KINH TE CHINH TRI
Thay ddi ta duy va quan diem ly luqn ve cac tlianli phdn l<inh te trong boi canh mdi
B U I T A T T H A N G
^ ^ ud trinh doi mdi nen kinh tevita dong thdi (vd triidc het) Id qud trinh dot mdi trong tu ' ^ duy ly luan vd ddn ddt doi mdi chink sdch bang ti£ duy ly luan dUdc doi mdi, viia hao gom nhihig thay doi tren thtXc te. Trong sd nhiiu noi dung tii duy diidc dot mdi, co vdn di lien quan den "cdc thdnh phdn kinh te". Bdy Id vdn di tuy dd diidc hdn thdo rdt nhieu, nhiing cho den nay vdn con nhieu y kien chiia thong nhdt vd Id de tdi thu hut si/ quan tdm rdt Idn cua cdc nhd nghien cdu, cdc nhd Idm chinh sdch cdng nhii cong dong doanh nghiep vd dong dao cong chung. Bdi viet neu mgt so' vdn di tham gia thdo luan them ve chu de doi mdi tii duy vi "cdc thdnh phdn kinh te" d Viet Nam trong hdn 30 ndm qua vd kien nghi ve tii duy cdc thdnh phdn kinh te trong giai doan hien nay.
Tii khoa: doi mdi tii duy kinh te, cdc thdnh phdn kinh te, che do sd hihi, che do cophdn.
"Be khae phuc ditdc khuye't diem, chuyen bie'n ditpc tinh hinh. Dang ta trirdc het phai thay dd'i nhan thiic, doi mdi t\i duy" (Vdn kien Dai hoi dai bieu todn quoc lan thd VI cila Bdng, 12-1986).
1. N h a n d i e n q u a t r i n h t h a y d o i tvt d u y v a q u a n d i e m ly l u a n v e c a c t h a n h p h a n k i n h t e
Ngay ta khi bat dau Doi mdi (nam 1986), van de trade het can phai "thay dd'i nhan thiic, doi mdi tii duy" kinh te ndi chung, ve cac thanh phan kinh te ndi rieng da dttdc dat ra. Ndi dung nay vSn dUdc nhdc lai deu dan trong cac Van kien cua Dang qua cac ky Dai hpi (VII, VIII, IX, X va XI, cung vdi 3 ban Chien lUdc 10 nam (1991-2000; 2001-2010 va 2011-2020) vdi t m h t h i n ed ban la:
- Phat trien kinh te thi tnfdng dinh hiidng xa hdi chu nghia, trong nen kinh te' nay cd nhieu hinh thiic sh hiiu, nhieu t h a n h ph^n kinh te.
- Cac t h a n h p h i n kinh te binh dang trifdc phap luat, cung phat trien lau dai, trong dd kinh te nha nUdc giii vai trd chii dao. Kinh te nha nude va kinh te' tap the ngay cang trd t h a n h nen tang cua nen kinh te qud'e dan.
Kinh te ti( nhan la mdt trong nhiing dpng liic cua nen kinh te'.
30 n a m sau, tai Dai hoi XII cua Dang (thang 1-2016), khi n h a n dinh ve viec thiic hien dd'i mdi tii duy ve cac t h a n h phdn kinh te. Van kien Dai hdi ghi: "Nhan thiic ve kinh te' thi triidng dinh hudng xa hpi chu nghia, n h a t la ve vai trd eiia N h a niidc, kinh te nha nude, doanh nghiep n h a nude, kinh t6' hpp tae, kinh te tU n h a n , thi trUdng quyen s i dung da't, quan ly gia ca, p h a n bd' nguon lUc, cd che cung iing dich v u eong, gia dich vu trong giao due, y te'... ehUa du rd, cdn khac nhau, chUa theo kip yeu cdu doi mdi ve phat trien kinh td' va hdi n h a p qud'c te*''.
Tii n h a n dinh trdn, Dai hdi xac dinh nhiem vu cho thdi k^ dd'n nSm 2020;
- "Tiep tuc thong nhSi nhan thiic ve ng'n kinh te thi tnidng dinh hudng xa hdi ehu nglua.
Nen kinh te' thi trUdng dinh hiidng xa hoi chu nghia Vidt N a m co q u a n he san xua't tien bp phu hdp vdi t r i n h do p h a t trien eua liic lUdng san xua't; co nhieu h i n h thiic sh hflu, nhigu t h a n h p h d n kinh te, trong dd kinh te nha nude glut vai trd chii dao, kinh te tU nhan Bui Ta't Thang, PGS.TS., Vien Chie'n lUdc phat tri^n, B6 Kfe' hoach va diu tu.
1. Van kien Dai hdi dai bieu toan qutfc I5n thii XII cua Dang, ihang 1-2016.
2 8
Nghien ciiu Kinh tgs6'8(483) - Thing 8/2018
Thay doi m duy vd quan diem .
la mpt ddng luc q u a n trong cua n e n kinh te;
cac chu t h e thupe cac t h a n h p h a n kinh t e binh d i n g , hdp tac va canh t r a n h theo p h a p luat..."I
N h u vay, ve m a t cau chii, "bUdc tieh" hay
"cai mdi" ro r a n g nha't h day la t h a y dd'i mdt so' tii trong cau "Kinh t e tU n h a n la mot trong nhiing ddng Itie eua n e n kinh te*', t h a n h
"Kinh te' t u n h a n la mpt ddng luc quan trpng cua n i n kinh te*', k h a n g dinh ro quan diem coi "kinh te t u n h a n la mpt ddng lUc quan trpng".
Nhin lai qua t r i n h doi mdi tU duy ve t h a n h p h a n kinh t e sudt 30 n a m qua cho tha'y:
- So vdi md h i n h k i n h te' cua thdi k;y ke' hoach hda t a p t r u n g (ta so vdi t a trudc day):
cd su t h a y dd'i dang ke. Md hinh kinh te ke' hoach hda tap t r u n g hudng tdi chi cd mdt t h a n h p h a n kinh te' duy nha't: qud'c doanh (sau nay goi la N h a nude). Kinh te t a p t h e la qua dp, la t a p dUdt d^ tien tdi qud'c doanh.
Ta't ea cac loai t h a n h p h d n khae (tu n h a n , ca the, t u ban) deu la doi tudng cai tao bang nhieu each thUe khae n h a u (giao due, van dpng, tude doat) de chuyen t h a n h kinh te' qud'c doanh hoac t a m thdi la kinh te' t a p the.
Nay ehuyen sang kinh te' thi trudng (liie ddu goi la "kinh te' h a n g hda nhieu t h a n h phdn cd sU quan ly ciia N h a nude"), cac t h a n h phan nay dUdc eiing ton tai, dUdc binh dang trUde phap luat, nhUng vai trd chu dao thi thude ve kinh te n h a nude (Iiic ddu goi la "kinh te qud'c doanh"); kinh te n h a nUdc va k i n h te t a p the ngay cang trS t h a n h n i n t a n g cua nen kinh te quo'c dan; kinh te' tU n h a n la mot ddng lUc (gan day xac dinh la "quan trpng") cua nen kinh te'. NhU vay, "thay dd'i" rd ret nha't trong t u duy ve cac t h a n h p h a n kinh te' la hai diem: (1) tii ehd ed mdt h i n h thiic sci hiiu chuyen sang da h i n h thiic sd hiiu; va (2) cac hinh thiic s5 hflu ton tai lau dai, binh dang.
- So vdi chinh qua t r i n h "thay dd'i n h a n thiic, dd'i mdi tii d u ^ ' trong 30 n a m qua (ta so vdi t a khi bSt ddu dd'i mdi de'n nay): cd ban khdng cd nhieu t h a y doi, dd'i mdi tU duy
mang tinh quan diem 1;^ luan, ngoai mdt sd' cau tit nhU: "kinh te' qud'e doanh" t h a y bang
"kinh te n h a nude"; "kinh t e h a n g hda nhieu t h a n h p h d n cd sU quan ly cua Nha nUdc"
t h a y bang "kinh te t h i trUdng dinh hudng xa hdi chu nghia"; "kinh t e tU n h a n la mdt trong nhiing ddng lUe eua n i n kinh te*', t h a n h
"kinh te' tU n h a n la mot ddng liie quan trpng cua n e n k i n h te*'. Nhiing t h a y dd'i nay tuy cd h a m nghia t h a y dd'i nha't dinh ve ndi dung, y nghia cua cae k h a i niem lien quan, nhUng v a n edn "chua du ro, cdn khac nhau, chUa theo kip yeu cdu" cua p h a t trien kinh te va hdi n h a p qud'e te.
2. Tvt d u y v a q u a n d i e m l y l u a n v e c a c t h a n h p h a n k i n h t e t r o n g ho'i c a n h m d i
P h a n tieh neu t r e n cho tha'y, chUa tinh de'n nhiing dac diem cua bd'i canh mdi (10-20 n a m tdi) vdi nhiing xu hudng da va dang xuat hien tii hom nay: toan cdu hda kinh te va thi trudng hda toan cdu sau sac, rdng Idn, each mang cdng nghiep 4.0 vdi nhflng dot bie'n chUa ludng het dUdc... se tae ddng to Idn den moi nen kinh te', trong dd ed nUde ta, eung da ro la n h a n thiic ve ddi mdi tU duy v l cae t h a n h p h a n kinh te' vdn edn "chUa du rd, cdn khac nhau, ehUa theo kip yeu cdu" nhU Dai hdi Idn thii XII eiia Dang da khang dinh.
Ban cha't cdt loi cua Ddi mdi la ddi mdi ve the ehd' kinh te: tii bd md hinh the che kinh te ke' hoach hda t a p t r u n g de chuyen sang md h i n h t h e ehe' k i n h t e thi trUdng (dinh hudng xa hpi chu nghia). Md hinh kinh te thi trUdng nao thi ed't loi eiia nd trude het eiing la "kinh te' thi trudng", la " n i n kinh t e van h a n h ddy du, dong bd theo cac quy l u a t cua kinh te thi trUdng"l Kinh te thi trudng, theo p h a n tich cua C. Mac, deu phai diia t r e n hai dieu kien tien de: mot Id, p h a n edng lao dong xa hpi;
hai Id, da hinh thiic sd hiiu. Kinh te' thitrudng lai la "qua t r i n h hch sii tii nhien", da cd tii ra't lau, s^n cd, ngay n a y ed du moi
2. Tai lieu da d5n.
3. Tai lieu da d^.
Nghien aHi Kinh tes& 8(483) • Thing 8/2018 29
Ttiay doi tu duy va quan diem ,
loai cung bac, sac thai, md hinh, t r i n h dp, d dau Cling thda man hai tien di ma Mae da neu. "W vay, ve cd ban, trong ly thuyet Kinh te' hpc, khdng cd ehu d l (va'n de) cae t h a n h phdn kinh te' nhu chiing t a da va dang ban luan. Van d l chi'nh lien quan den chu de nay d khap mpi ndi tren thd' gidi chi la lam the nao de dUa cac n i n kinh t e thi trUdng S trinh dp tha'p (cham phat tri^n, dang p h a t trien) bat kip (duoi kip) trinh do cua eae kinh te' thi trUdng d trinh dp cao, dien hinh la cac n i n kinh te thi trudng da p h a t trien, da cdng nghiep hda, cac nen kinh td' OECD. Viet Nam chuyen sang kinh te thi tnidng thi duong nhien phai khang dinh tinh ehat da hinh thiic sd hflu cua n i n kinh te' va hUdng theo cac chi ddn thuc te cua "thdng le qud'e te tdi Uu".
Viec thay do'i n h a n thiic ve cac t h a n h phdn kinh te da dUdc V.I. Lenin de cap de'n trong "Chinh sach kinh te mdi" (NEP) nam 1921 va cung vdi viec dat lai van de ve mdi quan he hang hda - t i l n te gin lien vdi tU tudng "ai thdng ai" giiia chu nghia xa hdi va chu nghia tU b a n theo mpt each khae vdi quan niem trUdc dd, V.I. Lenin da tuyen bd' rang: "toan bp quan diem cua chiing t a ve chii nghia xa hdi da thay dd'i ve can ban"''.
Tiec rang, thdi gian thUe thi NEP qua n g i n ngui va nhiing gi ma NEP dem lai cd le cung chUa hoan toan du phong phii de ed t h e danh gia mdt each thUe sU chinh xac v l NEP. Lich B\i da khdng cho cd hdi de t h e nghiem va kiem dinh lai tU tuSng nay tren thiic te.
Tom lai, ban cha't cua ddi sd'ng xa hpi hien thiic la hoat ddng kinh te theo cd che thi trudng, la kinh te thi trudng. Cho den nay, chua cd hinh thUc kinh t§' nao khac hdp ly hdn thay the nd. Da la kinh te thi trUdng thi cae hinh thiic sd hiiu d i u ton tai, binh d i n g theo tinh thdn Diiu 33 Hien phap 2013: "Mpi ngUdi cd quyin tU do kinh doanh trong nhiing nganh n g h i ma phap luat khdng ca'm".
V l va'n de quan he giiia sh hQu t u n h a n va sd h a u xa hdi trong ly luEin kinh te hpc cua Mae, khi p h a n ti'eh nhiing mau t h u d n
cua phUdng thiic s a n xua't tU b a n chu nghia, Ong da ehiing m i n h rang, mau t h u a n giiia t i n h cha't xa hpi ciia liie lupng san xua't vdi h i n h thiie t u n h a n cua ehd' do sd hGu (quan he s a n xua't) se nha't dinh dSn de'n sU r a ddi c u a phUdng thflc san xua't edng s a n e h u n g h i a . K h i g i a n h dUdc chinh quyen, giai ca'p vd s a n n h a n d a n h toan xa hpi m a "Dan ddn tudc doat bpn chiem hiiu r u p n g da't, bpn c h u xu5ng, bpn chu dfldng s a t va bpn c h u t a u thiiy, mot p h d n h^ng sii canh t r a n h ciia edng n g h i e p n h a nu6c, mot p h d n triic tiep b a n g each ehudc lai bang tien gia'y"^, qud'c hiiu h d a toan bp cac tU lieu san x u a t chii yeu. Viec quoc hflu hda cac tiT lieu san xua't do n h a nfldc tien h a n h thflc te la da bie'n sd hflu tfl n h a n t h a n h sh hflu n h a nude.
NhUng tfl thflc tien n h i i u thap nien phat trien kinh te n h a nfldc, trUde het la viec xac lap quyen sh hflu eiia n h a nUdc va sfl vka h a n h q u y i n sh hflu a'y t r e n thflc te ddi vdi dai bd p h a n n g u I n Iflc qud'c gia, cho tha'y rang, trong ba't cii xa hdi nao, sd hiiu nha nfldc cung ehi la mdt trong so' nhiing hinh thai sb hflu p h a n a n h sfl xa hdi hda ciia Iflc Ifldng san xua't. T h a t vay, xet t r e n khia canh xa hpi hda cua lUc lUdng san xua't, cai ddi lap vdi kinh te tfl n h a n khdng p h a i chi la rieng mot hinh thflc xa hpi hda cu t h e nao do (nhfl kinh t e n h a nfldc), m a p h a i l a t o a n bd cac hinh thfle kinh te xa hdi hda ndi chung. Trong so cae h i n h t h a i sh hflu xa hoi, h i n h thai co p h d n cd mpt y n g h i a ra't dac bidt.
Vdi t u each la s a n p h ^ r a cua kinh t&' thi trudng, h a n g t h e ky n a y , h i n h t h a i cd' phan tfl khi r a ddi da n h a n h chdng trh t h a n h phd' bie'n t r o n g ddi sd'ng k i n h t e t h e gidi, dfldc cdng chflng hda va e h i l m ty trpng Idn trong quy md vd'n k i n h d o a n h eua cac n e n kinh te t h i t r u d n g h i e n d a i . Vi t h e , trflde k h i dfldc
4. V.I. Le-nin. Toan tap. Tap 45, Nxb Tifi'n b6 (1978) va Nxb Chinh tri qufi'c gia Ha N6i (2006). tr.428.
5. Ph. Ang-ghen, Nhimg nguyen ly ciia chu nghia c6ng san, trong: C. Mac va Ph. Ang-ghen loan tap. Tip 4.
Nxb Chinh tri quO'c gia - Su that. Ha N6i, 1995, tr. 470.
30 Nghien aiu Kinh t4s6'8(483) - Thing 8/2018
Tliay doi tiT duy vd quan diem ,
cac n h a lam chinh sach q u a n t a m de'n nhfl vflc, t h a m chi mpt cdng ty nao do, nd vdn chie'c h a n thfl bieu p h a n a n h t i n h h i n h boat ludn la dia h a t h o a t ddng chu yeu thfldng ddng k i n h te' eua mpt qud'e gia h a y mot linh n h a t cua cac n h a k i n h doanh.
HOP 1: Che do s& hfiu t o a n d a n phai de cho moi ngvidi cam n h a n diidc
Ly lu^n truyen thong coi che do quo'c hiiu va che do sh hflu toan dan la hoan toan gio'ng nhau, dd la each ly giai sai lam ve cd ban; c6 nha kinh te hpc tuy coi hai che dp sd hflu nay khac nhau, nhUng do khong tim dUdc hinh thflc thda dang d^ thUc hien c h i do sd hflu toan dan, nen chi cd each la coi nhU nhau. Hien nay can thUc hien nen kinh te thi tnidng xa hoi chu nghia, cai each can phai phan biet ro hai loai nay, khien che do sd hflu toan dan co mot dien mao phu hdp.
The nao la "toan dan"? "Toan dan" c6 hai y, mot la chi toan the nhan dan, hai la moi ca nhan trong toan quoc. Y dau trong dieu ki§n chu nghia xa hoi do nha niidc dai bieu, v l phUdng dign Idi ich bi^u thi bang Idi ich nha nude; y sau la ca the moi ngUdi, ve phiidng diSn Idi ich, bi^u thi bang Idi ich ca nhan.
Thieu mot trong hai mat nay deu khong the thanh "toan dan" dUdc.
"Toan dan" da co y nghia hai tang, thi sd hflu toan dan cung can phai cd hai noi dung: mot la sd hflu toan the, trong giai doan xa hpi chu nghia chi co the do nha nude lam dai dien; npi dung khac la thupc sd hflu cua ca nhan, cai nay khong the ai thay, chi co the do ca nhan cam tha'y mot each thuc thu loai scl hflu nay. Bdi v^y "che do sd hiiu toan dan" phai la che do sd hflu ke't hdp gifla sd hflu nha nifdc va sd hflu ca nhan. Nhung trudc kia chiing ta chi can toan th^, khdng cdn ca the, chi thfla nhan sd hflu nha nude, bai xich sd hflu ca nhan. Nhu vgy "che do sd hflu toan dan" trd nSn khiem khuye't, bien dang, ai cung noi khai ni^m khong ro. Dieu do dUdng nhien ddn den mau thudn: la sd hflu nha nifdc, nhiing nha niidc lai chi la dai bieu, la sd hflu cua moi ngudi, nhung moi ngudi khong cam thdy dUde sd hflu do, nhan dan la chu nhan nhiing chu nhan khong quan tam den "tai san" cua minh".
Ngudn. Mau Kie'n NhSn - LQ Vfln Hoa, Che d6 sd hffu toan dSn phai d6 cho mpi ngucri cam nhSn dupc, trong:
Truong Vf&i M§n, Tdng Quang MSu, Trinh Hong Luang, Chien Tieu H6ng va Vuong Loi Dan (Chii bien), Kinh te' Tmng Quoc dai lu5n chien, Tap 1. Nxb Quan ly kinh te. 1996; ban dich tr. 115.
Ngay tfl t h e ky trflde nfla, Ph. Angghen khdng phai chi la do nd cd flu the tuyet doi (nam 1895) — trong p h d n bo' sung eho tap III trong viec t a p t r u n g vd'n cua xa hpi eho bp Tfl ban cua C. Mac - da d a n h gia v l vai nhflng muc tieu kinh doanh, ma cdn bao h a m trd va trien vpng eua h i n h t h a i co phdn n h u trong dd nhflng diem noi bat sau:
sau: "Hang ca t h e thdng thudng ngay cang - Dudi hinh thflc cd' phdn, nhflng ngfldi chi la mot giai doan e h u a n bi nhdm dfla xi dong sd hiiu cdng ty (nhflng eo ddng) ehi dfldc nghiep tdi mpt trinh do du Idn de t r e n cd sd hfldng Idi va ehi phai chiu trach nhidm ed gidi xi nghiep dd ma "thanh lap" cdng ty cd' h a n h khudn khd' sd' t i l n ma hp da bo r a de phdn"^. Hdn nfla, dieu do khdng chi dung vdi m u a cd phieu cua cdng ty. N h u vay, mot mat, eac nganh cdng nghiep ma cdn dien r a d k h a p v l phap ly, hp chi ed quyen n h a n danh ca mpi linh vue hoat dpng k i n h te': thUdng n h a n minh chiu trach nhiem v l phdn tai san nghiep, ngan h a n g va eac ed quan tin' dung, cua minh da gdp vao edng ty theo luat dinh;
ndng nghiep va "bet t h a y mpi khoan ddu tfl mat khdc, qua thi trUdng chflng khoan, sU di tfl ban r a nfldc ngoai d i u tie'n h a n h dUdi hinh
thflc co p h a n -^ ^ g ^ j ^ ^ ^ . .j,^ j ^ , ^ ^^p 2^ Q^y^^ 2^ pi^^ 2_ Nxb Tie'n Mflc dp pho bie'n cua hinh t h a i co phdn b6 Matxcova-Nxb Su that. Ha N6i 1987, tr. 547.
trong dieu kien cua n i n kinh t e thi trfldng 7. Tai lieudadSn. tr. 547.
Nghien ciiu Kinh tes6'8(483) - Thing 8/2018 3 J
Thay doi tif duy va quan diem ...
c h u y i n ciia cac ed phieu vdi tU each la h a n g hda vd'n ddu tU, cdng chung (cac cd ddng) da
"bd phieu tin nhiem" cd sU bao dam "bang vang" cua minh cho nhflng n g a n h , nhflng linh viie, nhflng cdng ty ma hp cho la cd trien vpng nha't. Dong thdi, cd che nay cdn giup moi ngudi ddu tfl p h a n t a n dfldc nguon von cd h a n eua minh vao n h i i u linh vflc de t r a n h nhflng rui ro khd t r a n h trong kinh doanh. Nhfl vay, sfl t h a m gia cd t i n h cha't xa hdi cua cdng chung vao cae quan hd sd hflu va qua t r i n h quan ly, lua chpn cd ca'u nganh... da trd t h a n h nhflng gdi y thflc t i l n thiet thuc dd'i vdi nhflng n h a hoach dinh chinh sach kinh t e d tdm vi md.
- Hinh t h a i ed' p h d n da thfle hien viee tach quyen sd hflu vdi quyen quan ly va sfl dung vd'n kinh doanh, ndn da t a n dung dude mdt each td't nha't nguon tai nguyeii kinh doanh khan hiem ciia xa hdi thdng qua ehd' dp "thue" cac n h a quan t r i doanh nghiep chuyen nghiep, do eac ed' ddng, tflc eac chu n h a n thflc sfl eua vd'n ddu tfl tie'n h a n h lua chpn. Do vay, t i n h cha't vd d a n h h a y nac danh cua hinh t h a i cd' p h d n h o a n toan khac vdi tinh eha't vd chu h mdt trong nhflng diem quan trpng la nd gan vdi ed ehe' sfl dung dUdc triet de nguon tai nguyen kinh doanh cua xa hpi thay vi de lang phi chung va do dd ma dat dUde hieu qua kinh te cao hdn.
- Viee ddu tU t u b a n r a nUdc ngoai dUdi hinh t h a i cd' phdn da true tie'p md rpng tinh eha't xa hdi hoa eua n i n san xua't xa hdi VUdt ra khdi pham vi mdi qud'e gia, khien eho xu hfldng qud'e te hoa ddi sd'ng kinh t6' md rdng ngay tfl trong b a n t h a n qua t r i n h san xua't.
- Che dp cd' phdn da tao r a hinh thflc t a p t r u n g nguon vd'n ddu t u cua xa hdi mdt caeh hflu hieu, gdp phdn to Idn giup h i n h t h a n h nen nen dai cdng nghiep d hdu k h a p mpi nude edng nghiep tien tien nhfl chung ta dfldc tha'y ngay nay. C. Mac va Ph. Angghen da tflng ndi, neu khong ed che dp cd' phdn, se khdng ed cae nganh edng nghiep dfldng s i t , van tai thuy...
Nhfl vay, t r o n g moi tfldng q u a n vdi eac h i n h thflc k i n h td' k h a e t r o n g k h u o n khd' eua kinh td' t h i trfldng, cd t h e coi h i n h t h a i c6' p h d n la loai h i n h to' chflc d a t t r i n h dp xa hpi hda cao nha't, t h i c h flng vdi t r i n h dp phat t r i i n r d t cao eua sfle san xua't xa hoi. Ve dieu nay, C. Mac da tflng n h a n xdt rdng, vdi viec t h a n h lap nhflng eong ty co pfadn "cd nhflng XI nghiep trflde k i a la cua chinh phu, n a y trd t h a n h nhflng xi nghiep xa hdi" va eac cdng ty cd' p h i n "true tie'p mang hinh t h a i t u b a n xa hpi (tfl b a n eua nhflng ca n h a n trfle tiep lien hiep lai vdi nhau) doi lap vdi tfl b a n t u n h a n ; cdn nhflng xi nghigp cua nd bieu h i e n r a la nhflng xi nghiep xa hpi dd'i lap vdi nhflng xi nghidp tU nhan"^
Them nfla, day "la d i i m qua dp ta't nhign de t u b a n lai trd t h a n h sd hflu cua nhflng ngfldi san xua't, nhUng khdng phai vdi tU each la sd hflu tU n h a n eua nhflng ngUdi san xua't rieng le nfla, m a vdi tU each ciia nhflng ngudi san xua't lien hiep, t h a n h sd hflu xa hpi trflc tie'p. M a t khac, cac cdng ty cd' phdn eung la diem qua dp de bien ta't ea nhflng chflc nang trong qua t r i n h t a i san xu^t eho dd'n nay edn gan l i i n vdi q u y i n sd hiiu tU ban, ddn t h u d n t h a n h nhflng ehfle nang ciia nhflng ngfldi san xua't xa hdi"^. D i i u nay co nghia la, theo each tiep can eua hoc thuyit hinh t h a i kinh t e — xa hpi eua chii nghia Mac t h i "Che dp co phdn... la sfl t h u tieu cdng nghiep tU n h a n t r e n cd sd ehinh ngay ban than ehe dp t u b a n ehii nghia; nd cang lan rpng ra va cang bao trflm nhflng n g a n h san xudt mdi, thi cang t h u tidu cong nghiep tii nhan"'°. N h a n k h i bidn t a p d l xua't b a n ban t h a o t a p thfl III bo Tfl b a n cua C.Mac, den va'n d l nay, n g a y tii n a m 1894, Ph.
Angghen da viet t h e m vao; "Tfl khi Mae viet nhflng ddng n a y eho den nay, ngfldi ta diu biet r a n g n h i i u h i n h t h a i mdi ve xi nghiep
8. C. MSc, Tu ban. Tap 3, Quy^n 3, Ph^n 1, Nxb T\6tt b6 Matxcova - Nxb Su that Ha N6i. 1986. tr. 534.
9.Tailieudad5n,tr.534.
10. Tai lieu da d§n, tr.534.
32 Nghien ciHj Kinh tesd'8(483) • Thing8/2018
Tliay doi tu duy vd quan diem ...
edng nghiep da p h a t trien, da'y la cong ty eo' phdn d bac 2 va bac 3. Tdc dp moi ngay mpt Idn ma ngay nay, ngfldi t a cd th^ day n h a n h san xua't d trong ta^t ca cac n g a n h cua n i n dai cdng nghiep..,".
Tom lai, trong k h u d n khd' ciia ed che kinh te thi trfldng, h i n h t h a i cd p h d n m a n g trong minh nd t i n h chat xa hoi hda san xua't sau sac, la kieu td' chflc s a n xua't p h u hdp vdi trinh dp p h a t trien ra't cao cua lUe lUdng san xuat va chiem vi t r i Uu t h e , phd bien trong cac n e n k i n h te thi t n i d n g hien dai. Vi vay, trong giai doan sdp tdi, n e n xem xet chinh sfla each dien dat ve" n i n kinh t l thi trudng dinh hfldng xa hdi chu nghia Viet Nam la n i n kinh te ed "nhieu h i n h thflc sd hflu", ma bd h a n cum tfl " n h i i u t h a n h p h d n kinh te*'.
Trflde day chia "thanh phdn" la de cai tao, nay khdng dat va'n d l cai tao nhfl trflde nfla thi CO the xem xet khong d u n g k h a i niem nay nfla. Va lai, trong ly t h u y e t kinh t e thi trflcfng hien dai, hdi n h a p qud'c te, ngfldi t a eung khong sfl d u n g k h a i niem nay. Mdt sfl phan chia theo each gpi hdp ly la n i n kinh te ed "nhieu hinh thfle sd hflu". D i n g thdi, cung nen xera xet viec cd cin nha't thiet phai ghi rdng "kinh te n h a nfldc la chu dao", "kinh te n h a nfldc va kinh t e t a p t h e ddn trd, t h a n h nen tang" hay khong, trong khi trflde do da khang dinh r a n g moi t h a n h p h a n kinh t e (thflc r a la mpi h i n h thflc sd hflu) deu binh dang? Thfle te thi eae n e n kinh t e thi trfldng khdng quan t a m den h i n h thflc sd hiiu, vi do la sU "phat trien tfl nhien" cua thi trudng. O Viet Nam hien nay cung ro: k i n h t l ca t h i (sd hflu ca nhan), k i n h t e ho (sd hflu hp gia (finh), kinh te hdp tae (sd hflu t a p the), kinh te' hon hdp (sd hflu cua n h i i u chii th§), sd hflu cd phdn, sd hflu cua FDI, sd hflu n h a nfldc..., deu binh dang trflde phap luat (x^t v l nguyen tdc t h i n h a n ) . C h u n g ehi khae n h a u
ve quy md k i n h doanh, each thflc lam an, each thflc td chflc, p h a n phcS Idi n h u a n , sfle m a n h thi trfldng, n a n g luc canh t r a n h . . . Khdng h i n h thfle sd hflu nao la doi tfldng p h a i cai tao, khdng ai dfldc la dd'i tUdng flu dai... Nhflng flu dai cd t h e cd nhflng d i u dfla t r e n cac tieu chi khae (linh vflc nganh nghe, cdng nghe, dia ban...) chfl khdng phai dfla t r e n tieu chi sd hiiu./.
TAI LifiU THAM K H A O
1. C. U&c, Tu ban. Tap 3, Quy^n 3, Phin 1, Nxb TiSn b6 Matxcova - Nxb Su that HS Nfli, 1986
2. C. Mac, Tu ban, Tap 3, Quy^n 3, Hiln 2. Nxb Tie'n b6 Matxcova - Nxb Su that. Hi nfli, 1986 va 1987.
3. C. Mac va Ph. Ang-ghen toan tap. Tap 4, Nxb Chi'nh tri qu6'c gia - Su that; H^ N6i, 1995.
4. V.I Lfi-nin, Toin tap. Tap 45, Nxb Tieh b6,1978 va Nxb Chmh tri qu6'c gia. Ha N6i. 2006.
5. C^c Van kien Dai hoi dai bi^u toan qude cua Ding.
6. Daniel Yergin va Joseph Stanislaw (2006), NhOng dinh cao chi huy - cudc chii'n vt nin kinh ti'the gidi, Nxb Tri thiJc.
7. Komai Janos (2002), He thd'ng xd hdi chii nghia, Nxb Van hoa - TTi6ng tm - H6i khoa hoc Kinh te Viet Nam, Ha Nfli.
8. Todd G. Buchholz (2007). t ludng mdi lit cdc kinh tegia lien bd'i, Nxb Tri thiic.
9. Mau Kie'n Nhan - Lfl Van Hoa (1996). Che dfl s6 hflu toan dan phai d^ cho mpi ngu6i cam nhan duoc, trong: Truong V^n M3n, T6ng Quang Mau, Trinh H6ng Lucmg, Chien Tidu Hdng va Vuong Loi Dan (Oiii bien, 1996), Kinh te Trung Qud'c dgi ludn chien. Tap 1, Nxb Quan 1^ kinh te'; Ban dich).
il.Tailieudad5n,u-.534
Ngay nhan bai: 2-6-2018 Ngky duyet dang: 3-7-2018
Nghien ciiu Kinh tesd'8(483) • Thing8/2018 33