THac TRANG MOT SO KY NANG
I • •
THAM VAN CHUYEN BIET CUA
•
CAN BO THAM VAN HOC DUONG
Hoang Anh PhLfdc
Khoa Tdm ly - Gido due, Trifdng dqi hpe Suphqm Hd Npi.
1. Dat van de
Xa hdi ngay cang phat trien theo xu hudng chung cua t h i gidi la md cfia va hdi nhap. Tuy nhien, md cfia va hdi nhap lai cd anh hudng tieu cue din tam ly va he thd'ng gia tri cua gidi tre, dac biet la Ifia tudi hpc sinh (HS) tmng hpc.
Ben canh dd, npi dung day hpc va giao due ciia nha trudng hidn nay cdn nhieu bdt cap cung tao nen nhfing sfic ep rd't ldn ddi vdi cdc em. Chfnh vi vdy, hien nay rd't nhilu HS gap khd khan trong viec dinh hudng gia tri sdng, trong viec lua chpn nghi nghiep va fing xfi dl dap fing dupc cdc ky vpng, yeu cdu cua gia dinh, nha trudng va xa hdi. Mdt bd phdn khdng nhd trong sd dd da roi vao trang thai ddn nen, cang thdng, lo au tham chf rd'i loan tam ly. Nhu cdu dupc dong cam, chia se, dupc dinh hudng va cham sdc sfic khoe tam thdn cua HS ngay cang cao. Do dd viec xdy dung, phat triin md hinh phdng tham vdn hpc dudng trong nha trudng dl can thiep, trp gifip HS gidi quyet nhimg khd khan vudng mdc vl mat tam ly la mdt viec lam cdn thilt va cd'p bach. Tuy nhien, d Viet Nam, tham vdn tdm ly ndi chung, tham vdn hpc dudng ndi ridng vdn cdn la m6t Hnh vuc mdi me ca vl ly luan va thuc tiln, nhimg nghien cfiu vl vdn di nay con rdt ft. Cdng tdc tham vd'n hpc dudng d nudc ta mdi dupc cdc cd'p nganh cd Uen quan luu tdm trong vdng vai ndm trd lai ddy. Ddi ngu can bd tham- vdn hpc dudng (CBTVHD) cdn qud ft va chua dupc dao tao chuydn nghiep. Chfnh vi vdy, cdn thilt phai cd nhutig cdng trinh nghien cfiu sdu vl vdn dl nay dl phat triin hon nfta nganh tham vd'n tdm ly d Viet Nam ndi chung, hoat ddng tham vdn hpc dudng ndi rieng, dap fing td't nhu cdu cua xa hdi, dac biet la thanh thilu nien.
2. Phuong phap va khach the nghien cihi
62 TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, Sd 8 (149), 8 2011
Di tai sfi dung kit hpp cdc phuong phdp nghien cfiu khac nhau nhu:
phuong phdp nghien cfiu tai lieu \^ ludn, van ban; phuong phap chuyen gia;
phuong phap dilu tra viet bang bang hdi; phuong phap quan sat; phuong phap phdng vdn sau; phuong phap phan tfch ca tham vdn; phuong phap xfi ly sd lieu bdng thdng ke toan hpc.
Trinh dp ky nang tham vd'n (KNTV) cua CBTVHD duoc danh gia thdng qua mfic dd hilu biet cua CBTVHD vl ndi dung, muc dfch, cdch thfic tiln hanh cua cdc KNTV va mfic dd thuc hien cac KNTV cua CBTVHD.
Thang ddnh gid mife dp hieu biet ve ky ndng
Di ddnh gia mfic dd hilu bilt cua CBTVHD vl cdc KNTV, chfing tdi hdi quan niem cua hp vl ndi dung, muc dfch, each thfic thurc hien cac ky nang (KN) theo thang dilm sau:
Cac KN
Tri thfic ve ndi dung, muc dich, each thfic thuc hien
cac KN Tii thfic sai
Tri thfic sai nhieu hon dfing (dfing mpt phdn)
Tri thfic dfing
Hoan toan dongy
1 dilm 1 diem
5 diem
Dongy
2 diem 2 dilm
4 diem
Phan van
3 diem 3 diem
3 diem
Khdng dongy 4 diem 4 diem
2 diem
Hoan toan khong dongy 5 diem 5 diem
1 diem
Tren CO sd dd, chfing tdi xdy dung thang ddnh gia mfic dp hieu biet vl cdc KNTV cua CBTVHD theo 3 mfic sau:
Mfic dp hieu bilt Yeu cdu dat dupc
Mfic dd 1
Chua CO hieu biet ve KN
Khdng nam dupc ndi dung, muc dfch, each thfic tiln hanh cua
cacKN
Mfic dd 2 Hieu biet chua ddy
du ve KN Nam chua vfing ndi dung, muc dfch, each thfic tiln hanh cua cac
KN
Mfic dp 3 Hieu bie't ddy du ve
KN
Nam vung ndi dung, muc dfch, each thfic tiln hanh cua cac KN
TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, Sd 8 (149), 8 - 2011 63
Thang ddnh gid mife dd thue hien KN
Mfic dP kem
Mfic dd ylu Mfic dd trung
binh Mfic d6 tdt Mfic dd rdt tdt
0 - < 36 dilm 36 < 60 dilm
60 < 84 dilm 84 - < 108 dilm
108 120 dilm
Thuc hien khdng chfnh.xdc, Ifing tfing, bd sot nhilu thao tac/bilu hien
Thuc hien liing tiing, hay mdc ldi hoac khdng chfnh xac, thilu thao tdc/bilu hien, chua thanh thao vd linh hoat
Thuc hien ddy du cac thao tdc/bilu hien ciia timg KN, tuong ddi thanh thao va linh hoat Thuc hien ddy dii, chlnh xac cac thao tdc/bilu hien ciia timg KN, thanh thao va linh boat Thuc hien ddy dii, rdt thanh thao vd linh hoat cac thao tac/bilu hien ciia timg KN
Nghien cfiu dupc tiln hanh tren 45 CBTVHD trong cac tmdng tmng hpc d Ha Ndi, thanh phd Hd Chi Minh va 400 than chu (HS) da dupc tham vdn vdo nam 2009 - 2010.
3. Ke't qua nghien curu
3.1. Mpt sdkhdi niim cff bdn
Tham vdn hpc dudng la boat ddng trp giup tdt ca cac HS giai quylt nhimg khd khan, vudng mdc trong hipc tap, quan he xa hpi, dinh hudng nghe nghiep, nang cao nang luc cd nhdn; phat hien sdm va phat trien cac chuong trinh phdng ngfia, can thiep thlch hpp trong nhd trudng. Nhiem vu chu yeu cua cdc CBTVHD la: ddnh gid nhu cdu sfic khde tdm thdn cua HS; phdng ngfia, h6 trp HS, gido vien, cha me HS giai quylt cdc vdn dl vudng mdc trong ddi sd'ng tdm ly cua HS; nghien cfiu va phat triin chuong trinh hd trp, can thidp cho HS.
Di cd thi thuc hidn dupc nhftng nhiem vu dd, CBTVHD phai cd nhiing KNTV chung va KNTV chuyen biet.
- KNTV cua CBTVHD la su vdn dung kinh nghidm, tri thfic chuyen mdn va gid tri nghi nghidp cua nha tham vd'n vao trp giup HS giai quylt nhftng khd khan, vudng mdc trong hpc tdp, quan he xa hdi, dinh hudng nghi nghiep, nang cao nang luc cd nhdn; phat hien sdm vd phat triin cac chuong trinh phdng ngfia, can thiep thfch hpp trong nhd trudng.
- KNTV chuyen biet: la nhutig KN dupc sfi dung chu ylu trong tham vdn hpc dudng nhdm nhdn dien, phdng ngfia, can thidp va tro gifip HS mdt each hieu qua. Trong nghien Cfiu nay, cac KNTV dupc xac dinh la cac KNTV
64 TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, Sd 8 (149), 8-2011
chuyen biet cua CBTVHD bao gdm: KN phat hidn sdm, KN xdy dung va td chfic cdc hoat ddng phdng ngfia trong nha trudng, KN danh gid tdm 1^ HS, KN phd'i hpp cac luc lupng giao due, KN ldp va luu trft hd so tdm ly cua HS va KN can thidp.
3.2. Kit qud nghiin cicu thuc trqng
3.2.1. Mife dp hieu biet mdt sdKNTV chuyen biet eua CBTVHD a. Mfic dp hilu bilt cac KNTV ndi chung cua CBTVHD
Bdng 1: Mife dp hieu bidt cde KNTV ndi chung cua CBTVHD
Mfic do hieu bie't
SL
%
Mfic d6 1 Chifa c6 hilu bi^'t vl
ndi dung, muc dfch, cdch thfic tie'n hanh
Clia cac KN 0 0
Mfic dd 2 Hilu bilt chua ddy dii vl ndi dung, muc dich,
each thfic tien hanh ciia cac KN
22 48,9
Mfic do 3 Hilu biet ddy dii vl noi dung, muc dich, each thfic tien hanh
ciia cac KN 23 51,1
Kit qua bang 1 cho thd'y: hon mdt nfia sd CBTVHD dupc hdi da cd hilu bie't ddy du vl ndi dung, muc dfch, each thfic tiln hanh cdc KNTV, khdng cd CBTVHD nao chua cd hilu bilt vl ndi dung, muc dfch, each thfic tiln hanh cua cac KNTV, tuy nhien, vdn cdn gdn mdt nfia CBTVHD hilu bilt chua day du vl ndi dung, muc dfch, each thfic tiln hanh cua cac KNTV-
b. Mfic dd hilu bilt mdt sd KNTV chuydn biet cua CBTVHD Bdng 2: Mice dp hieu biet mdt sdKNTV
chuyen biet eiia CBTVHD
l.KN phat hien s6m
Cac mat
La su van dung tri thfic, kinh nghiem dl lam giam thilu nhung HS qua y^u kem khdng theo hoc dupc chuong trinh giao due cua tnrcmg La su van dung tri thfic, kinh nghiem dl tim tdi nhflng ddu hieu cho thdy HS c6 vdn dl vl hanh vi, cam xiic cdn phai dupc trp giiip hoac nhflng vdn dl ndi cdm ciia HS toan trucmg cdn dupc can thiep kip thcd
Diem trung binh
4,04
4,24
Do lech chudn
0,298
0,435
Thfi bac
TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, Sd 8 (149), 8-2011 65
2. KN xay dirng vatd chiic cac hoat ddng phong
ngiira
3. KN danh
gia tam ly
HS
4.KN phdi
hop cac luc
lucmg giao
due
5.KN lap va luu trfl
hdso tamly ciiaHS
La kha nang dir doan nhffng khd khan tam \^
Clia HS dl dira ra nhffng ldi khuyfin hffu ich
z
La sir van dung tri thffc, kinh nghifim vko thilt kl, triin khai vh danh gia viec dp dung cdc chuang trinh lokn trudng nham ngan ngffa hoac giam thilu cac nguy co gap khd khan/rdi nhilu tam ly d HS
La kha nang td chffc cac hoat ddng ngoai khoa cho HS
La su van dung tri thffc, kinh nghiem vko viec xay dung va phat triin cac chuong chlnh gido due rieng biet cho mdt sd HS ed va'n dl
Z
La kha nang danh gid kit qui can thiep hknh vi va sffc khoi tam thdn
La su van dung tri thffe, kinh nghiem dl thu thap nhffng dff lieu chfnh xac vl dac dilm tdm ly ciia HS (ndng lire, tinh cdch, dilm manh, dilm ylu, mffc dd khd khdn tam ly...) dl cd k l hoach tro giup/can thiep kjp thdi vd hieu qua La su van dung tri thffc, kinh nghiem vdo viec xdc dinh nhung dilm khdng phu hop vl hdnh vi va cam xuc ciia HS
Z
La su van dung tri thffc, kinh nghiem vao viec kit ndi cac ngudn luc trong gia dinh, nhd trudng, edng ddng mdt cdch hieu qua dl hd Up than chii trong viec tu giai quylt vdn dl
La kha nang huy ddng su tham gia ciia gia dinh, nhd trudng, cdng ddng chung tay giai quylt cdc khd khdn, vudng mdc cho HS
La kha nSng dilu khiln he thd'ng dl tao dp luc eho nhung thay ddi cdn thilt d HS
Z
La su van dung ui thffc, kinh nghiem vdo viec lim giff ddy dii vd khoa hoc nhung thdng tin vl than chii, dam bao tinh bi mdt vd an todn, dl cd thi theo ddi, gidm sdt nhung thay dli/tie'n bd Clia than chii vd lam ea sd cho nhung k l hoach tra giiip, can thidp tilp theo.
La kha ndng ghi chip lai chi tilt cdc ca tham vd'n d l cung cd'p thdng tin cho gido vien hay
4,20 12,48
3,98
3,42 3,73 11,13
3,78
4,16
3,71 11.65
4,67
3,76 4,44 12.87
4.47
3.64
0,548 0,895 0,543
0,543 0,580 1,140 0,560
0,475
0,589 1,171 0.522
0,435 0.546 1,120
0.505
0.609
2
6
5
1
66 TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, Sd 8 (149), 8 - 2011
6.KN can thiep
cha me HS
La su vdn dung tri thffc, kinh nghiem vao viec theo ddi va phdt triin cac chuang trinh hd tra sau can thidp
z
La kha nang dilu phd'i, cung cd'p lien tuc cae dieh vu sffe khoe tdm thdn cho HS
La kha nang xdc dinh cae giai phdp phff hap vd dung ddn cho cac vd'n dl khd khan ciia HS La su vdn dung tri thffc, kinh nghiem dl xdy dung va triin khai nhflng k l hoach tra giup kip thdi, phu hap vdi timg tinh hud'ng tham vd'n, giiip HS cd cudc sd'ng tdm ly can bdng vd In dinh
z
Tdng chung cua 6 KN
3,93 12,04
3,78 3,62
4,27
11,67 71,84
0,539 1,242 0,517 0,650
0,539
1,206 4,748
3
4
Nhdn xet: nhin chung, CBTVHD cd hilu biet tuong dd'i ddy du vl ndi dung, muc dfch, each thfic tiln hanh cua mdt sd KNTV chuyen biet, trong dd, CBTVHD hilu bilt tdt nhd't vl KN phd'i hpp cac luc lupng giao due, KN phat hidn sdm va KN ldp va luu trft hd so tdm ly cua HS.
Nghien cfiu cu thi hon vl mfic dd hilu bilt mdt sd KNTV chuyen biet cua CBTVHD, chung tdi thd'y:
CBTVHD cd hilu biet dfing vd ddy du nhd't vl ndi dung, muc dfch, each thfic tiln hanh cua KN phd'i hpp cdc luc lupng giao due: 68,9% CBTVHD hodn toan ddng y va 28,9% ddng y cho rdng KN nay la "su vdn dung tri thfic, kinh nghiem vao vide kit nd'i cac ngudn luc trong gia dinh, nha trudng, cdng ddng mdt each hidu qua d l hd trp thdn chu trong viec tu giai quyet vd'n dl" Khdng cd CBTVHD hilu sai vl ndi dung, muc dfch cua KN la "khd ndng huy ddng su tham gia cua gia dinh, nha tmdng, cdng ddng chung tay gidi quylt cdc khd khan, vudng mdc cho HS" hay "la kha nang dilu khien he thd'ng de tao dp luc cho nhftng thay ddi cdn thilt d HS" Tham vd'n hpc dudng la mdt hoat ddng trp gifip dua trdn su tuong tac gifta can bd tham vd'n (CBTV) vd nhftng HS dang gap khd khan vl tam ly, trong qua trinh nay CBTV sfi dung kiln thfic, KN chuyen mdn gifip HS khoi ddy tilm nang dl cd thi tu giai quylt vdn di chfi khdng phai CBTV huy dpng cacngudn luc dl gidi quylt vd'n di thay cho HS hay tao dp luc cho nhftng chuyin bien tfch cue d cdc em.
Tilp theo la KN phat hien sdm: cd 75,6% CBTVHD ddng y va 24,4%
hoan toan ddng y cho rdng KN nay "la su vdn dung tri thfic, kinh nghiem de tim tdi nhftng ddu hidu cho thd'y HS cd vdn vl hanh vi, cam xfic cdn phai dupc
TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, Sd 8 (149), 8 2011 67
trp gifip hoac nhftng vdn dl ndi cdm ciia HS todn trudng cdn dupc can thiep kip thdi" Khdng cd CBTVHD ndo lua chpn KN ndy Id "su vdn dung tri thfic", kinh nghiem dl lam giam thilu nhftng HS qud ylu kdm, khdng theo hpc dupc chuong trinh gido due cua trudng" hay "Id kha ndng du dodn nhCmg khd khan tdm ly cua HS dl dua ra nhung ldi khuyen hftu Ich"
Tilp din la KN lap vd luu trft hd so tdm ly cua HS: 53,3% CBTVHD ddng y va 46,7% hoan toan ddng f quan niem cho rdng KN ndy "la su vdn dung tri thfic, kinh nghiem vao viec luu gift ddy du va khoa hpc nhftng thdng tin vl thdn chu, dam bao tinh bi mdt vd an todn, di cd thi theo doi, gidm sat nhfing thay ddi/tiln bd ciia thdn chii va lam co sd cho nhftng k l hoach trp giup, can thiep tilp theo" Khdng cd CBTVHD nao quan niem KN ndy "Id kha nang ghi chep lai chi tilt cdc ca tham vd'n dl cung cd'p thdng tin cho gido vidn hay cha me HS" hay "la sir van dung tri thfic, kinh nghiem vao viec theo ddi va phat triin cac chuong trinh hd trp sau can thiep"
Ben canh dd, nhilu CBTVHD hilu chua ddy du vl KN xdy dung va td chfic cdc boat ddng phdng ngfia va KN ddnh gia tdm 1^ HS. Khdng It CBTVHD quan niem KN xdy dung vd td chfic cdc boat ddng phdng ngfia "la kha nang td chfic cdc hoat ddng ngoai khod cho HS" hoac "la sir van dung tri thfic, kinh nghiem vdo viec xdy dung vd phat triin cac chuong trinh gido due rieng biet cho mdt sd HS cd vd'n dl" Mdt trong nhCmg nhidm vu quan trpng cua tham vda hpc dudng la cdng tdc phdng ngfia trong trudng hpc thdng qua viec thilt kl, triin khai va ddnh gid viec dp dung cac chuong trinh toan tmdng, nhdm ngan ngfia hoac giam thilu cdc nguy co gap khd khan/rd'i nhilu tdm ly d HS; hoat ddng ngoai khod chi la mdt hinh thfic cd thi sfi dung trong phdng ngfia; mat khac, phdng ngfia khdng phai la xdy dung va phat triin cac chuong trinh giao due rieng biet cho mdt sd HS cd vd'n dl ma tdp tmng vao HS toan trudng. Ben canh dd, 28,9% CBTVHD phdn vdn va 2,2% CBTVHD quan niem KN danh gia tdm ly HS "la su vdn dung nhftng tri thfic, kinh nghiem vao vide xac dinh nhitag diem khdng phu hpp vl hanh vi va cam xuc cua HS" Dilu dd cho thdy, mdt so CBTVHD chua cd "hilu bilt ddy du vl KN nay.
Qua trao ddi, phdng vd'n mdt sd CBTVHD chfing tdi thdy, mdt phdn nguyen nhdn cua thuc trang tren la do mdt sd CBTVHD sau khi td't nghiep cfi nhan tam ly gido due da lam cdng tac tham vdn hpc dudng ngay ndn chua dupc dao tao co ban va ndng cao vl cac ICNTV. Chfnh vi vdy, ddn din hilu bie't chfia ddy du hoac cdn nhdm ldn vl ndi dung, muc dfch, each thfic thuc hidn cua cac KNTV, dac biet la cdc KNTV chuyen bidt. Cdn mdt sd CBTVHD cd hpc mdn tham vdn tdm ly trong chuong trinh cfi nhdn tdm ly giao diic d tmdng dai hpc va sau dd tham gia cdc ldp tap hud'n vl ICNTV cua cac co quan, td chfic trong vd ngoai nudc td chfic ndn su hilu bilt vl ndi dung, miic dfch, each thfic thuc hien cua KNTV ddy du va dung ddn hon.
68 TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd 8 (149), 8 - 2011
Tdm lai: da sd CBTVHD da cd hilu bilt dfing va ddy du vl ndi dung, muc dfch, each thfic thuc hien cua cdc KNTV chuyen biet. Khdng cd CBTVHD chua cd hilu bilt vl ndi dung, muc dfch cua cdc KNTV. Trong dd, CBTVHD cd hilu bilt td't nhdt vl KN lap va luu trft hd so tdm ly cua HS va KN phd'i hpp cdc luc lupng giao due.
3.2.2. Mitc dp thuc hiin mpt sdKNTV chuyin biit ctia CBTVHD
a. Mfic dd thuc hien cdc KNTV ndi chung cua CBTVHD
Bdng 3: Mice dp thue hien cde KNTV ndi chung eua CBTVHD
STT 1 2 3 4 5
Mfic dd thuc hien Mfic dd kem
Mffc dd ylu Mffc dd trung binh Mfic dd td't
Mfic dd rdt td't
SL 0 0 34 11 0
%
0 0 75,6 24,4 0
Theo kit qua bang 3: da sd CBTVHD thuc hien cdc KNTV d mfic dp trung binh 75,6%, cd 24,4% CBTVHD dat mfic dp td't va khdng cd CBTVHD thuc hidn d mfic dp rdt td't va mfic dp ylu. Dilu do cho thd'y, chu yeu CBTVHD thuc hien cac KNTV chi d mfic dp trung binh, chi cd mdt sd ft CBTVHD thuc hien chfnh xac, thanh thao va linh hoat cdc KNTV
b. Mfic dd thuc hien mdt sd KNTV chuyen biet cua CBTVHD
KNTV dupc CBTVHD thuc hien td't nhd't la KN ldp va luu trft hd so tdm ly cua HS vdi tdng dilm tmng binh dat dupc la 14,44 dilm. Trong do,
"CBTVHD da bilt "thiet ke bilu mdu luu trft rd rang, khoa hpc" (DTB la 3,69);
"tim kie'm va sfi dung dft Ueu dl dang, nhanh chdng khi cdn thilt" (DTB la 3,67). Ben canh do, CBTVHD cung thudng xuyen "cdp nhdt nhung thay ddi cua thdn chu hoac nhftng can thiep mdi cua CBTV" vao hd so tdm ly cua HS dl cd thi theo doi va tu giam sat. Qua quan sat va nghien cfiu mdt sd hd so tdm ly cua HS d mdt sd phdng tham vd'n hpc dudng chfing tdi nhdn thd'y, CBTVHD thuc hien KN nay rdt td't. Ndi dung cua cac hd so rdt rd rang va khoa hpc, cd ddy du nhutig thdng tin chung vl HS, vd'n dl ndi cdm cua HS, nhung hudng da can thiep va cac kit qua da dat dupc.
TAP CHf TAM Lt HOC, Sd 8 (149), 8 - 2011 69
Bdng 4: Mifc dp thifc hien mdt sdKNTV chuyen biet cua CBTVHD
CdcKN
l.KN phdt hien sdm
2. KN xdy dung va
td chffc ede hoat ddng phdng
ngffa
3.KN ddnh gid
tdmly HS
4.KN phdi hap cdc
luc lucmg gido due
5.KN ldp vd
Nhan dien nhffng vd'n dl nii cdm ciia HS todn trudng Nhdn dien nhffng HS cd vd'n dl vl hdnh vi, cam xuc Danh gia nhffng dff lieu thu duac dua tren viec kit hop cac ngudn thdng tin khac nhau
Len k l hoach sff dung nhQng dfl lieu da duac sdng loc:
Cung cd'p cho nhd trudng, gido vien, cha me HS; phdng ngffa, theo doi vd tra giup kip thdi
I
Thu thap, phan tfch, ddnh gid nhflng vdn dl ndi cdm ciia HS trong trudng (bao lue hoc dudng, bd hoc, ky thi, lo hai trudc mua thi...)
Lira chon vd'n dl cdn thilt cd thi t l chffc cdc chuang trinh phdng ngffa hidu qua vd huy ddng ngudn luc
Thilt k l cdc chuang trinh phdng ngfia vd triin khai todn uudng: Xdc dinh muc tidu, ddi tuang, xdy dung ndi dung, thdi gian, each thffc thuc hidn, nhdn luc
Ddnh gid hieu qua va dilu chinh S
Kit hap ede phuang phdp khde nhau trong danh gia:
quan sat, trdc nghiem, trd chuydn...
Sfi dung ede ngudn thdng tin khde nhau Uong ddnh gia:
giao vien, cha me, ban be ciia thdn chii, cdng ddng
Nhdn didn chinh xdc dilm manh/ylu, nhung khd khdn tdm ly eiia HS
Sfi dung hofp ly kit qua danh gid cho cdc k l hoach trp giup HS: k l hoach phdng ngffa hodc k l hoach can thidp
I
Xac dinh rd tdm quan Uong/mfic dd anh hudng cua cdc luc luang gido due ddi vdi viec cai thien tinh Uang ciia thdn chii Uong tffng tinh hud'ng tham vaii
Xac dinh muc tidu, ldn k l hoach ting thi Kit ndi cac luc luang theo muc tieu chung Kiim tra hieu qua vd dilu chinh
Z
Thilt k l bilu mdu luu Ufl rd rang, khoa hoc
Dilm trung binh
3,04 3,02 3,27 3,20 12,53
3,02 3,20 2,67 3.18 12.07
3.09 3.20 2,80 3,20 12,29
4,09 3,49 3,04 3,29 13,91
3,69 Luu thdng tin mdt each an todn vd bao mdt 3 44
Dd lech chudn
0,562 0,543 0,495 0,505 1,817 0,543 0,457 0,603 0,490 1,750 0,468 0.405 0,625 0,405 1,487 0,701 0,626 0,475 0,549 2,000 0,668 0,659
70 TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, Sd 8 (149), 8 - 2 0 1 1
luu trfl h d s a tdmly ciiaHS
6.KN can thiep
Cdp nhdt thudng xuydn nhung thay ddi eiia thdn chd hoac nhutig can thiep mdi cua CBTV
Tim kie'm va sff dung dff lieu dl dang, nhanh chdng khi edn thilt
E
Lap k l hoach can thiep cu thi, phii hgp vdi va'n dl vd hoan canh ciia than cliii: Xac dinh mue tieu, kit qua mong mud'n, lua chon eae bidn phap can thiep thfch hap va doan trudc cdc trd ngai ed thi
Tiln hdnh can thiep kip thdi vd hieu qua theo muc tieu Theo ddi, giam sat can thiep
Ddnh gid kit qua can thiep vd dilu ehinh: dd'i chilu kit qua vdi muc tieu da dl ra, tren ca sd dd dilu chinh cac can thidp eu hoac dl ra cdc can thiep mdi
S
3,64 3,67 14,44
2,76 3,00 3,04 3,16 11,96
0,609 0,640 2,180 0,679 0,603 0,601 0,475 2,044
Tie'p theo la KN phd'i hpp cdc luc lupng gido due (tdng DTB la 13,91). 6 KN nay CBTVHD thuc hien rd't td't viec "xdc dinh rd tdm quan trpng/mfic dd anh hudng cua cac luc lupng gido due ddi vdi viec cdi thien tinh trang cua than chu trong timg tinh hud'ng tham van" (DTB la 4,09). Tuy nhien, viec thuc hien
"kit nd'i cac luc lupng theo muc tieu chung" cdn chua td't, chi dat DTB la 3,04 dilm. Khi dupc hdi ly do vi sao CBTVHD kit nd'i cdc luc lupng gido due chua hieu qua, chung tdi dupc biet, thuc t l cd mdt sd ft giao vien vd phu huynh HS chii ddng den gap CBTVHD trinh bay nhftng khd khan cua HS vd dl nghi dupe giup dd. Tuy nhien, nhilu giao vien va phu huynh HS khdng cdng tac vdi CBTV do chua nhdn thfic dupc tfnh chdt cdng viec cua CBTV. Cd nhimg HS den phdng tham vdn theo lich hen, gido vien khdng hdi long vi cho rdng tham vdn dai hit budi nay sang budi khac se mdt thdi gian hpc tap. Sau khi dupc tham vdn, HS cd nhfttig thay ddi, chuyin biin trong each fing xfi thi mdt sd cha me lai td ra di phdng, nghi ngd con em minh.
KN cd DTB thdp nhd't la KN can thiep (tdng DTB la 11,96). Nhilu CBTVHD thuc hien chua thanh thao, ddi khi khdng dung thdi dilm thfch hpp hoac bd 15 co hdi. Trong do, CBTVHD thuc hien ylu nhd't d khdu "lap k l hoach can thiep cu thi, phu hpp vdi vdn dl va hoan canh cua thdn chu: vdi DTB la 2 76 diim. Ben canh dd, vide "tiln hanh can thiep kip thdi va hieu qua theo muc tieu" cua CBTVHD chua dupc linh boat va dfing thdi dilm (vdi DTB la 3,00). Viec "theo ddi, giam sat can thiep" cung chua dupc chfi trpng dung mfic (vdi DTBla 3,04).
Sd dl cd ke't qua trdn la do cac CBTVHD chua dupc dao tao co ban va he thd'ng vl tham vdn hpc dudng, dac biet la vl cdc KNTV. Hien nay trong nhieu
TAP CHI TAM Lt HOC, Sd 8 (149), 8 - 2011 71
trudng, cdng tdc phat hien sdm, phdng ngfia vd can thidp hpc dudng cdn chua dupc chu trpng. CBTVHD chu ylu ldng nghe, gidi toa cdm xuc cho HS.
CBTVHD d mdt sd trudng cdn phdi kiem nhiem them cdc cdng viec khac ddn de'n khdng cd nhilu co hdi vd dilu kien dl hpc tdp, bdi dudng ndng cao trinh dd KNTV mdt each thudng xuyen. Ben canh dd, hidn nay, phdn ldn CBTVHD b cdc trudng thuc hien tham vd'n hpc dudng khdng cd ddi ngu chuydn gia giam sat ddn din thilu su ddnh gia va hd trp chuyen mdn kip thdi.
Tdm lai, da sd CBTVHD thuc hidn cdc KNTV chuydn biet d mfic dd trung binh, trong dd cd 2 KN CBTVHD thuc hien td't Id: KN ldp vd luu trii hd so tdm ly cua HS vd KN phd'i hpp cdc luc lupng giao due.
3.2.3. Mdt sdyeu tddnh hudng tdi KNTV eua CBTVHD
Kit qua khao sdt cho thd'y, nhdm nhimg ylu td tdm 15^ ca nhdn va nhdm nhftng ylu td tam ly xa hdi diu cd anh hudng d cdc mfic dd khac nhau din KNTV cua CBTVHD. Trong dd, nhdm cac ylu td tdm ly cd nhdn cd anh hudng ldn hon nhdm cdc ylu td tdm ly xa hdi din KNTV cua CBTVHD.
Bdng 5: Cde ye'u tddnh hudng din viee hinh thdnh vd ndng cao KNTV chuyen biet eua CBTVHD
Cac ye'u to
Nhung ylu td tdmly
ea nhdn
Nhung ylutd tdm ly xahdi
1. Su say me, hffng thu vdi cdng vide 2. Kinh nghiem thuc tiln/thdm nien edng tac
3. Nln tang kiln thffc chuydn mdn duac ddo tao
4. Dao dffe nghi nghiep
5. Nhdn thffc cua cha me HS, nhd trudng vd xa hdi vl tham vdn hoc dudng
6. Co chi chfnh sdch ddi vdi CBTV
7. Ndi dung chuang trinh ddo tao, bdi dudng vl tham vd'n
CI
s
149 144
180
122 128
135 180
{TVHD X 3,31
3,2
4,0
2,71 2,84
3,0 3,78
TB 3 4
1
7 6
5 2
Than chil Z
1397 1141
1376
799 841
1098 1383
X 3,49 2,85
3.44
2.0 2.1
2.75 3.46
TB 3 4
1
7 6
5 2
Chung Z
1546 1285
1556
921 969
1233 1553
X 3,47 2,89
3.50
2.07 2.18
'2.77 3,49
TB 3 4
1
7 6
5 2
72 TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, Sd 8 (149), 8-2011
tdm ly, tdm ly trudng hoe
8. Su phat triin nghi tham vd'n d Viet Nam
9. Ylu td khac
86
0
1,91
0
8 772
0
1,93
0
8 858
0
1,93
0 8
Trong nhdm cac ylu td tdm ly cd nhdn, "nln tang kiln thfic chuyen mdn dupc dao tao" la yeu td dupc CBTVHD va thdn chu danh gia cd anh hudng ldn nhdt de'n viec hinh thanh va ndng cao KNTV cua CBTVHD. Hp cho rang, nhftng gi dupc dao tao se la co sd rdt quan trpng dl CBTVHD thuc hanh nghi nghiep. Nlu khdng cd nln tang kiln thfic chuyen mdn vftng vang vl tdm ly gido due ndi chung va tham vd'n tdm ly ndi rieng thi CBTV khdng thi cd KNTV td't dupc. Bdn canh dd, ylu td "say me, hfing thfi vdi cdng viec" cung dupc danh gid cd anh hudng kha manh me din viec hinh thanh va ndng cao KNTV cua CBTVHD. Kit qua cua bd't ky boat ddng ndo cung dupc quylt dinh phdn ldn nhd vao su say me, yeu thfch boat ddng do cua con ngudi. Dilu nay cang cd y nghia hon trong tham vdn hpc dudng. Su say me, yeu thfch cdng viec se giup CBTV cd kha ndng ldng nghe td't hon, se dl dang ddn nhan va chia se mpi quan dilm, thai dd, suy nghT cua than chfi, gifip CBTV nd luc, kien tri hon tren con dudng dem den su hd trp td't nhdt cho HS. Cdn ylu td "dao dfic nghi nghiep"
duoc danh gia cd anh hudng ft nhd't trong nhdm cdc ylu td tam ly ca nhan din KNTV cua CBTVHD.
Trong nhdm cac ye'u td tam ly xa hdi, "ndi dung chuong trinh dao tao, bdi dudng v l tham van tam ly, tam ly trudng hpc" va "co che chfnh sach dd'i vdi CBTV" duoc danh gia la cd anh hudng nhilu nhdt din KNTV cua CBTVHD, cdn "su phat triin nghi tham vdn d Viet Nam" la ylu td cd anh hudng ft nhdt den KNTV cua CBTVHD. Nhu chfing ta diu biet, ndi dung chuong trinh dao tao, bdi dudng vl tham vdn tdm ly hay tdm ly trudng hpc quylt dinh din nhiing KN dupc hinh thanh d CBTV, nlu CBTV khdng dupc dao t a o v l KNTV thi se bi thieu hut vl KN vd boat ddng tham vd'n cua hp se khdng dat hidu qua. Ben canh dd, co ehl chfnh sdch ddi vdi CBTV khdng td't CBTV s6 khdng thi cd dilu kien bdi dudng ndng cao KNTV va chuyen tdm vdi cdng viec.
Kit qua nghien cfiu tren cung cho thdy, cd su thdng nhdt trong ddnh gid cua CBTVHD va thdn chu vl mfic dp anh hfidng cua 2 nhdm yeu td den KNTV cua CBTVHD.
4. Ket luan va kien nghi
TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, Sd 8 (149), 8-2011 73
Kit qua nghien cfiu thuc trang mdt sd KNTV chuydn biet cua CBTVHD cho thd'y:
VI mfic dd hilu bilt ciia CBTVHD vl cac KNTV chuyen biet: Nhin chung, da sd CBTVHD cd hilu bilt dfing ddn vd ddy du vl ndi dung, muc dfch, each thfic thuc hicn ciia cac KNTV chuyen biet. Trong dd, KN phd'i hpp cac luc luong giao due, KN phat hien sdm vd KN ldp va luu trft hd so tdm If cha HSla 3 KN CBTVHD cd hilu bilt td't nhdt.
VI mfic dd thuc hien cac KNTV chuyen biet: Da sd CBTVHD thirc hien cac KNTV chuyen biet d mfic dd trung binh, mdt sd CBTVHD thuc hien dat mfic dd tdt, khdng cd CBTVHD dupe nghien cfiu nao thuc hien d mfic d6 ylu va mfic dd rdt td't, trong dd KN dupc CBTVHD thirc hien thanh thao vd linh boat nhdt la KN ldp va luu trft hd so tdm ly ciia HS va KN phdi hpp cdc luc lupng giao due.
- Ca 2 nhdm ylu td tdm ly cd nhdn vd tdm ly xa hdi diu cd anh hudng nhd't dinh den KNTV cua CBTVHD d cac mfic dd khde nhau, dac biet la cac yeu td: "Nen tang kiln thfic chuyen mdn dupc dao tao", "Ndi dung chuong trinh dao tao, bdi dudng vl tham vdn tdm ly, tdm ly trudng hpc", "Su say me, hfing thu vdi cdng viec", trong do, nhdm cdc yeu td tam ly ca nhdn cd mfic d6 anh hudng manh hon nhdm cdc ylu td tdm ly xa hdi den KNTV cua CBTVHD
Tfi kit qua nghien cfiu tren, chfing tdi dua ra mdt sd kiln nghi sau ddy:
- Cdn cd bien ehl chfnh thfic cho CBTVHD trong cac tmdng tmng hpc dl tao dilu kien phap ly cho cdc trudng hpc tuyln dung va phat huy hieu qua vai trd cua dpi ngu CBTVHD.
Cd dpi ngu giam sat vl mat chuyen mdn dd'i vdi CBTVHD trong cac nha tmdng dl cd thi ddnh gid va hd trp chuyen mdn gifip CBTVHD phdt triin KNTV hpc dudng.
- Cdn nghien cfiu va soan thao chuong trinh ddo tao tham vdn hpc dudng, ngdn ban va ddi ban, tren co sd tham khdo cdc chuong trinh dao tao cua cac tmdng dai hpc tren thi gidi dl dam bao cd dupc mdt chuong trinh chdt lupng, chuyen nghiep vd ddy du.
Cdn xdy dung cdc tieu chudn vl kiln thfic, KN dd'i vdi nha tham vdn ndi chung va CBTVHD ndi rieng.
Md rdng hpp tdc va giao luu nhdm phat triin nganh tham vdn tam ly ndi chung va tham vd'n hpc dudng d Viet Nam. Tao co hdi phat trien chuyen mdn cao cho cdc CBTVHD.
- Cdn thudng xuyen td chfic cdc ldp tdp hudn, bdi dudng, ren luyen KNTV cho CBTVHD.
74 TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, Sd 8 (149), 8 - 2011
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Jame H. Jacqueline H.L, Basic Counseling Skills, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1999.
2. Cecil R. Reynolds and Terry B. Gutkin, The Handbook of School Psychology Third Edition, John Wiley & Son, Inc, 1999.
3. Ky ye'u hdi thao khoa hpc qud'c te': "Nhu cdu dinh hudng va dao tao tam ly hoc dudng tai Viet Nam" Ha Ndi, thang 8/2009.
4. Trdn Thi Minh Dfic, Tham vd'n tdm ly, NXB DHQG Ha Ndi.
5. http://www.counseling.r)rp: hUp://www.schoolcounselor.org
TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, Sd 8 (149), 8 - 2011 75
