Ong dya trin nin tdng phd chip de nhap thi cfru giflp nhdn dan ra khdi khi ach, kiln tgo lai mpt trat ty x5 hOi rad cdc vj To da ldm d thdi Trin. Ngd Thi Nhdm la hinh anh "Cu tran lac dao" cua Tuf Trung thuang sT, Trin Nhdn Tdng, Phap Loa, Huyin Quang...
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O [I]. Dodn Trung Con (2002). Phdp gido nhd Phdt, Nxb Ton giao, Hd NOi.
[2]. Nguyen Tue Chau (1995). 77m hiiu vi Thiin long Phal gido Trung Hoa, Nxb Da Ning, Da Ndng.
[3]. Doan Chinh (2012). Ljch sir triit hgc phuong dong, Nxb Chinh tri Quic gia, H& Nfi, 60
TAP CHl KHQA HQC VA CONG NGH$, Tm&ng Dgi hgc Khoa hgc - Bgi hgc HuS Tgp 5, S6 2 (2016)
[4], Thich Phudc Dat (2013). Gid trj van hgc trong ldc phdm ciia Thiin Phdi True Ldm, Nxb Hdng Due, Hd Ngi,
[5]. Nguyin Duy Hmh (2006). Triit hpc Phgt gido ViitNam, Nxb Vdn hoa tiiong tin, Hd N6i.
[6], Nguyen Lang (2014). Viit Nam Phgt gido sd luan todn tap, Nxb Vdn hgc, Hd N5i.
[7]. Nguyin Cdng L}? (1997). Bdn sdc ddn tgc yong van bgc thiin tdng Ihdi Ly- Trdn, Nxb Vdn hoa Th6ng tin, Hd Ngi.
[8]. Ng6 Thi N h | m (2001). Ngd Thi Nham tdc phdm, tdp 1, tdp 2, tdp 3, Mai Q u i c Lien (chu biln), Trung tdm ngMIn cfru Quic hpc, Nxb Van hgc, Hd Ngi.
[9]. Phan vifn nghiln cfru Ph$t hgc (2012), Td diin Phgt hpc Hdn Viit, Nxb Khoa hpc xd hfi, Hd N6i.
[10]. Trung tdm Khoa hgc xd hfi vd NhSn vdn Quic gia (2004), Tinh tuyin Vdn hpc Viil Nam, lap 3, VSn hgc thi iy X-XIV, (Nguyin Dang Na chu biln), Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi. Ha N p i .
[11], Vien van hgc (1988), Tho van L;^- Trin, t | p 2, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hfi. Ha Ngi.
T H E L I B E R A L I S E D S P I R I T O F B U D D H I S M I N T H E P O E T R Y A N D P R O S E W O R K S O F N G O T H I N H A M
Phan Thanh Department of Literature and Linguistics, Hue University College of Sciences Emad: [email protected] ABSTRACT
Ngo Thi Nham is a prominent author of medieval Vietnamese literature who experienced a volatile life in both his mandarin's career and ideology. Through various stages of ideological shifts, he showed to be profoundly influenced by Buddhism , specifically by True Lam Yen Tu (Bamboo Grove), a native Vietnamese school of Buddhism.
In his lifetime. Ngo Thi Nham witnessed Confucianism shaken to its roots; beliefs in Confucianism were progressively waning. He turned to Buddhist ideologies to resolve his ideological conflicts, as well as to find out his own path of light to help others live in a peacefiil life. He had an in-depth understanding of Buddhism, and it was Buddhist ideas Ihat liberalised him from desires for prestige or social status, thus committing himself to serving people.
Keywords: Buddhism. Liberalised, Ngo Thi Nham, Zen sect.