Nghien cUu - Trao do!
Thach thuTc trong
quy hoach khong gian bien va ven bien ,^
O PGS.TS. NGUYEN CHU HOi
Trung tam Nghiin cUu BiSn vd Hii dao, Dgi hgc Quic gia Hd Ngi VU LE HA
Dai hgc Tdi nguyen vd Mdi trUdng Ha Ngi
Q
uan ly tong hpp bien theo khong gian ddi hdi xac l$p m^t ed che phdi hpp liin ngdnh trong quan /y bien va giai quyit ding bg cic quan he phit trien khac nhau, trong do quan hg giOa cac mang khdng gian eho phdt trien kinh tiblen (KTB) vd to chUc khong gian bien hpp ly eho phdt trien KTB ben vOng Id mgt trong nhUng nhigm vp quan trgng, can di trudc mgt budc. Cdng eu ed ban giup ti chUc hpp I'y khdng gian bien eho phit trien ben vUng la quy hoach khdng gian bien (QHKGB).Nhufng thach thufc, hgn che Ben cgnh nhDng thanh tuu, thdi gian qua phat trien KTB va bao tdn tinh b i n vOng cDa bien Viet Nam cdn gap khdng ft thach thUe, han c h l . Neu khdng hoac cham khac phuc se &nh hudng rat Idn d i n ph&t triln hidu qu& va ben vOng, cung nhu kh& nang CNH- HDH cac nganh KTB b Viet Nam:
Mdt li, nhan thUc ve vai trd, vi tri cDa biln va KTB cDa cac cap, cac nganh, cac dia phUdng ven biln va ngUdi dan cdn chua day dD; quy md KTB cdn nhd be, chua tUdng xDng vdi tilm nang;
cd cau nganh nghe chua hdp ly;
chua chuan bi dieu kien de vUdn ra vDng biln qud'c te.
Hai li, cd sd ha tang cac vDng biln, ven bien va hai dao cdn manh mDn, thiet bj chUa dong bd nen hieu qu& sD dyng thap: Cac c&ng bien, thieu he thdng dudng bd cao tdc chgy dpe ven biln d l noi lien cac thanh pho, khu kinh te, KCN, san bay ven biln nhd be thanh mdt he thdng KTB lien hoan.
Bali,he thaig cac cd sd nghien cDu KHCN bien, dao tao nguon nhan li/c eho kinh te biln; cac ed sd quan trac, dy' bao, c&nh bao biln,
thien tai bien, cac trung tam tim kilm cDu hd, cDu ngn... d ven bien cdn nho be, trang bi Wid sd. Cae phUdng thDc qu&n ly biln mdi, tidn tiln edn cham dupe nghien cDu ap dyng nhU:
QLKG bien, quy hogeh sDdung bien bao g&m h&i dao va vung ven bien, gidng nhu QHSDD ap dung tren dat lien. Dgc biet, chUa chD trpng den nghien cDu cdng nghd biln tien tiln.
Bon la, tinh hinh khai thac, sD dyng bien va h&i d&o chUa hieu qu&, thieu bin vDng do khai thac tu phat, thieu hoac khdng tuan thD quy hoach biln, d&o, lam nay sinh nhieu mau thuan ldi ich trong sD dyng da nganh 6 vDng ven biln, bien va hai dao. Phydng thDc khai thac biln chD yeu v i n dudi hinh thDc s&n xuat va dau tu nho, sD dyng cdng nghe lac hau. Cdn nghidng ve Uu tien khai thac tai nguyen biln d dgng vat chat, khdng tai tao, cac gia tn chDc nang, phi vat chat va cd kha nang tai tao cDa cac he thong tai nguyen bien edn ft dupe chD trpng, nhU: Gia trj vj t h i cua cac m&ng khdng gian biln, ven biln va hai d&o; gia tri djch vy cDacac HST; tham chicac gi& trj van hda biln. C&ch tilp can ndng vol trong khai thac tai nguyen
biln dang la hien tupng pho biln d cae ITnh vyc kinh t l bien: ChD trpng nhilu d i n s&n IUdng, so IUdng, ft chD y d i n chit IUdng va ldi ich lau dai cDa cac dgng tai nguyen.
Nam li, mdi trUdng biln bj bien doi theo chieu hudng xau.
Ngay cang nhieu ehat th&i khdng qua xD ly tD e&e IUu vUc sdng va vung ven biln do ra biln, mdt s6 khu biln ven bd bj d nhiem, hien tupng thu^ trilu dd xuat hien ngay cang nhieu vdi quy md rdng.
Siu li, DDSH bien va ngudn Ipi thuy h&i s&n gi&m sDt Cac HST bien quan trpng bj suy thoai, bj mat habitat va bj thu hep didn tich.
cac quan dan ed xu hudng di chuyen ra xa bd hdn do thay doi c l u trDc hoan luu ven bien, thay doi tUdng tac sdng-bien 6 vung cDa sdng ven bd, do mat din 60%
noi cu tru ty nhidn quan trpng.
RNM mit kho&ng 15.000 ha/nam, khoang 80% RSH trong vung biln Viet Nam nam trong tinh trang rui ro, trong dd 50% 6 mUc cao, tinh trgng tren eung diln ra tUdng tU vdi TCB. Da cd kho&ng 100 loai h&i s&n cd mDc dp nguy elp khac nhau va tren 100 loai da dupe dUa vao Sach Dd Viet Nam.
8 Tdi nguyen vd Moi tru-dng | Kjf 1-Th^ng a/2019
Bay li, den nay bien, dao va vDng ven bien nUdc ta van chD y l u dUdc qu&n ly theo each tiep can md kieu "dien tu, ngU chung"
va ChD yeu qu&n ly theo nganh thdng qua cac luat phap, chinh sach nganh. Thilu c&c luat ed b&n v l biln de thye thi hieu qu& cdng tac QLNN TH&TN ve biln, h&i d&o. Dieu nay d i n den su chong cheo ve qu&n ly giDa eae bd, nganh v l biln, chfnh sach qu&n ly thilu ddng bd, trong cac luat hidn ed khdng ft dilm ehdng cheo, hieu lUe thi hanh thlp. Su tham gia cDa cdng ddng dia phUdng vao tien trinh quan iy edn rat thy ddng, chua lam rd v i n de sd hDu/SDD ven biln va mat nude bien cho ngudi dan dja phUdng ven bien.
Cdng tac kilm tra, kiem soat, cap va thu hoi giay phep sD dyng, khai thac tai nguyen biln,... cham dUde triln khai trong ITnh vUc qu&n ly tai nguyen bien.
7am li, ngoai thien tai biln xay ra thudng xuyen, Viet Nam cdn la mpt trong 5 nudc chju tac ddng manh me nhat cDa BDKH&NBD, trUdc h i t la vung ven bien va cac dao nhd.
Gi&i phap d l gd vUdng Khai thac, sD dung khdng gian biln hieu qua, lau ben tren cd sd tang cUdng QLTH TN,MTbien. TU dd lam can cD, cd sd phap ly d l eua eae bd, nganh va dja phUdng cd bien xay dung va dilu chinh eae quy hogeh, ke hoach cd lien quan d i n viec khai thac, sD dung khdng gian bien. Theo dd, pham vi khdng gian bao gom vDng d l t ven bien, vDng trdi, vDng bien va cac h&i dao cua Viet Nam. Pham vi thdi gian: Quy hoach dupe lap d i n nam 2050 va K l hogeh thyc hidn dd'i vdi mdi ky quy hogeh la 5 nam. Cac s&n pham cy the cua quy hogeh khdng gian bien dd la:
Djnh hudng b l trf sD dyng khdng gian bien cho cac hoat ddng trong eae vDng dlt ven bien, vDng
B&HD cDa Viet Nam, xac djnh cac vDng va phan vung sD dyng khdng gian biln; lap b&n do phan vung khdng gian biln; xay dyng va d l xuat cac giai phap thyc hien quy hogeh; danh gia mdi trUdng chien lupc cDa Quy hogeh khdng gian bien; b&n do Phan vung khdng gian bien qud'c gia d i n nam 2050:
tyia 1/1.000.000.
De dat dUde cac myc tieu va k i t qua du tinh nay, theo cac chuyen gia, hien, Viet Nam rat thieu cac "dD lieu d l u vao" eho viec xay dung quy hoach; dac biet dD iidu de tinh toan d mdi vDng cy the, thdi diem nao nen sD dyng vao muc dieh gi. Viec nay can ph&i "djnh lupng" cu the va cd tinh khoa hpc, khdng the quy hoach theo "djnh tfnh". Ben canh dd, van de ve edng nghe eung la mdt nguyen nhan h i t sDe quan trong nhU: C i n ph&i sD dyng phan mIm nao, tren h§ thong nao de cd the nhap cd sd dO lieu va cho ra mdt kit qu& cd dp chinh xac eao nhat cung la van de ra't lung tDng, chua tim dUdc cdng nghe phD hdp.
Tren t h i gidi da cd rat nhieu nudc xay dung thanh cdng quy hoach khdng gian bien nen v i n de cdng nghe khdng ph&i la nhan to khd khan. Cac chuyen gia thudc UNESCO da glDp nhieu nude xay dyng thanh cdng quy hoach khdng gian bien cd the d l xuat phan mem cdng nghd trong xii ly cac dD lieu, giDp cho viee xay dyng quy hoach khdng gian bien Vidt Nam.
Cdn ve thdng tin dD lieu dau vao, khdng ph&i qud'c gia nao xay dUng thanh cdng QHKG bien va quan tri tdt dgi dUdng eung ed day dD cd sd dO lieu, ma chi can xac djnh nhu'ng cd sd dD lieu nao la mau chdt, quan trpng nhlt de dUa vao thye hidn, sau dd se dan hoan chinh. Van de nay, phia UNESCO se giDp Viet Nam v l mat mdi cac
chuyen gia va c&c nha khoa hpc tap huan va gdi y nhDng van de can xac djnh trpng tam.
D I nhOng hd trd tD phia UNESCO di vao thuc chat va mang lai hieu qu& thilt thuc trong viec xay dung quy hogeh khdng gian biln Viet Nam, chuyen gia thudc ChUdng trinh dieu phoi bd phan Khoa hpc tu nhien cDa UNESSCO da de xua't y tudng ChUdng trinh hd trd thuc hidn quy hogeh khdng gian bien cho phfa Viet Nam vdi myc tieu cu the la:
Tang cUdng nang lye the chl trong ITnh vyc quan tri bien va QHKG bien; truyen thdng nang eao nhan thDc cDa cdng ding v l biln va dai dUdng; day mgnh hdp tac vdi dd'i tac tu nhan. Trong dd, neu rd 3 kit qua dy kien quan trpng dgt dupe:
Tang eUdng nang lye the che v l qu&n trj h&i dUdng va QHKG bien trong nUde; thilt lap he thing dD iidu khoa hpc cho quy hoach va qu&n ly biln va ven bien dUpc thanh lap; tang cUdng nang lUc ve QHKG bien va nang cao nhan thUc va bao ve TNTN bien.
Ddi vdi van de ky thuat cu the, se ho trd de dieu chinh cac phUPng phap, edng eu, hudng d i n cho quy hoach bien, ven biln, phD hdp vdi quy trinh lap ke hoach hien cd. Ho trp phat tnen edng cu hd trd ra quylt djnh de phan tich kjch b&n xu hudng thay doi TN&MT trong bdi e&nh tac ddng cDa BDKH, kjch ban ve nhu cau khai thac va sD dyng tai nguyen va b&o ve TNTN, kjch b&n cho su phat triln cDa nganh lien quan.
Hy vpng rang, vdi y tUdng de xuat kha cy t h i va sat vdi thye tiln khd khan va hoat ddng lap QHKG bien Viet Nam dang vudng mle, UNESCO cung cac chuyen gia hang dau tren the gidi se ho trp Viet Nam xay dUng dUdc QHKG biln va qu&n trj dai dUdng dat dUdc myc tieu mong mudn.B Tgi nguyen vd IVIdi tru'dng | Ky 1 - Thing 4/2019 Q
