TAP Clli KHOA HQC & C6NG NGHf; CAC TRU'6NG DAI HQC KY THU^T • S6 91 - 2012
S i r DVNG D I $ N NANG TIET KIEM VA H l f U QUA V 6 l MAY BIEN AP V 6 DJNH HiNH ENERGY SAVING AND EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION
USING AMORPHOUS-CORE TRANSFORMERS
Dodn Thanh Bdo', Pliant Van Binh\ Huynh Buc Hodn', Dd ChiPhi^
'Tru&ng DH Qui Nhon. ^Tru&ng DH Bdch khoa Hd Ngi .'Tru&ng CD ky thudt Cao Thdng HCM Din t6a soan 11 -4-2012, chSp nhan dang 25-10-2012
T 6 M TAT
Bii bio trinh biy cic tinh chdt vi die didm cOa thip tiy v6 djnh hinh vi wng dung vit liiu tCr nay trong vtic chd tao miy bidn ip tdn sd cdng nghiip nhdm giim manh tdn hao khdng tii cua miy bidn ip- Bin canh dd bii bio cdn dd cip ddn mdi quan hi glCra viic giim tdn hao miy bidn ip, tlSt kiim ning luang vi vdn dd hiiu qui kinh id
Tic gii di su dung phdn mdm FEF/IM dd khio sit phin bd tw trwdng vi tdn hao khdng tii cua miy bidn ip v6 dtnh hinh vi miy bidn ip Idt thip silic. Tidp dd tic gii so sinh tdn hao khdng tii vi sudt tdn hao giira hai loai miy bidn ip c6 cUng cdng sudt 50kVA.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the properties of amorphous steel and the application of this material to manufacturing industrial frequency transformers for tremendously reducing no-load losses. The paper also mentions the relationship between the reduction of transformer losses, saving energy and economy efficiency.
The authors used FEMM software for visualizing the magnetic field and no-load losses of amorphous and silicon steel based core transformers. Next the authors compared no - load losses and the pedormance loss between two types of transformers which have the same design power SOkVA.
L D A T V A N D E
Giai quyet bai toSn sit dung dien nSng tiet kiem v^ hieu qua luon la thach thuc lan d6i voi nganh Dien noi neng va ca Qu6c Gia noi chung, Trong qua trinh truyen tai, phan ph6i va tieu thu dien da phat sinh su ion thdt kha Ion, trong do ton that dien nang ciia may bidn ap (MBA) chiem ti Ie dang k§.
Cac MBA phan phoi chiem ti le lan trong long cong su^t ciia he Ih6ng MBA, vi th^
van de giam ton hao cong suk Irong MBA phan phoi co y nghTa kinh tc ky thuat rat quan trpng.
De giam ton hao cong sudl trong MBA, trong thilt ke cSn lira chpn sir dung vat lieu tac dung che lao may co suat ton hao nho nliat 6k giam ton bao d6ng va ton hao sat. T6n hao sSt phu thuoc rat nhieu vao chSt lugng vat lieu tir, Trong thai gian g k day, cong nghe vat lieu tir da CO nhiing tien bp nhay vpt cho phep img
dung vat lieu tir vo djnh hinh (VDH) trong viec che tao mach tir ciia MBA phan phdi.
B^i bao nay dua tren mo hinh phin tir hihi han (PTHH) d^ khao sat tir truong, tinh toan \h so sanh giiia mach tir bang vat lieu truyen th6ng va vat lieu VDH Buac dku chon mach tir VDH khao sat co ciu triic tuong tu MBA sir dung loi thep silic.
2. NOI DUNG
2.L f)3c tinh ky thuat th^p vo dinh hinh Ton hao trong MBA g6m 2 thanh phSn:
Ton hao trong day quin - gpi la t6n hao d6ng, no ti le vai dien tra day quan va he s6 mang tai ciia MBA. Ton hao sit tir trong loi thep - gin dung bing ton hao khong tai.
Ton hao sat tir bao g6m ton hao tir tri va ton hao Phu co. Ton hao tir tri phu thuoc vao ban chat vSt lieu; mu6n giam thanh phin nay cin sir dung vat lieu din tir co lire khang tir
TAP CHi KHOA HQC & C6NG NGHf CAC TRlTflfNG DAI HQC KY THUAT • S6 91 - 2012 nho. d hinh 1, cho ta thay du6ng cong tir tre ciia
thep VDH CO lire khang tir nho han nhieu lin so vdi thep sihc[l].
1,6 * 1,2 \
0,8 J OAA
1,2 0,8 0,4/
xu • /O.'' \
Thep / silic \ y '>-^Jl
Thep i ^ V D H
r ^
o / i 1 / 0,4 0,8 1,2
H(A,
Hinh 1. Dir&iig cong tir Ire cua ihepVDH vd thep silic
T6n hao Phu co, phu thupc vao dien tro su§t va dp day la thep; muon giam thanh phan nay can sir dung vat lieu co dien tro suat lan hoac chieu day la thep nho.
: 4:^4:4:
a)
Hmh 2. a) Cdu true nguyen tic tinh the b) Cdu triic VDH
Be che tao ra vat lieu VDH, ngucti ta diing phuang phap nguoi nhanh tir tinh the long, tlic la tang toe dp nguoi tir vai tram ngan tai mpt trieu dp trong mpt giay, hap kim long bi dong cimg nhanh den mirc qua Irinh ket linh khong kip xay ra. Khi do thu duac hop kim 6 trang thai hoan toan mdi vdi cau true vi mo khong tinh the, dugc ggi la hgp kim VDH (amorphous alloys) d hirdi 2b [2].
Thdp VDH d^p img ca 3 yeu cau de giam ton hao sat tir:
Lire khang tii' rat nho: H,- - 5-lOA/m (ton silic Hp ~ 50-IOOA/m)
- Dp day la thep rat nho: t - 0.03 mm (ton silic t~0,3-0,5mm)
Dien trd suat rat ldn: p ~ 130-170 pQcm (t6n silic p - 50-60(if^cm)
Ngudi ta ngay cang diing loai th^p chat lugng tot hon de giam ton hao sit, mSc dii hien nay cic MBA chS tao c6 ton hao nho nhung do tuoi thp ciia MBA khi ldn nen hien nay vhn c6n nhu'ng MBA co ton hao ldn dang dugc sir dung tren ludi dien.
Hinh 3, mo ta Ijch su ton hao sit tir cac MBA 50 kVA do nang cao chat Iugng vat lieu che tao loi thep tir nSm 1970 d^n nSm 1990 [1].
MBA dau Ton silic thuOTig
Htnh 3. Do thi bieu dien xu hir&ng ciia the gi&i sd- dung vgt lieu tdt hem de gidm ton hao sdt tir ciia MBA
Do do, viec lua chpn phuang an Ihiet ke MBA CO hieu suat cao mang y nghTa ldn, vi tuoi thp ciia MBA co the tir 30 den 50 nam, sai lam trong lira chon thiet ke se phai ganh chiu thiet thoi trong thoi gian dai.
Chg tao MBA VDH la ITnh vuc mdi d6i vdi Viet Nam, do do da co nhieu trung tam nghien cuu, cac nha Khoa hpc va Cong ty ch6 tao MBA quan tam dac biet. Gan day trong nudc da dien ra hgi thao do Trung tam ti^t kiem nang lugng ECC phoi hgp vdi Cong ty Hitachi Metals to chuc tai Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh va Thanh pho Ha noi de cap ve van de chi tao va sLr_ dung MBA VDH hieu suit cao trong he thong ludi dien tai Viet nam [3].
Sil' dung loai vat lieu nidi nay doi hoi phai dau tu cong nghe mdi, can nghien ciru lam chii cong nghe de di d€n chfi tao MBA VDH hieu suat cao tai Viet Nam. Ngoai ra, MBA VDH CO cau true loi thep va day quin khac so voi MBA diing ton silic truyin thong, cho nen cin nghien cuu tinh toan t6i uu kich thudc loi thep, cupn day de giam thieu l6n hao sit tii.
TAP CHl KIIOA IIQC & C6NG NGHf; CAC TRUONG DAI HQC K* THU^T • S6 91 - 2012 cung nhu nghien cuu anh hudng cua trudng
dien tir tdc dpng len dSy quin ciia MBA VDH.
Bii toin tim phSn bo tir trudng trong MBA VDH \h budc khdi diu nghien cuu. De khio sdt phan b6 tir trudng trong MBA ta phai thiel l|p mo hinh trudng di^n lir tong quit nhd vio h§
phuong trinh Maxwell.
2.2. M6 hinh trudng di^n tir ctia miy bicn ip:
Khao sit tir trudng MBA VDH cung xuit phdt lir mo hinh irudng di?n tir tong quit vi6t cho tir tli6 vecta A nhu sau [4]:
V^A-cp 5A -MJ
(1) Trong dd: e : hing s6 di^n moi (Fm"')
p . he so tir tham (Hm'') a : dien dan suat (£J'' m'')
J : Vecta mat do dong dien (Am"^) Tir (1) neu xet tir trudng ciia day din dii dai gay ra trong mat phing vuong goc vdi day dan va chgn true z triing vdi true day din. Khi do A vhd chi CO mpt thanh phin theo true z la A; va J,. Ta co mo hinh dac trung cho tir trudng trong MBA nhusau:
S'A.
Bieu
ax' , , 3 ' A .
dien dudi d'A,
BA,
dang phirc:
- jcooAj -
-w.
-MJ.
(2)
(3)
Nhdn xet: Phuong trinh (2) va (3) li mo hinli trudng dien tir dac trung cho MBA, n6 dugc mo ta bing nhirng phuang trinh dao him rieng rit phirc tap, phan b6 theo kliong gian va thdi gian, do do khong the giai quyet bing phuang phap giai tich. Da nghien cim md hinh nay ta co the su dung mpt s6 phin mim theo phuong phap_ PTHH, trong cic phin mim thi FEMM la phin mem thuan tien va tinh toan rit hieu qua, vi the chung toi di sir dung phin mim nay de tinh toin, so sinh su phan bd mat dp tir cam ciia MBA phan phdi co cong suit 50kVA
c6 mach tir bing Ii th^p silic truyen thdng vi bing v|t li^u VDH.
2.3. Khdo s&t pliSn b6 td truimg v^ tSa bao sat til cua MBA 50kVA-22kV/0,4kV; ban dau x^t trm^ng hgp hai ISi th^p c6 cau true tuong tu nhau:
/ Cdc thdng sd thief ke duac sir dtmg.
* Gi&i ihi^uphdn mem FEMM Phin mim FEMM - Finite Element Method Magnetics [5]: la mgt chuang trinh sii dyng phuang phip phan tir hihi han dl phan tich md hinh trudng di?n lir.
Phin mim FEMM dugc tiln sT David Meeker xiy dung vi viet cho bai toin phin tich phin tir hOn ban 2 chilu (2D), phin mim phii hgp cho cic bii toin trudng dien tir, tan s6 thip vi thich hgp cho nghien cihi MBA.
De sir dung FEMM phai tiln hanh qua cic budc sau:
- Thilt lap mo hinh bai toin - Nhap dac tinh vat lieu - Thiet lap dieu kien bien
- Tao ludi la cic PTHH vi phan tich bai toin - Chay chuong trinh va hien thj kit qua
* Md hinh vd kich thu&c mgch tir- Thiet ke mach tir ciia MBA : Lua chgn ket ciu meich tir theo cong nghe quin tdn, chpn mat do tir cam B = 1,4T vi tiln hanh tinh cic kich thudc chu yeu, thilt kl cugn diy, kit ciu cich dien [6] ta dugc (hinh 4):
Hmh 4. Kich thuoc mach tw cua MBA
TAP CHi KHOA HOC & CONG NGIlE: CAC TRU6lVG DAI HQC KY THUAT • S6 91 - 2012
* Mdt do ddng dien trong cdc cudn ddy.
Gia sir MBA cd td dau day theo kieu YA'-O vi goc pha ban dau cua cupn day cao ap 22kV la 30°, ta tinh dugc mat do dong dien chay trong hai cugn day theo bang 1:
Bdng I Mdt do dong dien trong hai cuon ddy:
Pha
Pha A PhaB PhaC
Mat do dong diet! cuon cao ap
22kV (MA/nr) 0,33! +j0,19l -0,331 +J0,I91
-i0,382
Mai do dongdicn Cuon lia ap 0,4kV
(MA/m^) 1,758 + 11,015 - 1.758+ i 1,015
-12,03 2, Nhdp sd lieu vd hien thi ket qud
Nhip tan s6 dong dien: f = 50 Hz Nhap mat dp dong dien
- Nhap cic so lieu ciia dudng cong tir hda B(H) ciia thep silic va thep VDH theo PL,1&2 [7]
Dat CO ludi
- Chay chuang trinh FEMM vdi mo hinh MBA CO 53756 niit, 106578 phin tir, dp chinh xac 10"*, trong hai trudng hgp iQi thep silic (hinh 5, hinh 6) va thep VDH (hinh 7, hinh 8).
Htnh 5. Mo hinh dir&ng sue tir MBA loi thep silic.
.il.
Hmh 7 Mo liinh du&ng sice tir MBA loi thep VDH
2 -5 1 5
a j )
0.7
-_'•
1,4 1,0
Hinh 8. Do thi bieu dien do l&n cdm u-ng lie B ciia MBA loi thep VDH.
Nhan xef Ket qui hien thi d hinh 6 va hinh 8 ta thiy, sd dT cam irng tCi try giua B=1,4T ldn hon hai tru d ben B=I,OT vi B=0,7T la vi phuang phip PTHH da xet tai mol thdi diem theo chu ki dong dien 3 pha, trong 1/2 chu ki dau tir cam cua 1 pha (hay tru giira) dat gii tri ldn nhat thi 2 pha con lai (hay 2 Iru d ben) dat gii tri nho hon.
Bang 2 thong ke so sanh ket qua tinh ton hao trong loi thep MBA
Bdng 2 Ket qua tich phdn khoi theo mien khdo sal vd chieu ddy Id thep
Thong so khao sat Ton hao li;
tre va dong xoay(W)
Thep silic ( 0,3inm) 0,03176
Thep VDH (0,03mm) 0,00891
Do giam t6n hao (%)
72
Hinh 6. Dd thi bieu dien do lan cdm iing tir L cua MBA lot thep silic
Nhin vao bang 2, ta thay ton hao tren khoi (ton hao tir tre vi dong xoay) ciia thep VDH giam 72% so vdi thep silic.
Tir ket qua tich phan khoi tren mien khao sit thu dugc sau khi chay chuong trinh FEMM,
TAP CHl KIIOA HQC & CONG NGHp CAC TRUING DAI HQC K? THUAT 4 SO 91-2012 ta linh suit tdn hao cua li th6p VDH nhu sau:
- Khdi Iugng riSng ciia li thiJp: D = 7,18 kg/dm3
- Thi tich ciia kh6i khao sit: V = 6,51.10-3 dm3
Khfii lugng th^p cua khoi khao sit:
M=V.D - 0,04675 kg T6n hao tren khdi: 0,00891 W Ta tinh dugc suit I6n hao li th^p VDH:
Pc = 0,19 W/kg, so sinh kit qua tinh suit ton hao nay vdi suit ton hao ciia nhi san xual li Pc
= 0,21 W/kg, ta c6 sai sd: 9,5%, Sd dT c6 sai s6 nay la vi klii tinh loin chay phin mim FEMM da xem cic thdng sd khong thay doi c6n nha sin xuit da cho s6 do ihuc nghiem cd tinh den inh hudng do gia cdng cit, uon th^p.
3. KET LUAN
Thong qua ngi dung trinh biy va ket qua nhan dugc ta co nhimg ket luin nhu sau:
* Ve tic cdm trong loi thep:
Dp ldn cam img tir B trong mach tir thep VDH vi thep silic la bang nhau va co gia tri ldn nhat B = 1,4T do dd ci hai loai thep deu khdng bao hoa.
Thvc tl dp ldn cam umg tir bao hda ciia th^p silic khi cao (B = I,86T) con th^p VDH thip han (B = 1,56T) do viy dk mat dg tir cam trong mgch tir MBA VDH khong bj bSo hda thi trong thilt kl ta nen chgn mit da tit cim ciia thdp VDH nhd han so vdi thdp silic. Cho ndn mach tir MBA VDH sS Idn han MBA thdp silic nhung diiu niy khdng c6 nghia la tdn hao Idn han MBA thdp silic.
* vi tdn hao trong loi thep: Tdn hao sit tir (tdn hao tir tri vi ddng xoiy) cua thdp VDH giam 72% so vdi thdp silic.
* vi cong cti linh loan Viec sir dung phuang phip PTHH vdi phin mem FEMM cho ta thay rd dugc lgi ich ciia phan mim khong nhung khao sit phan bo tir trudng va tdn hao trong 15i thep mi cdn cd the tinh toin truang nhi?t, lye dien tir vi cich dien tir dd tinh toin tdi uu kich thudc, hinh ding ciia day quan vi ldi thdp ciia MBA VDH. Budc tilp theo cdthi xdt bii toin vdi mach tir cd tiet dien mat cit ngang Ii hinh chir nhit, gan vdi cau true thyc ciia lOi thdp MBA VDH,
* vi kit qua: Nhirng ket qui nghien cim nay la budc dau gdp phan vao thiic day sir dyng MBA VDH hieu suit cao vio Viet Nam.
TAI LlfU THAM KHAO 1. Barry W. Kennedy (1998); Energy Efficient Transformers; trang 127-146.
2. Nguyen Hoang Nghi, Pham Vin Birdi; Sir dung vat lieu tir tien tien de chi tao loi biln the - xu the tren the gidi vi khi nang ciia nudc ta;Tap chi Hoat dgng Khoa hgc. So 5,2009, trang 33.
3. Trung tim Tiet kiem Nang lugng ECC Tp. Ho Chi Minh, Cong ty Hitachi Metals; Hpi thao "Miy bien ap loi ton vd dinh hinh hicu suit cao va ung dung hieu qua tai Viet Nam", Hi Noi- 13/1/2012.
4. Ding Van Dao, Lc Vin Doanh (2001); Cic phuong phap hien dai trong nghien ciiu tinh toin thilt ke ky thuat dien, Nxb Khoa hpc vi ky thuat. Hi Npi.
5 David Meeker (2004); Finite Element Method Magnetics, Version 4.2 User's Manual.
6. Phan Tir Thu (2002), Thilt kl miy biln ip dien luc, Nxb Khoa hgc va Ky thuit. Hi Ngi.
7. Doin Thanh Bio, Nghien ciru chi tao miy biln ip co loi thdp sir dung vit lidu vd dinh hinh, luin vin Cao hoc DHBK Ha Npi, 2010.
Dia chi lien he. Doan Thanh Bio - Tel: 0982 379279 - Email: [email protected] Khoa Ky thuit & Cong nghe, Trudng Dai hgc Quy Nhon
170, An Ducmg Vuang, Tp, Quy Nhan 22