Tgp chi DAn tdc hpc sd4 - 2017
TRI THirC DJA P i n r O N G VE KHAI T H A C v A SU* DVNG D A T N 6 N G NGHIEP CUA NGlTOfl T H A I
Of HUYEN TirONG DU'ONG, T I N H NGHE AN
ThS. NguySn Hlng Anh Vifn Khoa hpc xa h^i vung Trung B$
Tdm tdt: Tri thuc dja phuang cua ngudi Thdi ve khai thdc vd su dgng tdi nguyen thiin nhien, trong do cd tdi nguyin ddt da the Men nhiiu tinh hpp ly tuong ddng vdi khoa hpc trong khai thdc vd su dung tdi nguyin thien nhien. Tuy vgy, trong bdi cdnh phdt triin Men nay, nhOng tri thiec ndy ngdy cdng mai mpt vd tiep bien mgnh me, them vdo do la sy can kipt, suy thodi tdi nguyin ngdy cdng gia tdng. Bdi viet ndy di egp tdi tinh hpp ly ciia hp thdng tri thiic dia phuang d ngudi Thdi huyen Tuong Duong tinh Nghp An vi khai thdc vd su dgng hpp ly ddt sdn xuat ndng nghiep nhdm gdp phdn bdo tdn gid tri di sdn van hda tpc ngudi, dong thdi phdt huy nhitng gid tri do nham bdo ve ddt, vi syphdt trien ben viing mdi trudng.
TH khda: Tri thiec dja phuong, ngiedi Thdi, Tuang Duong, ddt sdn xudt ndng nghiip.
1. Khdi quat vl dia ban nghien euu bang phdng, nin ngudi Thdi noi ddy canh tdc , , . ^ , , nuong ray Id chfaih. Td dd, ho edn duac gpi Tuemg Duong Id huypn duoc dua vao , , ^ . „ , , . , , , ^ . s J 1. ' ,- ^ *• t i ^ ^A. A y^Tay Hgy (ngudi chuyen an nuong), giong danh saeh cdc dia phuong nam ttong Khu dy , ^ . , ,. ,^, , . ^ , . , ,-
^ . , . .i , , . . . . nhu ten goi cua nguai Kha-mu vay (Vl Van tiu sinh quyen mien Tay Nghe An cua
TT^Tx^r,^^ T^,^ . , • • , . , • j> A n , 2 0 1 7 , tt, 6 3 ) . UNESCO. Day la nai hpp luu cua hai dong
sdng Nam Non vd Nam MO, tgo thdnh sdng Ddy Id noi ty cu cda 6 tdc ngudi (Thdi, Lam dd vl xudi. Tuang Duong Id mOt ttong Kmh, Kha-mu, Hmdng, Thd (nhdm Tdy nhung dja phuang cd khi hdu ndng nhdt cd Popng) vd 0-du), ttong dd ngudi Thai ddng nude (39-40°C vdo miia he), khd ban keo han cd, vd Id tOc ngudi cd vai ttd rat quan ddi vdo mua khd, nhung mua Idn Id quit vdo ttpng ttong phdt triln van hda, xd hOi cda mua mua. Dja hinh phuc tap, nui cao hilm huyln. Ve nguon gdc, ngudi Thdi d Tuong ttd bj chia cdt mgnh, dp die Idn, mac du Duang dupe hinh thdnh tu nhdm ngudi Thdi ndm ttong vdng ddt bli ty phd sa cu, nhung Tdy Bdc di chuyin vdo Thanh Hda, Phu Quy ddt dai chd yeu la feraUt dd vdng tten nui, (dia gidi eua hai huyOn Nghia Ddn vd dat dai nghio dO phi nhilu, dl bj rua ttdi Qfty Hpp, tinh Nghe An) roi td Phd Quy moi khi mua lu. Do khdng ed cdc thung lung chuyin cu sang; ttong khi do, cd nhung dpt
76
di cu cua ngudi Thdi Tdy Bdc qua Ldo r l i tii Ldo chuyin cu xuIng cu tru dpc theo hai bd eua hai con sdng Ngm MO vd Nam Nan hda hpp vdi nhdm di cu td Phu Qu^' sMig.
Trong qua trinh thich dng vdi cdc dilu kipn ty nhiln khdc nghiet de tin tgi vd phdt triln, ddng bdo Thai d Tuang Duang da tich luy dupe nhilu Mnh nghiOm, lunh thdnh kho tdng tri thdc dja phuang ve khai thdc va sd dyng hpp ly tdi nguyen thiln nhien. Song, dudi tdc dOng cua qud trinh hOi nhdp vd phdt trien, nhilu tri thuc da mai mOt vd tiep biln mgnh me. Trong boi cdnh tdi nguyen egn kiOt, mdi tradng suy thoai, vile nghiin cdu hudng tdi vgn dyng cdc gid tri cua tri thuc dja phuong n l ^ thuc ddy viOc khai thdc vd sd dung hpp ly tdi nguyen vd bdo vp mdi tradng theo hudng b i n vung, ddng thdi gdn vdi bdo t i n gid trj di sdn van hda tOc ngudi Id hit sdc cdn thilt.
2. Tri thuc d|a phuong cua ngudi Thai trong khai thdc vd sd dyng dat ndng nghiip
Theo edeh hieu cua ngudi Thdi, ddt ttong ttpt gdm hai logi: ddt mOng nude vd ddt nuong ray (nuong khd). "Ldm nuong xem ehdn ndi, ldm radng xem ehdn trimg"
hay "E hgy, e tin pd/E nd, e tin ban" (Ldm nuong chpn cho chdn ddi/Ldm mOng chpn noi ehdn bdn", "Na di du tin bdn" (raOng t i t d ehdn bdn)... Id kinh nghiem ciia ngudi Thdi v l ldm raOng, nuong.
2.1. Bdt nucmg ray
Nuong ray Id logi nuong khai phd td ddt riing vdi dgc diem chung Id canh tdc tren ddt dhc, dl bj xdi mdn vd rda ttdi, hgn ban vdo mua khd, bdi da mat di ldp phu thye vgt.
Vdi logi nuong ndy, ngudn nude tudi hodn
^ Nouvin Hong Anh todn trdng chd vdo thien nhien, phuong thiie canh tde d loai nuong ndy dupe tiln hdnh tiieo loi "dao eanh hda chdng". Sy hop ly ttong khai thdc vd sd dyng ddt nucmg ray dupe thi hipn d nhung dilm sau:
N I U chpn ddt qua die, khi ti:di mua, ddt mdu dl bi rda trdi, dan din "Mit khdu bdu tiing pua hay pu" (Thdc lep bdi nuong ddc).
Tuy tiieo tung logi ddt md ngudi dan gieo trong cdc logi cay khdc nhau "Din ^m hdypu teng/Din deng hay pd phdi" (Ddt den nuong trdng dua/Dit dd nuong trong bdng vdi). Tir dd, ddng bdo Thdi cd nhung logi nuong khdc nhau nhu nuong Ida, nuong ngd, nuong bdng, nuong khoai, nuong sdn,... Nuong b6ng thudng d vdng t h ^ , gdn thung liing, noi ddt toi xIp, ed dp dm cao, khdng cdn nhilu ndng, thudng d phia Ddng hoae Nam chan doi;
nuomg Ida d vung cao trung bmh, ddt cd khd nang gift dupe dp dm, cd nhilu mun Id cdy, nhung h giun ddo bdi, khdng phdt nuong nai cd nhilu cay "bd mp", nhieu ddy leo, phdi du dnh sdng ca ngdy, vi till nuong Ida thudng d sudn Tdy; nuong ngd cd thi trdng d vung ddt trin sudn ndi dd vdi (hie dd).
Khi phdt nuong ldm rdy, hp chi ehgt nhftng cdy byi, cay vda, tia cdnh nhung edy to d l ldy dupe dnh ndng mat ttdi, md vdn gift dupe do dm cho nuong, tao khd nang tdi sinh rdng, gift dat khi mua ldn, chim chdc vln cd chd trd,... Sau dd, dong bao dot nuong de hgn ehe cd dgi vd tdn dyng nguIn tto bdn cho nuang. Lien quan din ky thudt ldm nuong, ngudi Thai thudng co cdu: "Ldm nucmg u Id cdy/Lam raOng cho ngdp nude"
hay "Phat nuong d l ednh khd muc Id/Cdy raOng d l di ddt". Ngudi Thai khdng cd tdp qudn bdn phdn md diing tto bd sung khodng chdt cdn thilt cho dat. Hp dung cuoc budm
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hpc s64 - 2017
(luai ngan, mdng, rpng bdn) d l xdi nhp chd khdng CUOC Idt ddt, nlu "cdy sdu, cuoc bdm"
thi ddt d l bi xdi mdn, rda ttdi, bgc mdu nhanh. Hp vun tto mdn thdnh bd bao d l chia mat nuong thdnh nhiing d nhd, ddng thdi tgo nhiing dudng rimh nhd eheo theo dia hinh mat nuong vd hdo sdu xung quanh nuang, nhdm: i) khi gap mua, cde bd bao se cdn nude, han chl tdi da viOc thodt nude I gt, mOt phdn bd bao dupe nude mua ddn dlu tilp ttln mat nucmg. Ngudi ddn cd kinh nghipm tinh todn de khi mua xudng, cde bd bao se dupe ddn phdng sau mdt vy ldm rdy;
u) Khi mua Idn ngdm khdng kjp xudng ddt, bd bao khdng cdn dupe hit, nude tilp tye thoat theo cdc ranh nhd dua v l nhung hdo sdu, mdn se theo dd dupe gift lai d cde hdo ranh, trdnh rua ttdi mat nuemg; iii) Nhd cd cdc hdo lanh md nude ngdm Igi vdo ddt (thu gift nude mOt each t i i da).
Trong cdng dogn gieo hat, hp dung phuong phdp chpc Id tra hat Nhiing ttdn mua rdo ddu miia Idiiln nude ttdn qua be mgt nuong, cuon ldp tto ldp cde Id da tta hgt, kich thich sy sinh tradng nhanh cho cay liia, each thdc ndy co hai tdc dung: khdng ldm mat di ldp miin mdng tten b l mgt nuang vd giu dupe mOt lupng nude nhdt djnh, ddm bao du dO dm cho tung goc Ida.
Xen canh vd da dgng hda cdy ttong Id phuong phdp su dung hop ly tdi nguyin dat vd nude. Ngudi Thdi c6 edu: "Bi do ttIng nuong ddc, bi xanh ttdng xen ke nucmg bdng, chuli, mia vd hoa qud dlu cd/An cho thoa mieng tten, an cho no byng dudi".
Ddng bdo thudng trdng xen nhieu loai edy vdi nhau nhu: liia ttong xen vung, Igc, dua bd, bdu bi, khoai sp; ngd trong xen ddu nho nhe, bi bdu; k l ttong xen viing, liia mgch vd
Ige; bdng ttdng xen dua; san xen edy ngd gdi vy; ngd xen ddu, bi. Ben CEmh dd, ngudi ddn ed thi xen canh goi vy theo ndng Ueh: thdng 3 gieo ngd, ttdng xen ddu, lac, dua (dua gang, dua chuOt,...); thdng 4 ldm ed nuang ngd, tiidng 5 gieo Ida, thdng 6 thu hoach ngd va hoa mdu xen canh, t h ^ g 7 tdi thdng 9 ldm cd Ida, thu hoach hoa mdu xen canh, ddu thdng 10 thu hoach liia nuong. Lich miia vy nhu ttln the hipn tri thuc cda ngudi Thdi ve dac tinh sinh tradng cda cdy ttong de chpn cdy xen canh cho thich hpp. Cay Ida, cdy ngd khi da vuon cao, dua, bau, bi, dgu dupe xen bd ngang mgt ddt gift mgt nuang khdi mat nuov, trdi mdn, r l ddu c l dinh dgm tit, tao dO toi xdp, Idii thu hogch ngd, ngudi ddn thudng ddt thdn cdy ngd d l tgo tto mdn cho nuang.
Nhiing uu dilm eua phuang phdp xen eanh da dupe khoa hpc chdng nunh Id: i) trin cung mdnh nuong xen cdc logi cay ttdng vdi nhau tgo thdnh tang se ngan ngda xdi mdn ddt mdu ttln mat nuang vdo mua mua, tgn dung tdi da ngudn nude vi se cd nhtmg bO re an ndng sdu Idide nhau; ii) ttong qua trinh canh tdc, nlu cay trlng ehinh mpc qua thua, khdng dlu, cdc logi cdy khde dupe ttdng xen vdo nhiing eho trong de tiet kiem ddt ttdng, tgo sy cOng sinh, cdc tdng cdy hd ttp nhau phdt tiiln, td dd cho nang sudt cao ban, han che dupe cd dgi vd sdu benh; ui) t|in dyng vd cdi tao quy dat bang the cay ttdng hpp ly (cOng sinh vd bd sung duang chat); iv) gieo ttdng xen eanh goi vu d l dam bdo khdng trung thdi ky ra hoa cda cdc loai cay, dh cdy cho nang sudt cao nhdt md khdng bj lai gilng ngodi y muln.
Ludn canh vd huu eanh la phuang phdp dOe ddo, cho ddt thdi gian nghi ngai, phye hdi hp sinh thdi (tdi smh rdng, phyc hoi
Nguyin Hong Anh
ddt). Khi mdi khai phd, dat dai rdt mdu mo bdi ldp mdn Id mye, tto dot. Sau 3 - 5 vy mda, ddt da mdt di dp phi nhilu, nang suat cdy ttIng gidm, do vdy cdn phdi chuyin sang ttdng d nhiing mdnh nucmg khdc. Ngudi Thdi dgt ten nhiing mdnh nuong theo thdi gian sd dung gdn vdi chat lupng nhu: Hay lau (nuong mdi khai phd, ddt mdu md, lupng mdn nhilu, thudng ttdng Ida); Hay lpc (nucmg da canh tde 2 - 3 ldn, cdn cho ddt nghi 3 - 4 tiidng ttong nam giua hai mua vy, thudng ttdng dgu, lac de edi tgo dat);
Hay tdm (nuong da eanh tdc 4 - 5 vy vd se phdi bd hda sau vu thd 5 d l ddt ty phyc hdi, nuong ndy chi ttdng dupe ngd, sdn, cdy hdm nhuOm vdi). Khi manh nuong ttd thdnh hay tiim, ngudi ta phdi rdi di khai phd mdnh nuang mdi. Bd hoang mOt thdi gian de hay tam dupe nghi ngoi, phyc hoi ty nhiln gpi Id phuang phap him canh. Do do, trung binh moi hO gia dinh thudng khai phd 4 - 5 mdnh nucmg de luan philn canh tdc, cdch thue ndy gpi Id ludn canh. Khi ndo Hay tiim ty phue hdi thdnh Hay lau se dupe gieo ttIng ttd lai, nen thong thudng sau 10 - 15 nam mdi quay vong mdnh nuong ban ddu,
Khoa hpe da khdng djnh, ndng nghiep dp dyng ludn canh Id mOt phuang thuc Idid hodn thiOn, Id sy thay philn cdc phdc hpp cdy ttdng tgo nin nhiing diln thi tdt, ddng nghia vdi dd Id tao ra sy tich luy va duy tri hp sinh thai tu ddi ndy sang ddi khdc, cudi cung Id ldm phong phd hp thye bi mOt cdch phu hpp ddn tdi sy can bdng culi cung.
2.2. Rupng nude
Canh tae tten rapng nude cua ngudi Thdi Id lli canh tde "dao canh thdy nau". D I ldm dupe mdnh rapng, eiing phdi tiln hdnh cdc cdng dogn: phdt, dot, dan thdy nhgp diln bang hO thong muong, phai, ldi, Un, con vd
culi cdng Id cay Ida. Tinh hpp l^ ttong canh tdc mOng nude dupe thi hiOn qua lya chpn vd phdn logi rapng, ldm n i n mOng chat, bd bao chae, chIng thdt thodt nude vd l ^ n ddt nhuyen. Ngudi Thai thudng khdng ehi chpn nhiing mdnh mOng gdn ngudn nude, xung quanh cd cay edi xanh tdt md cdn chpn noi ddt bdng, cd du nang, ttdnh ddu gid, dac bilt Id mdu sdc cua ddt ndu hoae den, dm nhung toi xop do cd nhieu mun td sy phdn buy cua Id cdy. Rupng Ida dupe phdn theo hang ddt hgng t i t Id cdc thda ed nhieu mun, gdn ngudn nude; hgng xdu nam ke bdi cdt, cudi khe; hgng trung binh thi ndm giua hai hgng ttln. ViOc phMi logi gidp ngudi ddn chpn gidng Ida gieo ttdng cho thich hpp: "Cd tdm pa nd heng/Cd nhdu pu ng ngm" (Mg tiidp cdy raOng ndng/Ma eao cdy raOng sdu).
Nhung gilng Ida dja phucmg cda ngudi dan ttdng d raOng nude trade ddy Id: khdu pe ldnh, te do, khdu hut... vd mpt sd logi liia khdc md nay chi cdn thdy xudt hien ttong nhiing edu ca dao, tye ngft cda ngudi Thdi.
Dd Id nhftng gilng Ida tham dIo, co sdc dl khdng tit, it sdu bOnh, than cdng, khdng can qud nhilu nude va bun tten mat mOng, chi cdn du dd dm, khi hgu thudn Id phdt triln tdt, ggo ngon, d l bdo qudn, khdng bj mpt, mdc.
Ddi vdi ruOng mdi khai phd ldn ddu, trade khi tgo rupng, hp thudng gat ldp ddt mun be mat sang mpt ben, sau khi tao xong mOng, hp su dyng Igi ddt ndy d l rdi lln mat mOng, bdi ddy Id ldp mdn toi xIp c6 khd ndng gift dm cao vd tao thdnh biin khi ddn nude vdo mOng. Ddi vdi mpng da ttdng trot nhilu nam, ngudi ta khdng cudc lat ddt, bdi tbeo kinh nghipm, viOc cuoc ddt Idt sau se mdt di kit cdu vftng chdc ban ddu, tao lo hIng nin raOng, d l bj that thodt nude. D I
Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc s64 - 2017 79 tang lupng dinh dudng eho ddt, hp thudng
tdn dyng ram rg dIt thdnh tto miin bdn raOng sau khi ggt. Sau dd, cdp nude vdo mOng ngdm vdi ngdy d l tro vd gdc rg hoai myc, trd thanh phan mun dinh dudng eho dat. Tilp theo, ldm ddt mOng bdng cdch dat trdu quan khap raOng cho tdi khi ddt nhuyen sue thdnh biin mdi gieo trong. Theo hp, cdch lam ndy dong thdi se lln chat dat, vit nhiing Id hdng cd khd nang thodt nude d ddy, hodc ven bd mOng.
Dd canh tde nucmg rdy hay mdng nude, ngudi Thdi ludn cho rang, khdng gian sinh ton cda minh deu thuOc ve "ai" dd. Id cdc Than riing (Chdu Pd), Thdn niii (Chdu pu), Thdn sdng suli (Chdu pu phi hudi), Thdn ddt (Chdu din) - nhftng vj nhiln thdn, cai qudn dat dai, riing nui, sdng suol,... Cdc vj nhiln thdn ed siic manh vd bien, ed quyln nang to Idn, tdc ddng thay ddi cupc song cda cOng ding. Theo quan niOm cda ngudi ddn, nlu Idm dilu tdt tiii cdc tii^ gidng phue, 1 ^ dilu xdu cdc thdn gidng hpa, cdi phuc Id thdi tilt thugn hda, mua mdng tdt tuoi, chan nudi phdt dgt, cdi hpa Id thien tai, bOnh djch gdy chit chdc, mdt mda ddi kem,... Dudi cdc thdn Id nhimg logi ma: ma nude, ma dOng vdt, ma cdy... trong dd ma cdy Id ddng sp nhat. Ngodi ra cdn cd cd Ididng gian thuOc v l t l tiln - nhftng ngudi da khudt,... Vi till, ttong edeh td chdc khdng gi^m song, ngudi Thai ludn quy djnh khu vyc cam, Unh thieng, tai do khdng bao gid dupe khai phd ddt rdng d l Idm nuang ray, vi phgm nhung dilu kilng ki. Dgc biOt, mpt so logi cdy khdng bao gid dupe ehgt; "Dimg ehgt cdy rimg to keo chat mdt cdy cpt dng Xdn'.
Dimg ehgt cdy rimg gid ddi cao bdi bdng noi chdn rau". Nhd nhftng kilng % ndy md
^ Thdn cai quin Mu^g cim ngudi Thai
nhieu khu vyc nmg nguyen sinh khdng bj xdm pham, dupe bdo ve vd gin gift.
Trong tmyln thing, ddt dai cda ngudi Thdi dupe phdn chia thdnh sd hiiu tdp thi, cdng cOng vd sd hftu tu. Du edng hay tu, thi cd nhung quy dinh chung md cdc thdnh vien trong cpng ddng d l u phdi tudn thu. Id: i) Chi dupe quyen khai phd vd sd dyng khi dupe bdn mudng cho phep (tdp thi ding y), dupe quyen tiiu lupm mpi sdn vdt, nhung phdi trich Igi mOt phdn d l lam nghia vy ban; ii) Nhiing khodnh ddt do cd nhdn phdt hipn chl cdn dupe ddnh ddu bang "ta leo" hay "ddu ehi" da Id ngdm udc cd chd, se dupe cpng ddng tdn trpng quyln chilm huu, trdnh dupe sy tranh chdp; iii) Nhftng khu vyc thuOc sd hftu ehung chi sd dyng chung cho todn bdn;
iv) cdm mpi hinh thiie xdm pham vao khu vyc thieng dnh hudng tdi sy binh yen eua cOng ddng; v) Mpi ngudi dupe quyln khai thdc vd sd dyng, chi dupe eho ngudi dong tOc mOng nuong md khdng dupe ban hay eho ngudi ngodi, nlu chimin di tM rupng nuong phdi d l Igi cho bdn mudng, d l ngudi khdc sd dyng tilp (Vi Vdn An, 1999). Nhung dieu tren da ttd thdnh luat tye {hit khoong) ciia cOng ddng, cd vai trd tich eye ttong vile hgn chl idm thdc, chuyin quyln su dung ddt dai cda cOng ddng mOt edeh bfta bai.
3 . Bien d i i tri thuc dia phinmg trong khai thdc vk sd' dyng ddt dai ciia ngudi Thai
Cd le tri thdc tmyln thing dang di theo chieu nghjch vdi sy phdt triln cda xa hOi hiOn dai, dgc biOt Id viOc thye hdnh vdn hda d i i vdi tdi nguyin. Ddy Id bdi toMi nan gidi ttong vipe tim gidi phdp cdu van moi quan hO hdi hda giiia eon ngudi vdi tu nhiln.
Nguyen Hdng Anh
Nhdn thue vl khdng gian vd quyln sd hftu ve ddt dai theo luOt djnh cda Nhd nude da thay thi cho nhung hiiu bilt tmyln thong eua ngudi ddn trade day. Dat dai thupc sd hiiu cua hp gia dhih chi dupe cdng nhdn khi CO Gidy chdng nhgn quyen sd dyng ddt cd thdi hgn hoge khdng thdi hgn. Di kem gidy chdng nhdn Id quyen mua bdn, trao tgng, thul mudn, cung vdi cdc nghia vy vd quyln Ipi md ngudi ddn phdi tudn thu, nhu nghia vy dong gdp cdc loai thul, phi (thul dat, phi ndng nghipp, phi thdy Ipi...) dl dupe khai thdc vd su dung hpp phdp. Ngudi dan cdn ed quyln dupe hudng Ipi td quy djch vy mdi tradng riing do Nhd nude chi trd. Theo dd, gid trj dat dai dupe quy ve tien thay the cho mpi quan niOm trude ddy. Tuy nhiln, hinh thdc raOng bdn {Nd ban) hiOn vdn cdn tdu tgi d mpt so xa nhu Yin Na, Yin H6a, Nga My, Xiing My cda huyOn Tuong Duemg, ngudi ddn vdn dupe quyen hiaa philn nhau caah tde 2 vu/nam vd van nOp nghia vy vdo qu^
chung, khdng bang thdc ggo nhu trade kia, mat
Trong canh tde radng nude hiOn nay, nhilu may mdc biOn dgi nhu mdy cdy, mdy bda loai nhd... da dupe dua vdo sd dyng thay thi ddn cho nhiing edng cy trayin thing.
Ngudi ddn cho rang, khi nin mdng raOng da dn djnh td lau ddi thi viec su dung mdy hiln nay se tilt kiOm sue lao dOng, ludi cdy hay ludi bda ciia mdy thilt kl phd hpp vdi dja hinh d ddy, chi Idt xdi ddt d tdng nong md khdng dnh hudng tdi ldp mdng ddy rapng.
Hp cdn cho rdng, canh tde ban ca gidi nhu hiOn nay da lam ndng sudt Ida cao hon, gidm nhilu sdc lao dpng ban. Vi du, hO anh Luang Van Thuong (52 tuoi, bdn Na Pu, xd Yen Na) ed 2.630m^ mOng nude. Anh cho bilt, neu ldm mOng theo kilu thd cdng trade
day thi anh edn 2 nhdn lyc lao dpng ldm ttong mOt tudn, cdn hiln nay dung may edy, mdy bda... chi can mOt ngudi ldm ttong ttong 3 ngay. Dl tang dO phi cho dat, ngudi ddn da sd dyng phdn bdn, nhung tinh ttang Igm dyng phdn bdn vd co ldn thude bao vl thye vOt ttong eanh tdc Ida nude vd ttIng hoa mdu dang diln ra. Dilu ndy dang ttd thdnh bat hpp ly ttong viOc khai thdc vd su dyng ddt, hO qud ddu tiln Id hien nay ding bdo khdng the duy tri hinh thiic nudi dupe ca ttong mdng nude. Kit qud nghiin edu tgi xa Yen Na chP thdy, ttong quy trinh canh tdc mdng nude, 100% sd hO da bd qua giai doan ldm cd, bdi vi da su dyng thudc dipt c6 (cd tdi 10 logi thudc diit cd, ttong do 4 logi dupe phep sd dyng, 6 loai da bj cam nhung cdc hO vdn sd dyng). Cd 91,2% so hO su dung phdn vd ca dl bdn eho lua. Theo ngudi ddn, nlu khdng su dung thi de mat mua, sdu bpnh vd nang sudt Ida khong cao, mat nhilu cdng di ldm ed.
Tinh trgng khai tiidc vd sd dyng ddt thieu hpp 1;^ nhu hiOn nay Id do cdc nguyen nhdn sau: i) Quy ddt ddnh eho canh tdc ndng nghiip cdng ngdy cdng hgn hpp so vdi sdc 6p ddn sl vd dl tang thu nhOp ttong sdn xudt Ida hdng hda, da cd nhilu xa, ngudi ddn tien hdnh canh tdc ba vy Ida/nam; u) Do sd dung nhilu gidng Ida nang sudt cao nen phdi sd dyng lupng phdn bdn hda hpc cao ban; iii) ViOc sd dyng Idu ddi phdn vd ca vdi Ulu lupng eao da dnh hudng xdu din chdt lupng ddt, thIm vdo do, viOc sd dyng phdn huu ca, vi lupng ehua dd thdi gian vd dilu kien dl phye hoi ddt, cpng thIm chi phi ph&i hiiu eo cao hon rdt nhilu so vdi phan khodng vd co;
iv) Do biln ddi khi hgu ngdy cdng theo ehilu hudng xdu, gia tang djch bpnh vdi cdy trdng, nlu khdng su dyng cdc logi thulc bdo vO
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hpc s64 - 2017 thye v§t, nang sudt se khdng ddm bdo, dgc biOt ttong ttong rau hoa mdu hdng hda.
Trong canh tdc nuang rdy, ben cgnh nhiing ky thudt tmyln thing dupe su dung, phuang phdp ludn eanh vd huu canh dd khdng edn ton tai bdi chinh sdch mdi ve dat dai cda Nhd nude; eung vdi vipe ttong Ida vd hoa mdu nay da ttd thdnh sdn xudt hdng hda nin cd bao nhilu diOn tich ngudi ddn tdn dyng canh tdc vd gieo ttong het vdi mong muon thu hogch cdng nhieu sdn phdm cdng tot. So thdc thu hoach ddi thiia (trude ddy khdng ed) se dupe dy trii phdng khi mdt miia vd khi cdn thi dem ban ldy tiln chi tieu cho cdc nhu cau khdc ttong gia dinh, Dong nghta vdi do Id nhilu giong dja phuang da biln mat, nay chi edn dupe bilt din ttong ca dao, tye ngu.
Do nhu cdu vl ddt dai, ngudi ddn ty y phdt nuong ldm ray, md rOng diOn tich gieo ttIng sdn ngd, ty y khai thdc gS ttdi phep, ddn tdi ddt dai bj xdi mdn, ttd thdnh ddt ttdng doi niii ttpc. Dilu dd da ldm gidm tinh thiing ttong nilm tin vd luOt tye trayen thing cua ding bdo. Quy udc hiOn nay khong du "nghiem" nhu ludt tye xua, bdi nOi dung Quy udc dupe "sdn xuat" cdng nghiOp, ttid khdng tinh tdi van hda tpc ngudi, do do cd tdi 90% ngudi dupe phdng vdn dlu "khdng bilt, khdng thuOc" nOi dung cda Quy udc, 10% ngudi bilt Id cdn bO td cdp xa ttd len,
4. Tri thvtc mdi va sy dug dyng tri thuc tmyln thing trong Idiai thdc vd su dyng hQp 1^ ddt ndng nghiep
Trong bli cdnh riing bi tan phd nang nl, riing nguyin sinh da hit, hiOn tgi rdng nghIo eung bi phd de sdn xuat, Nhd nude chu tmang chuyen ddi ddt nuang i^y sdn
xudt luong thye sang sdn xudt ldm nghiep (ttIng rdng). HiOn nay, mOt ttong nhiing nguyen 1^ cda khai thdc vd sd dyng hpp Iy tdi nguyin dd Id tgo gid trj gia tang tdi nguyin. De tao gid tri gia tang dat, vipe thay ddi ldp phu thye vdt vd gia tang dO che phd cua thye v$t Id mdt gidi phdp (ddt khdng the sinh sdi, nhung cd khd nang ty phyc hoi dp phi khi hO sinh thdi dupe phyc hoi, dd Id ly do vi sao ngudi ddn ddng phuang phdp huu canh ttong canh tac tmyln thing). Sy thay ddi ndy chi c6 thi thye hipn thdng qua sinh ke riing cda eOng ddng. Trdng riing nhdm gidm nghIo, ddm bao nguyin liOu sdn xuat, ddng thdi phyc hoi hO sinh thdi da mat, day Id logi hinh sinh kl h o ^ todn mdi doi vdi ngudi ddn noi ddy. Do dd, cdch thdc dau tiln Id chuyin doi thoi quen canh tdc, cdch thdc thd hai Id sy tilp nhdn mOt phuang thdc sdn xudt mdi, ddi hdi phdi thay doi todn bO hhaa thuc, tdm ly, tu duy va hanh vi sdn xuat, phdi thich ling vdi dieu kiOn mdi.
Kit qud nghiin ciiu cho thdy, 100% sd hd tham gia chuyin ddi md hinh tu sdn xuat luong thye ttln nuong ray sang ttIng riing hiiu bilt sau hon vl tdp tinh edy ty nhien, ndm chdc ky thudt ttdng vd cham sdc riing hdng hda - phdt triln kinh tl riing, bilt cdch uom gilng, thu hoach cdy ttdng, ding thdi tiiay dii nhdn thdc, tiidi quen, tap qudn canh tac nuong rdy. Cd 80% sd ngudi dupe hdi dlu hiiu gid trj md rung mang Igi (gid tii kmh tl, gid trj mdi tradng: chIng xdi mdn, chdng sat Id ddt, hgn chl tinh tiaag Id quet). Td viOc ndm chdc ky thuat, nhilu hO ^ sdng kiln dua cdy mIt (luong) Id lodi ua am chuyin trdng ven sdng sudi de chdng sat Id xdi bd, lln vdng II dudng vd da dat dupe thdnh cdng budc dau Id hgn chl dupe hiOn tupng sgt Id ttong miia mua, mac ddu san lupng mang
82 Nguyin Hong Anh
ludng thu hogch khdng cao bang ttong ven sdng, sudi, nhung dilu quan tiipng Id gift dupe dat vd nude.
Vipe chuyin ddi sinh ke riing Idm cho mOt phdn tri thdc ve canh tdc nuang ray bj mai mpt, md xen canh, ludn canh vd huu canh Id nhung tri thuc cdn bdo tdn vd phdt huy. Trong ty nhiln, da dgng sinh hpc Id su phdt trien cda ty nhien, cde lodi song dya vdo nhau, cgnh ttanh, cung phdt triln tgo nen sy da tdng hSn lodi, noi ndo da dgng sinh hpe d mde cao, thi noi do ddt dai cung mdu mo vd tdi nguyin nude ddi ddo. Trong ldm nghipp, ttIng rdng hon giao da tdng Id biln phdp ldm sinh cd, la md phdng sy phdt triln cua da dgng sinh hpc ttong ty nhien, ding thdi mang Igi gid tri vd hinh dac biOt ttong vai ttd phdng hO dau ngudn, gdp phdn giu dat, gift nude vd bdo vO mdi tmdng sinh thdi. Trong canh tdc tiuyln thing, viOe xen canh nhu da phdn tich d ttln cung mang lai nhieu Ipi ich, dd Id nhftng tri thdc ve khai thae vd sd dyng hpp ly tdi nguyin ddt cda eOng dong. Rung d Tuong Duong vd miln Tdy Nghp An thuOc khu vyc riing phdng hO dau nguon ddng song Lam, sinh ke riing theo md hinh hdn giao da tdng Id can thiet, dupe xem nhu mdi trudng thudn Ipi d l hgt gidng tri thdc trayen thong "xen eanh"
dupe bdo tdn vd phdt huy. Thye tl, cde md hinh smh k l rdng da chuyin sang mOt giai dogn mdi sau 20 nam triln khai thye hiln. Td ttdng riing nguyen UOu dan lodi (keo, met) sang ttdng cdc gilng edy gd ty nhien nhu:
xoan, Idt, xd eft, lim, Idt boa, dinh huong, mdy nep theo phuong phap xen tgo thdnh hdn lodi, da tang, vdi cdc md hinh phd biln xoan - Idt - mdy - met, sang 11 - cay dupe Upu,...
Ciing vdi do, de tan dyng ddt dai, ngudi ddn
da tiln hdnh ttdng xen canh cdy lucmg thye va hoa mdu tren nhiing khodnh riing ehua khep tdn. Vile xen canh cdy luong thye hoa mdu da gdp phan ddm bdo an ninh luong thye cho ngudi ddn dia phuang.
S . K l t l u ^ n
Ddt, nude, rdng Id ede loai tdi nguyin ca ban tgo sinh k l eho cu ddn Thdi d viing miln nui Tuang Duong. DiOn tich vd chdt lupng ddt, ngudn nude phy thupc vdo ti-gng thai rdng vd cdc gid tii gia tang ve ddt, nude, rimg; do dd, cdc biOn phap khai thae, su dung hpp ly ddt gdn kit chat che vdi cdc bipn phdp khai thdc, sd dung hpp ly tdi nguyen rimg vd ngudn sinh thdy. Bin eanh dd, cac biOn phdp khai thdc, sd dyng hpp ly ddt, nude, riing ciing phdi dong bO vd thdng nhat.
Tri thdc v l khai thdc vd sd dyng hop Ij' ddt cda ngudi Thdi d Tuong Duong Nghe An khdng chi mang gid trj van hda bdi dd la di sdn van hda tpc ngudi, md cdn mang gid tri Idioa hpc trong boi ednh xd hOi hiOn nay.
Tuy nhien, he thing tri thdc ndy d^mg cd ddu hiOu bj mai mOt vd tilp biln khd manh trade tdc dOng phdt triln kmh t l - xa hOi. Vi vdy, ehi cd thi bdo tdn va phdt huy hO thing tri thdc - gid trj di sdn van hda vd gid trj Idioa hpc mOt cdch hda hpp khi vdn dyng vdo tiiyc tien, song cdn van dyng nguyin ly khoa hpc cda hO thong tri thdc mdi cd thi djnh hudng diing, trung v l chinh sdch giao ddt, giao rung cho ngudi ddn.
Tdi USu tham khao
1. Vi Van An (1999), Thiit chi bdn - mudng truyen thong cua ngudi Thdi d miin Tdy Nghp An, Ludn dn tiln si su hpc, ViOn Ddn tOe hpc. Ha NOi
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd'4-2017 83
2. Vi Van An (2017), Ngudi Thdi d miin Toy Nghi An, Nxb. Thi gidi, Hd NOi.
3. Nguyin Hdng Anh, Ld May Hdng (2017), "Xen canh, ludn canh vd huu canh - td tri thdc tmyen tiidng tdi sinh k l riing cua dong bdo Thai d Tuang Duong hiln nay", Hpi thdo Thdi hpc ViitNam ldn tiid 8/2017.
4. Phgm Hodng Hdi, Nguyin Thupng Hung, Nguyin Ngpc Khanh (1997), Co sd cdnh quan hpc cua viee su dung hpp li tdi nguyin thiin nhiin, bdo vi mdi trudng lanh thd Vipt Nam, Nxb. Gido dye, Hd NOi.
5. Phgm Quang Hoan (2003), "Tri thdc dja phuang cda cdc ddn tOc thilu so d Vipt Nam", trong: Ddn tpc hpc Vipt nam the ky XX vd nhiing ndm ddu thi ky XXI, Nxb. Khoa hpe xa hOi, Hd Ndi.
6. Vft Ty L | p (2004), Sy phdt triin cua khoa hpc dia ly trong the ky XX, Nxb.
Gido dye, Hd NOi-
7. Hd Huy Thdnh (Chd bien, 2001), Mpt sd van de xd hpi vd nhdn vdn trong vipe sa dung hpp ly tdi n^tyin vd bdo vi mdi trudng d Viet Nam, Nxb. Chinh trj quIe gia, HdNdi.
Khudn vien nhd d cda ngudi Thdi d xa Mdn San, huyOn Con Cudng, tinh NghO An Anh: Hd Thu, chyp nam 2009