NghMn dhi TingMo S5 MKK158), 2016,142-155 NGL'\T:N D U Y DOAI'
THd CUNG V i f c LE TRONG GIA DINH, D 6 N G Hp NGlTCd VIET d HUYEN DAO LY SON, QUANG NGAI
Tdm tat: Thd cung viic li (thd ciing td lien) Id niim tin tdn gido ddc tha eua ngudi Vift a huyin ddo Ly San. Hiin nay, tdt ed cdc dong hp lan a huyen ddo Ly San nhu: Phgm Khde, Phpm Van.
VoXudn. Vo Vdn, Li. Dpng, Nguyin. Duang. Truang. Trdn. Vo.
Nguyen Dinh. Nguyin Vdn. U, v.v., diu duy tri nghi thuc eiing li Bdi nghi thuc cting ndy khong ehi thi hiin sp tri dn ddi vdi td tien, nhang vi tiin bdi ed cdng md con biiu hiin tinh cd kit thdn tpc. ddng hp vdi nhau. Ngodi ra. nghi thdc ciing vifc li ciing cdu mong suphu hp dp tri cua td tiin eho todn gia tpc dupe an khang. thinh vupng trdnh nhang diiu du trong cupe sdng.
Thdng qua phuang phdp diin dd, bdi viit trinh bdy mpt sd net ea bdn ve nghi thire ciing ti ciia lopi hlnh thd cung ndy dudi gdc nhin vdn hda vd lich sic.
Tir khda: Thd ciing, vifc le, tdtien, ngudi Vift. LySan, Qudng Ngdi 1. Din nhdp
Hign nay, vigc nghign cuu vl vdn hda ddi sdng cpng dong cua cu dan vung ven bign, vdng biln ddo ndi chung vd cu ddn huy^n dao LJ>
Son ndi rigng dang dupe nhilu ngdnh khoa hpc quan tam. Thdng 10/2014, Ban Kinh tl Tmng uong vd Tinh uy Qudng Ngai da tl chue hpi taao qude gia vg Dinh hudng phdt triin vd ca ehi. chinh sdeh dgc thu eho huyin ddo Ly San. Hpi thdo dua ra nhiing vin dk kinh tl xa bpi cua huygn dao Ly Son, tuy nhign chua taly dl cdp din nhdng gid U, ddi sdng vdn hoa tinh thin cua gia dinh sg dnh hudng ra sao hrong qud trinh phdt triln kinh tl. VI vdy, ehdng tdi mudn tlm hilu Tha cung vifc li ctia ngudi Vift a huyin ddo Ly San. Qudng Ngai nhdm myc di'ch chi ra nhirng gid tri thl hign trong nghi thuc ndy, bgn
^ S ^ . Khoa Vi^t Nam hpc. Trudng D,i hpe Khoa hpc Xa hpi vi Nhin vin Tp. Hd
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j , ^UienZhiiOrM. Thd ajng viec IS bong gia dinh.. 143
is \
I
canh dd cdn gidp higu hon vl lieh su hinh taaid, tpe ngudi Viet d vdng bien ddo ndy. Ngodi ra. ndi dung bai vilt eiing neu ldn nhung tuomg ddng vd khde bigt cua vigc ll so vdi hlnh tauc thd cdng viec ll vung Nam Bp.
2. Mpt so quan niem va niem tin lien qnan
Vg IJf tauylt, chung tdi van dyng chuc nang ludn (Functionalisra) cua Bronislaw Malinowski. Trudng phai nay nhdn manh chiic ndng tdm sinh ly cua nghi lg, bdi mpi tap tyc dlu cd sy mong quan vdi tit cd nhung tap tue kbdc dl tada man nhung nhu elu sinh hoc cua cd nhan tadng qua phucmg tign vdn hda.
Ddi vdi ngudi Vigt d huyen dao Ly Son tai tad cung vigc ll Id nhdm tag hign hdnh vi cua minh tadng qua nghi tauc cdng hdng ndm.
Sy Idp di Idp lai ly frd tadnh tyc Ig vi nd dupe hinh tadnh ttong qud ttinh khai rauong, lap Ip cua nhung vj tiln hiln', hdu hiln d huygn ddo L^ Son cua ngudi Vift vd dupe duy tti din ngdy nay. Vi tai, trong tam thuc cua moi ngudi dan d day ludn hudng vl epi ngudn id tign cua minh. Diiu ndy dupe bilu hign qua nghi taiic tad cung vigc
|g. Day Id vdn hda tam linh ehua dyng nhilu gid trj vdn hda vd dao higu cua cu dan ndy. Nhihig ddng hp Idn dlu cd tu dudng. Id noi tl ty chung cua cd ddng tpc. Vdo djp cdng tl vigc ll, eon ehdu, bd con din tu dudng dl lo vigc chung cua ddng hp, cdn vi^e phung tad tai do ngudi con tt^i oviing tpc dam nhigm.
Qua nhung dpt diln da vdo tadng 3/2013 vd tadng 3/2015, ehdng tdi dupe biit cdc tpc hp d Ly Son cdng vigc ll vdo nhung ngdy kbdc nhau 0-ong tadng 2 hodc tadng 3 am ljeh. Chlng ban, hp Pham Vdn d An Vinh cung vigc ll chi'nh vdo ngdy 20/2, ngdy 17/2 thi td chirc ll nhdp yIt; hp Vd Vdn cdng ngdy 12/2; hp Dinh d An Hai cdng ngdy 20/2; hp Le d An Hdi cung ngdy 19/2; hp Truong Dinh cung ngdy 21/2. Nghi thuc cung vigc le cung bao ham quan nigra cua Tam gido, nhu un vdo sy thuong xdt nhirng vong linh cua Phat giao, tin vdo sy tdn ti cua Khdng gido va su dyng biia phep dl cdng kilng cua Dao giao tbdng qua nghi tauc va vdn cdng.
Quan nifm ciia Khdng gido: Khdng Tu da vilt: Kinh ky sd ton. di ki- sd thdn. sutunhusu sinh. su vong nhu su tin, hiiu ehi chi dd.
i
1** Nghl#n cuU Tdn gido. 569810 - 2016 Tam djeh: Ki'nb nhiing ngudi cha ra? da tdn ttpng, ygu nhung ngirdi cha me da yeu min, tad cha m? Idc chit nhu khi dang edn sdng, luc mil rdi cung nhu Ide cdn song, l y Id hilu din rit myc vdy*
Thd cdng viec ll cua ngudi Vigt vdn xuit phdt tir vige lly chu
"hieu" lam dau, tai hien long hilu d l cua con ehdu vdi cha ra?, dng bd, cdc bac tien nhdn vd cung nhdra y taire vl epi ngudn. Diiu dd, tai hign su tdn ti uong gia dinh, gia tpc tadng qua "hilu, kfnh, nhdn" taeo quan niem Khing gido.
Quan nifm cm Phgt gido: Trong tad cdng vigc l l d huygn ddo LJ?
Son tai quan nigm cua Phat gido cung cd rapt vai ttri rat quan ttpng nhu vigc bd tai cho chdng sinh, nhirng ara Unh, cd bin tadng qua nhigu hlnh tauc nhu: tdi th,', phdp taf, vd dy tai' hay cung Tam Bdo, lam vigc taign nhdm hdi hudng cdng diic din "cim huyln talt td", tir vd lupng kigp d l hudng vl noi chdnh ddng, chdnh gidc, cdnh Cyc l?c Tay phuong. Nhd nghien euu Nguyin Lang da vilt nhu sau:"rrai ddn chdn ti gpi Id difm khdu phd iMphdp hpi di bd thi thik dn cho lodi quy doi, cho nen trong li thi thuc thl mdi con nga quy deu cd thuc dn di dn Li ky siiu bpt hp ndy rdt thinh hdnh a Trung Hoa vdo ddi Dudng. cang pho bien vdo ddi nhd Trdn a Viit Nam'"* Theo Phdt gido, thap loai cd hdn gom mudi loai cua tic sanh vd luc dgo\ Thd cung vigc ll Id sy tai hign cdi tam cua ngudi cung bdng d?o hilu, d?io h^nb cua minh vdi tiln nhan, tag hign ldng "tri an bdo dn" cua con chdu vdi dng bd. Dd cung Id tinh tain "uing nude nhd ngudn" cua ngudi Vigt.
Quan nifm eua Dpo gido: Trong nghi thuc cung vigc ll tai cung cau sigu cho nhOng vong hdn udng tir, chit bit die ky tu khdng ai tad ty cung dupe nhdng gia tpc td chirc tl ll mpt cdch trang nghigm, bdi nguoi Vigt d huygn ddo Ly Son cho ring: nhiing dm hdn taudng gay ra nhirng tai uong, djch bgnh cho gia dinh, ddng hp. Chdng han, ngdy 20/2 ndm At Miii (2015), ll chdnh tl cdng vigc ll t,i tir dudng hp Pham Vdn - xd An Vinh dd ldm ll ting dn. Tuy theo rail ddng hp hay dieu kien^kmh te ma vigc id chuc do phdp su chu tri hay hp tpc dung ra hdnh le. Ndi dung bdi cung cd cau: "Tdng Vuang' hdnh khiin ngu dgo hdnh binh chi thdn. Um Tdo phdn quan bdng long „„y vuang chi than. Hanh on Thdi thupng Nguyen Sodi Trd ludng qudn. Quan Am
^UienDifi/Qc^i. Thci ajng viec le bong gia ttinh.. 145 hdrih binh dpi vmmg himg san. Thdnh Hodng dpi vuang, Duang Kiin
tho dpi ehdnh thdn" vai myc dicb Id td su hdnh khiln se long di, giai ttir Id ma, dich bgnh, nhiing tai uong Uong nam ma hp da gap.
Nhd nghien cuu Huynh Ngpc Trang cho ring: "ddi vdi Dao giao:
dm hdn gdm mpi tdng lop cua xd hdi. tu vua din ddn. tir con nguai din con triing thii vdi'\ Ngudi ddn quan nigra ara bin cung cd quyln ndng chi phdi ttong cupe sdng, cho nen ngudi ta phdi cdng kilng mdt cdch chu ddo de elu mong dupe sy phii hd, che chd, ddng tadi cung ttdnh nhiing tdc h?i cua dm bin*. Nhu vdy, nghi tauc cdng vigc l l eung Id rapt hg tadng cua hdnh vi nhdm bilu hign long tdn kfnh cua ddng hp vdi t l tien cung nhu nhung vong Iinh, am bin, ding tadi tai hign nhOng nguygn vpng, udc mong chi'nh ddng eua con ngudi Uudc cupe sdng ddy ray nhung khd khdn, bit tt^.
Theo chdng tdi, tad cdng vigc ll Id mpt phong tyc ttuyln taing tdt d?p, dd dnh hudng tfch eye din rail cd nhdn, ddng hp nhdm tai hign cdch ung Xli vg chuan myc ludn ly, dao due, ldi sdng, nip sing cua ngudi Vigt d huygn dao Ly Son. Diiu ndy khdng chi tai hign dao hilu cua ngudi Vigt d huygn ddo Ly Son md cdn phu hpp vdi ttr ttrdng Nho gia, bdi tad edng vigc l l eung gdp phin bdo dam tdn ti ttdi ttr ttong gia dinh, ddng hp eho tdi quIc gia'. 6 huygn ddo Ly Son, nhftng ddng hp cd nhiing vj tiln hign, nhftng ngudi cd cdng khai hoang Idp Ip ni nhftng ndm dau tai ky XVII d dao ndy tai sg dupe cpng ding tadnh lap noi tad ngng, dupe gpi Id nhd tad tiln hiln, hay nhung "chiln si ttan vong" cua Hodng Sa, Trudng Sa ngdy xua da dupe cpng ding ttrdng nhd bdng U Khao li thi Unh Hodng Sa. Qua dd, cung nhim tai hign tinh tain dodn ket, dilm bpe cua mdi tadnh vign uong ddng hp, cpng ding.
3. Cdch bai tri v^ nghi le thd cung vifc l l
Theo chdng tdi, do diiu kign mdi ttudng sing cua cpng ddng ngudi Viet o huygn dao Ly Son nen nhung sdc tadi cung vigc ll cung anh huong ,'t nh,gu ddu an vdn hda biln tu gdc nhin dia - van hda. bdi vigc dio cdng ndy dd ttd tadnh mpt phdn khdng tai tailu ttong ddi sdng tdm linh ciia ngudi Vigt noi ddy.
Vl each bdi ttf tai qua khdo sat, chung tdi nhdn tady cd su kbdc bigt o md, ddng hp, nhu:
I
146 Nghien cuU Tdn giao. 569810 - 2016 Cdch bai tn d Tir dirdng hg Nguyin (xa An Hdi)
Ciia
Tay Traeh
Cachb
Tien Cdng
Ban cdng ngodi sSn ai t n d
DyHau 11 Hihi Ban
D6ng Trd
Tir duiimg hp Biu (xa An Hai) Khdm Tdm
Dign Tien C6ng
TdBan Ciia ra vdo" —
Ban eung ngodi san
Quang Tien
. . .
Vl vfit phim eung:
Thdng taudng tiong le nhdp yet vat phlra gdm cd: chdo, bdnh khd, gao, muli, niu cau, gd, tajt, binh hoa, tti, rupu, vdng ma, edn le chfnh te tai nhilu ddng hp taudng ldm ll kinh sinh mpt eon heo, tajt gd, cd, uau, nrpu... Ngdy xua, ll vat cung vigc ll cua cdc ddng hp taudng cd mpt tauc cung rieng, nhu: hp Ph^m thi cd dai gdi cd nhdm; bp Duong dli cd ba con gd lupe; hp Phan thl cd cd nudng nguygn con; hp Vd tai cung tam sinh nhucd nudng, cua ludc gd, v.v.. Ddy Id nhihig tauc eung bdt bupc phdi cd uong ll cung vigc ll'". Vigc bdy vdt phim cdng nhu vdy cung raang rapt quy udc Uong nghi le phu hpp vdi tdng t ^ hp. Dd Id rapt "kJ? higu vdn hda" dupe tai hign qua phlra vdt nhu Id m^t san phdm cua vdn hda, mpt bilu nrpng cua vdn hda chua dyng nhihig tadng digp cua cdc tai hg ttong qud khu, dl sau ndy con chdu nhdn ra ngudi didn, hp hdng cua minh. Bdi kji uc vdn hda dupe luu gift trong "vd tauc
Nguyin Duy Doai. Thd cung viec le bong gia tfinh... 147 tap tag", dupe ciu didnh tdm tauc vdn hda, tdm taire cua ddn tdc nhdm
bigu dat rapt sy tdng hda cua huu tauc vd vd tauc, cua nr duy vd finh cam. nigm tin vd ttf hrong ttipng, nhftng hinh tauc tti mg cua cdng ddng vd nhung khudn mdu van hda". Mdt sd nhd nghien cim d Nam Bd cung cho rdng: "tauc cung khde nhau dupe coi nhu la mdt quy udc va tin higu dg con chdu ttong hp nhdn bill nhau tttn budc dudng luu lac ttgn nhftng vimg ddt khac nhau"". Ddng tadi, cung nhde nhd con chdu vl cudc sdng khd nhpc cua td tten. Nhung ngdy nay, nhung phlra vdt cdng dieo phong tue ttuyln taIng cua moi ddng hp da md nhat, taay vdo dd la nhftng tauc cdng dupe cbl biln ngon, b l dudng dupe dang cung nhdm bilu hign dnh cdra cua con chdu vdi tiln nhan.
Ve thanh phin tham d\f
6ng tpc ttudng Idm chu t l vd edc hp tpc uong chi phdi ttong ddng tpc taam dy. Vj ttf dung bdi cua cdc tadnh vign ttong ban tl ll dupe quy djnh rd rdng. Tnrdng tpc Id ngudi chu ll dung d bdn tad giua vd cdn cd hai ngudi Id boi tl, ngudi dung chfnh d ban tad phfa Ddng Id mrdng ni cua chi phdi tad nhll, ngudi dung chi'nh d bdn tad phfa Tdy Id ttudng ni cua chi phdi tau hai, ngudi dung chfnh d bdn cdng ngodi san la chi phdi did ba. Tir vj uf dung bdi t l tign rdt d l nhdn ra tau bac ttong ddng hp.
Ngodi ra, cdn cd ngudi phy ttdch xudng nghi tauc ttong liic tl, ban chip sy vd ban nhac le. Nhftng ngudi taam dy Uong nghi tauc ndy edm thdy dupe an nhien. phudc lanh nhu tilp tau rapt nguin ndng lupng mdi d l the hign nhftng udc nguygn nhdm giai bdy tam nigm cua rainh nhu mong mua tauan gid hda, mua mdng bpi tau, gia dinh an khang tainh virpng.
Ve nghi thire cung te
Cdng v i ^ ll dupe Aye hign taeo 3 budc Id so hiln ll, d hiln ll vd Chung hien ll'^ cung gidng nhu nghi tauc eung d edc Lan, Milu, £Mnh nhdm dst tdi rapt myc dfch Id gidi Ida nhftng ndi bit an cua con ngudi d cupe sdng ttan tyc, d l dua hp din gin hon vdi tai lye sieu nhien md hp tin ludng. Bdi nghi ll cd chuc ndng giup ldng eudng sue raanh cua cpng ddng. nhu William A. Haviland dd vilt: "Nghi l l dupe taye bign ttong tadi ky khung hoang hay biln cd Idn ndo dd cua cpng ding cu ddn. myc dfch dg gidp cho mpi tadnh vign uong cpng ddng d6 gdn bd vdi nhau hon" .
148 Nghien cdu Tdn gido. 569810 - 2016 Theo nhdn tadc cua chdng tdi, dd cdch bdi trf, vdt phdm hay tadnh phdn taam du ed khde giua cdc ddng hp nhung cd cdng chung mpt digm dd la nghi taire cdng vd mau vdn bdi tl. Trudc hit "edng vigc ll" taeo phong tue tad edng td tign dd nhd tad tpe khdng ehi Id noi tad cdng thuy td md cdn tad cdng chung eho ca ddng hp cd ngudi da mit qua bin ddi gpi la ngdy higp ky'' Trong nhung dpi dign dd, qua quan sdt vd phdng vdn sau vl nghi taiic cdng vi?e ll cua edc tdc hp Pham Vdn, Lg, Truang, Mai, Nguygn, chdng tdi nhdn taly Orong ll nhdp yIt dl tl cdo tnnh tl tign, ding tadi cung thinh tl lien vg dy, cdc tdc hp dlu tai hi^n trong bdi vdn cdng. Chdng h?n, d hi dudng hp Pham tai npi dung vdn edng nhu sau: "Thdi tai td khao Pham phu qudn chi chon linh. Thdi tai Id ty Nhy Nbon ehi chon linh.
Cao cao cao Cao Binh Quan Ph^un tay tl khao chi ebon linh.... Cao cao cao Cao id Cd Hodng dk Cao Bmh Quan Pham Ti?n Diiu phy nhom chi chon linh"'*, hay d tir dudng bp Le: "Thupng thinh thuy tl dg nhdt lang Kinh Trigu Qudn Lg Cdng Tri?u tign cdng chi tyu vj.
Phyng tainh taupng cao Id Kinh Trifu Quin Lg Vdn Duong chi tyu vj. Phung tainh taupng cao tl Kinh Trigu Qudn Lg Vdn Th^ch chi tyu vi. Phyng tainh taupng cao tl Kinh Trifu Qujin Lg Vdn Bdi chi tyu vj. Phyng thinh thupng cao tl Kinh Trifu Qudn Le Vdn Thigu chi tyu vj..."'' Trong vdn tl cdng vigc ll cua hp Pb?im Vdn cdn cd ndi dung: "Nhi huylt linh cam ung chi tit thdng elu chi tit ung, tu nhcm tafch phdng, xudn tilt thudng nign, tpc npi fr^ch dit kilt nhyt diigt le elu an. Trgn gia dinh con chdu Pbjim tpe tung so nifm chi ttung nign than eudng ttdng kign, mang vj binh an, tai n^n deh n?in tan tigu Uu, taign cdn tdng trudng, phdc lac nien trudng. Ngudng l?i tdn linh am phd mdc trp, phye vpng ddm ldm, trgn tnnh cdo yIt nhut nign"", hay hp Dinh cung cd npi dung: "Ding lai chung ddng chi nghi bdo hp sy hodn phyng nghinh tien linh bdo hp todn tfc nam nft dai tigu ddng gia mdn khuang tadi, bd vat hdm hanh ndng ngu danh dianh, gia xuit quin hdnh kg tru mdng quy tadng tdn taanh phdt, ddu mach tdng vinh ndng tauong bpi lpi. Ngudng I?, tien linh bdo hp todn tpc chi gia phudc gia"". Thdng qua npi dung cdc bdi vdn tl cua cdc tpc bp trgn, cd thl taly ring ngodi sy elu mong dp tri cho gia dinh dupe Im no hanh phdc, ndng ngu hung thjnh thi trong vdn tl cung tag hign tinh thin hilu hda, nhdn nghia cua Khdng gido.
Nguyin Duy £)oai. Thd cdng viec ie bong gia ilinh... 149
_ Nhu vdy, cdng vigc ll ngudi Vigt d huygn ddo L^ Son da tai hifn mgm tin qua nghi tauc vd van tl rit sau dam ttong tara tauc cua moi ddng hp. Khi kit tauc nghi ll tai ttudng tdc se ghi ten mii nhftng ngudi chgt da man tang vdo pho y cua tdc hp, cdn nhftng ngudi chit md chua mil tang thi chua dupe ghi, cho ngn nghi tauc, each bdy edng cho ngudi chet chua mdn tang dupe tailt tti rigng tten rapt ban edng nhd.
^ Vg tadi gian to chuc ll chfnh tl taudng vdo rang sang hoac ttua tuy tpc hp. Sau khi tl ll xong, tdc hp radi edc taanh vien ttong ho hang, phdp su dy tife ddi. Dac bift Id dk td long bill on vdi tady phdp su tai tpc hp sg ttinh mpt mam friu, cau, dia tail sudn vd mdt ft tiln, nhung ngu phdp su dd Id ngudi ttong hp tde hp tai khdng nhan tiln vi day cung Id edng vigc ehung cua ddng hp.
Ve y nghia ciia nghi le cung vifc le
^ Phan lg tag hign sy kfnh cin ttang nghigm tadng qua vifc sdp xIp lg vdt, cung nhu tai hign su tadnh kfnh ttong nghi tauc khin vdi, dpe vdn tg. Nhung hinh tauc ttgn la cdch hudng ndi tam, nilm tin, udc nguygn cua ddng tpc, cua mii ngudi din tai gidi tdm linh nhim elu xin nhftng diiu tdt ldnh. Cd tai ndi, do chi'nh Id "vd tauc cua tdp ta^'^"
bdi le vifc duy til rapt tap tyc ttong edng ddng ngudi Vift d buyfn ddo Ly Son giing nhu mpt tau "gen" vdn hda tinh tain, mpt tau di ttuygn vdn hda, dd gdn kit ttong ehilu sau tdm tauc cua hp nhdm tdc dyng tfch cyc gido dye
sdu sdc, nhu mpt tdc nhdn cd ti'nh cd kit cpng ddng cung nhu gia tpc, td tien. Karl Gustave Jung cho rdng: "cdi vd tauc"
khdng cd tfnh chit ty nhign md cd ti'nh chit vdn hda va nd ra ddi vdo budi binh minh cda lich
K
han loai ttong kinh DI,, . , - . . , J '^'^^•'llmh Tf Tin nhgn tilf cia ho
;m tam ly tap tae, Phgm.xdAnHdi
nen gpi Id "cdi vd thirc (^nh Duy Dodi, thdng 3/2015)
150 Nghien culi Tdn gite. 569810 - 2016 tap tag" cdn nhumg dang elu mie so khai tai dng gpi Id "ed mdu" cua cai vd tauc tap tae. Vi vdy, khi ngudi Vigt sinh song d vdng ddt mdi nhung hp vdn nhd vl cd huong, epi nguon. mudn tim kilm lai ljeh dfch taye cua minh md khdng cin dua tttn rdiihig tieu chudn cua xd hdi vd giai cap ma nd dya vdo huylt tadng vd di tifuyin sinh hpc, dung hom la di tiuyln van hda. Diiu ndy da dupe chdng tdi tim hilu tadng qua cdc ddng hp d Ly Son nhu hp Pham Vdn hay hp Duong, hp Lg.
Ddc bigt, cdng vigc ll cdn taye hign nhimg quan nigm kbdc, nhu nhilu ndm lign tdc hp gdp nhilu rui ro trong cupe sdng dd se tl chuc ll yIt vd sau do td chuc nhilu dgm liln cho le elu an, chu binh thudng ehi id chuc lg chi'nh. Khi chdng tdi taam dy cung vigc ll tai hp Pb^rni Vdn d An Vinh vdo ndm 2015 tai bit dlu ll nhdp yIt vdo ngdy 17/2 dm ljeh keo dai din ngdy 20/2 dm Ijch. Hp Phara Vdn cho rdng ll nh^p yIt kgo ddi nhdm tao su tauan lpi cho con chdu d xa vl, hay di ddnh bit xa bd dg ed tadi gian vl tham dy, nhdn ngdy cdng vifc ll cung tai hifn Idng til an td tign, cung nhu dip dl anh em, bd con gin nhau hon tiong tinh didn dodn kgt, tirong ttp nhau frong cupe sing. Day Id vifc lam mang tfnh gido due frong gia dinh vd ky cuong, nin nip gia phong ngn Uuygn tadng dupe bao tin, ll nghi frat ty dupe tdn frpng. Tu nilm tin vd f thuc cua gia dinh, gia tpc, cdi ngudn eua minh frong ddi sing tdm linh nen cd vai frd gdp phin trong cl kit cpng ddng. Id sue manh cho cpng ddng. Nhd ylu Id f tadc vl epi nguin dk cung cl nang cao gid ttj dao ly frong xa hpi, dl khi tilp xdc vdi nin vdn hda khde khdng Idm mdt di gid frj vdn hda cua chi'nh gia tpc hay dan tpc rainh.
Bgn canh dd, vifc tad edng vigc ll cdn thl hign d?io hilu. Diiu ndy dupe cpng ddng ngudi Vigt d huygn dao Ly Son coi nhu rapt tigu chudn quan frpng vg dao diic tmyin thing cua gia tpc. Hp quan nigm rdng: "duong sao dra vdy", eon ngudi cd linh bin "thdc Id tai phdch cdn Id tinh anh" (Truygn Kilu), dd hlnh hdi td tign da khdng cdn nhung hnh hdn vin luon hign hifn vdi con chdu, ding thdi con ehdu phd, f tauc vigc dn d phai dao, gin gift gia phong, cung cl gia tpc tl tien cua minh, khdng dupe ldm nhftng vigc sai pham. Diiu ndy dupe die h,gn trong nhftng cdu dli freo d tu dudng cua cde ddng hp Pham Vdn hay hp Le nhu:
"Thupng hda ha myc, nhdn nhan khde thigu tai tdn vinh
^uiyiOMyOeai. ThdOMig viic le bong gia ainh... 151 tiitc ray cdng cao tae thl tuong taua rainh hilu nghia"
Tam djeh:
Tren tauan dudi hda, ngudi ngudi ghi khde dk tdn vinh Due rpng on cao, ddi ddi soi sang long hilu nghia.
DC, d ddu tai cung vigc ll la mdt fruyin tadng dd taanh tadi, taanh lg nhdra tudng nhd id tien, nhftng bac tiln nhan ttong qud ttinh khai hoang, lap dp cua ngudi Vigt, cung nhu vat phdm edng du dam bae, don so dgu la "ky higu rieng"^' nhu ky ue vdn hda dupe chuyin giao tu tag hg ndy sang tai hf khac. Vi vdy, tad edng vigc lg mang gid ttj vd y nghia nhdm hudng din dao ly "udng nude nhd ngudn", nen vl mdt tdm tauc dii d vung miln ndo cung dlu khdng khac bigt, khdng thay ddi.
Ngodi cdc dilm tuong ding tt-gn cdn ed nhung dilm khde bigt.
chdng h^n nhu d Nam Bp, tad cdng vigc ll la sy tai hien lai cupe sing nhpc nhan, co cyc cua dng bd, tl tign tadi xua di khai hoang, rad cdi d vung ddt ndy, tag hien qua cdch bay tauc cung chi dpn ugn bdn hojc chigu ttai dudi dit ngodi sdn, bdt bdng gdo dua, dua lam bing than cpng cay Idc. thuc cung dlu Id nhumg mdn dn mpc mac, don so phdn dnh hodn canh sing thilu thdn nhu cd Idc nudng ttui" Vigc Id chuc Cling cung cd sy luan phign nhau tiong cdc chi cua ddng hp nhung d viing Tmng Bp (ttudng hpp huygn ddo Ly Son) tai cdng viec ll chi id chuc d tu dudng cua ddng hp, kinh phi do cdc chi cua tpc hp ddng gdp vdi nhau dii ft hay nhieu. Theo chdng tdi bill, hign nay cdc tu dudng cua tpc hp dupe xay dyng mdi nhu hp Bui, hp Ddng, hp Nguyen vdi kinh phf gdn mpt ty rudi cung do cdc chi vd con chdu sinh sdng ttong cd nutJc ddng gdp.
Cdng vigc lg la vigc cua ddng hp dd d Nam Bp bay Trung Bp cung dgu thg hign sy gdn kit tu gia dinh din ddng hp, nhung d huygn ddo Ly Son cung vigc le lai cd sy tilp nil ylu tl tam linh cua ddng hp ra cpng ding dupe tai hign trong nghi tauc Tl Ifnh Hodng Sa, nhu mdt ddng m?ch tdm tauc cua ngudi Vigt thdng qua nghi thuc cdng tl nhftng ngudi binh phu, ngudi linh Hodng Sa ngdy xua. Nd cung dd dupe thg hign trong bdi vdn tl cung vigc lg cua hp Pham Id "ehiln si tt-dn vong" nhdm tudng nhd din nhftng anh linh vi nude quen tadn.
152 Ngh^n cdu Ton gido. .S5'i»70-.?Oitf Mdt net van hda tdm linh ni vo thiic trong niim tin cua mpt tpp thi gia Snh, dong hp <?d chuyin sang vo thiic eua niim tin trong cpng ddng, ma hien nay Li Khao li thi linh Hodng Sa dupe tdi bign l?i. Ddy Id nhung bieu hign ehju sy tdc dpng m?inh mg bdi nhftng tuong tdc giua cdc ygu td ndi sinh bin viing vdi nhung tde dpng rtr ben ngodi nhdm cung cd ldm phong phd horn hf gid tii edt ldi cua rapt nin vdn hda, didm chf din din nhung chuyin biln vl chit tt«n phuang tifn bf gid tti-^ Nhftng gid tti van hda dJc ttung eua cdng vifc l l Id nhdm gido due tag hf con chdu v l ttuyln tadng gia tpc cung nhu ldng ty hdo vdi nhung tag he cha dng taud ttirdc md sdng tdt hon. Vi vdy, tad cung vigc lg khdng chi tai hifn ldng tii dn vdi dng bd t l tign eua ddng hp md cdn mdng nhd din nhung ngudi Ifnh da hy sinh, nhftng chiln si ti^ vong vi ehu quyln cua Td qude.
4. Kit ludn
Nhu vdy, dudi gdc nhin vdn hda vd ljeh su, tad cung vifc ll d buyfn ddo L^ Son Id mpt phong tyc mang nhilu gid tii nhdm tai hifn sy tafch nghi vdi diiu kifn sing cua ngudi Vift, khdi phdt td ylu t l nigra tin tdn gido cua gia dinh da md rpng tadnh cua cf ng ding. Diiu ndy da tao ngn nhftng dde frung vdn hda rigng d buyfn dao L5! Son.
Diem ndi bat md chdng tdi nhan taly: dd khdng ehi Id vifc ttil hifn tinh taan dao higu, fri an, bdo an vdi nhftng tiln nhan frong ddng hp rad cdn tag hign ti'nh cd kit cpng ding frong gia dinh, ddng tfc./.
CHt) THJCH:
*:" ™ f f" ' ' 1 " ' '^^" ' ^ ^ •"'" ''^" ^^° ^y Stm vdo khodng culi tae ky XVI dau the ky XVII. Hg Id nhihig cu dan huygn Binh Son San Tinh. Quang Ngai. O Ly Son cd tad 15 vj tiln hign ciia 15 ddng hp khde nhau dupe xem Id nhihig ngudi dlu tign din khai phd viing dit. Dd Id cde tgc hp: P h ^ Khac Phpm Vdn, Vo Xudn, Vd Vdn, Lg, Nguygn, DJng, Duong, Tmong, Trin, Vo, Nguyin Dinh, Nguyin Vdn, Lg.
]j ' ^ " f '^"^. <'''<^h vd binh gidi) (2011), 7-1^ Thu Binh Gidi- Udn Ngir - Manh Tu - Dai Hpc -Trung Dung, Nxb. Tdn gido. Hd Npi- 23 ^ Gido hp. Phdt gido Vigt Nam, Phdn vign Nghign cuu Phdt hoc (20041 Tir d,en Phg, hpc Hdn Vie,. Nxb. Khoa hpc xd hpi. Hd Npi- 176
Nguyen^Lang (2000,, Viet Nam Phdt gido su ludn, Nxb. Vdn hpc. Hd 1
Nguyen IXiy Dodi. Thd cung viic le bong gia dinh... 153
5 Tu sinh/sanh cd bin loai: Thai sinh nhu loai ngudi d ttong taai me taanh the roi sau mdi sinh ra; Noan sinh nhu chim d Dong ttung taanh tag rli moi sinh ra; Thap sinh nhu con ttimg dua vao chi dm thap md tau hlnh- Hoa smh Id khdng nuong tya vao ddu, chi dya vao nghiep luc md bong khoi la,, nhu Chu thien, Bja ngye va chung sinh taud kigp so. Lye dao gom: Dia nguc, Nga quy. Sue sanh, Awla, Nhan gian, Thien taupng Sdu duong ndy chfnh Id sdu dudng luan hdi cua chung sinh. (Gido hoi Phat gao V,?t Nam, Phan vien Nghign cuu Phdt hoc (2004), Tir Sin Phdt hoc Man Vift, sdd: 682, 1451.
6 Day Id m^t frong mudi hai vj c5 hdn, cu mil nam cd vi hdnh khiln khac nhau. Chdng h,n, td nam Tf den ndm Hpi tai mdi ndm cd mot vi hanh khien, nhu: Chau vuong, Trigu vuong, Ngyy vuong, Trinh vuong, Sd vuong, Ngo vuong. Tan vuong, Tong vuong, Tg vuong, L6 vuong Vigt vuong vd Uru vuong. Trong bdi vdn cung md chung toi tau thdp ^Mpc vdo ndm 2015 th, cd v, hdnh khign Id Tong vuong. Nhung 12 vi hdnh khien do vdo ngdy mimg 3 tit dlu dupe ngudi dan cting, boi 12 vi dy Id 12 v! thupe sao Thdi Tue, nrpng uung cho chu ky 12 nim. 12 cung tir T«
aen Hpi, moi v, cai quan mpt ndm, c6 nhiem vy taay Ngpc Hodne ndne coi mpi vi?c tren tae gian. s e
xua vd 7 Huynh Ngpc Trang, Tmong Ngpc Tudng (1999). Dinh Nam Bd
nay, Nxb. Dong Nai: 138.
8 Nguyin Duy Dodi (2015), "Nghi taire Tl ll Am hin d huygn ddo Ly Son - Quang Ngai', Phdt trien Khoa hgc - Cong nghe, tap 18, si 2.
9 http://www.bienphongvietnam.vn/lich-su-van-hoa/tin-nguonE-ton-
giao/329-mtg03.httnl * 10 Hpi Vdn nghg ddn gian Vigt Nam (2008), Vdn hda biin Miin Tnmg vd
Van hda bien Tdy Nam Bp, Nxb. Tir dign Bdch khoa, Hd Npi- 246 11 Nguygn Tri Nguygn (2010), "VSn hda hpc - Nhihig phuong dign lign
ngdnh vd ung dyng", Tnrdng D?i hpc Vdn hda Tp. Ho Chf Minh- 128 12 Phan Kim Thoa (2009), "Cung vigc lg - Mpt sinh ho?t vSn hda lu tadi
khan hoang cua luu dan ngudi Vigt (Qua cdch tauc ciing cua hp Phan d huy?n Chdu Thdnh, Long An)", Khoa hpc xd hpi, ^07 (131).
13 Ll thuc "so Win, d hiln, chung hiln" Id nghi thOrc dang mpu chi cd ttong cung dmh, gio tpc hp hojc cdc le ldn. "So hiln ll" Id nghi tauc dang mpS lan tau nhat, a hien le" nghi tauc dang nrpu lln tair hai, "chung hign ll"
nghi tauc dang rupu lan thir ba.
'"* I ? r?"!^." ^,?',?J^^^- ^''"" '""'' ^^' ^ " ^ « ' N^b. Dai hpc QuIc gia Tp Ho Chi Mmh: 176. •» o- f 1.-^ Nhihig tii-n nhdn da khult tir 4 ddi dupe tl ehire cting chung nhu mp,
ngdy gio'cuu huyen that to". ^ '^ T/lnls't? '^•- ' n^ T - ' ' ' ' ' "^ '^"^^ ^^ ^^^ "3 An VTnh. tadng 3/201.S. Nguon: Duy Doai.tu ligu dien da.
154 Nghien cuU Tdn i ^ . 569810 - 2016
17 Trich tir van tg cung viec ll t?i tir duimg hp Lg xa An Hai. tadng 3/2015.
Nguon: Duy Dodi, ttr lieu dign da.
18 Trich tir vdn te ciing viec le t?i tir ducmg hp Ph^m xa An VTnh. tadng 3/2015. Nguin: Duy Doai, tu ligu diln da.
19 Trich tu van tl cung viec le t?i tii dudng hp Dinh xa An Hai. thdng 3/2015. Nguin: Duy E)odi. tu ligu diln da.
20 A. Radughin (cb) (2004), Vdn hda hpc - NhQng bdi gidng, Vign Vdn hda Thdng tin, Hd Npi: 78.
21 Nguyen Tri Nguygn (2010), Vdn hda hpc - Nhimg phuang diin lien ngdnh vd ling ditng. Tnrdng Dai hpc Vdn hda Tp. Hd Chf Minh: 147.
22 Phan Thj Yen Tuyet (1999), "Tin nguong ciing vigc le - Mpt tam thuc vg cdi nguin cua cu dan Vigt khin hoang tjii Nam Bp". Ddn tpc hpc, so 1: 64.
23 Nguyin Van Higu (tuyIn chpn) (2014), Vdn hda hpc & phmmg phdp nghien cuu Irong vdn hda hpc (Tdi ligu tham khao): 41.
TAI Lifu THAM KHAO
1. Radughin (cb) (2004). Vdn hda hpc - Nhiing bdi gidng, Vign Vdn hda Thong tin, Hd Npi.
2. Nguyin Duy Dodi (2015), "Nghi taire Tg ll Am hin d huygn dao LJr Son - Quang Ngai", Phdt trien KH&CN, tip 18, so 2.
3. Phan Dinh Dp (2008). "Tin nguong ciing vige ll cua cu ddn d dao Ly Son" Uong Hpi Vdn hpc ddn gian Vigt Nam, Vdn hda biin Mien Trung vd Vdn hda bien Tdy Nam bp, Nxb. Tir dien Bdch khoa, Hd Npi.
4. Gido hpi Ph|t gido Vigt Nam, Phdn vign Nghign cuu Ph^t hpc (2004), Tir dien Phgl hpc Hdn Viet, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hd Npi.
5. Khoa Nhan hpc (2008), Nhdn hpc dgi cuang, Nxb. Dji hpc Quoc gia Tp.
Ho Chi Minh.
6. Nguyin Lang (2000). Viet Nam Phgt gido su lugn, Nxb. Vdn hpc, Hd Npi.
7. Nguyin Tri Nguyen (2010), Vdn hda hpc - Nhung phuang diin lien nganh va ung dung. Tnrdng Dji hpc Vdn hda Tp. Hi Chi Minh.
8. Phan Kim Thoa (2009), "Cting vigc ll - Mpt sinh hopt vdn hda tir thdi khan hoang cua luu ddn ngudi Vigt (Qua cdch tauc cting cua hp Phan d huyen Chau Thdnh, Long An)", Khoa hpc xd hpi. si 07(131).
9. Huynh Ngpc Trang. Truang Ngpc Tudng (1999). Dinh Nam Bp - Xua vd nay. Nxb. Dong Nai.
lO.Huynh Ngpc Trang. Nguyin D^i Phiic (2013). Dgc khdo vi tin ngu&ng ftogia rfein. Nxb. Vdn hda vdn nghg.
11.Phan Thj Yin Tuygt (1999). "Tin ngucJng cung vigc ll - Mpt tdm thiic vl cpi nguon cua cu ddn Vigt khan hoang t?i Nam Bd", Ddn tp,- hpc. .so 1
^"yen Duy Ooai. Thd cung Idee ie bong gia ainh.. 155
l2.Phan Thj Ygn Tuygt (2014). Ddi sdng xd hoi - kinh ti vdn hda aia ngu ddn vd cu ddn vdng bien Nam Bp, Nxb. Dai hoc QuIc gia Tp H6 Chf Minh.
Abstract
ANCESTOR WORSHIP OF VIETNAMESE FAMILY AND KINSHO- IN LY SON ISLAND DISTRICT, QUANG NGAI
Ancestor worship is a characteristic of tae Viemamese religious beliefs in tae Ly San island distticL CurrenUy, tae raajor clans in Ly Son such as Pham Khic, Pham Vdn, Vd Xudn. Vd Vdn, Lg, Ddng, Nguygn. Duong, Truang, Trin, Vd, Nguygn Dinb, Nguyin Vdn, Le, etc. which have maintained the rites of ancestor worship. This rile does not only express taeir gratimde to ancestors, predecessors, but it is also the cohesion of tae kinship and clan. In addition, tae ritual formality is tae blessings of ancestors for the whole clan to be wellbeing, prosperity, avoid evil. Based on tae fleldwork data, tais article presents some featares of the ritaal under tae historical and cultural perspective.
Keywords: Worship, ancestor, Vietnamese, Ly Son, Qudng Ngdi.