Y KliN TRAO b l ^
iiNH HUdNG COA CAC Y £ U TITHO TR9 VA TRA NGAI CA NHAN
Tdi f BjNH H A N H VI KHdl SIf KINH DOANH:
NHfiN THOC COA NO S I N H V I E N MpT Sif TRUdNG DAI HQC TAI HA Npl
TrSn Van Trang TVirdtig Dai hgc Thuong mai Email: [email protected] Ngdy nhgn: 25/03/2020 Ngdy nhgn Igi: 15/04/2020 Ngdy duyet ddng: 21/04/2020
^hiin cuu ndy di cap tdi dnh hudng cua cdc ho trg tic ben ngoai, cdc trd nggi bdn thdn tdiy mnh hdnh vi khdi sir kinh doanh cua nir sinh viin. Nghiin cuu thuc hien khdo sdt ddi vdi 826 nu sinh vien tgi 4 trudng dgijigc d Hd Ngi vd su dgng phdn tich cau true tuyen tinh di kiim dinh cdc gid thuyit. Kit qud chi ra Id su ho trg tic gia dinh vd ngudi thdn_ la yiu to quan trong nhdt dinh hinh y dinh hdnh vi khdi si^ kinh doanh cua nir sinh vien. Nhdn thuc vi su ho trg tic chinh phu (thi ehi) co tdc dgng tich cue, trong khi cdc trd nggi cd nhdn_^c6 dnh hudng tiiu cue toi y dinh hdnh vi khdi sir kinh doanh cua nic sinh viin. Doi vdi cdc hogt dgng ho trg khdi nghiep cua trudng dgi hgc, dnh hudng co y nghia thdng ke taiy dinh hdnh vi tdi tic cdc khoa dao tgo true tiip vi khdi nghi$p. Tic cdc kit qud ndy, cdc thdo luan vd khuyin nghi chinh sach da dugc trinh bay trong bdi bdo nhdm thuc ddy lua chgn hdnh vi khdi su kinh doanh cda nic sinh viin.
Tit khda: Ydinh hdnh vi khdi su kinh doanh, ho trg, trd nggi bdn thdn, sinh vien nu.
1. Mddau
Nghiin ciiu ve y dinh la mdt nhanh quan trgng ttong linh vuc nghien ciiu vl khdi sir kinh doaiih (entrepreneurship),. Cac nha nghiin cim diu nhan manh y dinh la yiu td trung gian quan ttgng trong qua ttinh khdi nghiip ciia mgt ca nhan, y dinh ket ndi y tudng vdi hanh ddng va la mgt chi bao tdt nhSt cho hanh vi khdi nghiep (Bird 1988, Fayolle &
Liiian, 2014)
Dura trin hai md hinh chinh la ly thuyit hanh vi d\r kiln ciia Ajzen (1991) va ly thuyit sir kiln khdi nghiip ciia Shapero & Spkol (1982), nliiiu nghiin ciiu da dl cap tdi cac yiu td anh hudng hoac gdp phan dinh hinh y dinh khdi nghi?p. Tuy nhien cac nghiin ciiu dudng nhu chi tap trung vao y dinh nhu mgt ttang thai tam ly ma it dl cap tdi y dinh di kem vdi nhirng hanh dOng cu the - y djnh hanh vi (Thompson, 2009). Hon nira md hinh giai thich y dinh khdi su kinh doanh dua trin nghien ciiu cua Ajzen (199 l)iaind hinh md cho nhiing ddng gdp va phat hiln mdi, bd sung them nhimg bien sd mdi lam tang miic do giai, thich y dinh trong cac bdi canh van hda xa hgi cu thi.
cac nghien ciiu ve khdi nghiip ciia nir gidi cdn chilm mdt ty II kha khilm tdn. Brush & Cooper (2012) cho rang chi dudi 10% cac nghien ciru trong ITnh vuc khdi nghiep cd liln quan tdi phu nir, trong khi su ddng gdp cua nii gidi vao hoat ddng kinh
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doanh va khdi nghiep ngay cang tang len tten toan can (GERA, 2018). Bao cao chi sd khdi nghiep cua Viet Nam nam 2018 (Luong Minh Huan, 2018) ciing nlu ra kit qua kha ngac nhiln. Viet Nam cung vdi Brazil va Ecuador ia 3 tren 54 qudc gia^kliao sat cd ty II nii gidi tham gia vao kinh doanh bang hoac cao hon nam gidi, trong,dd Viet Nam la qudc gia cd ty le nii gidi tren tdiig sd nhung ngudi dang khdi su kinh doanh cao nhat ttong sd cac qudc gia dugc khao sat. Nhu vay, nu gidi xiing dang la ddi higng can duac chii y nhieu hon ttong cac nghien ciru vl khdi nghiep d Viet Nam. Hon niia, Chinh phu Viet Nam dang triin khai manh me cac chuong ttinh hd trg khdi nghiip ttong thdi gian gan day nhu de an 844 "hd trg he sinh thai khdi nghiip ddi mdi sang tao quoc gia din nam 2025", dl an 1665 "hd trg hgc sinh, sinh vien khdi nghiip din nam 2025", hay de an 939 "hd ttg phu nii khdi nghiip giai doan 2017- 2025". Vile nghien ciiu xem nhirng ngudi thy hudng chinh (thanh nien, sinh vien^ phu nir) nhin nhan nhu thi nao vi cac hoat ddng hd ttg nay va cac hoat dgng hd trg tac dgng gi tdi hanh vi khdi nghiep se irai cd y nghia ttong bdi canh hien tai. ,
Tir cac ly do nlu tten, nghiin ciiu nay de cap tdi mdi lien he giiia nhan thiic vi cac hd ttg va ttd ngai vdi y dinh hanh vi khdi su kinh doanh ciia nii sinh viln. Hai cau hdi chinh dugc dat ra la "sinh vien nir nhan thiic nhu thi nao vi cac hd ttg va ttd ngai khi
.khoa tioc c^
" li 63
khdi su"? va "cac hd ttg va ttd ngai nay anh hudng nhu the nao tdi viec hinh thanh y dinh hanh vi khdi nghiep"? cac hd ttg tir bin ngoai dugc dl cap ttong nghiin ciiu nay baq_gdm ca? hd ttg tii mdi trudng gan (ngudi than), cap hd ttg tir td chiic (trudng dai hgc) va cac hd ttg tii bdi canh rgng Idn hon (mdi tmdng the chi). Cac ttd ngai ddi vdi giai doan hinh thanh y diiih hanh VI dugc lua chgn tap trang vao cac ttd ngai tu ben ttong hay cdn ggi la cac ttd ngai ban than.,
Bai viit dugc cau tnic ,nhu sau. Sau phan md dau, bai viit se trinh bay ghan tdng quan nghien ciiu vl mdi liln he giira cac hd ttg va trd
ngai ban than vdi y djnh hanh vi khdi ''""''"SaiSl'^'""'' nghiep, di theo cac ngi dung tdng '^^^^bw'r' quan, cac gia thuyet nghien cim se
dugc phat bilu. Muc thii 3 trinh bay ''• @ - ve phuong phap nghiin ciiu bao gdm " '^
thang do va bang hdi, mau dieu tra va cac phan tich su dung. Muc thu 4 trinh bay vl kit qua nghien ciiu dua tren phan, tich cau tnic tuyen,tinh SEM, Cudi cung la cac trao ddi ve kit qua va cac khuyin nghi sir dyng ket qua nghien cim.
2. TSng quan va cac gia thuyet nghiin ciru 2.1. Ydjnh vd y dinh hdnh vi khdi su kinh doanh Y dinh dugc dinh nghia nhu la mgt trang thai tam !y hudng su chii y ciia con ngudi (va theo do la cac trai nghilm va hanh dgng) tgi viec thuc hiln mgt myc tieu cy the hoac theo dudi hudng di rieng dl hoan thanh dieu gi do - chang han la ttd thanh doanh nhan_(Bird, 1988). Mac du cd mdt so mo hinh ly thuyet khac nliau nhung theo Krueger, Reilly &
Carsrud (2000), cac nghiin ciru ye y dinh khdi nghiip (entrepreneurial intention) deu dua tren hai md hinh ly thuyet ca ban la ly thuyet hanh vi du kien (theory of planned behavior) cua Ajzen (1991) va md hinh su kiln khdi nghiep (entrepreneurial event) cua Shapero and Sokol (1982).
Theo Ajzen {1991), ydinh la mot trgng thdi tdm lytgp hgp cdc yiu to dgng ca, quyit tdm vd muc do no luc cua mgt cd nhdn di thuc hien hdnh vi. Mgt ngudi cd y dinh thuc hien mgt hanh vi la ngudi cd suy nghi va nhan thirc rd rang vl muc dich va phucmg tieri dl .thuc hien hanh vi do. Y dinh la ham sd cita ba yiu td ca ban: thai do ve hanh vi (attitude toward the behaviour), chuan chu quan (subjective norm) va nhan thirc ve kiem soat hanh vi (perceived behavioural control). Dgi vdi Shapero .and Sokol (1982), tir khi cac yiu td hoan canh xuat hiln lam ca nhan nay sinh y dinh den khi_thanh lap doanh nghiip thuc.sy, cd hai nhdm yeu td trung gian tham gia yao quyet dinh ciia doanh nhan tiem nang: mong mwd'/i,(desirability) va khd thi (feasibility). Ca hai yiu td nay deu tiiy thugc vao nhan thiic (percep-
khoa hoc ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
64 thiTdngmai
tions) ciia mdi ca nhan va din tii mdi trudng_van hda, xa hgi, kinh te ciia hg. Ndi each khac, mdi ca nhan phai cam nhan hanh vi khdi nghiep la mong mudn va kha thi tlii hg mdi di din quylt dinh khdi su doanh nghiip thuc su.
Tuy nhien, cin cd su phan bilt rd rang vl cac muc do y dinh khdi nghiip. Theo Thompson (2009), y dinh .khdi nghiip cua mdt ca nhan cd the dugc phan bd tten mdt true, di tir cd khuynh hudpg kinh doanh (enttepreneurial dispositions) tdi dan than khdi nghiep that sir (nascent enttepreneurs) (hinh 1).
f mnh hinh vllbehsvlarat
(Nguon. Vidua trin nghien cuu cua Thompson (2009)) Hinh 1.- Phdn biet y dinh vd y dinh hdnh vi khdi su kinh doanh
Nhiing ca nhan cd y dinh khdi nghiep (intention) khac vdi nhiing ngudi chi cd cac td chat hoac khuynh hudng khdi nghiip (entrepreneurial disposi- tions) d chd hg nghilm tiic tinh tdi lua chgn khdi su hoat ddng kinh doanh mdi va bat dau cd nhirng nd lire nhat dinh hudng tdi lya chgn nay trong tucmg lai. Nhung ca _nhan cd y dinh hanh vi (behavioral intention) se bit diu thuc hien nhiing hanh vi cy thi dl cu thi hda y dinh, chang han bat dau tiet kiem tiin dl kinli doanh, danh tlidi gian nghiin ciru vl khdi nghiep, tim dgc sach bao ve khdi nghiep ho^c bit diu tim y tudng kinh doanh, Nhiing doanh nhan khdi nghiep (nascent entrepreneurs),- khai ni?m dugc sir dung ttong nghien cuu chi sd khai nghiep toan cau (Global Entreprerieurship Monitor - GEM) de cap tdi nhirng ngudi dan than khdi nghiep thuc su. Trong nghien ciiu ciia GEM, doanh nhan khdi nghiep can thda man 4 dilu kien ca ban: (1) la nhirng ngudi dang cd gang bat dau hoat dgng kinh doanh mdi; (2) da thuc hiln cac hoat ddng cu thi dl bat dau hoat dgng kinh doanh mdi nhu tim dja diem, ttang thiet bi, nhan su, chuan bi tten bac, kl hoach kinh doanh,... (3) sd huu mdt phan hoac toan bg doanh nghiep/hoat dgng kinh doanh mdi; va (4) chua cd thu nhap tu hoat dgng kinh doanh trong vdng 3 thang gan nhat. Mdt each ro rang ban di xem su Idiac biet giiia y dinh va y dinh hanh vi la nhin vao thang do trong nghien ciiu thuc nghilm. Thang do ve y dinh dugc sir dung phd bien la thang do cua Linan va Chen (2009) vdi cac phat biiu vl quyit tam khdi nghiep trong tuang lai, chang han "Tdi sin sang lam mgi vile dl ttd thanh mdt doanh nhan - /
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y KliN TRAO D 6 |
am ready to do anything to be an entrepreneur", hay "il d\ah nghilm tuc cua tdi la mgt ngay nao do se thanh lap cdng ty rieng - / have the firm intention to start a firm some day". Trong khi thang do vi y dinh hanh vi dugc ^Thompson (2009) de xuat bao gdm cac muc hdi ve cac hanh vi cu tiie, chang hfin
"Tdi dang tilt kiem tien de khdi nghiep - Are saving money tojtart a business", hay "Tdi danh thdi gian di hgc vl khdi nghiep - Spend time learning about starting a firm".
2.2. Nhgn thirc vi cdc ho trg vd moi lien he vdi y d\nh hanh vi khdi nghiep
Khdi nghiip la mdt hanh vi dugc giai thich bdi sy tuong tac giiia cac yeu td ca nhan va mdi trudng Bygrave et Hofer (1991). Cd ba loai mdi trudng chinh tac ddng tdi mdi ca nhan la mdi trudng gan (gia dinh, ngudi, than); mdi trudng td chiic (nhu truong dai hgc ddi vdi sinh vien) va mdi trudng the che. Tir do, nhiing hd ttg, thuan Igi hoac khd khan ve khdi nghiep ma sinh vien nhan thirc dugc cd the den tii ba loai mdi trudng nay.
Ho trg ciia ngudi thdn
Theo mo hinh cua Ajzen (1991), yiu td chuan chii quan (subjective norm) cd anh hudng true tiep tdi_ y dinh. Viec ca nhan nhin nhan nhu the nao ve y kiln va sy ung hd cua nhung ngudi xung quanh cd anh hudng tdi vile hinh thanh y dinh khdi nghiep ciia hg. Nhiing ngudi xung quanh quan ttgng .(ttong mdi trudng gan) ddi vdi sinh vien nii bao gdm bd me, thay cd, ban be than thiet va nhiing ngudi quan ttgng khac. Cac nghiin ciiu trudc day da kiem djnh moi liln he giua biln sd nay vdi y dinh khdi nghiep.
Tuy nhiln, kit qua nghiin ciiu thuc nghilm khdng hoan toan gidng nhau, cd nghien ciru khang dinh su anh hudng true tiip (Souitaris & cgng su, 2007) cd nghiin ciiu khdng thay su anh hudng (Lman, 2004), va su anh hudng ciia yeu td nay cd lien quart nhilu tdi bdi canh va van hda qudc gia. Trong bdi canh van hda mang tinh cgng ddng cao d Viet Nam, yeu td gia dinh va ngudi than thudng ddng vai ttd rat quan trgng ddi vdi cac lua chgn va dinh hudng ciia ngudi \x%, vi vay chiing tdi dat gia thuyet sau:
Gid thuyit HI: Nhgn thuc vi ho trg cua ngudi thdn CO dnh hudng tick cifc tdi y dinh hdnh vi khdi su kinh doanh eua nic sinh vien.
Ho trg ciia truong dgi hgc
_ Su phat trien ciia cac hoat ddng khdi nghiip va hd trg khdi nghiip ttgng trudn,g dai hgc da la mdt hiln tugng kha plio biin tten the gidi,(Tijssen 2006).
Ct Viet Nam, cac hoat dgng thiic day khdi nghiep ttong trudng dai hgc da dugc thuc hien kha rgng rai tir nam 2016 trd lai day, sau khi Chinh .phii phat dgng phong trao qudc gia khdi nghiep. Di an 1665 ve viec hd trg hgc sinh, sinh viln khdi nghiip dat ra myc tilu toi nam 2020 100% cac dai hgc cd cac hoat
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dgng hd trg sinh vien khdi nghiep va tdi nam 2025 100% cac trudng dai hgc cd diu tu kinh phi hd tta cac du an khdi nghiep ciia sinh viln (it nhit 5 du an). Nhieu nha nghien ciiu da coi trudng dai hgc nhu la nhirng vudn uam de thiic diy tinh than va van hda khdi nghiip. Cac trudng dai hgc cd thi ddng nigt vai trd quan trgng ttong vile xac dinh va phat trien cac to chat va khuynh hudng kinh doanh cua sinh viln va giijp hg cd kha nang khdi su cdng viec kinh doanh ciia rieng minh^ do dd gdp phin hieu qua vao su thinh vugng kmh te va tao cdng an viec vile lam (Debackere & Veugelers 2005). Cac nghiin ciiu trudc cQng da ggi y la cac chinh sach va hd trg ciia trudng dai hgc cd the thiic day cac boat dgng khdi nghiep cua sinh viln (Lemer, 2005). Cac khda hgc ve khdi nghiep va cac hd ttg khac ciia cac trudng la each hieu qua dl ttang bi kien thirc, ky nang^kinh doanh va khuyin khich ngudi tte theo dudi su nghiep kinh doanh (Henderson S, Robertson, 2000).
Vi vay, chiing tdi dat ra gia thuyet nhu sau:
Gid thuyit H2: Nhdn thirc vi ho trg khdi nghiip cua trudng dgi hgc CO dnh hudng tich cue tdiy dinh hdnh vi khdi su kinh doanh cua nii sinh viin.
Saeed et al. (2013)_chia su hd ttg cua trudng dai hgc thanji 3 nhdm la hd tta dao tao (educational sup- port), hd trg phat trien y tudng (concept develop- ment support) va hd trg phat ttiln kmh doanh (busi- ness development support). Dat ttong bdi canh cac trudng dai hgc trong mau nghiin cuu, chiing tdi nhan dinh cac hoat dgng ye khdi nghiep ,cua cac trudng chii yeu liln quan den thdng tin, truyen thdng va dao tao ye khdi nghiip. Vi vay cac hoat ddng hd trg dugc de cap trough nghien ciiu nay chi tap trung vao cac hoat dgng hd trg dao tao ve khdi nghiep (educational support). _
Nhgn thiic vi su ho trg tic thi che (institutional support)
Cac yeu td ve van hda, xa hdi, kinh tl va chinh tti ciia mdt quoc gia se anh hudng tdi mgi mat cua ddi sdng xa hoi, ttong dd cd ha;A vi khdi nghiep.
ciu trite va thi chi cua mgt qudc gia se djnh hinh luat choi cho mgi td chiic va ca nhan (North, 2005).
Cac nghien ciiu trudc da chi ra mgt sd yeu td quan trong thiic diy sy phat triln cita khdi nghiep bao gdm sy dn dinh kinh te (McMillan & Woodruff, 2002), cd sin cac ngudn vdn (.De Bettignies &
Brander, 2007), hay vile giam thue thu nhap ca nhan (Gentry & Hubbard 2000). Cac nghien ciiu nay ciing ggi y la y dinh khdi su kinh doanh la mdt tilu chi phan anh ciu tnic thi thi, sy on dinh kinh te va chinh tri ciia mgt dit nude. Cac nghiin .ciiu^ lien quan tdi sinh vien chi ra rang viec thieu vdn va cac ngudn tai trg la mdt rao can Idn ddi vdi hanh vi khdi nghiep (Li, 2007; Robertson & cgng sy, 2003),
_khfla hoc ^
"thifdngmai 65
Moi trudng thi chi cd the lien quan tdi ca cac yiu td hiiu_hinh va vd hinh ttong viec hd ttg khdi^nghiep.
cac yiu td hiiu hinh cd the bao gdm cac hd trg ky thuat tir cac to chiic nha nude, co hgi dao t^o, tiep can thuan Igi ye vdn, luat phap kinh doanh de dang,.,., cac yiu td vd hinh cd the la cam nhan ve tinh tiian kinh doanh chung va cac dieu kiln ben ngoai thuan Igi dl khdi su kinh doanh (Saeed et al., 2013). Khi smh viln nhan thiic dugc cac hd ttg the che tich cue, hg se tu tin hon vl lyra chgn khdi su vi vay ma dieu nay cd thi anh hudng tdi y dinh hanh vi _khdi su kinh doanh ciia hg_. Chiing tdi dat ra gia thuyit sau:
Gid thuyit H3: nhdn thuc vi ho trg cua thi che CO dnh hudng tich cue tdi y dinh hdnh vi khdi su kinh doanh cua nir sinh vien.
2.3. Cdc trd nggi bdn thdn vd dnh hudng tdi y dinh hanh vi khdi su kinh doanh
Nhilu nghiin ciiu da chi ra la doanh nhan cd thi gap nhieu ttd.ngai ttong qua ttiiUi khdi nghiep va dilu nay cd the U nhirng rao can ddi vdi hanh vi khdi su kinh doanh ciia hg. Young & Welsch (1993) xac dinh cac rao can chirih ddi vdi doanh nhan bao gdm thilu su hd trg ve vdn, thieu thdng tin kmh doanh, cac mire thue cao va ty I? lam phat cao. Fleming (1996) ttong nghien curu dai han (longitudinal _study) cua minh ddi vdi sinh vien dai hgc da tim^thay mdt sd ttd ngai nhu thieu kinh nghiem va thiiu vdn cd anh hudng tdi thai d§ ciia sinh vien vl khdi nghiep.
Moy & cgng su (2001) cho rang cac rao can ddi vdi qua ttinh khdi nghiip cd thi den tii ben ttong hoac bin ngoai_. Cac rao can tir ben ngoai cd thi bao gdm chi phi nhan su cao, ty II lai cao, cac ,quy dinh phap luat chat che, thul cao, su canh ttanh gay gan tten thi trudng. Cac rao can hi ben ttgng cd thi bao gdm thieu kien thiic, thilu kinh nghiem quan ly, sg nii ro,...
Tuy nhien, ciing theo tac gia nay, ddi vdi sinh vien chua tdt nghiep - nhimg ngudi dang hinh thanh hudng di va y dinh kinh doanh, hg ,se cd cam nhan rd rang hon ve cac trd ngai tir bin ttong va dieu nay cd the can trd y dinh khdi nghiep ciia hg. Dua trin cac lap luan neu tren, chiing tdi dat ra gia thuyet sau:
Gid thuyit H4: Nhdn thiic vi cdc trd nggi cua bdn than co dnh hudng tiiu cue tdi y dinh hdnh vi khdi su kinh doanh ciia nii sinh viin.
3. Phirong phap nghiSn CUTI 3.1. Thang do vd thiit ki bdng cau hoi Thang do 5 biin sd chinh ttong nghien ciiu dugc lay tCr nhiiu ngudn khac nhau (bang 1). Thang do y dinh hanh vi khdi sir kinh doanh vdi 6 muc hdi dugc su dung tir Thompson (2009), theo dd mgt ngudi cd y dinh hanh vt khdi su se thuc hiln cac hanh dgng cu thi nhu tim kiem ca hgi kinh doanh, tiet kiem tien, dgc tai lieu ve khdi nghiep, len kl hoach khdi nghiep, danh thdi gian nghiin ciiu va xac dinh y tudng kmh doanh (thang do cd 2 muc hdi ngugc).
Thang do "Nhan thiic ve hd tea tu gia dinh, ngudi than" dugc tham khao tii Mei & cong su (2016) vdi 4 myc hdi, theo dd nhimg ngudi gan giii quan trgng ddi vdi sirih vien bao gdm ban be than thilt, bd me, thay eg va njudi quan ttgng khac. Thang do nhan thiic vl su hd trg cua trudng dai. hgc vdi 8 myc hdi va nhan thiic ve sir hd txq cua thi che vdi 6 muc hdi dugc sir dyng tu Saeed & cgng su (2015), va cudi Cling thang do nhan thirc ve cac ttd ngai ciia ban than dugc tham khao tir Keat & Ahmad (2012).,
Bang cau hdi dugc thiet ke gdm 2 phan. Phan 1 la 29 myc hdi lien quan tdi 5 biln sd cua md hinh nghiin ciiu,. Mdi muc hdi dugc danh gia tren thang Likert 7 dilm, di tu 1 "hoan toan khdng ddng y" tdi 7 "hoan toan dong y". Phan 2 la 5 cau hdi lien quan tai thdng tin ca nhan ciia sinh vien nir bao gdm trudng dai hgc, nam hgc, dao tao ve khdi su kinh 1* Thang do eac biin so eua nghiin cuu
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Cic m^c hdi (ilcmi]
Toi khong bao gia tim kiem CCT h?i khdi sw kmh doanh TOI netki^m don d e k h ^ s ^ kmh doanh Toi khang co kc ho^ch nio dc khm s\r kmh doimh Toi danh dim gian de nghien cuu ve khoi s^ doanh nghi jp min Toi da xic d[nh dugc mpL y tuong kmh doanh phu hgp voi ban than Nhiing nguiri b ^ thin cua I i khuyen khich Idi khoi s\i kmh doatih Bo me toi img hg loi khoi 5\f kuih doanh
Cac thay co khuyen khich loi khm nghiep Nhung n ^ o i quan trgng khac ung hg [61 khcFi su kinh doanh Co cac hgc phlin/mon hgc Bf chgn ve khdi nghiep Th(ic hi?n vifc tu van d|nh huong vc khm nghi(p Thuc hien cac chuang ninh th^ic l|p huong ve kii6i nghigp Cung cip cac khoa dao tao ve khoi nghiep To chfic cac bii6i hfii Ihao. Irao doi thong tin vc khoi nghigp T?o su k6t 061 giiia cac smh vien co cimg quan lam ve khdi nghiep D|nh hudng sudi vien v^ khdi nghiep nhu mgt tva chgn nghe nghigp Khuyjn khich sioh vi&i khdi sv doanh nchiin Chinh phii Viet nam khuyen Cac 15 chuc nhi nude cung
doanh nghiep cip cac ho trg k^ thuji lii^u qua cho viec ihanh lap Cic fo chiic nha nude CO cac cS v5n nhicu kmh ngliijm de hg giup cho doanh nhin khdi nghifp
Chuih phu cung cap cac ho hg lai chinh cho vif c thanh l<lp doanh nghiep Co sin cac khoan tin dijng ngin hang cho cic d|i an klidi sy co tiem nang Luat cCia Vict Nam cho phep Ihuc hiSn kinh doanh dc dang Gap kho khin trong vi«c ki
Sg IhSt bai vs phi sin Nang luc khdi nghi^ han c Kho khan irong viec t^p kS Khonc dim mao hiem
ra 5oai sv cing thing neu khoi nghiep
oach va xic djnh lim nhin
Ng«in
(2009)
M e i * cgng Bf (2016)
Saeed t{
cgng JIT (2015)
Saeed .It cnngsv (2015)
Keat&
(2012)
Idloa lioc .
Iliififng mat' So 141/2020
y KliN TRAO D 6 |
doanh, kinh nghiem di lam them va bd hoac me dang sd hiiu mgt ca sd kinh doanh/doanh nghiep.
3.2. Bdi tuffng va mau dieu tra
VI ddi tugng dieu tra, chung tdi tien hanh dilu tta d5i vdi cac nii sinh vien chuyen nganh Quan tri kinh doanh hoac Marketing cua 4 trudng dai hgc d Ha Ngi bao gdm Dai hgc Thuong mai, Dai hgc Kinh tl Qudc dan, Dai hgc Kinh tl - Dai hgc qudc gia va Dai hgc Ngoai ttiuong. Theo khao sat cua chiing tdi, day la cac trudng cd cac hoat dgng dao taoya ngoai khoa vl khdi nghiip kha tich cue va ddng diu.
Chung tdi cung lira chgn nhdm sinh viln nii cd kha nang tilp can nhieu nhat cac kiln thiic, ky nang ve kinh doanh (nganh Kinh te, Quan tti kinh doanh) va nhiing sinh vien bat dau dinh hinh cho tuong lai nghi nghiep (sinh viln nam
thii 3 va,nam thir 4). Thdi . diem dieu tra U thang . 12/2019, day la thdi didm sinh vien narn 3 da hoan thanh hgc ky dau tiln va sinh . viln nam 4 chuan hi di thuc tap tdt nghiep.
_VI eg man, chiing tdi du kien kilm dinh md hinh - nghien ciiu ciia minh voi phan tich cau tnic tuyen tinh
dinh cac chi sd vl do tin cay (CR), gia tri hdi tu va gia tti phan bilt ciia thang do. Khi cac chi'sd'cua thang do deu dat yeu cau, chiing,tdi,tiln hanh phan tich cau tnic tuyen tinh (SEM) di kilm dinh cac gia thuyet nghiin ciiu. Kit qua cac phan tich dugc trinh bay trong myc tilp theo. Phan tich thdng kl md ta, nhan td kham pha (EFA) va phan tich dd tin cay dugc thuc hien vdi phan mim SPSS 20, phan tich nhan td khling dinh (CFA) va ciu tnic tuyin tinh (SEM) dugc thuc hien vdi phan mim Amos 20.
4. Ket qua nghien ciru 4.1. Vi dgc^diem mau diiu trg
Phan tich tan sd ve 5 dac diem chinh cua mlu nghiin ciiu (826 nir sinh viln) cho ket qua nhu ttong bang sau day.
; 2 • Thong ke mo td mdu diiu tra nir sinh vien
Dai hgc Thuong mai Dal h^c Kinh le quoc din Dill h?c Kmh t^-DHQG Bai hoc Ngoai TlluoilE
Ti...it
3, Da tiing hgc ve khoi nghiep (hgc ptian trong chuimg trinh hojic khoa ngan hgn)
I Cong vifc IM Ihem
LU dieu I
(SEM) nin viec chgn cd mlu ^ eehoac hudng tdi dam bao dieu kien TOHR cho phan tich nay. Cd, nhieu_
quan diem khac nhau vl ca mau dugc tim thay trong ly thuyit.Bentler & Chou (1987) cho ring can tii 5 tdi 10 bien quan sat cho mdt tham^sd udc lugng, Boomsma (1982) cho rang can cd mau tir 100 - 200, cdn Erika et al. (2013) cho rang phan tich SEM can tir 30 den 460 quan sat, tiiy theo md hinh nghien ciiu. Dua tren cac chi bao tten, chiing tdi da dat ra muc tieu dieu tta 1000 sinh vien nii. Viec dieu tta dugc tien hanh true tiep ,tai Idp hgc theo kha nang tiep can,cua chiing tdi ddi vdi cac tmdng dugc lua chon. Sd philu thirc tl thu ve va sir dung dugc cho cac phan tich la 826 philu, day la cd mau vugt len cac yeu can ly thuyit va hy vgng dap ling dd tin cay cho cac phan tich.
3.3. Phdn tich dii lieu
Sau khi Igc va lam sach dii lieu, chiiiig tdi tien
Khdng lim ihSm i:,im thSm dudi 40 giCr/tuIn Lim Ihiim IrSn 40 gid/tuin
Ty 11 diiu tra phan bd khdng dugc can ddi d 4 trudng dai hgc la do tiep can ciia nghiin ciiu theo su thuan tiln. Tuy nhiln, chiing toi khdng du dinh so sanii giiia cac trudng dai hgc, vi vay dieu nay khdng anh hudng tdi muc tilu nghien cim. Ddi vdi cac tieu chi khac nhu nam hgc tap, dao tao yi khdi nghiep, kinh nghilm lam them, t^ 11 phan bd sinh vien kha can ddi Rieng d tilu chi cuoi cung, nhimg sinh viln nir cd bd^hoac me sd hiiu ca sd kinh doanh chiira 32,1% mau nghien ciru.
4.2. Kiim dinh thang do
4.2.1. Phdn tich nhan to khdmphd (EFA) Chiing tdi tiirdc hit tiin hanh phan tich EFA va phan tich do tin cay di kilm dinh sa bg thang do.
Ddi vdi thang do y dinh hanh vi, cd hai muc hdi bi
^ ^ _^ _ . _ . ^ „ _ „„ _„_ .„„..o loai de dat dugc tinh don hudng cua thang do.
hanr4"budc"phan"ticrcitinh,lnirn tichliidng kl md Thang do "ho ttg tir thi chi" va "trd ng^i.ban than", ta ddi vdi 5 cau hdi vi thdng tin ca nhan ciia sinh mdi thang do bi loai di mdt myc hoi de d^t he so
• ™ J.; , ». . , i_ i-A . s J.A . ,1 r^ 1 1. ... AA t ™ ,^Sir lirwi R a n d (Sirrvi (Tav f r i n n
vien dl xac dinh cac dac dilm cua mau dieu tra thu dugc. Phan tich EFA va phan tich do tin cay nhiin kilm dinh _sa bd thang do, xac dinh cac nhan td chinh, he sd tai ciia timg nhan td va miic tin cay cua thang do (Cronback alpha). Phan tich CFA dl kiem dinh lai thang do, xac dinh cac chi sd vl su phii hop cua md hinh (model fit) ciing nhu tinh toan va kiem So 141/2020
Cronbach^a dang tin cay ban. Bang dudi day trinh bay kit qua cudi cung dat dugc, Chi sd Cronbaeh a ciia 5 thang do diu Idn hon 0.7 va nhd hon 9.5, day la mire dang tin cay, theo Nunnally (1978). Cac he sd tai cua cac muc hdi mdi thang do diu Idn hon 0,6.
Cac kit qua nay chi ra la cac thang do budc dau dam bao tinh gia tri va do tin cay
^khoa lioc ^ ' thifdng mai 67
Bang 3 ; Thang do, hi so tdi cua cdc muc hoi vd Cronbaeh a Thane do. muc hoi va Cronbaeh a
1. Y d|nh hinh vi-, a = 0.794 Toi net kifm ticn de khoi s<f kinh doanh Toi tim df c sach va lai h|u vl khoi s^ kinh doanh Toi danh thdi gian de nghien cihi v^ kh6i iv doanh nghiep mdi TOI da xic dinh duoc mo' V tuinE kinh doanh phu hijrp vfti hin than
m s& tai
742 729 77S ,712 2. Nhan thiic veaith^trfr ciia ngvM Ihnn
Nhiing nguui baa thin ciia toi khuyen khich lo Bo me toi ling hg loi khoi sii kinh doanh Cic thay co khuyen khich [oi khoi nghiqi Nhfrns npioi quan trong khic ung hp loi khm
in thuc ve sir ho tr^tirNha triroug, a Co cac hgc phan/mon hgc tu chgn ve khfti nghiep Th\ic hign vigc tu vln dinh huftng vS kh(n nghifp Th\ic hign cic chuong ttinh th^c t^p hilling ve khd nghigp Cung cip cac khoi dao tjio ve khoi nghiep T6 chirc cac buoi hgi thao, nao dSi thong tm \h khoi fighigp Tao s«i ket noi giiia cac sinh vien co cimg quan tam ve khm nghigp Dinh huong sinh vien ve khoi nghigp nhu mgt lua chgn nghf nghiip Khuyen khich sinh vien khfa sif doanh nghigp 4. Nh|D Ihiic ve giiho tr? tir Ih^ eh^*, a = 0.S63
Chinh phu vijt nam khuyen khich nguin dan khoi nghiep
Cac ti chirc nha nude cung cip cic ho trp ky Ihujl hieu qui cho vigc Ihanh l?p doanh nghigp Cac to chiic nhi nude c6 cle c6 vln nhilu kinh nghigm de Irg giiip cho doanh nhan khiii nghiep Chinh phii cung cip cac ho Ir? tai chinh cho vigc thinh lip doanh nghiep
Co sin cic khoan tin dgng ngan hiint; cho ca S. Cic trft ngai
Sv thai bai V Ning lye kh Kho khan tn Khons dim
ciia ban tfaaii-,a= 0.827 m nghiep han che
ng v i ^ l^p kc ho!ich va xac dgnh tam nhin mao hiem
797 S33
b i l n Idn hon. he so tuong quan giira b i l n d o vdi cae b i i n sd khac trong md hmh.
N h u h i n h bay trong bang 4, cac b i i n sd, cua md hinh nghien cuu d i u thoa man tot cac yeu cau ndi tren.
Sau khi cac thang do dugc k i i m d m h , c h u n g tdi tiin hanh k i i m dinh cac gia thuyit vdi phaii tich md hinh cau true t u y i n tinh (SEM). Ket qua d u g c trinh bay trong muc tiep theo.
4.3. Kiem dinh gid thuyet nghien ciru vdi phdn tich SEM
Chung tdi tiln hanh 02 md hinh phan tich:
- M d hinh 1: Bien phu thugc la "Y dinh hanh vi khdi n g h i i p " , 04 bien ddc 1|:£ bao gdm: "Nhan thirc ve hd trg cua rigudi than", "Nhan thiic v l hd trg cua ^Nha trudng", Chu gidi: " N h a n thiic v l ho trg cua Phan tich EFA: Chi s6 KMO = .904 >0.5; P<.000 (BartletfTest), phan tich thanh Chiiih phii" va "nhan dliic v l phan chinh v&i phep quay varimax, % phirong sai gidi thich ciia 5 nhdn td= 63,087% > trd ngai ban than"._
50%: - M d hinh 2: Bd sung vao
• Cac thang do bi logi bdt muc hdi. thang do I bi loai di 02 muc hoi sau klii pkdniichTno hinh 1 bdn bien k i l m SOat nhdn td. thang do4vd5 bf loai di 01 muc hai de dat Cronbaeh a cao hem. bao gdm: Da tiing hoc ve
4.2.2. Phdn tich nhdn to khang dinh (CFA) Thang dp cua nghien ciiu tiep tuc d u g e phan tich nhan td khang di,i^ CFA. Hinh anh k i t qua phan tich CFA dugc the hien trong hinh 2.
Theo k i t qua phan tich CFA, cac chi sd chinh v e dd phu hgp cua md hinh bao gdm x2/df = 2.868 < 3 ; GFI = .903 >.9; CFI - .955>.95; TLI - ,947 va R M S E A = . 0 4 8 < . 0 5 . C a c c h i sd nay dam bao dp phii hgp tdt cua du lieu vdi md hinh nghien ciiu theo Hair & cdng sir (2010, trang 654).
Dua h e n cac chi sd hdi quy chuan hda va he sd tuong quan ciia cac b i l n sd tir k i t qua_phan tich CFA,,chung tdi tinh toan dugc cac chi sd v l dp tin cay tdng hgp, (Composite reliability - CR), cac chi sd v l gia t n hoi tu (Convergent Validity) va gia tri phan biet (Discriminant Validity) cua cac bien sd n h u bang dudi day,(barig 4). Theo Hair et al. (2010), thang do dat yeu can y e dp tin cay tdng hop khi chi
sd CR>0.7; dat yeu c i u v i gia td hdi m khi phuang ^hu giai: BEINTEN: y dfnh hdnh vi.- EDUC nhdn thirc vk sai trich trung binh (Average Vanance Extracted - kd tra ciia Nhd tmdng: GOVE: nhdn ihircvi sir hd tra ciia chinh AVE) >0.5; va dat gia tn phan biet khi AVE > MVE^;,,;, '^^VDO.- nhgn thirc vi cac trd ngai cua bdn than: vd RELA:
(Phuang sai chia se Idn nhat - Maximum Shaiod „i,^„ thuc vi su hS ira cua ngudi thdn.
Variance) va can bac hai AVE (SQRTAVE) ciia mdi H i n h 2: Kit qud phdn tich CFA (he sd chudn hoa)
khoa lioc ^ 68 thifdngmai S6 141/2020
- j y Kliti TRAO D6I
QdngJ: Cdc chi so ve do tin cgy tong hgp,^gid tri hgi tu vd gid tri phdn biit cda cdc biin
l.TrifTiEgi ban than 2. Ho ttd tii Nha wxira?.
3, H 5 trg tit chinh phii 4.Cliinh hinh viKN 5. H 8 tr? tii neuM than Gii tri tmne binh DS 1|ch chuIn
CR 0 816 0.907 0 857 0-798 0.809
AVE 0 531 0 550 0.548 0 499 0,521
MSV 0 060 0.340 0 340 0 468 0.468
1 0.729 0.245"
0 231"
-0.053 -0.041 5 300 0 944
2 0.742 0 5S3"
0 39!"
0 427"
5 194 0 991
3
0.740 0 378"
0-377"
5.096 0 922
4
0.706 0.684"
4 532 1004
s
0.722 4 679 1,199 Ghi chu: CR - Chi so tin cay tong hgp (Composite reliability), AVE - PhuoTig sai trich trung binh (Average Variance Extracted), MSV - Phucmg sai chia se Idn nhdt (Maximum Shared Variance) SQRTAVE - cdn bac hai cua AVE la cdc so dam tren dudng cheo, cdc sd ngoai ducmg cheo (ngkieng) Id he so tuang quan giUa cdc bien, p-value- *<0.05, **<O0I,
***<0 000
trong nhimg dac thii v l dii lieu thu thap.
Ket qua phan tich ciia hai md hinh nay dugc thi hi?n trong hinh 3 va bang 5:
Cac chi so thdng kl quan trgng nhat ve su phu hgp (model fit) cho thay hai md hinh phan tich deu phu hgp vdi dli lieu thu thap, theo tilu chuan cua Hair et al. (2010). Vdi kit qua ciia md hinh ^1, tat ca cac biin ddc lap deu cd tac dong co y nghia thdng kl tdi y dinh hanh vi khdi su kinh doanh, trong dd "nhan thiic vl sir
Md hinh 1 Md hinh 2
Chit gidi: BEINTENTION: y dinh hdnh vi; EDUCATION: nhan thirc vi hS tr? cua Nhd inr&ng. GOVERNMENT: nhdn thirc ve sif hd trg cua chinh phu; ENDOGENOUS: nhgn thirc vi cdc trd nggi cua bdn thdn; vd RELATIVE, nhdn thuc ve su ho trq ciia nguoi thdn.
Mo hinh 1: 4 biin s6 chinh gidi thich y dinh hdnh vi (ngirdi thdn, nhd tru&ng. chinh phu, bdn thdn)
Mo hinh 2: 4 biin s6 chinh gidi thich y dinh hanh vi vd 4 biin so kiem sodt (dao tgo. kinh nghiem Idm viec, gia dinh va nam hpc) , , ,
H i n h 3 : Kit qud phdn tich mo hinh cdu true tuyin tinh (SEM) khdi nghiep (1: Cd ; 0: Khdng); Kinh nghilm lam
thIm (1: Ididng; 2: lam them dudi 40gid/tuan; 3 lam them trin 30 gid/tuin); Bd hoac m? sd hihi ca sd kmh doanh ( l : C d ; 0 : Khdng); va Nam hpc (3: nam 3, 4 nam 4). Nhu trinh bay trong phan thdng kl md ta, dir li?u chiing tdi thu dugc phan bd kha ddng deu d bdn tieu chi nay, va theo ly thuyit day la cac dac dilm ca nhan cd thi anh hudng tdi y dinh hanh vi khdi nghi?p. Md hinh 2 dugc xem la md^hinh day du dl xac dinh anh hudng ciia cac biln so chinh, dat
hd tra ciia ngudi than" ddng vai trd quan trong nhat (.601). Ba yiu td hd trg cd tac dgng tich circ/thuan chiiu, rilng trd ngai ban than cd tac dpng ngugc chiiu tdi y dinh hanh vi khdi su kmh doanh. Sinh viln nhan thiic vi trd ngai ben trong cang Idn thi ho cang khdng cd y dinh hanh vi khdi sir kinh doanh.
Kit qua nay cho thay tdt ca 4 gia thuyet cua nghien ciiu diu dat. Md hinh nay giai thich dugc 49,3%
miic biin thien trong y dinh hanh vi khdi su kinh doanh.
hhpa hoc
So 141/2020
"thirdnB'mai
Mo hinh 1 2.786 .934 .957 .047 .601"' .082*
.121""
-.076"
.493
MS hiah 2 2.520 .936 .953 .043 .597""
.059 .126"
-.072' .061' .078' -015 -.050 .505 Bang 5, Hi so kit qud phdn tich md hinh cdu tnic tuyin tinh (SEM) Chi s6 phu hop (Model fit)
CMIN/df GFI CFI RMSEA Y dinh hanh vi
Nhan thuc ve ho trg ciia ngiroi than (Relative) Nhan thiic ve ho tro ciia tnrang (Education) Nh^n thiic ve ho trg the ch^ (Government) Tro ngai ban than (Endogenous) Da iCrng hoc ve kh&i nghiip (Formation) Kinh nghiem idm them (Work) Bo hoac me sa hiru doanh nghiip (Fam) Ndm hQC (Yea)
J,
Chi gidi: gid tri p-value: *<0 05, **<0.0i, **''<O.0OI, cdc he so Irinh bay Id he so hoi quy chuan hda (Standardized Regression Weights).
Tuy n h i l n , khi bd sung cac b i l n k i l m soat vao md hinh phan tich (md hinh 2), ket qua cd mdt sd thay ddi. Nhan thiic ve su hd trg cua trudng dai hgc da khdng cdn tac ddng cd y nghTa thdng k l . Thay vao dd, hai bien kiem soat la "da timg hgc ve khdi n g h i i p " va " k m h nghiem lam t h I m " cd anh h u d n g cd y nghia thdng k l tdi y dinh hanh vi. Hai bien kiem soat khac la "bd hoac me sd hiiu doanh nghiep" va "nam h g c " khong cd tac dgng cd y nghia thdng ke. Yen td "hd trg ciia ngudi than" van ddng vai trd quan trgng nhat trong giai thich ve y dinh hanh vi cua nii sinh v i l n . Cac yeu td cua m d hinh 2 giai thich d u g c 5 0 , 5 % miic bien thien trong y djnh hanh vi khdi nghiep (cao h a n ty II giai thich cua md hinh 1).
5. T h a o l u a n va k h u y e n nghi
N g h i i n ciiu nay k i l m dinh cac gia thuyit l i l n quan tdi sir tac dgng cua bdn yeu td nhan thiic ve hd trg cua ngudi than, hd trg
ciia trudng dai hpc, hd trg B a n g 6," Kit qud diem dinh cdc gid thuyet ciia the c h i va trd ngai
ban than tdi y dinh hanh vi khdi n g h i i p cua nii sinh viln. Ket qua kiem dinh gia thuyet d u g c tdng hop trong bang dudi day (bang 6), theo do 3 gia thuyet dugc khang dinh va 1 gia thuyet v l sir hd trg ciia trudng dai hpc khdng hoan toan d u g c idiang dinh.
T h e o ket qua_ ciia n g h i i n ciiu, sir hd trg ciia n g u d i than la yeu td q u a n t r g n g nhat trong viec hinh thanh y d i n h h a n h vi khdi n g h i i p c u a n u sinh v i l n . T a c d d n g cd y n g h i a t h d n g k e cua bien sd n a y phii hgp v d i k i t q u a mdt sd n g h i e n ciiu trudc (Souitaris & al., 2007;
T r a n V a n Trang, 2 0 1 1 ) . T r o n g nghien ciiu c u a T r a n Van T r a n g (2011), su hd trg h o a c t a c d g n g ciia n g u d i than cd anh h u d n g cd y n g h i a thdng k l tdi y dinh khdi n g h i e p , n h u n g miic d o tac dgng cua b i l n sd nay (he sd Beta) tdi y dinh khdi n g h i i p la kha nhd khi diing c u n g vdi cac y i u td chinh cua md hinh Ajzen n h u thai do hay k h a nang kiem soat h a n h vi. N h u n g trong n g h i i n ciiu nay, hd trg cua n g u d i than trd thanh y e u td q u y l t djnh khi so sanh v d i cac hd t r g khac t r o n g v i l e hinh thanh y dinh hanh vi khdi su kinh d o a n h .
V I vai trd cua cac hd trg cua tnrdng dai hpc trong v i l e hinh thanh y dinh hanh vi, n g h i i n ciiu nay da khdng tim thay tac dgng cd y nghia thdng ke cua b i l n sd nay khi dat vao tdng t h i sir tac ddng ciia cac b i l n trong md hinh ciing vdi bien kiem soat. Viec da timg dugc dao tao v l khdi n g h i i p va kinh nghiem lam t h I m cua sinh vien m d i la cac y i u td anh hudng true tiep tdi y dinh hanh vi khdi su kinh doanh. So sanh vdi cac nghien ciiu trudc, Saeed & cdng su
Gia thuyet
Noi dung Ket qua
Nhan thiic ve ho trg ciia ngudi than co anh hudng tich Dat cue tdi y dinh hanh vi cua nii sinh vien.
Nhan thiic ve ho trg khdi nghiep cua tmdng dai hoc cd Khong dat anh hudng tich cue tdi y dinh hanh vi khdi nghiep cua nii sinh vien ^
Nhan thiic ve ho tro ciia the che cd anh hudng tich cue Dat tdi y dinh hanh vi khdi nghiep cua nir sinh vien
Nhan thitc ve cac trd ngai ciia ban than c6 aiJi huiang Dat tieu cue tdi y dinh hanh vi khdi nghiep cua nii sinh vien
70
khoa hoc .
thifOng'mal' So 141/2020
(2013) tim thiy tac ddng cd y nghia thdng ke ciia biln so "ho trg cua trudng dai hgc" den sv tu tin ciia sinh vien khi khdi nghiep (self-efficacy). Nhu vay biin s8 nay cd thi tac dong qua cac biln sd trung gian tdi y dinh hanh vi ciia nu sinh vien va diiu nay cSn dugc kiem chiing rd han trong cac nghien ciiu tiip theo. _
Cac kit qua cua nghiin ciiu cd the ggi y mgt sd khuyin nghi chinh sach trong viec thuc day y dinh hanh vi khdi sir kinh doanh ciia nii sinh vien. O gdc dp ciia tnrdng dai hpc, cac chuang trinh hd trg khdi nghiep can tap trung vao cac hoat dpng dao tao va tang cudng nhan thiic vi cac hoat dgng nay cd anh hudng tich cgc tdi 'y dinh hanh^ vi khdi su kinh doanh cua sinh vien. Cac hgc phan bat bupc va tu chpn vi khdi nghiip hoac cac khda hgc ngin han se ddng vai trd rat quan trgng trong viec trang bi nang luc khdi nghiip cho sinh vien. Ngoai ra, cac khda hpc nay ciing nin hudng vao viec giam thieu cac trd ngai ban than cita nii sinh vien ddi vdi hanh vi khdi sir kinh doanh bao gdm vile kilm soat cang thang (shess), giam ndi sg that bai, biet each lap kl hoach va m^o hiem cd tinh toan.
Ci gdc do chinh phu, cac hoat ddng hd trg ciia chinh phu dugc nhan thiic mdt each tich cgc va dang la yiu td quan trpng thic hai trong vile hinh thanh y dinh hanh vi khdi sir kinh doanh cua nir sinh viln.
Vi vay chinh phii va cac td chiic lien quan can^tiep tuc thuc hiln tdt cac chuang trinh va de an hd trg khdi nghiip ddi vdi sinh vien va phu nir. Hon niia, vile tang cudng truyin thdng va thuc hien cac boat dpng tao phong trao khuyen khich khdi nghiep se rdt cd y nghia vi nd tac dOng tdi tat ca cac ddi tugng khac nhau trong xa hgi, trong do cd cac thanh viln gia dinh va ngudi than - nhiing ngudi ma su img hg cua ho cd tac dgng quan trpng nhat tdi y dinh hanh vi ciia nil sinh viln.
6. Kit luSn
Nghien ciiu nay de cap tdi anh hudng cua cac yeu td hd trg va trd ngai ban than tdi y djnhhanh vi khdi sir kinh doanh ciia nir sinh viln mdt sd trudng dai hpc tren dia ban Ha Ndi. Kit qua chi ra la nhan thiic ciia nii sinh viln vl sir hd trg ciia ngudi than va tii chinh phii (the chi) cd anh hudng tich cue va quan trpng nhat tdi tdi y dinh hanh vi khdi nghiep cua ho. Trong khi dd, cac trd ngai ca nhan cd anh hudng tilu cue tdi y dinh hanh vi khdi sir kinh doanh. Cac hoat ddng hd trg khdi nghiep ciia trudng dai hpc khdng hoan toan tac dgng cd y nghTa thdng ke tdi hanh vi. Thay vao dd, cac khoa hgc ve khdi sir
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L ^ KiJN THAO D 6 | ^
kinh doanh cd tac dpng tnic tiep va cd y nghia thdng kl tdi y dinh hanh vi khdi sir kinh doanh. Tir cac ket qua chinh nay, mpt sd khuyen nghi chinh sach da dugc neu ra bao gdm vile tang cudng dao tgo khdi nghiip ^d cac trudng dai hpc va thuc dky cac hoat dgng hd trg va tuyen truyen d cap do cac co quan chinh phii.
Ben canh cac kit qua neu trin, nghiin ciru nay cd mgt sd han chi nhat dinh liln quan tdi man nghien ciiu. Viec lira chpn cac trudng dai hpc tham gia vao khao sat theo each tiep can thuan tiln khdng giup cd dugc mgt man dai dien cho nii sinh vien d Ha Ndi, dilu nay gidi han vile suy rdng kit qua cua nghien ciiu nay.
_ Cac han che va kit qua cua nghien ciru nay cd thi ggi y mdt sd huong nghien ciiu tiep theo. Cd thi ap dung md hinh nghien ciiu nay cho mot mau nglu nhiln, mang tinh dai dien tdt hon cho nii sinh viln hoac phu nii tre. Hon nira, nghien ciiu nay chi ra la gia dinh va ngudi than cd cd vai trd rat quan trgng trong vile dinh hinh y dinh hanh vi khdi sir cua nir gidi. Vay, yiu td gia dinh cd anh hudng nhu the nao tdi toan bp qua trinh khdi su kinh doanh cua nii gidi va su anh hudng nay dugc dien ra theo co chi, each thuc nhu the nao? Cac cau hdi quan trpng nay chd dgi ddng gdp ciia cac nghien cuu tilp theo.^
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Summary
This study addresses the impact of perceived supports, endogenous obstacles on entrepreneurial behavioral intention to start a business. The study conducted a survey of 826 female students at four universities in Hanoi and used stmctrural equation model (SEM) analysis to test hypotheses. The results show that support from family and relatives is the most important factor that shapes the behav- ioral intention of starting a business for female stu- dents. Perceived institutional support
has a positive effect while endogenous obstacles have a negative effect on female students' behav- ioral intention to start a business. For university sup- port activities, the statistically significant influence on behavioral intention comes from training courses on entrepreneiuship. Based on these results, discus- sions and policy recommendations were presented in the paper to promote female entrepreneurship choice.
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