Tg phe binh va phd binh Id quy ludt

THU€ HIEN TV PHE BINH UA PHE BINH

THEO NGH! QUYET TBUNGITONG 4 KHOA XI CUA OANG

• Thirang ta, ThS. HA DVC LONG (*)

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g phe binh va phd binh Id quy ludt phdt trien cua Ddng Cdng sdn Viet Nam. T i l n hdnh tg phd binh va phe binh nhdm phdt huy uu diem, khac phgc khuyet d i l m , gidi quylt mdu thuan npi bp, tdng eUdng doan kit, thdng nhit, xay dgng Ddng trong sgch, vQng mgnh ddp Qng ydu c l u nhi^m vg lanh dgo trong tUng giai doan each mgng. Chd tieh H i Chf Minh cho rang:

"tg phd binh vd phe binh la thQ vu khf sac ben nhdt, nd giup cho Ddng ta mgnh va ngay edng thdm mgnh. Nhd dd md chdng ta sQa chQa khuylt d i l m , phat triln uu dilm, t i l n bd khdng ngQng"'". Thgc tien hon 80 nam phdn dd'u, xdy dgng vd trddng thdnh, vupt qua mudn vdn khd khan, thQ thaeh, vdi bdn ifnh eCia mdt ddng edeh mgng chdn chinh, dan day kinh nghidm, ludn g i n bd mdu thit vdi nhdn dan, Ddng Cong sdn Vidt Nam da lanh dgo, td ChQc va phdt huy sQe mgnh to Idn cua todn Ddng, todn dan, toan qudn, gidnh dUpc nhilu thing Ipi vT dgi trong sg nghiep each mgng gidi phdng dan toe vd cdng eupc ddi mdi todn didn dd't nUde hien nay. Dupe nhu vdy Id do Ddng ta ludn quan tdm, chu trpng cdng tdc xdy dgng Dang, trong dd cci vdn de tg phd binh vd phe binh eDa mdi cdn bp, ddng vien nhU com dn, nudc udng hdng ngay. Vi vdy, du d giai doan edeh mang nao, dgi bd phdn dpi ngu can bp, ddng vien ludn the hien rd bdn iinh, nhdn cdeh cua ngudi Idnh dgo, ngudi d l y td trung thanh cija nhan dan. Dde bidt, tQ khi thge hidn dddng Idi ddi mdi, cdng tdc xdy dgng, chTnh ddn Ddng da dgt dgpe nhilu k i t qud tfeh cgc. "Ndng lue lanh dgc vd sUc chiln ddu cua Ddng khdng

(') HQC vi$n Chinh trj, B^ Qudc phdng

ngQng dUpc nang eao; phUPng thQc lanh dgo eCia Ddng tQng budc dupe ddi mdi; vai trd lanh dgo eua Ddng dupe giQ vQng, nilm tin cijg nhdn ddn vdi Ddng dQpc oiling cd; dpi ngg can bd lanh dgo, qudn ly edc e l p dd cd bude trudng thdnh va tien bd v l nhilu m^t.

Da sd can bp, dang vien ed y thQc ren luydn, ndng eao pham chat chinh trj, dgo dQc Hi sdng, ed y thQc phgc vg nhan dan, dupe nhdn dan tin tQdng"'^'. Tuy nhien, ben cgnh k i t qud dgt dQpc, cdng tdc xay dgng Ddng vdn cdn khdng it hgn c h l , y l u kdm, tham chi cd nhQng yeu kem, khuylt d i l m kdo dai qua nhilu nhidm ky chdm dUpc khic phge, lam gidm sut Idng tin eija nhdn ddn ddi vdi Ddng, neu khdng dupe sQa chQa se la thdch thitc ddi vdi vai trd lanh dgo eCig Ddng vd sg tdn vong eCia c h l dd. Nghj quylt Trung UPng 4 khda XI chl ro: "Mpt bd phdn khdng nhd can bd, ddng vidn, trong dd cd nhQng ddng vidn glQ vj tri lanh dao, qudn ly, ke cd mpt sd edn bp cao cap, suy thodi v l tQ tUdng chinh trj, dgo dUc, idi sdng vdi nhQng bieu hlen khdc nhgu v l sg phai nhgt ly tudng, sa vdo chi nghTa cd nhdn ich ky, cd hpi, thgc dgng, chgy theo danh Ipi, t i l n tai, ken ega dja vj, cge bd, tham nhung, lang phf, tuy tidn, vd nguydn tac...""'.

Thge trgng tren ed ed nguyen nhdn khach quan va chij quan, nhUng chu yeu la do nhQng nguyen nhdn ehij quan, ma trude hit thudc ve dpi ngu can bp, ddng vidn cCla Ddng. Vi vdy, Nghj quylt Trung uong 4 khda XI cua Ddng da xdc djnh cdn t i l p tgc thgc hien tdt 8 nhiem vg trong edng tdc xdy dgng Ddng ma Dgi hpi dai b i l u todn qudc lan thiJ XI cua Ddng da de ra. Ddng thdi, tdp trung eao dp d l lanh dgo, chl dgo thuc hien tdt 3

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v i n d l cap bach vk 4 nhdm giai phap co ban, trong dd, "nhdm gidi phap v l tu phd binh va 1 phd binh, ndu cao tfnh t i l n phong, gUPng I mau ciJa d p trdn" dupe dSt Idn hdng dau,

then c h i t , c6 y nghTa ddt phd mang tfnh quylt djnh. D l thue hidn cd hidu qud nhdm gidi phdp nay, e l n triln khai cac giai phap ' sau day:

Ivldt li, ting cudng giio dgc, ning cao nhin thUc cho cin bd, ding vidn d tCIng td j chUc cd sd ding vi vai trd, y nghTa cua cdng

tic tu phd binh vi phd binh trong Ding.

Cdng tae tu phd binh va phd binh ciia mdt bO phdn can bO, ddng vidn vd to chile co sd ding hi0n nay t h j c hidn edn Idng ldo, l l y Id, d i n d i n tinh tr^ng "dT hda vi quy", sp bj phe I binh, nd trdnh khuylt d i l m . Vi vdy, tSng

cudng giao due ndng eao nhan thCfe cho can b l , dang vidn 6 tilng t l chUe co sd ddng ve n i l dung, phuong phdp til phd binh vk phd binh tpdn di$n cua mdt ddng cdeh mang nhu idi can d^n cCia ChCi tjeh H i Chl Minh: "Ddng cdch mang e l n tu phd binh va phd binh nhu c i n khdng khf", "cung nhu ngudi cd bdnh n l u gilu g l i m b$nh t$t trong minh, khdng ddm u i n g thudc, d l bdnh idu ngay nang thdm, nguy hiem den tfnh mang"'*'. Vdi y nghTa dd, m5i cdn bd, dang vidn can nhdn thilc ro tu phd binh vd phd binh la edng vide thudng xuydn, la hai m$t ciia m^t qud trinh thing nhit. Tilng can bd, ddng vidn phdi thudng xuydn tu phd binh, phe binh cho dung khuyet diem cua d i n g chf minh mpt each nghidm tuc, d l giup dong chf minh nhan ra khuylt d i l m , giup b i n than nhln nhan va ddnh gia Iai minh mpt cdeh d l y du de cung nhau t i l n b0. Nhu Idi dong chf T i n g bf thu Nguyin Phu Trpng d l cap: "Mel to Chile, moi cdn b | , ddng vidn e l n til gi^e, trung thUc, ddnh gid minh eho thdt khach quan... T h l y ro Uu d i l m d l phdt huy, n h j n ra khuylt diem d l sQa chOa, coi trpng sil giao dge, sil giup dB Chan thdnh cua d i n g chl, dong nghidp, hpc t j p l l n nhau, "trj b0nh cUu ngudi""'.

Hal li, xiy dung ddng cd dung din cho cin t)d, ding vidn trong thUc hinh tUphd binh vi phd binh.

Thue t l cho thdy khdng ft can ba, ddng

vien do ddng ed khdng trong sdng ddn d i n thuc hidn khdng dung nguyen t i c tu phd binh vd phd binh, edn bieu hien ne nang, hflu khuynh, xu nlnh cap tren, hoac khdng ddm ddng gop phe binh elp tren, tham chf Ipi dung phd binh de thuc hien y dp cija ed nhdn, bien cupc hpp tu phe binh va phd binh thanh nPi ca tung l l n nhau; Ipi dung de "diu dd", "ha be" nhau. Do dd, e l n phai xay dung ddng cP trong sdng cho mdi can bd. dang vidn trong qud trinh thuc hien phe binh va tu phd binh theo phudng chdm md Nghj quylt Trung UOng 4 da khang djnh: "Nhln thing vao su that, danh gia dung su thdt, khach quan, khdng ne nang, ne trdnh""'.

Trong bdi v i l t "Tu phd binh", ChCi tich H i Chi Minh da khang djnh: "Ngufli dOi khdng phdi thanh thin, khdng ai trdnh khdi khuylt diem"'". Song, diem mau ehlt la ed tu phe binh d l nhdn ra khong? Cd tiep thu mdt cdeh thoai mai khi dupe gdp y, phd binh va eo quylt tdm sHa ehOa, khac phyc khdng? Dtlu ddng bdn Id phuong phap phe binh: thong thudng, cap trdn phe binh elp dudi, giao vien phe binh hpc trd, ngudi idn t u l i phd binh ngudi ft tuoi, bo mp phd binh con cai, anh chj phd binh edc em... thi rat de, ngupe Iai thi rIt khd. Trong thilc te, khi cap dudi phd binh elp trdn phdi lila y, lua Idi, lua thdi diem. Mdt so ngudi Id cap trdn tU cho minh cdi quyin thodi mdi phd binh cap dudi, phd binh moi luc, mpi noi, mpi thdi diem, tham chf sH dung Idi le cay nghidt, thilu vdn hda. Cach phe binh do khdng mang Iai hidu qud tfeh cue, thdm chf trd ndn phdn tae dung. PhUPng phdp phd binh dd khong ch? trai vdi dao ly cua ngudi Vidt Nam "ldi ndi khdng mat tien mua/lua Idi md noi eho vUa Idng nhau", md edn di ngupe Iai phuong phap phe binh cua Chu tjch Ho Chf Minh, dd la: phe binh phai cd cdi tam trong sang, phd binh vide ehU khdng phe binh ngudi; phd binh cot de sHa doi cdch lam vide tot hdn, dung hon, cot de doan k i t thdng nhit npi bd; phd binh Id de giup nhau tien bp,

"phdi cd tinh d i n g chf thuOng ydu lan nhau"'^'. Do dd, de thUe hidn t i t edng tac tu phd binh va phd binh theo Nghj quylt Trung UOng 4 khda XI cCia Ddng, mdi to chile cp sd

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ddng vd tQng can bd, ddng vien can xdy dgng eho minh y thQc, trach nhidm eao, thai dp, ddng eP trong sang trong qud trinh thge hien tg phd binh vd phe binh. Khdng nggi va ehgm, khdng sp tru dap, sp bi hieu lam, "eh?

mien sao trong Idng ehung ta trong sang; that long vi ngde, vi dan, vi Ddng; that sU la ngudi cdng sdn"'*', vi sg t i l n bd eOa ehfnh minh vd ddng ehi, ddng dpi.

Ba Id, kdt hgp chdt che vide ndu gUdng eua edc cd quan lanh dgo Ddng, cac can bg giU CUdng vi chu chdt, ngUdi dUng diu vdi phdt huy tfnh ti/ gide, nghiem tuc cOa can bg, ddng vidn trong ti/ phd binh vd phd binh.

Nghi quyet Trung UOng 4 ch? rd: "Ban C h i p hdnh Trung Udng, Bd Chinh trj. Ban Bf thu, eae d p uy ddng, can bp chij chdt, nhdt Id cap trung UOng, ngUdi dUng ddu Idm trude vd phdi thdt sg gUdng m l u de ehe edc e l p noi theo"'"". Lan ddu tidn vdn d l neu gUPng trong cdng tdc tg phd binh vd phd binh ciia cde cd'p lanh dgo eao nhd't eija Ddng, can bd, ddng vidn glQ egpng vj ehu chdt dupe Ddng d l edp mdt cdeh rd rdng, eg t h i . Viec nay phdn anh sdu sdc tu tudng Hd Chi Minh v l neu guong sdng trong sinh hogt, hpc tap, cdng tae, dau tranh tg phd binh vd phe binh cua mpi can bd, ddng vidn eda Ddng. Theo tu tudng cua Ngudi, ndu guong sdng Id mot vdn de rat quan trpng trong edng tdc tu phe binh vd phe binh eda ngudi can bd, dang vien, nhd't td viec ndu gUPng eua dpi ngu edn bd, ddng vidn ehu ehdt. Can bd, ddng vidn glQ cUPng vj cang cao cang phdi nghiem khdc tg phd binh, cd'p trdn phdi gUOng mau tg phd binh trgdc cap dudi, cd'p dudi phdi mgnh dgn phe binh cap trdn, to ehQe ddng vd can bd, ddng vien phdi lang nghe y kiln phd binh cua qudn chung. Ngudi da nhieu Idn cdn ddn: "ddng vidn di trUdc, Idng nude theo sau", "mpt td'm gUdng sd'ng edn gid trj hon mpt trdm bai dien vdn tuyen truyin"'"*.

Kinh nghidm cho thdy d dau ngudi dQng dau va cdn bp ehu ehdt d l eao tg phe binh vd phe binh, ndu gUdng sdng thi d dd cdn bp, ddng vidn va q u i n chung mdi ddm ndi t h i n g , ndl that. Trai Igi, npi ndp can bp chij chdt, ngudi dQng ddu thilu trdch nhiem.

khdng gUPng mdu thi vide tg phd binh vd ph§ binh mang tfnh hinh thQe, chilu Id, khuyet diem, tieu cgc kdo ddi. Do vdy, phdi de eao trdch nhidm guong mdu eua ean bd, dang vien giO edc cQdng vj ehu chdt trong tg phe binh vd phe binh; phdi ndm vQng tinh hinh CO quan, ddn vj, ddng vidn, khuyin khich de mpi ngudi phd binh chdn thdnh, thang thdn cd hieu qud. Cd thai dd t i l p thu phe binh nghiem tuc, sQa chQa kjp thdi sai lam, khuyet d i l m , eCing cd n i l m tin cQa can bp, ddng vien vd quan chung. Ndu gUPng sang la Idi ndi phdi di ddi vdi viee Idm, chuIn mgc v l dgo dQc, Idi sdng d l e l p dudi noi theo. Tranh tinh trgng ndi mdt d i n g lam mdt ndo, mieng ndi chdng tham nhung nhung bdn thdn minh Igi Id ngUdi tiep tay, tham ehl true tiep tham nhung; hodc hd hdo cap dudi phdi tg kiem d i l m phd binh, nhung ca nhdn minh Iai ne trdnh phd binh...

Bdn cgnh do, e l n phdt huy tfnh tg giac, nghiem tue trong tg phd binh vd phe binh cua mpi can bd, ddng vien trong tQng cO quan, ddn vj. Nghi quyet Trung Udng 4 chf rd: "Tap trung lam rd trdch nhiem cd nhdn, gUdng mau thgc hlen nguydn t i e tdp trung ddn chD, tap the lanh dgo, ea nhdn phy trdch, tg phd binh va phd binh, ndi di ddi vdi lam, ndu guong ve dgo dQc Idi sdng"'"'. TQng can bd, ddng vien can cdng khai thQa nhdn khuylt diem trQde tap t h i nPi minh cdng tae; tg diu tranh vdi chinh bdn than, vUpt qua nhQng rang bude, mdc edm v l tdm ly, v l ipi ich; tg minh phdn tich, md xd nhQng Uu diem, nhUdc d i l m , mat tich ege va tieu cgc trong ehinh bdn than minh, ddng thdi, phdi nhdn xet, ddnh gid ngUdi khde. N l u khdng thdt sg tM gide, chdn thdnh, cdng tdm thi d l rdi vdo chfl quan, chi thd'y Uu d i l m ma khdng nhin ra khuyet d i l m dang tdn tgi trong y nghT, tU tudng, Idi ndi, hdnh vi, viee lam eda minh.

Cung nhu, khdng vi Ipi feh chung, khdng hit Idng vi Ddng, vi ddn, vi sg t i l n bd cda ddng ehi, ddng ddi. khdng cd dung khi, khdng elu thj t i l n bd thi khdng ddm thQa nhan hit khuylt diem cda minh vd khdng dam phd binh ngUdi khac, nhit Id phd binh cdp tren.

Do dd. trpng d i u trgnh tg phd binh va phd

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binh ddi hdi m i l cdn b0, ddng vien phdi co tinh t h i n giac ngd cao, cd tinh thuong ydu d i n g chf, d i n g d$i that su, cd dung khi d i u tranh thing t h i n , chdn thdnh, tam sang, dilc nhan, nghTa Idn.

Bdn li, phit huy vai trd cOa cic t6 chUc trong hd thdng chinh tri, cOa quin chOng nhin din trong cdng tic glim sit, phd binh cin bd, ding vidn; kidn quyit diu tranh chdng Iai nhdng quan dlim, biiu hidn sai tril trong thuc hinh tu phd binh vi phd binh.

Phit huy vai trd cOa cde t l chUc trpng he thing chfnh trj, cda q u i n chung nhSn dan trcng cdng tdc giam sdt, phe binh edn bd, ddng vidn Vila id ydu c l u , vUa la bidn phdp quan trpng d l edng tdc til phd binh vd phd binh dat k i t qud cao. Chii tjch H i Chf Minh dd khiing djnh: "phai hoan nghdnh va khuyin khfch q u i n chiing th$t thd phd binh can bO""". can b$, ddng vidn til nhdn ddn ma ra, phge vg Ipi fch cua nhan ddn, la ngudi lanh dao, ngudi d l y to trung thanh ci^a nhan dan, do dd phdi ehju sil gidm sat, phd binh cija nhan dan. VI v§y, Ddng e l n cu t h i hda thanh cde quy djnh d l nhdn ddn phd binh edn b l , ddng vidn ma khdng sp bj tru um hodc gdy philn ha. M^t khae, phdi tao dupe moi trUOng vdn hda cdi md, chdn thanh de nhan dan gdp y, phd binh cdn bp, ddng vidn. Dae bidt, can nghidm k h i c xCl ly nhOng trudng hpp can bd, ddng vidn tru d$p nhOng ngUdi phd binh. Bdn thdn tUng cdn bd, ddng vidn phdi nhdn thilc ring, dupe q u i n chung nhdn dan ddng gdp, phe binh Id mpt n i l m hanh phije, nhu dupe uIng mdt lilu thuoc tuy "ding" nhUng ehOa dupe "cdn bpnh khuylt diem" d l eP the ngdy cdng khde manh, ngay eang dupe nhdn dan tin ydu, kfnh trpng.

D i n g chf T i n g bf thu Nguydn Phu Trpng eho r i n g : "Ldu nay chung ta vdn ndi, til phe binh vd phd binh la quy ludt t i n tai va phat triln eiia Ddng, la vu khf s i c ben de xay dilng Ddng, d l giao due, rdn iuy^n cdn bp, d i n g vidn. ThUe t l cung cd khdng it tap the vd ca nhdn lam t i t vi$c nay. Nhung nhln Chung do chl dao khdng t i t , do y thUc til giac cOa mdt s i edn bd, ddng vidn khdng eao, eho ndn k i t qud edn han c h l " " " . VI vdy, de k h i c

phue tinh trang tren e l n phdi kidn quylt d i u tranh chong Iai nhOng quan d i l m , bleu hien sai trai trong thuc hanh phe binh va tu phe binh nhu: tu phe binh va phe binh ehua gdn vdi SLfa chOa, ehua tao nen quyet tam tay trd khuyet diem; can bp, dang vien ch? ehu y phd binh ngudi khac, ne tranh hoac xem nhe tu phe binh; lay vide nho de suy diln, quy k i t ngudi bj phe binh, trong phd binh diing Idi le nang n l khi ndi tdi khuyet diem dong chf, ddng dpi, de eao minh bang cdch ha thIp uy tin ngudi khac; n l nang, bao che trong tu phe binh va phe binh, phe binh theo kieu " d l ngudi, de ta", "dT hda vi quy"; phe binh khdng kjp thdi, khdng gdp y eho ddng chf minh sUa chufa khuyet d i l m nhd d l khi khuyet diem trd ndn Idn hOn, phUe tap hon, gdy hdu qud nghidm trpng, khd khan eho su phan dau, sCfa ChQa cCia ddng chf minh thi mdi gdp y, phd binh.

Tu phd binh vd phe binh id vu khf phat trien rat ddc dao cua Ddng ta. Nghi quylt Trung UOng 4 khda XI cua Dang ban nhieu v l edng tac xay dUng Dang trong thdi ky day manh todn dien cdng cupc doi mdi. Van de tU phe binh va phe binh, neu cao tfnh tien phong, gUPng mdu eija e l p trdn la mdt trong nhQng nhdm gidi phap mang tfnh ddt pha trong cdng tac xay dung Ddng hidn nay n

Ghi chii:

(1), (4), (13) Ho Chi Minh, toan tap, tap 5, Nxb CTQG, H. 1995, tr. 265, 261, 438.

(2), (3), (6), (10), (12) Van kien Hoi nghi lin thii 4 Ban Chap hanh Trung Udng Dang khoa Xi Nxb CTQG, H. 2012, tr. 21, 22, 27, 27. 29.

(5), (9), (14) Phat bleu cua ddng chi Tdng bi thu Nguydn Phii Trong bi mac Hdi nghi lan thU 4 Ban Chap hinh Trung uang Dang khda XI, Tap chfCpng sdn, so 831, thang 1/2012, tr. 16.

(7) Ho Chi Minh, toin tip, tap 4, Nxb CTQG, H. 1995, tr. 166.

(8) Dl chuc cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh, Ban Chip hanh Trung UOng Ddng Lao dgng Viet Nam, XB, 1969, tr. 14.

(11) Hd" Chi Minh, sdd tap 1, tr. 263.

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