Tgp chi THONG TIN YDlfOC Sd 9 ndm 2010
CHAT LUONG MOI TRUDIVG KHONG KHJ TAI
PHU THjNH (SOAI TAY) VA DUOI\IG NOI (HA DONG) NAM 2 0 0 8
Litu Minh Chau*, Dao Ngoc Phong**, Litu Ngoc Hoat***, Dao Thi Minh An***
TOMTAT
Muc tiiu: danh gia chat iddng khdng khf tai Phu Thinh (Sdn Tay) va Dddng Ndi (Ha Ddng).
Ddi titdng va phitdng phap: md ta cat ngang, danh gia chat iddng mdi trddng khdng khf trong va ngoai nha tai cac die'm nghien cdu, thang 11/2008. Kit qua: tai Phu Thinh (Sdn Tay) ndng do bui PMIO ngoai nha tai khu nha gan san xuat gdm sd, nha may giay, vddt tieu chuan
Viet Nam (TCVN 8h) tddng dng ia: 1,33 ian va 1,28 ian (sang). Ndng do SO2 cao nhat tai khu nha may giay, trung binh trong ngay la 0,193mg/l, tiep den la khu dan cd gan khu nha may gach (0,19mg/i), khu cdn^ nghiep (0,175mg/i), san xuat gdm sd (0,168 mg/l). Tai Dddng Ndi (Ha Ddng) mdc do d nhiem bui Pf^lO ngoai nha vddt TCVN 8h td 1,08 lan den 2,25 ian. Hdi khf SO2 tai tat ca cac diem do ngoai nha d Dddng Ndi (Ha Ddng) vddt ngddng TCVN, trung binh trong ngay td 0,149 - 0,248mg/i. Kit iuan: chat Iddng khdng khf ngoai nha tai Phu Thjnh (Sdn
Tay), Dddng Ndi (Ha Ddng) d nhiem bui va hdi khfSOz SUMMARY
Air quality in Pliu Thinh commune (Son Tay district) and Duong Noi commune (Ha Dong district) in 2008
Objectives: to assess the air quality in Phu Thinh commune (Son Tay district) and Duong Noi commune (Ha Dong district). Methods: a cross sectional study conducted to assess the indoor and outdoor air quality in two above communes, in November 2008. Results: in Phu
Thinh commune (Son Tay district): particulate matter (PI^IO) concentration in the outdoor air around ceramic factory, paper plant were over Vietnam standards (8:00 am) 1.33 and 1.28 times, resp (morning). The highest SO2 concentration at paper factory's area on average was 0.193mg/i, the following was residential areas that near the brick factory (0.19mg/i), industrial zone (0.175mg/l) and ceramic producing area (0.168mg/i). In Duong Noi commune (Ha Dong district): Pi^lO concentration in the outdoor air was over Vietnam standards (8:00 am) from 1.08 to 2.25 times. SO2 concentration in the outdoor air at ali places that were measured in Duong Noi commune (Ha Dong district) were over Vietnam standards, on average during a day
was from 0.149mg/i to 0.248mg/i. Conclusions: the outdoor air quality in Phu Thinh commune (Son Tay district) and Duong Noi commune (Ha Dong district) were polluted PMIO and SO2 fumes.
I . DAT VAN DE
6 nhiem mdi trUdng tac ddng riit Idn den sUe khde va ddi sdng sinh hoat ciia ngUdi dan. Dd la vifn de bUe xiie ehUa dUdc giai quyet d nUdc ta, dieu nay cung cd nguy cd ngay cang nang ne tai viing dd thj hda va khu vUc lang nghe tren ca nUdc. Nguyen nhan gay d nhiem khdng khi do cac ngudn phat thai ciia cac phUdng tien giao thdng, khu cdng nghiep, qua trinh xay dUhg va dan sinh tai cac dd thj ciia nUdc ta. Nguy cd d nhiem mdi trUdng cang tang khi ket eiiu ha tang ky thuat bao ve mdi trUdng edn lac hau, gia tang dan sd, kien thUe, hanh ddng ve bao ve mdi trUdng cdn han che. 6 nhiem,mdi trUdng gay anh hudng rat Idn ddi vdi sUe khde edng ddng, dae biet la ddi vdi ngUdi gia, tre em va gay ra thiet hai dang ke ve mat kinh te [5,6].
NhU vay, d nhiem mdi trUdng la thach thUc Idn ddi vdi tien trinh cdng nghiep hda, dd thj
hda ciia nUdc ta. De danh gia chat IUdng khdng khi (tinh trang d nhilm) chiing ta chpn cac yeu td dac trUng bang ndng dp 4 chift d nhilm chinh la PMIO, SO2, N62 va CO (mg/m^). Ha Tay (cu) da va dang tdn tai nhieu cd sd san xuiit, kinh doanh, djch vu vdi quy md nhd nhUng lai gay d nhilm mdi trUdng khdng kem nhii'ng cd sd Idn, gay d nhiem mdi trUdng nghiem trpng. Dd la cac lang nghe, cd sd gia edng kim loai va cac cdng trUdng xay dUng dang thi edng, cae khu cdng nghiep dang hoat ddng. Chiing tdi tien hanh nghien cii'u vdi muc tieu: danh gia chiit IUdng khdng khf tai Phii Thjnh (Sdn Tay) va DUdng Ndi (Ha Ddng).
I I . DOI TU'gNG VA PHU'ONG PHAP 1. Ddi titdng nghiin cufu
Chiit IUdng mdi trUdng khdng khf trong va ngoai nha tai xa DUdng Ndi (Ha Ddng) va Phii
'TS., Cue Y te Giao thong van tai
"P;t;.T.S.. " T S . . Tru'cina Dai hoc Y Ha Npi
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Tgp chi THONG TIN YDlfOC Sd 9 ndm 2010
Thjnh (Sdn Tay), thang 11 nam 2008: yeu td vi khi hau trong nhiing ngay lay mau, bui mjn PMIO trong khdng khf, cac chat khi gay d nhiem: cacbon oxit (CO), nitd oxit (NO), nitd dioxit (NO2), dioxit IUu huynh (SO2).
2. Phitdng phap nghiin cii'u
* Thiet ke nghien cdu. md ta cat ngang
* Cong cu va ky thuat thu thap:
Cac chi sd danh gia chift IUdng khdng khf dUdc tien hanh liiy mau va xet nghiem theo thudng quy ky thuat ciia Vien Y hpc lao ddng va Ve sinh mdi trUdng. Ky thuat lay mau va xet nghiem bui theo tieu etiuii'n qude gia TCVN 5067-1995 chift IUdng khdng khf. PhUdng phap khdi IUdng xae djnh ham IUdng bui. So sanh danh gia vdi TCVN 5937-2005 [9].
* Xdly sdlieu. bang phan mem SPSS 11.0 I I I . KET QUA VA BAN LUAN
Theo eac nha mdi trUdng, hoat ddng cdng nghiep ed rift nhi'eu yeu td anh hUdng den chiit IUdng mdi trUdng khdng khf tai cac dd thj, khu cdng nghiep: eae ngudn thai bd sung (eac
ngudn thai mdi) them vao vdi cac ngudn thai cu ciia eac ed sd san xuiit cdng nghiep, thii cdng nghiep, lang nghe. SU thay dd'i ciia cac ngudn thai d nhiem cdng nghiep do dd'i mdi, hoan thien, md rdng day truyen cdng nghe, thay dd'i loai va IUdng nhien lieu sU dung ciia eac cd sd san xuift hien ed. MUc dp ap dung va hieu qua xU ly chat d nhilm tai cac ngudn phat thai eiia eac cd sd san xuat cdn kem mac dii da cd quy dinh eiia phap luat [4,7]. Theo nhieu nghien cii'u eiia cac tac gia trong va ngoai nUdc cung nhU cac td chUe qude te WHO, UNEP, thdng nhat chpn ngoai yeu td bui Id lUng edn eac khf SO2, CO, NO2 la ehi die'm ciia chiit IUdng khdng khf. Theo WHO (1992), san xuat edng nghiep ciia the gidi da thai vao khdng khi 25% khf NOx, 40-50% khf SO2 va gay d nhilm cho ngUdi lao ddng va dan cU tiep giap vdi khu edng nghiep [8].
Thdi die'm nghien eUu eiia ehiing tdi: nhiet dp khdng khf tU 22,2-24,5°C, dp am khdng khf tai Phii Thjnh: 47,3-49%, tai DUdng Ndi:
53,07-57,25%.
1. Chat iitdng mdi tru'dng Ifhdng l(hi ngoai nha
Bang 1: Chat iddng khong khf ngoai nha tai cac diem nghien cdu
^""^v.^,^^ N'ong do chai
^~""-v~,„^^ 6 nhiem
Diem do ^~^^v.^
Phu Thinh (SPn tay):
Khu Id gdm sU Khu cong nghiep Khu nha may giiiy Khu nha may gach Khu vUc ddi chUnq Dddng Npi (Ha Dong):
Khu det
Khu nhupm • , ..
Khu Id md : Khu ma
Khu chan nudi San xuat nhd Khu vUc ddi chUng TCVN(mg/m^)
Nong dp bui (X±SD)
0,200±0,08 0,095±0,022 0,137±0,127 0,116±0,053 0,11±0,024 0,338±0,209 0,187±0,838 0,181±0,037 0,207±0,077 0,282±0,209 0,162±0,089 0,112±0,04
0,15
Nong do SO2 (X±SD)
0,168±0,009 0,175±0,011 0,193±0,014 0,19±0,01 0,154±0,007 0,156±0,007 0,154±0,006 0,166±0,012 0,158±0,009 0,248±0,177 0,149±0,141 0,162±0,006
0,125
N'ong do NO2 (X±SD)
0,038±0,001 0,084±0,127 0,039±0,002 0,41±0,003 0,036±0,002 0,042±0,006 0,039±0,001 0,04±0,002 0,044±0,005 0,039±0,002 0,04±0,002 0,046±0,008
0,1
Nong do CO (X±SD)
0,93±0,045 1,187±0,175 1,116±0,188 1,207±0,226 0,86±0,066 1,193±0,886
2,63±1,206 2,302±0,69 1,564±0,418 1,393±0,413 1,59±0,222 1,58±0,37
5
; Qua ket qua khao sat, chiing tdi thay tai DUdng Ndi (Ha Ddng) va Phii Thjnh (Sdn Tay):
nong dp hdi khf CO va NO2 tai eae die'm do ngoai nha deu dat trong ngUdng TCVN.
Hdi khf SO2 tai tat ca cac diem do ngoai nha d DUdng Ndi deu vUdt ngUdng TCVN, ke' ca ndi dUdc eoi la sach nhift (chpn lam die'm chUng) cung vUdt TCVN 1,29 lan va cao hdn
so vdi Phii Thjnh. Cao nhat la khu ehan nudi, ndng dp SO2 trung binh trong ngay la 0,248mg/l, tiep den la khu Id md (0,166mg/l), khu ma (0,158mg/l), khu det (0,156mg/l), khu nhupm (0,154mg/l), khu san xuat nhd (0,149mg/l). Ndng dp bui tai cae diem nghien eUu deu dat tieu ehuan eho phep, tai khu det vUdt tieu ehuan eho phep hdn 2 lan (diem ddi ehUng chi cd ndng dp 0,112 mg/m^).
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Tgp chi THONG TIN YDlfOC So 9 ndm 2010
Hdi khi SO2 tai tift ea eae die'm do ngoai nha tai Phii Thjnh d"eu vUdt ngUdng TCVN, ke ea die'm chUng va cd ndng dp thifp nhift cung vUdtTCVN 1,23 lan. Cao nhat tai khu nha may giiiy, ndng dp SO2 trung binh trong ngay la 0,193mg/l, tiep den la khu dan cU gan khu nha may gach (0,19mg/l), khu cdng nghiep (0,175mg/l), san xuiit gdm sU (0,168 mg/l).
Ha Tay tU nhieu nam da nd'i tieng vdi sU phat trie'n ciia cac iang nghe. Mdt thUc te cho thify lang nghe la tU phat, han che ve kien thiie bao ve mdi trUdng, trong khi nguyen lieu tao nhiet sU dung chinh la than ciii va than da, dieu nay dan den anh hUdng nghiem trpng den chat IUdng mdi trUdng, tae ddng khdng tdt tdi sii'c khde ngUdi dan: d nhilm khdng khi bui, SO2 la phd bien. Tai xa DUdng Ndi, nghe det nhupm tap trung tai hai thdn Y La va La Ndi, eung ed tdi hang chuc cd sd, ngoai nguy ed gay d nhilm ngudn mdi trUdng nUde, eac khi thai sinh ra tU eac phan xUdng det. Id hdi va cac Id nau tay nhd diing than de niiu eung gay d nhilm khdng khi xung quanh. Ket qua nghien eUu eiia ehiing tdi, ndng dp bui thiip hdn so vdi nghien eUu eiia Hwang J. (2008) danh gia PMIO d eae vung ndng thdn tai Ha
Ndi va Thanh phd Hd Chf Minh, ndng dp trung binh tU 21 den 618mg/m^[3]. Theo Piiam Le Tuifn va cdng sU (2006), d ndi thanh Ha Ndi:
ndng dp bui ciia khu vUe Phap Van gap 12,1 fan tieu ehuan eho phep, ngay ea vung ehUng la BUdi eung giip 2,8 lan tieu ehuan cho phep [8]. Pham Ngpc Dang (2004) danh gia diln bien va dU bao mdi trUdng hai vung kinh te trpng die'm phia Bae va phia Nam cho thiiy, ndng dp bui ciia eae khu vUe trong thanh phd Ha Ndi deu eao hdn t i i 2,5-4,8 lan tieu chuan cho ptiep [2]. Ket qua nghien cUu ciia Nguyin Duy Bao (2008), mUe dp d nhilm khdng khi tai 5 niit giao thdng va 14 true phd ehinh cho thify d nhiem bui, SO2, CO, NO2 vUcit tieu ehuan eho phep 1,4- l i lan [1]. Cae ket qua tren cho thiiy chiing ta phai ed bien phap triet de nham han che d nhilm khdng khi trong qua trinh dd thj hda.
2. Chat lu'dng Ichong Ichi trong nha Chat IUdng khdng khi ngoai nha cd anh hudng tdi chiit IUdng khdng khi trong nha khu dan cU khdng? De phan nao giai dap 6\S(ic eau hdi tren, nhdm nghien cUu ciia ehiing tdi tien hanh khao sat eae ehi sd tUdng Ung vdi cac chi sd khao sat trong nha cung thdi die'm do.
Bang 2: Chat iddng khong khf trong nha tai cac die'm nghien cdu
"^"---....^^^ N'ong do chai
^"~~"-v^^^ 0 nhiem
Diem do ^~~~^~^
Phu Thjnh (Sdn Tay):
Khu Id gdm sU Khu cdng nghiep Khu nha may giay Khu nha may gach Khu vUc ddi chUnq Dddng Ngi (Ha Dong):
Khu det ' Khu nhupm Khu Id md Khu ma Khu chan nudi San xuiit nhd Khu vUc ddi chUng TCVN (mg/m^)
N'ong do bui (X±SD)'
0,196±0,183 0,117±0,046 0,132±0,085 0,177±0,094 0,302±0,39 0,297±0,25 0,15±0,016 0,138±0,034 0,232±0,125 0,207±0,105 0,115±0,05 0,105±0,046
0,15
Nong do SO2 (X±SD)
0,171±0,009 0,177±0,012 0,184±0,009 0,184±0,008 0,146±0,007 0,16±0,011 0,166±0,007 0,162±0,016 0,162±0,0109 0,157±0,0009 0,16±0,013 0,166±0,011
0,125
N'ong do NO2 (X±SD)
0,083±0,127 0,039±0,003 0,039±0,003 0,083±0,123 0,034±0,0009
0,044±0,009 0,039±0,0009
0,046±0,011 0,04±0,001 0,040±0,003 0,039±0,0009
0,042±0,003 0,1
N'ong do CO (X±SD)
0,92±0,04 1,178±0,149 1,044±0,097 1,254±0,156 0,88±0,081 2,462±1,369 2,287±0,547 2,135±0,991 1,926±0,683 1,347±0,205 1,91±0,206 1,13±0,0848
5 Cung nhu chat IUdng khdng khi ngoai nha,
hdi khf SO2 tai tiit ea eae die'm do trong nha tai Phii Thinh va DUdng Ndi deu vUdt ngUdng TCVN, ke ca ndi dUde eoi la saeh nhift (chpn lam diem chUng) tai Phii Thinh eung vUdt TCVN 1,16 lan. Cao nhat la khu nha may giiiy
va khu dan cU gan khu nha may gach, ndng dp SO2 trung binh trong ngay la 0,184mg/l, tiep den khu edng nghiep (0,177mg/l), san xuift gdm SLT (0,171 mg/l). NhU vay, ndng dp SO2 trong nha dan g"an ngudn gay d nhilm edn eao hdn ea ngoai trdi. Dieu nay ed the do 33
Tgp chi THONG TIN YDlfOC So 9 ndm 2010
ngUdi dan ludn ludn ddng eUa, dan den sU thdng thoang khf trong nha giam, gay tfch luy lau dan lam tang ndng dp hdi khf trong phdng.
Cung nhu d Phii Thjnh, ndng dp hdi khf SO2 trong nha tai DUdng Ndi cung vUdt TCVN 1,32 lan ngay tai die'm ddi chUng.' Cao nhiit tai khu nhupm, ndng dp SO2 trung binh trong ngay la 0,166mg/l, tiep den khu Id md va khu ma (0,162mg/l), khu det va khu san xuat nhd (0,16mg/l), khu chan nudi (0,157mg/l).
Ndng dp bui PMIO tai Phii Thjnh trong khu nha gan san xuift gdm sU, nha may giiiy, khu Id gach va ke ca trong nha khu ddi chUng deu VUdt TCVN 8h tUdng Ung la: 1,3 lan, 1,23 lan (sang), 1,18 lan, 2,01 lan.
Ndng dp bui PMIO tai DUdng Ndi trong khu nha gan khu det, khu nhupm, khu ma, khu chan nudi vUdt TCVN 8h tUdng Ung la: 1,98 lan, 1,06 lan (sang), 1,54 lan, 1,38 lan. Cdn tai cac dja diem do khae deu dat TCVN.
I V . KET LUAN
Chat IUdng mdi trUdng khdng khi tai Phii Thinh (Sdn Tay) va DUdng Ndi (Ha Ddng):
* Tai Phii Thjnh (Sdn Tay): Ndng dp bui PMIO ngoai nha tai khu nha gan san xuift gdm suf, nha may giify, vUdt TCVN 8h tUdng Ung la:
1,33 lan, 1,28 lan (sang). Tai eae die'm do khae nhu khu nha cdng nghiep, khu Id gach deu dat nguQ^ng TCVN. Hdi khf SO2 tai tift ca cae diem do ngoai nha tai Phii Thjnh deu vUdt ngu8ng TCVN.
* Tai DUdng Ndi (Ha Ddng): mUc dp d nhilm bui ngoai nha dUde nhan thay eao hdn so vdi Phii Thjnh: khu nha gan khu det, khu nhupm, khu Id md, khu ma, khu ehan nudi, san xuat nhd, ndng dp bui PMIO vUdt TCVN 8h tUdng Ung la: 2,25 lan, i,24 lan, 1,2 lan, 1,38 lan, 1,88 lan, 1,08 lan. Ndng dp hdi khf CO va NO2 tai cae die'm do ngoai nha deu dat trong ngudng TCVN. Hdi khi SO2 tai tat ca cae die'm
do ngoai nha d DUdng Ndi eao hdn so vdi Phii Thjnh va vUdt ngUdng TCVN, trung binh trong ngay tU 0,149 den 0,248mg/l.
* Khuyen nghj: chinh quyen dja phUdng phai thudng xuyen giam sat mdi trUdng khdng khi ciia cae cd sd san xuiit djnh ky theo quy djnh; cd quan thUc thi thUc hien nghiem hinh thUe xU phat ddi vdi eac ed sd vi pham Luat bao ve mdi trUdng; tap trung cae cd sd san xuiit eiia cae lang nghe ra xa trung tam khu dan cU, dam bao phat trien ben viJng va san xuiit saeh.
T A I LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Nguyen Duy Bao, Dinh Xuan Ngon: Nghien culi anh hu'dng 6 nhiem moi trUdng khong khi do thi do cac phudng tien giao thong cd gidi dudng IDO den sUc khoe cpng dong va de xuat cac bien phap bao ve. Hpi nghi khoa hoc Quoc te Yhoc lao dpng va ve sinh moi twdng ian thdm, NhaXuatban Yhpc, 2008
2. Pham Ngoc Dang, Le Van Trinh va cs: Danh gia dien bien va dU bao moi biTdng hai viing kinh te trpng diem phia Bac va phia Nam, de xuat cac giai phap bao ve moi trUdng. Nha Xuat ban Xay duhg, 2004.
3. Hwang J., Nguyen Ha Hue: Danh gia PI^IO d cac viJng nong thon tai IHa Npi va Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam. Hpi nghi khoa hpc Quoc te Y hpc lao dpng va ve sinh moi tru'dng lan thd III, Nha Xuat ban Y hpc, 2008.
4. Hoi dong Nha nu'dc NUdc Cong hoa xa hpi chu nghTa Viet Nam: Luat Bao ve sUc khoe nhan dan nam 1989. So 21 LCT/HDNNS,'ngay 11/7/1989.
5. Dao Ngoc Phong: 6 nhilm moi trUdng. Nha Xuat ban Khoa hpc ky thuat, Ha_ Npi, 1979.
6. Dao Ngoc Phong, Nguyen Manh Lien va cs: Moi tru'dng va sUc khoe con ngUdi. Chu'dng trinh khoa hpc Nha nu'dc, Tn/dng Dai hpc Y Ha Npi, 1986.
7. Quoc hoi Nu'dc Cong hoa xa hoi ciiu nghTa Viet Nam: Luat Bao ve Moi tru'dng. So 52/2005/QHll, ngay 29/11/2005
8. Pham Le Tuan va cs: Nghien cUu thUc trang cac benh tat cua nhan dan npi thanh Ha Npi co lien quan tdi 6 nhiem khong khi, cac ton that ve kinh te xa hpi do cac benh nay gay nen va de xuat cac giai phap kha thi nham phdng ngUa, han che tinh trang nay. De tai KHCN cap thanh pho Ha Npi, 2006.
9. Tong cue Tieu chuan do lu'dng chat lu'dng:
Chat IUdng khong khi - PhUdng phap lay miu phan tang de danh gia chat lu'dng khong khi xung quanh.
TCVN 5937-2005 ISO 9359:1989.13
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