SV THAM GIA CUA NGUdI DAN TRONG
H A N H C H I N HCONG - Y NGHIA
VA CAC HINH
THLTCCHU YEU
NGUYEN TRONG BINH ^' NGUYSN TRUNG TIN *"'
Torn tdu Vdi tit each la mot ngi dung coi loi cua qudn tri ddn chu, sU tham gia cua ngiidi ddn trong hanh chinh cong Id mgt chd de thu hut sU quan tdm cua gidi lanh dao, qudn ly cdng nhi£ cdc nhd nghien cihi hien nay. Bdi viet phan tich y nghia vd gid tri cua viec tdng citifng sU tham gia cua ngitdi ddn trong hanh chinh cong; dong thdi, neu len cdc hinh thiic tham gia cua ngiidi ddn trong hanh chinh cong.
Tit khoa: Si/ tham gia cua ngi/di ddn; hanh chinh cong; hinh thUc; y nghia.
Abstract: As a key content of democratic government, citizen participation in public administration is an issue that draws attention from leaders, managers and academia. This article analyzed the implications of enhancing citizen participation in public administration and clarified the forms of citizen participation.
Keywords: Citizen participation; public administration; form; implication.
Ngdy nhan bdi: 08/7/2018; Ngdy s^a bdi: 25/8/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi:29/12/2018.
Neu hanh chinh cdng truyen thd'ng coi nhe sii tham gia cda ngUdi dan (STGCND), thi quan tri cdng hien dai rd't coi trgng STGCND, coi day la mdt nhdn to' khdng the thie'u de dam bao tinh hieu qua cua quan tri cdng. Su tham gia cua ngUdi ddn trong hanh chinh cdng la ta't ca hanh vi va hoat ddng cua ngUdi dan va eac to ehfle dai dien cua ngudi dan thdng qua the chd' (ehinh thflc va hdp phap) de gay anh hudng de'n qua trinh chinh sach va hoat dgng phuc vu cdng cua cac ed quan hanh chinh nha nU6c.
Vdi nhieu hinh thflc tham gia khdc nhau, STGCND cd y nghia quan trgng dd'i vdi ea nhan cdng dan, xa hgi, chinh tri va quan ly hanh chinh cdng.
1. Y nghia cua sfl thatn gia cua ngifcfi d a n trong h a n h chinh cong
Sfl tham gia eua ngudi dan cd y nghia Q l NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHH
ve nhieu mat, ed the khai quat y nghia va t^m quan trgng eua viec tang cUdng sU STGCND trong hanh ehinh cdng qua mdt sd' phudng dien chu ye'u sau:
Tha nhat, sa tham gia gdp phdn thUc hien quyen cua moi cd nhan vd phdt trien ndng hie cua cd nhan cong ddn. Dieu nay dUdc the hidn d mdt so' khia canh ehu yd'u.
Mgt la, sU tham gia gdp ph^n bao dam vide thuc hien quyen cdng dan. Thong qua su tham gia, giiip ngudi dan hi^u dUde vi tri, vai trd xa hdi eung nhu quyen ldi va nghia vu cua ban thdn; tfl dd, tao ra ddng cd tham gia va thdng qua sii tham gia d^
thfle hien quye^n cdng dan. Hai Id, vdi tfl each ngudi lam chu, su tham gia lam eho mdi ea nhan cdng dan thuc hidn su kie'm soat cua minh dd'i vdi ddi sd'ng chinh tri -
"Hoc vien Chinh tri khu VUC rV TP O^nTi, ' > TrUdng Chinh tri thanh phd' Cin Tho
SO ^2019
NGUYEN TRONG BINH, NGUYEN TRUNG TIN sa hdi. C.Pateman cho rang: "Chi khi cd cd
hoi tham gia vao cdc chinh saeh trong ddi sd'i^ xa hdi hoac Ifla chgn ngUdi dai dien phu hdp vdi y nguyen cua minh, thi ca nhan cdng dan mdi co the kiem soat dUdc cugc sdiig va sU phat trien cua ban than""*. Ba Id, sU tham gia gdp phan nang cao trach nhidm cua cdng dan. Sfl tham gia la mgt nhan to' quan trgng gdp phan hinh thanh va phat tridn y thflc trach nhidm xa hdi cua cdng dan. Bdi vi, STGCND trong cdc khau cua qua trinh quan ly hanh chinh la mdt qua trinh xa hgi hda chinh tri; ban than nd cCmg la qua trinh giao due va tfl giao due. Dieu nay gop phan hinh thanh thai do, to' cha't tam ly, tri thflc va ky nang phu hdp eda ca nhan cdng dan trong sinh hoat dan chu.
Chinh vi vay, JameS Bohman eho rang:
"Cot loi cua vide phat trien va phuc hUng tinh th^n cdng dan chinh Id lam cho hg ed tanh cam tham gia manh me hdn doi vdi cac va'n de chung d cd sd, lam cho ngUdi dan cd quyen phat ngdn Idn hdn trong cdc cdng viec lien quan de'n eudc sd'ng cua hg"'^'. Boh la, sfl tham gia gdp phan thiic hidn ldi ich eua ngudi dan. Trong ehe' do dan chu dai nghi, do nhieu nguyen nhan nen dai bieu ddn ed hoac ngfldi dai dien nhilu khi ehUa thflc hidn td't vai trd ngUdi dai dien eho y chi va hao vd ldi ich cua cdng dan hoac ed tri. Do do, sfl tham gia true tidp eua ngUdi ddn vao qua trinh hanh chinh cdng se giup ngUdi dan thd hidn tdt hdn nhu c^u, nguyen vgng va ldi ich cua minh. Ndm Id, sU tham gia gdp phan boi dUdng nang lUc kiem soat chinh tri cua cdng ddn. Cd y kien cho rang "Viec ngudi dan tham gia rgng rai va cd chieu sau 6 ed sd lam eho hg cd dUde ed hdi nhieu hdn trong thflc hanh dan chu ciing nhU bdi
S£ 4-2019
dudng nang lue kiem soat ehinh tri. Vide ngudi dan tham gia d ca'p do thd'p giup hg ed thd phan doan td't hdn vd'n de vi md ciia da't nUdc va tham gia ed hieu qua hdn doi vdi nhiing ehinh sach d pham vi qud'c gia"*^'. Sdu la, sfl tham gia tang eudng tinh cam hieu qua chinh tri cua cdng dan.
Tinh cam hieu qua chinh tri la mdt cam gide ma ngudi dan cd dUdc khi ngudi dan cam thay sU tham gia cua ban than da tao ra sU anh hudng that sU dd'i vdi qua trtnh hanh chinh cdng va ket qua eua qua trtnh hanh ehinh cdng, tfl dd hg tfl nguydn dam nhan td't hdn, nhieu hdn trach nhiem cua minh dd'i vdi cdng dong vd tham gia tieh efle hdn vao qua trinh ehinh tri ciing nhfl qua trinh hanh ehinh cdng. Gabriel A. Almond va Viba eho rang, "tinh cam hieu qua chinh tri va sfl tham gia cd md'i quan he tich cflc vdi nhau. Dd'i vdi ca nhan cdng ddn, linh vfle tham gia eua hg cang nhieu thi tinh cam hidu qua chinh tri cdng cao"''*'.
Tha hai, sa tham gia co y nghia quan trgng doi vdi sa dn dinh vd phdt trien xd hgi. Su tham gia cd y nghia quan trgng dd'i vdi sfl 6n dinh va phat tri^n xa hdi ciing nhfl gdp phan thfle hien cdng bang xa hdi.
Mot la, sfl tham gia gdp ph^n d'n dinh xa hdi. Vdi trinh tfl nha't dinh, ngfldi dan cd the tfl do the hidn quan diem va nguydn vgng eua minh, ling nghe y kien ciia ngfldi khac, cha't va'n dd'i vdi y kie'n khae.
Thdng qua sfl tham gia cd the hinh thanh
"•* C. P a t e m a n (2006), Ly ludn tham gia vd d&n chu, Nxb. N h a n dSn ThUdng Hai, Trung Quoc, t r . l 0 3 . P> J a m e S Bohman (2006), Hiep thUOng vd biin luan cong - tinh phiic tap cua chii nghia da nguyen vd ddn chu, Nxb. Bien dicb Trung Udng, Trung Quo:, t r . l 6 . '^' Tran Hifi'u (2006), "TL( tham gia den biep thifdng - trien vong ciia ly luan dan chu", Tap c\dHoc thuat, so 8.
<*' C. P a t e m a n (2006), Ly luan tham gia vd ddn chu, Nxb. N h a n dan ThUdng Hai, Trung Quoc, tr. 103.
NHAN IOC KHOA HOC XA Hdl Q
nen bau khdng khi hdp tdc, khoan dung, han ehe' sfl xung dot xa hgi, tfl dd cd ldi cho viec duy tri on dinh xa hdi. "Sfl tham gia cua ngUdi dan lam cho mdi ea nhan bieu biet va tdn trgng Idn nhau, tao ra b^u khdng khi hdp tac ma khdng phai la xung dot, tfl dd tuc day sfl doan ket ehinh tri va tieh hdp xa hgi"*^*. Dae biet, sfl tham gia cdn gdp phan han che' sfl xung dot, ba't dn khdng dang ed do bat nguon tfl sfl thie'u cdng khai, minh bach va dan ehd trong qua trinh hoat dgng eua cd quan hanh chinh nha nfldc. Hai la, sfl tham gia eda ngfldi dan gdp phan phdt trien td ehfle xa hgi, thue day tich hdp nguon luc cda xa hdi. Ve ban chd't, STGCND la vide nha nude trao quyen cho xa hdi va ngUdi dan de tfl dd phat huy td't nguon lUe, sflc manh cua xa hdi va ngudi dan trong quan ly cdng. Den lUdt nd, sU tham gia lai thiic d^y sU phat trien cua cae to chflc xa hdi, tang eUdng mflc do to ehflc hda eda xa hdi, phat trien vd'n xa hdi, tfl dd thue ddy sU tieh hdp ve mat nguon lUe cua xa hdi de giai quyd't cac van de xa hdi va cung flng dich vu cdng. Thdng qua sfl hdp tac va trd giup lan nhau gifla nha nude va cac doan the xa hdi ed the phat huy mdt cdch toi da cac nguon lUe xa hdi. Ba la, sU tham gia cd ldi cho viec hinh thanh va phat trien y thfle tap thd, y thflc cdng dong. Su tham gia khdng chi lam cho ngUdi dan nhan thflc rd hdn quyen va trach nhiem eua ban than, ma cdn lam eho ngfldi dan thfla nhan va tdn trgng dd'i vdi quyen, ldi ich eua ngfldi khac va ldi ich cua tap the. Do dd, sfl tham gia gdp phan boi dUdng tinh th^n hflu nghi, tinh cam vdi ngfldi khac, hinh thanh d ngfldi dan sfl tdn trgng dd'i vdi ngfldi khac, qua dd nang cao y thflc cdng dong cua cae thanh vien trong xa hgi.
Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdl
Boh la, sfl tham gia gdp ph^n thuc day cdng bang xa hdi. Sfl tham gia nhd'n manh vide dam bao de mdi ngfldi dan, mdi nhdm, nha't la eac nhdm ye'u the' gay anh hUdng dd'i vdi cae ehinh saeh cd lien quan de'n ldi ich va cugc sd'ng cda minh. Chinh vi the, sU tham gia gdp phan thflc hien sU cdng bang ca ve chinh tri va kinh te', lam cho nhdm ye'u the' cd thd tham gia ed hieu qua hdn vao qua trinh phan bo nguon lUc, ciing nhu thu hudng td't hdn ket qua eua phat tridn va chinh sach.
Tha ba, sU tham gia co y nghia quan trgng doi vdi to chac vd hoat dong cua hanh chinh cong. Su tham gia eua ngudi dan trong hanh chinh cdng cd tac dung bd' sung cho mgt sd' han che, thie'u sdt eua dan chu dai dien ciing nhU tang cUdng vai trd kiem sodt va giam sat cua ngfldi dan dd'i vdi hanh chinh nha nUdc. Dieu nay dUdc the hien d mgt sd' phUdng dien chu ye'u: Mgt la, sU tham gia gdp ph^n tang cudng tinh dai dien va tinh dap flng cua cac cd quan hanh nha nUde. Thdng qua nhieu hinh thflc khac nhau, STGCND gitip cho ldi ich cua eac tang 16p dan cU dUde quan tam va bao ve td't hdn, lam cho chinh sach cdng phu hdp vdi nhu c^u cua dai da so' nhdn dan, lam cho hanh vi va chinh sach cua cac ed quan cdng quyen phan anh ldi ich eua dai da so' nhan dan va dap flng nhu e^u cua ngUdi dan. Hai Id, sfl tham gia bo^ sung eho mgt so thie'u sdt eua dan chu dai dien, tang cudng sfl tfldng tae gifla cac cd quan hanh chinh va ngUdi dan. Dan chd dai dien nha'n manh vide ngUdi dan thdng qua b4u cd dd' hinh thanh nen cd quan dai dien va ngudi dai dien d^
'^' Dang Hien Minh (2007), "Phan h>h L nguili dan trong h a n h chinh conj^' Tsr, 1, V f " ^ " "
na luat, so 2. "^ ' ' " H ™ ffanft cMnA
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NGUYEN TRONG BINH, NGUYEN TRUNG TIN thiic hien ehflc nang quan ly xa hdi. Tren
thiic te, trong md thflc din chu dai nghi, ngfldi dan chi cd quy^n liic thUe sU khi tham gia b^u cd, cdn trong khoang thdi gian gifla hai ky hau ed thi quyen liic va sii kiem soat cda ngfldi dan thfldng ra't y^u, chi cd ngfldi dai dien mdi la ngfldi cd anh hudng that sfl dd'i vdi chinh tri. Chinh vi vay, ben canh dan chd gidn tie'p, can tang cUdng dan chu trflc tie'p thdng qua STGCND de ngfldi dan gay anh hudng tdi qua trinh hanh chinh cdng, giam sat va kiem sat ngUdi dai dien cung nhU nang cao tinh trach nhiem cua eac cd quan hanh ehinh nha nUdc. "Sii tham gia ciia ngfldi dan gdp phan hd sung cho sU khdng day du cua dan chu dai nghi. Su tham gia cua ngudi dan co tae dung che' Udc chinh tri tinh anh, ngan ngfla ngadi dai dien trd thanh dau sd chinh tri, lam cho chinh tri tinh anh va chinh tri dai chung tUdng tac vdi nhau va bd sung lan nhau"'^l Ba la, sU tham gia bd sung cho thie'u sdt cua bd phieu. Quy tac bd phieu theo da so' la mdt quy tac ed ban cua dan chu dai nghi. Khi mgt ehinh sach cdng nao dd khdng ed sfl nhat tn ve y kien, ngUdi ta thudng thdng qua quy tic da so' phid'u de quye't dinh.
Dig'u nay rd't dd di n de'n vide da sd' sd' xam hai ldi ich cua thieu so' ngUdi. Chinh vi viy, sii tham gia mdt each tU do va binh dang se eho phep tid'ng ndi eua nhdm thieu so dfldc Iang nghe, ldi ich cua nhdm thieu so dUdc bao ve. "Thdng qua sU tham gia thao ludn, hidn luan dly du cua ngUdi dan CO thd bd sung eho mdt so' thie'u sdt cua bd phieii va nguyen tae da sd"*''*. Boh la, sU tham gia ed tdc dung tang cUdng sU kidm scat cda ngUdi dan dd'i vdi hanh ehinh cong. Rutxd khing dinh mdi quan he chat che gifla sU tham gia va kidm soat cung Sif 4-2919
nhu mdi quan he gifla sU tham gia, kidm soat vdi tu do. 6ng cho rang, chi khi mgi ngudi phuc tung phap luat do ban than minh quy dinh nen thi mgi ngUdi mdi cd thd cd tu do. Ddng thdi, de cd tU do cung can phai Idem sodt d mflc do nha't dinh ciia ea nhan ddi vdi ngUdi thuc thi phdp luat va ngUdi dai dien. Cd y kid'n eho rang: "PhUdng thflc truyd'n thd'ng khdng the flng phd cd hieu qua vdi sU md rgng cua quydn lUe hanh chinh ciing nhU quyen tuy nghi cua ed quan hanh chinh. Su tham gia ciia ngUdi dan cd ldi eho vide bao ve quyen va ldi ich hdp phap cua cdng ddn cung nhu ngan ngiia cd quan hanh chinh xam pham quyen va ldi ieh hdp phap cua cdng dan"^®.
Tha tii, sa tham gia co y nghia quan trgng doi vdi viec ndng cao hieu qua vd chat liidng hoat dgng cua hanh chinh cong. Viec tang cudng STGCND cd y nghia quan trgng dd'i vdi vide nang eao hidu qua va cha't lUdng hoat ddng cda hanh chinh cdng, cu the la: 1) sU tham gia gdp phin giai quyd't cd hieu qua cdc va'n de cdng (vd'n de xa hdi). Su tham gia eua ngUdi dan la mdt ed che' quan trgng cua quan ly cdng hien dai, ciing la mdt nguon Iflc ra't quan trgng eua xa hdi. Cd thd ndi, trong hien tai va tUdng lai, viec giai quyd't cd hidu qua cac vd'n de xa hdi can dfla tren sU tham gia tieh cUe va cd hieu qua cua ngUdi dan; 2) sU tham gia gdp phan nang cao eha't lUdng chinh sach do cac cd quan hanh chinh nha nUdc ban hanh. Thdng qua
<«' Tran Hoach Huy va dong sU (2008), "Su phuc hUng cua ly luan tham gia dan chu dUdng dai". Tap chi Dai hocHa Mdn, so 6.
'"" T r i n Hoach Huy va d6ng sU (2008), "Su phuc hUng cua ly luan tham gia dan chu dUdng dai", Tap chi Bai hoc Ha Mdn, so 6.
'^'' Ninh Minh An (2004), "Su tham gia cua ngUdi dan va h a n h chmh phap quyIn", Tap chi phdp hoc Trung Quoc, s6' 2.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hfil g ]
STGCND, chinh phu ed thd tiep nhan dUde nhieu loai thdng tin va tri thfle eua ca nhan va td ehfle tfl hen ngoai de lam cd sd cho vide Ifla chgn ehinh saeh, gdp phan han chd' sfl sai lam eua chinh sach va nang cao cha't Ifldng ehinh sach. "Quye't sach khoa hge can tich hdp day du ldi ich cua cac ben, ed dfldc thdng tin dly du. Sii tham gia eua ngudi dan lam eho ed quan hanh chinh nam bat dUde dly du hdn nguydn vgng va mong muoh eua ngudi dan, cdn ngUdi dan cd thd diia vao phUdng thfle trUe tie'p hdn de chuydn hda nhflng mong mud'n, ldi ich cua minh thanh chinh saeh cdng. Ta't ea dieu nay deu cd ldi cho viec nang cao tinh khoa hgc cua chinh saeh va nang eao cha't Ifldng chinh sach"'^';
3) sU tham gia gdp phin thiic thi cd hieu qua ehinh sach. Viee cac cd quan hanh chinh coi trgng va phat huy STGCND se nang eao mflc do ti^p nhan chinh sach cua ngUdi dan, tfl dd nang eao hidu qua thuc thi ehinh saeh. Theo John Thomas, viec mdi ngudi dan tham gia vao qua trtnh hoach dinh ehinh sach cd the lam eho nha quan ly tieu hao lUdng thdi gian nha't dinh, nhUng dieu nay lai ed tac dung giam thidu thdi gian khi thiic thi ehinh sach.
"Vide dam bao sU tham gia cua cac dd'i tUdng cd lien quan vao giai doan dau eua chu trinh chinh sach cang ed kha nang nhan dUdc sfl ung hd rgng Idn eua ngUdi dan, tfl dd thuc day viec thflc thi cd hieu qua quye't saeh hdnh ehinh"'^°*. Cd the cho rang, "Khi cac cd quan hanh ehinh iang nghe tie'ng ndi eua ngUdi dan, doanh nghiep va xa hgi, dong thdi khi ban hanh ehinh sach va thflc thi chinh saeh hdp tac vdi ngUdi dan, doanh nghidp va xa hdi thi hanh vi hanh chi'nh cang trd nen hidu qua hdn"*"'; 4) su tham gia gdp phan nang eao Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
hidu qua va chat Iddng phuc vu cdng. Sfl tham gia lam da dang hda ngu6n Iflc diu vao va td'i da hda hidu qua d i u ra cua phuc vu cdng. Chang han, sfl tham gia cda cac doan the, cac to chflc tfl nguyen, to ehfle tfl quan vao hoat ddng cung flng dich vu cdng d cd sd se lam tang idn ngudn Iflc dIu vao eho phuc vu cdng, md rgng dau ra eda phuc vu cdng, giam nhe ap Iflc ve nhan Iflc, tai Iflc cho cae cd quan hanh chinh nha nUde, han che' tinh trang cham trd va hieu qua tha'p trong hoat ddng cung flng dich vu cda chinh quyen; 5) sii tham gia gdp phan cung ed' niem tin cua ngfldi dan ddi vdi cdc ed quan hanh chinh nha nude. Niem tin cua ngUdi dan dd'i vdi cac cd quan hanh chinh nha nUde dUde quye't dinh bdi cac ye'u td' khac nhau. Su tham gia cua ngUdi dan the hidn tinh dan chu, tinh cdng khai, minh bach cua qua trtnh quan ly cdng, vi the' nd gdp phIn ndng cao nang lUc quan tri eua cac cd quan hanh ehinh nha nude, tfl do gdp phIn lam cho eac cd quan hanh chinh duy trt va tao ra nhieu gia tri cdng. Tat ca dieu nay se gdp phIn cung ed' niem tin eua ngfldi dan ddi vdi eac cd quan hanh ehinh.
2. Cac hinh thiic t h a m gia c u a ngitcri d a n trong hanh chinh cong
Hien nay, xung quanh cac hmh thflc tham gia cua ngUdi ddn trong hanh chinh cdng vln cdn nhieu quan diem va y kid'n khac nhau. Tren ed sd tham chie'u mdt sd' ly luan hien dai v$ STGCND, nha't la "md
<^> Ly Quang Huy (2007), "Phan tich aU tham gia c i a
i^at Lam, TrUdngXudn, tr 5 "
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NGUYEN TRONG BINH, NGUYEN TRUNG TIN hinh tham gia quye't sach cd hieu qua"*^^'
cua John Thomas, cd thd dUa ra sU phan loai v^ lunh thflc tham gia eua ngUdi dan trong quan ly cdng nhu sau:
Tha nhat, hinh thac tham gia cda i^iM ddn lay doi thoai binh ddng lam muc dich. Ddi thoai vdi tU each mgt hinh thflc phat huy STGCND trong hanh chinh cdng thudng dUdc sd dung vao nhieu trudng hdp khdc nhau, nhU: Nlm bat tam tu, nguyen vgng cua ngUdi dan eung nhU cae y kien, kien nghi cua ngUdi dan trong qua trinh hoach dinh va thiic thi chinh sach. Ddi thoai ed the dUde sd dung dinh 1^ hoac khdng dinh ky; cd the to ehflc dd'i thoai vdi dai dien cua hd gia dinh, ngfldi dan; hoac ddi thoai vdi mdt nhdm, dd'i tfldng nha't dinh, nhU dd'i thoai vdi phu nfl, dd'i thoai vdi thanh nien... d nUdc ta, hoat ddng dd'i thoai cua ed quan hdnh chinh vdi ngudi dan da dUdc quy dinh tai dieu 125, Luat Td chflc ehinh quyen dia phfldng nam 2015.
Tha hai, cdc hinh thac tham gia cua nguifi ddn lay ti^'p nhan thong tin chinh sdch Idm muc dich. Cac hinh thflc tham gia nay cd muc dich chu yd'u la tie'p nhan thdng tin phue vu cho hoach dinh va thfle thi chinh saeh cua eac cd quan hanh chinh. Cling nhu tiep nhan y kien phan hdi cua ngfldi dan vd' cha't lUdng cung flng dich vu cdng cda eac cd quan hanh chinh. Theo dd, hmh thflc tham gia lay tie'p nhan thdng tin chinh saeh gom cae hinh thflc sau: Mot Id, tham do y kien cua ngiM ddn.
Cd nghia la, cdc cd quan hanh chinh nha nUdc ed the thdng qua hop thU didn td, dien thoai, khao sat, cdng thdng tin dien td, trao dd'i tnic tid'p vdi ea nhdn ngUdi dan de tim hidu, nam bat thai do va quan didm ciia ngUdi dan dd'i vdi cac va'n de lien
quan de'n chinh sach eung nhU y kid'n, kid'n nghi cda ngUdi dan dd'i vdi cha't lUdng phuc vu cdng d dia phUdng. Hai la, cdc cd quan hanh chinh tiep xuc vdi dai dien cua ngudi ddn. Cd ngMa la nha quan ly cdng tham vd'n va trUng cau y kien eua dai dien ngUdi dan hoac ngUdi dflng dau eac doan the nhan dan ve nhflng va'n de cd lien quan de'n quan ly cdng d dia phUdng. Hinh thfle nay yeu clu nha quan ly hoac can bd ehinh quyen neu van de nao do vdi dai didn cua ngfldi dan, sau dd tie'p nhan va tdng hdp y kid'n cua hg de phuc vu cho viec hoach dinh chinh saeh va dfl an. Ba Id, ngiidi ddn chu dgng tie'p xuc vdi cdc cd quan hanh chinh. Hinh thflc ngfldi dan chu ddng tiep xuc vdi ed quan hanh ehinh ed nghia la ngUdi dan hoac td chflc dai dien cda ngfldi ddn thdng qua cae each thflc nha't dinh de chd ddng tid'p xuc vdi ehinh quyen, qua dd thd hidn y kie'n ve nhflng va'n de lien quan cd lidn quan. O nude ta, vide ngUdi dan chu ddng tie'p xuc vdi chinh quyen dUdc thiic hidn thdng qua nhieu each nhU: 1) qua ddn thU phan anh, kid'n nghi, bao cao phan bien; 2) qua khieu nai va td' cdo; iii) qua dien thoai "dudng day ndng"; 3) qua hop thU didn td; 4) qua hoat ddng tie'p cdng ddn... Bon Id, hinh thac triing cau y kien theo chuyen de dot vdi nhom nho. TrUng eau y kie'n theo chuyen de dd'i vdi nhom nhd la mdt hinh thflc thudng dUdc cd quan hanh ehinh sd dung khi hoach dinh chinh sach va xay dung ke' hoach, du an. Thdng thUdng dai dien cd quan hanh chinh lam viec vdi cae nhdm ed quan diem va dinh hUdng ldi ich khae nhau dd'i vdi vd'n de chinh sach de
"^* J.C.Thoma,"Public Participation in Public Decisions - New SkiDs and Strategies for Public Managers", San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1995.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI ^
Iang nghe, trao doi vdi hg ve van d^
ehinh sach. Thanh phan dUdc ehinh quyen mdi thao luan khdng phai dUde chgn nglu nhien ma la do chinh quyen hoac cac to ehflc dai dien eua ngUdi dan chi dinh. Ndm Id, tham gia qua mang internet vd chinh quyen dien ta. Su phat trien cdng nghe thdng tin va mang internet da tao di^u kien thuan ldi dd ngUdi ddn tUdng tac thu^n ldi vdi cae cd quan hanh chinh. Su phat trien cua cdng nghe thdng tin va viec tang eUdng van dung cdng nghe thdng tin vao khu viic cdng da tao dieu kien thuan ldi de xdy dUng chinh quyen dien td. De'n lUdt nd, viec xay dflng ehinh quyen dien td giup ehinh quyen cung ea'p thdng tin nhanh chdng cho ngUdi ddn, cung nhu thiic hien
"dan ehu dien tii". Theo dd, ngudi ddn cd the thdng qua mang internet, cong thdng tin dien td de tie'p xuc vdi cdc ed quan hanh ehinh, tham gia thao luan, tranh luan, phan bien va eho y kie'n doi vdi chinh saeh, dU an eung nhu cae van de cd lien quan dd'n eudc sd'ng eua ngUdi dan.
NgUdi ddn eung cd the thdng qua mang internet, cong thdng tin dien td dd giam sdt, danh gia hidu qua va cha't lUdng phuc vu cdng cua cd quan hanh chinh.
Sdu Id, cdng khai thong tin cua co quan hanh chinh nhd nitdc. Cdng khai thdng tin la viec ed quan hanh ehinh nha nUdc va cd quan cd lidn quan cdng khai eho ngUdi dan va xa hdi ve thdng tin md minh cd dUde eung nhU nhflng thdng tin lien quan de'n hoat ddng cda chinh quyen. Cdng khai, minh bach trong hoat ddng cua ed quan hanh chinh la cd s6 de bao dam "quyen dUde bidt" cua ngUdi dan, tfl dd thuc diy STGCND trong quan ly cdng. Cac ed quan hanh chinh thdng
^ NHto LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdl
qua mang internet, cdng thdng tin didn td va cac phUdng thfle khac dd cdng khai thdng tin cho ngUdi dan mot mat nham bao dam "quyen dUdc bie't" cua ngUdi dan, phat huy vai trd giam sat cua ngUdi ddn, gdp phIn ngan ngfla tham nhung va ldi ich nhdm; mat khdc, giiip ngUdi dan nam bat kip thdi cae thdng tin lien quan de'n hoat ddng cua ed quan hanh chinh, tfl dd tham gia cd hieu qua vao qua trinh quan ly cdng.
Tha ba, cdc hinh thac tham gia cua ngiidi ddn lay tdng cadng sa ung hg cua ngadi ddn doi vdi chinh sdch, da dn lam muc dich. Viec cd quan hanh ehinh nha nUde Ilia chgn hinh thflc tham gia phii hdp nham tang cUdng sU ung hd cda ngudi dan dd'i vdi chinh sach cd y nghia rat quan trgng. Cac hinh thflc tham gia cua ngudi dan nham mue dich tang CUdng mflc do tie'p nhan chinh sach, dfl an cua ngfldi dan bao gom: Mgt Id, hgi nghi cong ddn. Hdi nghi cdng dan dfldc hieu la trflde mdt va'n de chinh sach hoae dfl an nao dd, chinh quyen thdng qua viec td chflc hgi nghi cdng dan de trao dd'i vd" chinh sach va tao dieu kidn de ngfldi dan neu len kie'n nghi ehinh sach. Hdi nghi cdng dan rd't thich hdp khi cd quan hanh chinh mud'n thdng tin cho ngfldi ddn ve ehinh saeh, giai trinh ehinh saeh cung nhfl nlm bat y kie'n, kid'n nghi cua ngfldi dan. Hai Id, tham vdn vd Iang nghe y kien. Khi cd quan hanh ehinh xay dung chinh sach, dfl an cd lien quan de'n ldi ich cua nhieu ngudi dan thi ne'u chi nam bat y kie'n cua ngUdi dan va giai thich cho ngudi dan la chua du. Luc nay can td chflc tham vd'n va Ung nghe I kien eua^dai didn ngudi dan dd Idng nghe quan diem, y kie'n va kie'n nghi eua hg,
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NGUYEN TRONG BINH, NGUYEN TRUNG TIN sau dd dUa ra phUdng an chinh sach phii
hdp nham dam hao sU hai hoa ve mat ldi ich giiia cac ben. Tham va'n va Iang nghe y kien la hinh thfle dfldc sxi dung rgng rai ca trong hoach dinh chinh sach va thiie thi chinh sdch. Ba Id, uy ban tii vd'n cm cdng ddn. Uy ban Tu va'n cua cdng dan do dai dien cda cdng dan hoac to chiic dai dien eua cong dan hinh thanh nen. Uy ban nay cd vai trd tU va'n va ki^n nghi doi vdi ed quan hanh chinh ve cac va'n de ed lien quan de'n chinh sdch.
Chang han, de phuc vu cho viec ban hanh mgt chinh sach hay dU an cdng phiic tap nao do, cd quan hanh chinh co thd thanh Idp uy han tU va'n gom eac chuyen gia, nha khoa hgc, nha quan ly, dai didn eac to chflc doan the va ngfldi dan de iang nghe y kie'n tfl va'n eua hg.
Tha ta, cdc kinh thac tham gia cua ngudi ddn lay phdt trien vd tdng ciidng nang lUc ta tri, ta qudn cua ngiidi ddn lam muc dich. Tfl tri, tfl quan d ed sd chinh la viec ngfldi dan xua't phat tfl nhiing va'n de lien quan de'n ldi ich cua minh de tham gia tich cflc vao cac cdng riec chung d cd sd va khu dan cfl. Cac hinh thflc tham gia la'y phat tridn nang lUc tu tri, tu quan cua ngUdi dan lam muc dich bao gom: Mot la, hoat dgng giam sdt cua cdc to chac do ngadi ddn lap nen. 6 nhieu nUde, ngfldi dan ed the thdng qua eac cd quan do minh cd ra de thUc hien vai trd giam sdt triic tie'p eua minh. 6 nude ta, Ban Thanh tra Nhan ddn va Ban Giam sat dau tU cua cdng ddng cd thd xem la cac td chflc dd ngUdi dan thflc hien chflc nang giam sat trflc tid'p cua minh d ed sd. Hai la, neu sdng kiih vd phuc quyet. Neu sang kie'n chinh sach va phuc quye't (ngfldi dan thflc hien SJ} 4-2919
quyen quye't dinh dd'i vdi va'n de hoae cdng vide quan trgng d cd sd) la mgt hinh thflc tham gia cua ngfldi dan dfldc nhieu nfldc thflc hien nham tang cfldng STGCND trong hanh ehinh cdng. Neu sang kien ehinh sdch cd nghia la vide ngfldi dan ndu len sang kien vd' ban hanh hay sda ddi, dieu ehinh mdt chinh sdch nao dd. Viec neu sang kien chinh saeh ed the dfldc thflc hien thdng qua nhieu hinh thflc khac nhau. Chang han nhfl: Ca nhan ngUdi dan thiic hien quyen neu sang kie'n cung cd thd do cdc td chflc dai dien cua ngfldi dan thfle hien quyen neu sang kie'n; eung cd the thdng qua phfldng thfle gdi van ban trflc tie'p hoac thdng qua cdng thdng tin dien td. Cdn phuc quye't dfldc hieu la vide ngfldi dan thflc hien quyen quyet dinh dd'i vdi mgt so cdng viec quan trgng cd lien quan de'n ldi leh va cugc sd'ng cua minh d cd sd ciing nhfl thd hien sii ung hg hay khdng ung hd dd'i vdi dfl thao chinh sach hay viec thfle hien mdt chinh saeh nao do d ed sd.
d nude ta, quyen quyd't dinh eua ngUdi dan d ed sd dUde quy dinh kha rd tai Dieu 10, Phap Idnh thiic hien dan ehu d xa, phudng, thi trd'n nam 2007. Ba Id, hdp tdc giaa chinh quyen vd ngUdi ddn trong cung ang dich vu cong. Trong quan niem truydn thd'ng, dich vu cdng Id do chinh quyen san xua't va cung flng, cdn ngfldi dan chi la "ngUdi tieu dung" hang hoa va dich vu cdng. Khac vdi quan niem truyen thd'ng, quan tri cdng hien dai coi ngUdi dan va cae td ehflc cua cdng dan (doan thd nhan dan) la mdt trong nhflng chu the tham gia hdp tdc vdi cd quan hanh chinh trong cung flng dich vu cdng.
Ndi cu the, dd la vide ngfldi dan tham gia ddng gdp nguon lUc mdt each tU nguyen
N H A N LUG KHOA HOC XA HOI Q
de cflng vdi chinh quyen xay dflng cd sd ha t i n g kinh te' - xa hgi, cung nhU hdp tae vdi ehinh quyen trong giai quye't cac va'n de xa hdi, nhU: Bao ve mdi trUdng, gifl gin an ninh trat tU... Ngoai ra, ed quan hanh chinh cd the thdng qua hdp ddng va tai trd dd phat huy sU tham gia cda cac td' chflc tu nguyen eua ngfldi dan trong cung flng dich vu cdng. Boh Id, hoat dgng tinh nguyen vd tU qudn. Hoat ddng tinh nguydn do ngudi ddn va eac td ehfle eua ngUdi ddn d cd sd thiic hien cung la mdt hinh thflc tham gia eua ngfldi ddn trong quan ly cdng. Theo do, thdng qua cdc hoat ddng tinh nguydn do cac doan the td ehflc, ngfldi dan cd thd tham gia vao eac hoat dgng bao ve mdi trfldng, xay dung cd sd ha ting, an sinh xa hdi... Cdn tfl quan d ed sd ed nghia la ngfldi ddn tfl nguyen cam ket thflc hien cae nhiem vu, trach nhiem cua minh do hfldng udc, quy Udc neu len. Tu quan eon bao gdm viec ngUdi ddn thdng qua cae to, ddi, nhdm tham gia quan ly cae cdng vide b khu dan cu, d ed sd.
La mdt yeu eau khdng the thie'u cda hanh ehinh cdng hien dai, STGCND khdng chi cd y nghia dd'i vdi ca nhdn cdng ddn, dd'i vdi sU dn dinh va phat trien xa hdi, ma cdn ed y nghia quan trgng dd'i vdi chinh tri ddn chu va hanh ehinh dan chu.
Trong hanh ehinh cdng, STGCND cd the dUde thUe hien thdng qua nhieu hinh thflc khac nhau, tuy muc dich cua hoat ddng tham gia, md nha quan ly cdng cd the Ifla chgn hinh thflc phu hdp. Hien nhien, sfl phan loai hinh thfle tham gia eua ngfldi dan chi mang y nghia tfldng dd'i. De dam bao phat huy hieu qua, cdc hinh thflc tham gia can dUde the ehe hda thanh phap luat, mat khae cac cd quan g ] NHAN LUC KHOA HOC X A H n
hanh chinh cd the sd dung ddng thdi nhieu hinh thflc khac nhau.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. C. Pateman (2006), Ly luan tham gia vd ddn chu, Nxb. Nhan dan ThUdng Hai, Trung Qud'c.
2. JameS Bohman (2006), Hiep thiicfng vd bien ludn cong - tinh phac tap cua chd nghia da nguyen vd ddn chu, Nxb. Bien dich Trung Udng, Bac Kinh, Trung Qud'c.
3. Dang Hien Minh (2007), "Phan tieh sU tham gia cua ngUdi dan trong hanh chinh cdng". Tap ehi Hanh chinh vd Luat, sd'2.
4. Trin Hidu (2006), "Tfl tham gia de'n hiep thUdng - trien vgng cua ly ludn dan chd", Tap chi Hpc thuat, so'8.
5. TrIn Hoach Huy va ddng sU (2008), "Sii phuc hung cua ly ludn tham gia dan chu dUdng dai", Tap ehi Bai hgcHq Mdn, sd'6.
6. Ninh Minh An (2004), "Sii tham gia cua ngUdi ddn va hanh chinh phap quyen", Tap c)iiPhdp hgc Trung Qudc, sd'2.
7. C.B. Macpherson (1977), The life and times liberal democracy, London: Oxford University Press.
8. Ly Quang Huy (2007), "Phan tich sU tham gia cua ngudi dan trong hanh ehinh cdng". Tap ehi Dg.i hgc Cat Lam, Trudng Xuan.
9. TrUdng Thanh Phuc (2014), "Ban vd Chinh phd md', Tap chi Bai hgc Nhan ddn Trung Quoc, so'4.
10. J.C.Thomas: Pubhc Participation in Public Decisions New Skills and Strategies for Public Managers. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1995.
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