TH^C DVNG HOAXG HUYEN THANH

QUAN NIEM CUA WILLIAM JAMES VE KINH NGHIEM VA CHU NGHIA DUY NGHIEM

TRONG TRIET HOC TH^C DVNG

HOAXG HUYEN THANH ''*

Tom tAt: Trong triet hoc thuc dung cua William James, "kinh nghiem' ddng v.ii tro t en c . Kmh nghiem khong chi la nSn tang cua the gidi quan ma con IA cd .-;d ciia (v lu^n nhan - IV James ggi l$p trUdng triet hoc cua minh la "chu nghia duy nghiem triet de". Tiep c$n trUc lep v di sau vHo tac ph£m chinh cUng cac chuyen lu$n c6 hOn quan cua U" James, tac gia bai bao phan ticb nhdng quan diem va Hp luin cua \V. James v4 ban chA't vA vai trv cua kinh nghi$m. ve l$p trUang duy nghi$m trong tnet hgc thtfc dung vA neu ra mgt sonhmi .\ot cua minh ve nhdng dong gop vA h^n cbe trong ch u nghia duy nghiem cun nhA tri^'t hgc th Uc dung nAy.

Tif khoa: William James: kinh nghiem: chu nghia duy nghiem; chii ngbia tbUc dung; chan If.

Abstracts: In William James's pragmatic philosophy, -vxptTifncc" plays a key role. Experience is not only the foundation of one's worldview. but also the basis of one' theory of knowledge. Therefore, W James called his philosophical position "radical empiricism". Using direct and in-depth analysis of James' works and related treatises, the author analyzed James' views and arguments on the nature and role of experience, and empirical stance in pragmatic philosophy. Remarks on James contributions to empiricism were discussed.

Key words: William James, experience: empiricism; pragmatism; truth.

NgAy nhAn bai: 06/02/2020; Ngay sda bai: 10/03/2020; NgAy duyet d&ng bAi: 17/04/2020.

1, Dat van de Trong thdi gian trfldc doi mdi d nfldc ta, Chu nghia thflc dtmg ra ddi trong dieu do thieu tai lieu dich va it nhfi nghien cflu kien kinh te. chinh tri, vfin hda cua nfldc My cd the doe trflc tie'p dflpc cac sach eua chii nhiing nam cudi the ky XDC. trd thanh mpt ngbia thflc dung bfing tieng Anh, cho nen trfio lflu triet bpc thinh hfinh d My trong triet hpc cua ehu ngbia thilc dung khdng nfla dau the ky XX va da the bien dfldc vai dflpc tie'p can mdt each tnle tie'p tfl tac trd nha't dinh cua minh trong sfl phat trien pham gd'c ciia cac tac gia, ma thUdng phai cua da't nudc nay. Dien hinb ciia trao luu thdng qua khau trung gian cua mpt vfii triet hpe nay la Wilham James - mdt trong nha nghien cflu khfic tfl Lien Xd, Trung ba nhfi sang lap vfi la ngfldi da phat trien Qud'c, do vay triet hpc thflc dung khdng chu nghia thflc dung thfinh mpt he thd'ng ly dfldc bleu mdt cfieb chinh xac, sau sfic va lufin hofin chinh. Trong sd' cfic tfii Ueu triet

hpc cua chu ngbia thflc dung cd rat nbieu "

sach cfla W James da dflde edng bd' diy du " '^^•' ^'^"^ ^^" ^T"?^ ^^*^ ''^ ^'''"^'" "^^^ ' ^ ^ h , tinh Thila ThiSn - Hue;

t r e n m a n g Ulternet dfldi dang ebook. Email: huyenthanhtcl@gmail.com

Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC X A H O I Stts-zeze

HOANC Hm'EX TH.\XH tofin di^n. Ngfldc lai, cac quan diem cd ban

cua chu nghia thflc dung thudng dUUc hieu vdi nghia xau vi bi phi phin nghiim khic dkhia canh tieu cflc cua nd.

Tfl khi nfldc ta thflc hien dfldng loi ddi mdi den nay, cung vdi sfl thay ddi each nhin nhfin va thai dp dd'i vdi vdi cfic trao lflu triet hpc ngofii Macxit, Dang ta cung chu y den viec md rdng vfi di sfiu nghien cflu cac trfio lflu tfl tfldng. hpc thuyet mdi, l^ thuyet mdi ngoai chii nghia Mac - Lenin,

"tren quan diem khach quan, bien chflng va tiep thu nhflng gia tri tien bd"'".

Dd hieu dung thflc chfit vfi chi ra dfldc nhflng diem hdp ly cung nhflng bat cap trong ly luan triet bpc ciia chu nghia thflc di^g, trfldc bet chung ta can xem xet cfl sd thi'gidi quan va nhin thdc luan cua nd la

"chu nghia duy nghiem" bfing each trflc tiep di sfiu vfio cac tfic pham, cfic chuyen lufin va bfii viet ciia cac tfic gia, trfldc bet Ifi cua W, James. W. James da trinh bay quan niem ve kinh nghiem va ve chu nghia duy nghiem trong tfic ph^m chinh cua dng:

"Chu nghia thflc dung - mot cai ten mdi cho mpt so' cfich tfl duy cfl"'^' vfi trong mdt so chuyen luan khfic nhfl: "Y chi cua niem tin"*'*, "Cfic the loai ciia kinb nghiem tdn giao"'^'. "Y nghia cua chan ly"''". "Khao lufin ve ehu nghia duy nghiem trflc tidp"*^*,... Viec trflc tiep di sau nghien cflu nhflng tfic phdm nfiy se giup mpi ngfldi hieu dfldc cac quan diem cua triet hpe thflc dung ve kinh nghiem, vai trd ciia kinb nghiem trong the gidi quan va ly luan nhfin thflc cflng vdi lap trfldng duy nghiem chll nghia cua nhfi triet hpe nfiy, tfl dd hieu dfldc eac phfin khac ciia chu nghia thflc dung, tren cd sd dd mdi cd the ke

S6 5-2121

thfla dfldc nhiing >eu td hdp ly vfi phe phan nhiing ban che, bfi't cfip ciia nd.

2. Khai niem "kinh nghiem" va "chu nghia duy nghiem" trong truyen thong triet hoc phflcfng Tay

Tbufit ngfl "kinh nghiem" (tieng Latinh:

experientia; tieng Anh: experience) vfi

"chu nghia duy nghiem" hay "chu nghia kinh nghiem" (tieng Anh: empiricism) deu bat ngudn tfl tieng Hy Lap "eidaeftDfi"

(emperia - kinh nghiem). Khfii niem "kinh nghiem" vfi "chu nghia duy nghiem" dflpc cac nhfi triet hpc phfldng Tfiy dflng cd phan khac ve ngi ham so vdi khii niem nay trong triet hgc Mac - Linin. Trong triet hpc Mac - Lenin, "kinh nghiem" dupc dflng dd chl tri thdc dugc rut ra td boat dgng thuc tien (kinh nghiem thflc tien);

"ehu nghia kinh nghiem" hay "benh kinb nghiem chu nghhia" dUOc dung vdi nghia xiu chi thdi quen cua nhflng ngfldi chi biet cd kinh nghiem thflc tien, coi thfldng iy luan va khdng chiu khd hoc tap ly luan, khdng nfing tri thflc kinh nghiem len trinh ly lufin. Cdn trong triet hpc phfldng Tfiy,

'" Dang Cong san Viet Nam, Nghi quyei cua Bd cbinh tri ngay 9 thang 10 n i m 2014 ve cdng tac ly lu&n vA dinb hudng nghien cdu de'n n&m 2030.

'-' William J a m e s (1907-1922), Pragmatism • .-i Xt-w Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking, Longmans, Green and Co NewYork.

'*' Wilham J a m e s (1919), The Will to believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy. Longmana.

Green and Co., New York.

"' William J a m e s (1905). The Vanetiea of Religious Experience: A Study m Human Nature. Longmans, Green, and Co.. New York.

'*' Wilham J a m e s (1909). The Meaning of Truth: .i Sfquel to 'Pragmatism', Longmans, Green, and Co- New York.

' William J a m e s (1912). Essays in Radical Empiricism. Longmans, Green and Co., New York.

NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q

QU.-VX XIEM CUA WILLI.\.\1 J . \ M E S VE KINH XCHIEM

"kinh nghiem" (experience) cd nghia rdng hdn, bao gdm ti't ca nhiing tri thtic duac rut ra ti/sU quan sat b^ng giic quan (kinb n g h i e m cam tinh); c h u nghia duy nghiem la k h u y n h hfldng n h a n thflc luan ddi lap vdi chu nghia duy iy dupc nhieu n h a triet hpc coi Ifi lap trUdng cua minh.

Chu n g h i a duy nghiem (empiricism) 7^

khuynh hUdng triet hgc cho ring kinb nghiim cam tinh (ta't ca nhflng hieu biet do giac q u a n dem lai) la nguon gdc duy nhi't run tn thdc. rfing mpi fri thdc deu bit nguon td kinb nghiem. Kinh nghiem thflc tien cflng Ifi kinh nghiem cam t i n h dflpc r u t r a qua boat ddng thflc tien. thflc nghiem khoa hpc. Chu n g h i a duy nghiem Ifi t r u y e n thd'ng eua triet hpe Anh vdi J o h n Locke. George Berkely, David H u m e trong thdi can dai. B e r t r a n d Russell thdi hien dai. Nd la mdt ngudn gdc ciia "chti ngbia duy nghiem Idgic" (hay "chii nghia thflc ehflng Idgic") n h d m Vien va nhdm Berlin d Ad va Dflc. Chu nghia duy nghiem ctia cac nhfi triet hpc thflc d u n g My cung chiu a n h h u d n g cua k h u y n h hfldng nfiy t r o n g t r i e t hpc Anh. Lfi nhflng nhfi triet hpc, tfi't nhien hp khdng p h a i la nhflng ngfldi coi thUdng ly lufin, h a y khdng n a n g t r i thflc kinh nghiem thfinh tri thflc ly l u a n , v a n de la d chd cac nha tnet hgc duy nghiem chi thda nhin tn thdc cam tinh la nguon gdc duy nha't cda mgi tri thdc. Hp k h d n g p h u n h a n tri thflc ly l u a n , nhflng tri thdc ly luin chin chinh phai li kit qua cua sfl .-tn- luin hop logic td nhdng tri thdc kinh nghiim. Chu n g b i a duy n g h i e m k h d n g thfla n h a n nhflng tri thflc sieu h i n h , b ^ sinh, trflc gifie,... Xhieu nhfi t n e t hpc duy nghiem k h d n g thfla n h a n mpt so tri thflc

iy l u a n t r o n g vat Iy 1\ thuyet.^^'"'^ -^j n b u t h u y e t nguyen tfl. thuyet tien boa.-- c h u n g hoan toan n a m ngoai kinh n g n e m cua con ngfldi. Cac nhfi duy nghiem cung phu n h a n huven thoai. phep mau. David H u m e ndi "Ph6p mau hi sfl vi p h a m nhflng quy l u a t tfl nhien. va vi nhflng k i n h nghiem vflng chac vfi khdng t h a y doi da thiet lap nen nhflng qu>- luat nay" n e n phep mfiu khdng thd tdn tai. Ong p h u nhfin su "phuc sinb" trong Kinh t h a n h , vi theo dng, "Mdt ngfldi chet dfldc sd'ng lai chi la mdt phep mau, bdi vi dieu dd k h d n g bao gid dupc quan sAt t h a y trong b a t ky thdi dai nfio hay d bfi't cfl nflde nfio"'''.

3. Q u a n n i e m c u a W i l l i a m J a m e s v e k i n h n g h i e m v a c h i i n g h i a d u y n g h i e m

Vekhai niem "kinh nghiem":

W, J a m e s vfi J . Dewey d e u k h d n g n g a n ngai t u y e n bd t h a n g thflng rfing U p trfldng t r i e t hpe e u a m i n h la "ehii n g b i a duy nghiem" vfi coi dd la mpt dfie trflng cua e h u n g h i a thflc d u n g . T u y n h i e n , k h a i n i e m "kinh n g h i e m " va "chu n g h i a duy nghiem" e u a W. J a m e s vfi ciia cac t r i e t hpc thflc d u n g ndi c h u n g ed n h i e u didm k h a c vdi each hieu ctia cac n h a t r i e t hpc phfldng Tay k h a c , do do de h i e u dfldc c h u n g h i a thflc d u n g t b i trfldc b e t cdn p h a i l a m rd nhflng k h a i n i e m cd b a n n a y c u a nd,

Mdt m a t , W. J a m e s thfla n h a n lap trfldng duy n g h i e m cua c h u n g h i a thflc d u n g cd n h i e u d i e m e h u n g vdi cae n h a t r i e t hpc t i e n bd'i n b u George Berkely, David H u m e t r o n g khi xem xet va'n de tdn tai, v a t cbfi't, y thflc. Theo dng, ne'u

"•' David Hume (2007). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, edited by St.^ph^n Buckle Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p lOO-lQ]

Q NHAN LVC KHOA HOC XA Hdi so 5-2020

HOAXG HLT^'EX THAXH Berkely cho "tdn tai lfi dfldc tri giac" thi

Shadwdrth Hodgson (ngfldi dflde W.

James coi lfi mdt bac tien boi ciia ehu nghia thflc dung) qua quyet rfing "tdn tai chl lfi nhflng gi dfi dfldc biet den"'^'. Neu di sau hdn nfla, chting ta se tha'y John Dewey cung the hien quan niem nhfl vay khi dng tuyen bd "dinh de eua ehii nghia duy nghiem trflc tiep" la "eac sil vat - sfl vat bat ky, mpi sfl vfit, trong viec sii dung thdng thfldng hay khdng cd tinh ky thuat cua thuat ngfl "sfl vfit", lfi nhflng gi mfi chiing dfldc trai nghiem (are what they are experienced as). Do vfiy, mdt ngfldi mud'n rao ta mot sfl vfit bfi't ky mdt cfich chfin that thi nbiem vu ciia anh ta ifi ndi ra nhflng gi mfi nd da dflpc trai nghiem nhfl la mpt tdn tai"'^'.

Nhfl vay, kinh nghiim la ton tai thuc su.

0 ngofii kinh nghiem, tflc d ngoai nhdng gi di dugc biet den bing giac quan thi khdng c6 gi ton tai ca. Kinh nghiem dfldc cfic nhfi triet hpc thflc dung coi lfi "thflc the", lfi ed sci tao thfinh the gidi. W. James ndi ro rfing

"kinh nghiem thuan tuy" (pure experrienee) la "mdt cbfi't lieu hay vat heu dau tien trong the gidi, mpt chat lieu tfl dd mpi sfl vat dfldc tao thanh"'""

Thfla nhan kinh nghiem la thflc tai duy nhfi't, cfic nha triet hpe thflc dung bac bd cac khai niem "vat ehfi't" va "y thfle". W.

James danh gia eao viee Berkeley bfic bo khai niem vat chat nhfl lfi thflc tai khach quan. Ong ndi "Sfl phe phan vat cha't cua Berkeley lfi hofin tofin thflc dung chu nghia (absolutely pragmatistic). Vat cbfi't chi dfldc biet den nhfl la nhflng cam giac cua chflng ta ve mau sfic, hinh dang, dp citng, v.v."*"'. Theo W. James "y thfle"

Sd s-2020

eiing lfi mdt phan cua kmh nghiem. Ong khdng thfla nhfin y thflc cd sfl tdn tai ddc lap, nhu "linh hdn", "tam linh". Trong phan ket luan cua mdt chuyen luan viet bang tieng Phfip cd tieu de "Khfii niem y thflc" (La notion de conscience), W, James bac bo khai niem y thfle; "Y thflc mfi ngfldi ta nghe ndi den hfing ngfiy thi khdng tdn tai, cung khdng hdn gi Vat cbfi't mfi Berkeley da giang cho mpt ddn chi mang""^'. Trong "Khao luEtn ve cbii nghia duy nghiem trflc tiep" dng ndi: "Hai mfldi nam nay tdi da khdng cdn tin vao y thflc nhfl la mdt thflc the. Bay hay tam nam nay tdi da de xua't vdi sinh vien ciia tdi sfl khdng tdn tai cua y thflc va da tim each gidi thieu eho hp mpt khai niem thflc dung tfldng dfldng trong nhflng thilc tai cua kinh nghiem. Ddi vdi tdi, hinh nhfl tbdi gian da chin mudi de cdng khai va hoan toan loai bo nd"'*^'.

Theo quan didm duy vat bien chflng thi kinh nghiem la mdt phan cua y thflc nam trong ddi sd'ng tinb than cua con ngfldi, nen kinh nghiem lfi cai chu quan. Trai lai, theo W. James, kinh nghiim vda la y thdc vita li vat chit, i-fli-j la cii chu quan vda li cai

'*' William James, Pragmatism, Ibid, p.50.

'^' J o h n Dewey (1910). "The Postulate of Immediate Empiricism", in The Influence of Darwin on Philosophy, Henrv- Holt and Company, New York, p.227. Danh "experience" dacfc dich 1^ "kinh nghiem";

con dong til "to experience" co th§ dich la "trai nghiem", tiic la cam nhfin tnJc tiep bfing giac quan.

"<" William James, Essays in Radical Empirricism.

Ibid, p.4.

" " William J a m e s , Pragmatism ., Ibid, p.89-90.

"^' William James. Essays in Radical Empirricism.

Ibid, p.232.

"^' William James, Essays in Radical Empimcism.

Ibid. p.3.

NHAN LUG KHOA HOC XA Hdi Q

(jC.VX XIEM CUA \\1LLL\M .I.-LMKS \i: KIXH XCHIEM..

khach quan. Ong giai thich dieu nfiy trong Khao luan ve chu nghia duy nghiem tnic tiep nhfl sau: Trong mdt nhdm nfiy nd iiien ra nhu ifi mdt tu tfldng; trong mot nhdm khac nd hien ra nhu ia mpt su vfit. Va. \i nd cd the hien ra cflng Iflc trong ca hai nhdm nhfl vay. cho nen chung ta cd quyen ndi rfing nd ddng thdi vfla la chu quan. \-fla la khach quan""^'. Ciing theo W. James, kinh nghiem vita ddng vai trd chu the. vflS ddng vai trd khach thi. Ong ndi: "Xd Ichdng phai la fhu the, khdng phai lfi khach the. mfi Ifi chu the-vfi-khfich the (object-plus-subject)".

Va theo dng, sfl phan biet chu the - khfich the d dfiy lfi "hoan toan khac vdi sfl phfin biet gifla y thflc vfi vat cha't..., gifla cd the vfi linh hdn""'".

Nhu vfiy, theo quan diem cua W. James, pham trfl "kinh nghiem" cd the thay the dfldc cap pham tru vat cha't - y thflc va giai quyet dflpc mdi quan he phflc tap gifla hai linh vfle nay da tflng dflpc Ph. Anggben coi la mat thfl nha't cua van de cd ban cua triet hpc. That ra, va'n dd khdng ddn gian nhu W. James ndi.

Mat sd die trUng cua chu nghia duy nghiem cua W. James:

Cd the ndi chu nghia duy nghiem la cd sd ly luan va phfldng phfip luan cua ehu nghia thflc dung. Trong tac pham "Chu ngbia thflc dung", W. James tuyen bd':

"Chti nghia thflc dung dai dien eho mdt thfii dp hofin tofin quen thudc trong triet bpc thai dp duy nghiem chu ngbia, nhflng nd dai dien ebo thai dp nay. cd le ddi vdi tdi, vfla triet de hdn, vfla vdi mpt binh thflc it bi phan dd'i hdn nbu ngUdi ta da tudng"'^" \V. James gpi lap trUdng triet hpc cua minh lfi "chu nghia duy nghiim

Q NHAN L ^ KHOA HOC XA Hdi

John duy m) frier de" (radical empiricism), ^o"

Dewey dung thuat ngfl "chu ni-'lna nghiem tnic tiep" (immediate emp" ' de chi triet hoc cua minh.

Trong Khdo luan NC' chd nghia duy nghiem triet de. W- James ndi: : "Tdi dat cai triet de cho ten chu nghia duy nghiem

Weltanschauung (the gidi quan) cua toi"^'".

Trong Ldi ndi ddu (Preface) tae pbfim "Y ehi niem tin". W- James ndi: "Neu tdi budc phai dfla ra mot eai ten ngfin gpn cho thai dp ddi vdi va'n dd, tdi gpi nd lfi

"chd nghia duy nghiem triet d& (radical cmpincismP''' Ong giai thich sd di gpi la

"triet de". bdi vi nd the hien "tinh nhfi't nguyen" trong quan he gifla kinh nghiem vfi sfl vat va dd phan biet vdi cac thfl chu nghia duy nghiem nfla vdi, nhfl chii nghia thflc chflng hay chu nghia ba't kha tri hay ehu nghia tfl nhien khoa hpc. Tinh nhfi't nguyen trong quan be gifla kinh nghiem va su vat ma W. James ndi d day cd nghia la, nhfi thflc dung coi kinh nghiem cam tinh li cii duy nhat, cd trUdc vi quyi't dinh sU vit chfl khdng phai ngfldc lai. Nhfl vfiy coi kinh nghiem lfi thflc the duy nhfi't quyet dinh, W. James da coi chu nghia duy nghiem nhfl la mgt lap trudng ban the luin, khdng ddn thudn la va'n de nhan thfle lufin nhfl quan niem cua chu ngbia duy nghiem truyen thd'ng,

Dflng tren lap trUdng duy nghiem ehu

"•" William J a m e s , Essays in Radical Empirricism, Ibid, p. 10.

'•^* William J a m e s , Essays in Radical Empirricism, Ibid, p.5,

"^' William James. Pragmatism... Ibid, p.51

Ibid, p.41.

""' WiUiam J a m e s . The WUI to believe. Ihid,

"rnciam, P vii-viii.

SO 5-2020

HOANG HUYEX THAXH nghia, W. James neu ra mdt tien de xufi't

phat mfi dng gpi la "dinb de" ciia chu ngliia thflc dung cho ly luan nhan thflc.

Trong tac ph^m "Y nghia cua cbfin ly", dng viet: "Dinh de dd la: nhflng dieu dflpe tranh luan trong triet hpe phai la nhflng dieu dfldc xac dinh lfi da dfldc rut ra tfl kinh nghiem. (Nhflng dieu cd ban chfit ngoai kinh nghiem cd thd la nhflng vfi'n de tuy hflng (ad libitum), nhflng khdng the trcl thfinh mdt phdn nfio trong tfii lieu cho tranh lufin triet hoc)"*'®*.

Nhfl vfiy, ddi vdi chu nghia thflc dung, nhdng vi'n de nim ngoii kinh nghiim thi khong phai li doi tugng cua nhiing cudc tranh luan trii't hgc. Bdi vi nhflng va'n de nhfl vay la khdng the nhan thflc dfldc, khong the xfic dinh dfldc lfi dung hay sai cho nen du cd tranh lufin cung khdng di den dfiu ca. Do vfiy, khdng ed gi ngac nhien khi tha'y rang chu nghia thflc dung khong ban de'n sfl tdn tai cua Thflpng de vfi nhflng Iflc Ifldng sieu tfl nhien nhfl y niem eua Platon, y niem tuyet ddi eua Heghen, khdng ndi dd^n nhflng cflu cfinh ciia cac tdn giao, muc dich xa vdi cua cfic he tfl tfldng ehinh tri.

De lam sang to hdn ve Ifip trfldng duy nghiem cua chu nghia thflc dung, W.

James neu ra mdt loat nhflng doi lap gifla chii nghia duy nghiem vdi chu nghia duy ly. Trong "Khao luin ve chu nghJa duy nghiem triet di". W. James ndi: "Chu ngliia duy nghiem dflpc biet den nhU lfi cai ddi Ifip vdi chti nghia duy ly. Chti nghia duy ly cd khuynh hfldng nhfi'n manh nhiing cai pho bien (universals) vfi dfinh flu tien cho nhflng cai toan the (wholes) trong trat tfl logic cung nhfl trong trat tfl

cua tdn tai. Chu nghia duy nghiem, trfii lai, trong kbi giai thich thi nhfi'n manh cai bd phfin (part), cfii yeu td (element), efii ca biet (individual), vfi xem cai tofin thd nhfl la mdt tap hpp va cai phd bien nhfl la sfl trflu tupng. Tfl dd, viec md ta sfl vat cua tdi bat dfiu tfl cai bd phfin vfi dfla cfii tofin the xudng vi tri thfl hai"'-'".

Trong tac pham "Chu ngbia thflc dung", W. James cung neu len mpt loat nhflng diem ddi lap de phan biet gifla chu nghia duy nghiem vdi chu nghia duy ly nhfl sau:

Trfldc bet ndi ve cfin cfl xua't phat, chu nghia duy nghiem thi xuat phfit tfl sfl kien thflc te, cdn chu ngbia duy ly thi xuat phat tfl nhflng nguyen ly trflu tfldng vfi vinh eiiu. W. James ndi: "Ngfldi kinh nghipm chu nghia lfi ngudi yeu men sfl kien thflc te d mpi dang thd cua chung, ngfldi duy ly chii ngbia lfi ngudi trung thfinh vdi nhflng nguyen ly trflu tupng va vinh cflu"'^". Xet ve mat lich sfl thi nhflng thuat ngfl chu nghia duy nghiem va chu nghia duy ly cflng la nhiing tfl ddng nghia vdi chu nghia duy cam (sensationalism) va chu nghia duy tri (intellectualism)'"'. Chu nghia duy ly thi thfldng gan vdi khuynh hfldng duy tam vfi lac quan, cdn chu nghia duy nghiem thi trfii lai cd diem chung vdi chii nghia duy vat, vfi thai dp lac quan cua nd lfi cd dieu kien va khdng chfic chfin'^'' Chti nghia duy ly la chu nghia nha't nguyen (monism), cdn chti ngbia duy

"^'William J a m e s , The Meaning of Truth. Ibid, p xii.

am William J a m e s . Essays in Radical Empimcism.

Ibid. p.41.

'^" William James. Pragmatism... Ibid, p.9.

'^' Wilham James. Pragmatism... Ibid, p.lO.

'-" William J a m e s , Pragmatism... Ibid, p. 10-11.

NHAN LMC KHOA HOC XA H$l Q

qV.\S XIEM CUA WILLL\M J.VMHS \-E KIXH XCHIE.M..

nghiem la chu nghia da nguyen (plurahsm), \i chu nghia duy ly xuat phat tfl nhflng cai tofin the va nhflng cai pbd bien (wholes and universals) vi the nd nhan manh tinh thd'ng nhfi't; cdn chu ngbia duy ngliiem tiii xuat phfit tfl nhiing bp phfin (parts) vfi gdp chung lai thfinh mdt tap hdp'^'". W. James cdn dflng mpt so'cfip tfl ddi lap de md ta sfl khac nhau gifla chu n ^ a duy ly va chu nghia duy nghiem. nhfl "cd tin ngfldng" (religious) va "plii tin ngfldng"

(irreligious), "giao dieu" (dogmatical) va

•'hofii nghi" (skeptical), v.v..'^^'.

Dflng tren lap trUdng duy nghiem. W James vfi cac nha triet hpc thflc dung khdng thfla nhan quan diem duy vat \e tinh khach quan cua chan ly. tflc sfl phu bdp gifla tfl tfldng vdi bien thflc. Ong cung bae bd quan didm th^n hpc coi chan Iy la thudc ve Thfldng de. Theo W. James, chan ly chi la sfl phd hgp gida tu tudng vdi kinh nghiem. Chan ly chi li mdt phan trong kinh nghiem cua chung ta (nghia la nd nam trong kinh nghiem va khdng thupc ve khach quan), nd khdng phai phfl hdp vdi hien thflc. mfi lfi pbd hgp vdi phan khic trong kinh nghiim chung ta. W. James cung ddng y vdi cac nhfi thilc dung khae cho rang chan ly trong tu tUdng vfi niem tin cua chung ta ciing cd cflng mdt nghia vdi chan ly trong khoa hpe. Chflng lfi

"nhiing tfl tfldng" (ideas), nbung dng md ngofic ndi them rfing "nhiing tU tfldng nfiy ciing la mpt phdn trong kinh nghiem cua chung ta", chflng trd thanh chfin ly "chi trong ch Ong m Uc ch ung gidp ch dng ta thii't lap dugc moi quan he toi vdi nhdng phan khic cua kinh nghiem chung ta''''^' De hieu rd hdn tfl tfldng nfiy cua W. James, ta

thti lav W du. dieu khang dinh »«" '.'" ^

•Mpi vat rdi tfl do deu rdi theo dfldng thfing dflng hfldng vao tam trfii dfit vdi •"•?* ^ ^ toe khdng ddi". Day lfi mot cbfin l.v knoa hoc vi nd phu hpp vdi mpi kinh nghiem (kinb nghiem thdng thfldng. quan sat va thflc nghiem khoa bpc) ve vat rdi. Tuy nhien, ndi rang chfin ly lfi kinh nghiem phu hdp vdi kinh nghiem thi khdng thiy dUOc tinh khich quan cua chin ly. vi trong kmh nghiem cfla chung ta cd nhflng kinh nghiem chu quan, nhfl mfit trdi mpc, mat trdi ian, mfiu xanh da trdi, mfiu xanh nfldc bien,... Cho nen, tU tUdng cbo rfing trai da't lfi trung tfim, mfit trdi quay quanh trai dfi't cung phfl bdp vdi kinb nghiem cua con ngudi khfip nam chfiu trong may nghin nam trUdc khi hi khoa hpc bac bd nd.

4. Mot so n h a n xet ve chu nghia duy nghiem cua William J a m e s

Mgt so' ddng gdp cua chu nghia duy nghiem cua W. James:

Kh^ng dinh rang kinh nghiem la tdn tai duy nha't, triet hoc thflc dung W.

James dfi gdp phan bac bo sU ton tai cua nhdng lUc lugng sieu tU nhien, nhU y niem, y niem tuyet dd'i, Thfldng de,

Cho rfing mpi tri thflc ciia eon ngfldi deu bat ngudn tfl kinh nghiem cam tinh, khdng thfla nhan tri thflc ngoai kinb nghiem, nhfl tri thflc bam sinh, trflc gific, "mfic khai",

"sieu viet", v,v., triet hpc thflc dung cua W.

James da gdp phin tich cue chd'ng lai cac quan diem duy tim, than hgc trong linh vflc nhan thflc.

' " ' Wilham J a m e s , Pragmatism... Ibid. p . n . ' ^ ' W i l h a m J a m e s . Pragmatism... Ibid. p.12.

"'*' William J a m e s , Pragmatism... Ibid, p.sg

Q NHAN l\fC KHOA HOC XA Hdi 565-2020

HOAXC HU^'EN THAXH Khdng cha'p nhan nhflng vfi'n de ngoai

kinh nghiem trong cac cupc tranh lufin triet hpc, W. James dfi gdp phan chd'ng lai chu nghia kinb vien, chu nghia giao dieu vfi bic bd nhdng van dS triet hgc sieu binh xa rdi thUc ti'.

SbOng ban chi', bit cap trong quan ni$m cua W. James ve kinh nghiem va chu nghia duy nghiim:

Mac du W. James ndi rfing chu ngbia duy nghiem trong triet hpc thflc dung lfi mpt hinh thflc "vfla triet de hdn... vfla it bi phan ddi hdn", nhflng trong thilc te nd khdng trfinb khoi nhflng phan dd'i gay gfit tfl nhieu phia, nhfi't la tfl phia chii nghia duy vfit. Vdi quan niem ciia minh ve kinh nghiem, W. James mud'n xda bd Si/ phan biet gida vit chi't vi y thdc, gida khach quan va chd quan, gida khich the va chu the, dieu nay neu ap dung cd the gay nhieu khd khin, be' tie trong ly luan nhan thdc. Bdi vi, trong nhan thflc, con ngfldi (ca nhan, tap the, nhan loai) lfi chii the, the gidi khfich quan la khach the. Dd'i tfldng nhan thflc nfim trong the gidi khach quan tdn tai dpc Ifip vdi chii the. Tfi't nhien, dd'i tfldng cua nhfin thflc lfi nhflng sfl vat. hien tfldng ma chu the cd the xac nhan sfl tdn tai ciia chung bang kinh nghiem; nhung nhflng thudc tinh eua chung, nhflng md'i lien he cua chung la nhflng dieu mdi me, chfla biet (tflc chfla nam trong kinh nghiem) eho nen mdi can dfldc nhan thflc. Cdn neu ndi rang nhan thflc chi la nhan thflc kinh nghiem, nghia la nhan thflc nhflng gi da cd hen trong kinh nghiem con ngfldi thi can gi phai co nghien cflu khoa hpc.

Xdi rang chan ly lfi tfl tfldng phfl hdp vdi kinh nghiem cung cd nghia lfi tfl tfldng phu hdp vdi bien thflc, vi kinh nghiem eua chflng ta lfi phan anb hien thflc khach quan, nhung chii nghia thuc dung khdng di siu ban di' xem xet cii gi la nguon gdc cua kinh nghiem. Mat khfic, kinb nghiem vfi hien thilc ed sU khac nhau, mdt ben nam trong y thflc cdn ben kia nam trong the gidi ben ngoai. Mot tU tudng phu hdp vdi kinh nghiem chUa chiic la tfl tfldng dung, vi kinh nghiem cam tinb cua cen ngfldi cd mpt phdn ehu quan, do ban che cua cac cd quan cam giac.

Kinb nghiem thflc tien cua con ngfldi cung ban che bdi dieu kien lich s^, cho nen ndi ring ban chit cua chan ly la tU tudng phu hgp vdi kinh nghiem li mgt kit luan khdng chinh xic.

Chu nghia duy nghiem ciia W. James ra ddi trong nhflng nfim cud'i the ky XIX - thap ky dau cua the ky XX (thdi gian xufi't ban nhflng tfic pham chinh ciia dng). Do vay chu nghia duy nghiem cua dng chfla cap nhat dfldc nhflng phfit trien mdi trong Idgic hpc, toan hpc vfi khoa hpc tfl nhien Iflc bfi'y gid. Han che nfiy ve sau dflde "chu ngbia thilc chflng logic" hay "chu nghia duy nghiem logic"

nbdm Vien vfi nhdm Berlin khac phuc mdt phan bang cfich ket hdp chti nghia duy nghiem truyen thd'ng vdi vai trd cua Idgic hpc vfi tofin hpc. Tuy nhien, chti nghia duy nghiem cua cac nhdm nfiy vfin chfla khfic phuc dfldc nhflng thieu sdt cd ban cua chii nghia duy nghiem nen viin tiep tue bi cac nhfi triet hpe vfi khoa hpc phe phan, trong dd cd nhfi triet hpc Ao Karl Popper.

l6 5-2029 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdi Q

1)1 AN MEM VV.\ WILLLVll .I.UIES \'E KINH NdHIEM Quy toan bo thuc tai. v thuc. tri thiic ve

kinh nghiem. cho ring y thiic chi la mot bo phan cua kinh nghiem. cAii nghia thUc dung da tAm thudng boa >i)i tro ciia v thUc, nhat li cua tri tbHc khoa hpc. Ching han. viec phat minh ra tin hoc va cong nghe thong tin, tri tue nhan tao trong thai dai hien nay khong the quy ve kinh nghiem dUOc.

5. Ket luan

William James la nhi triet hoc thil hai trong ba nha sang lap chu nghia thuc dung My (Charles Sanders Peirce, William. .James va John. Dewey). Neu Cliarles S.Peirce \& nguai diu tien dUa ra khai niem •'chu nghia thiic dung" v.\ dfit nen tang cho nhOng quan diim cd ban ciia chu nghia thuc dung thi William James la ngUdi c6 cong phat trien ly luftn cua chu nghia thiic dung mot each c6 he thong.

Quan niem cua William James ve kinh nghiem co the coi la mpt trong nhiing van de ly luan quan trpng trong triet hpc thiic dung ciia ong. Nghien ciiu quan niem ciia W.James ve kinh nghiem di gop phin hieu dling. danh gia diing, khach quan triet hoc thiic dung ciia ong. Tren cd sd do nhin ra nhiing yeu to hdp ly ciing nhu phe phan nhiing han che, bat cap trong triet hoc thiic dung ciia W. James la mot trong nhflng \iec ma nghien ciiu triet hoc cin lam trong giai doan hien nay.

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Dang Cong san Viet Nam, Nglii quyet ciia Bp chinh tri ngay 9 thang 10 nam 2014 ve cong tac ly luan va dinh hudng nghien ciiu den nam 2030.

2. John Dewey (1910). •The I'ostulnto of Immediate Empiricism" i.V\nh de cua chu nghia duv nghiem tru.- tiep). "' Inttuence of Darw.n on Philosophy^

(trong sach: Anh huang cua Darwm dm vdi triet hgc), Henry Holt and Company, New York.

3. David Hume (2007). .A;. Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding and Other Writings (Dieu tra ve nhan thdc cua con ngudi v:i cac tac phim khac), edited b\- Stephen Buckle, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

-1. William James (1907-1922), Pragmatism - .4 .Ve»- Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking (Chii nghia thdc dung - MM cai ten mdi cho mot so each tU duy ca), Longmans, Green and Co, New York.

5. William James (1919), The Will to believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy (Y chi niem tin va mpt so khao luan khac ve triet hpc pho thong), Longmans, Green and Co., New York.

6. William James (1905), The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature (Nhdng the loai cua kinh nghiem ton giao: Nghien cdu ve ban tinh cua con ngiidi), Longmans, Green, and Co., New York.

7. William James (1909), The Meaning of Truth: A Sequel to 'Pragmatism' (Y nghia cua chan ly: Mpt he qua cua chu nghia thuc dung), Longmans, Green, and Co., New York.

8. William James (1912), Essays in Radical Empiricism (Khao ]u$n ve chii nghia duy nghiem triet de}, Longmans, Green and Co., New York.

Q NHAN LVC KHOA HOC XA HAI S(i 5-2021