Nghien cuu - Trao doi
XOA 0 0 1 GIAM NGHEO BEN VUfNG
la Sir nghiep cua toan Dang, toan dan
I P G S . TS. V C V A N P H U C *
T
hd' gidi bubc sang the' ky XXI vdi nhiing t h k n h tiru to ldn v l tid'n bd khoa hoe - cdng nghd, n h b do l a m t a n g dang ke cua cai vat chCt xa hpi, cung n h u s u giau cd cho loai ngubi, n h u n g ed mdt nghich eanh, dd la ngheo dbi vkn dien r a tren t a t ca cac ehau luc vbi nhiing miie dp k h a c n h a u , dac bidt b cae nubc dang p h a t trie'n, la md'i lo va de dpa h a n g ty ngiroi, thuc td' la mdt p h a n ba sd' dan thd' gidi vkn khd'n cimg vk ddi khat.V a n d l xoa ddi giam ngheo (XDGN) ludn g a n bd vk chiu a n h h u b n g cua b a n c h a t cae chd' dp xa hdi vk q u a n he giai cap khac n h a u . Dubi chd dp t u b a n chu nghia khi mk muc tidu duy n h a t vk cudi ciing Ik Ipi n h u a n da l a m p h a n hda xa hdi, day nhidu ngubi vao c a n h ngheo n a n k h d n khd. Vk, vdi b a n c h a t ciia ehd' dp nay, nhirng chinh sach trong giai quyd't ngheo ddi t h u b n g chi m a n g t i n h n h a n dao, khdng hubng tdi giai quyd't t a n gd'c can^nguydn cua nd.
O Viet N a m , dubi s u l a n h dao eua D a n g Cdng san, vdi b a n c h a t cua mpt N h a nubc cua n h a n dan, do n h a n d a n va vi n h a n dan, cae chinh sach xoa ddi, giam ngheo cua N h a nubc t a ludn nha't q u a n va kidn t r i ' trong trid'n k h a i t h u c hidn. Ciing n h b dd m a Viet N a m da giii duoc
* Tong Bien tap Tq.p chi Cdng sdn
chinh t r i - xa hdi d'n dinh, toan Dang, t o a n d a n va toan qukn ludn t h o n g n h a t t r o n g m d t khd'i doan ket, ciing vupt q u a khd k h a n de xky d u n g va bao vd Td qud'c Viet Nam xa hpi chii nghia.
1. Q u a n d i ^ m c i i a Chii tich H o Chi M i n h v e c d n g t a c XDGN Ngay tir nhirng n g a y d a u moi t h a n h l a p chinh quyen each mang, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh da ludn cham lo d e n dbi sd'ng n h a n dan: he dan ddi la D a n g va C h i n h p h u cd loi, he d a n ret la D a n g va Chinh phu cd ldi, hd d a n dm d a u b e n h t a t la Dang va C h i n h p h u cd ldi, h e d a n khdng duoc hoc h a n h la D a n g va Chinh phu cd ldi. Ngay sau khi Cach mang T h a n g T a m t h a n h cong, trong phien hpp d a u tidn cua Chinh phu n g a y 3-9-1945, Ngubi da ndu sau v a n dd cap bach trong dd ciiu ddi la mpt t r o n g s a u n h i d m vu cap bach h a n g d a u . Ngubi ndi: n h a n dan d a n g ddi. H o n h a i t r i e u dong bao chiing t a da chd't ddi vi chinh sach ddc ac ciia bpn P h a p , N h a t . Nhiing ngubi sap chet ddi n a y ciing bi ddi, Chfnh p h u t a p h a i l a m the' nao eho hp sd'ng.
Ngubi ndu r a b i e n p h a p khac phuc: "Tang gia s a n xuat! Tang gia s a n x u a t ngay! T a n g gia s a n xukt niia! Dd l a k h a u hidu cua t a ngay nay. Dd l a each t h i d t t h u c cua chiing t a de g i u v u n g quyen t u do dpc l a p " (1). Ddng thbi, Ngiroi dl
1 6 TUYeNGlAOSO'6-2013
Phdt trien cay cao su tren dd't Tdy Nguyen gop phdn XDGN ben viing
nghi mb mdt cudc lac quydn, t u ^ n gao tidt kidm dup-c se gdp lai vk p h a t eho ngubi ngheo. Ngubi ndi: "Liic chiing ta nkng b a t com mk an, nghi dd'n ke ddi khd', chiing t a khdng khdi ddng Ibng. Vay tdi xin de nghi vbi ddng bko ca nubc vk tdi xin thuc hknh trubc: C u 10 ngay nhin an mdt biia, mdi t h a n g nhin 3 biia. Dem gao dd (mdi bua mdt bo) de' ciiu d a n ngheo" (2).
Theo Ngubi, XDGN la:
"Lkm eho ngubi ngheo thi du an, ngubi du an thi k h a giku, ngubi giku t h i giau thdm".
Vky la, mpi t h k n h vien trong xa hdi khdng ngimg p h a n da'u vuon ldn vuot qua eua ai ddi ngheo. Theo Ngubi, mdt dan tdc dd't ciing la mpt d a n tpc ye'u, giac dd't ciing Ik mdt trong ba thii giac nguy hid'm no se kim h a m sir p h a t tridn, Ngubi ehi r a rSng: an no mac am phai di l i l n vdi hpc h k n h
Anh: Ngoc Nhu tie'n bd, xa hdi p h a i ngky ckng tid'n, vat chat ngky ckng t a n g phai di l i l n vbi t i n h t h a n ngay cang td't.
Qua dd chiing t a t h a y r a n g y nghia sau xa trong t u tirbng XDGN eua Ngubi la bdn canh XDGN ve vat chat phai chii y ea XDGN v l t i n h t h a n , khdng ndn phien dien m d t e h i l u chi t a p t r u n g v l kinh te, mk bo qudn van hda t i n h t h a n , liie ay se x u a t hidn nguy co, lire can nguy hid'm a n h huong ddn s u p h a t trid'n.
XDGN la t r a c h nhidm cua toan Dang, tokn dan, Ngubi keu gpi toan dan doan kdt phat huy tinh than n h a n ai, gia tri truyen thd'ng cua d a n tdc "la l a n h diim la rach" dd' giup da n h a n d a n vuot qua ddi ngheo. Khi chinh quyen ve tay n h a n d a n rdi phai lam sao eho n h a n dkn t h a y dupe gia tri cua t u do binh dang thuc sir.
Nghien ciju - Trao doi do mdi la ndi dung dich thuc cua ddc lap t u do, theo Ngubi: "Nubc n h a da gianh duoc ddc lap t u do ma dkn van ebn ddi ngheo cue khd' thi ddc lap t u do khong ed ich gi". Trong D I chuc, Ngubi chi rd: "Nhan dan lao ddng ta a mien xudi cung n h u a midn nui, da bao dbi chiu dung gian khd bi chd' dd phong kien va thuc dan ap biic bdc lot, lai kinh qua nhieu nam chie'n tranh. Tuy vay, n h a n d a n t a rk't a n h hiing, diing cam, h a n g hai, can cii. Tir ngky cd Dang, n h a n dan ta ludn ludn di theo Dang, r a t t r u n g thknh vdi Dang. Dang can phai cd kd'hoach that td't de' p h a t trien kinh td' va van hda, n h a m khdng ngimg nang cao dbi sd'ng eua nhan dkn" (3).
Nhiing gia tri to ldn trong t u t u o n g cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh v l XDGN vkn con nguyen gia tri mk chiing ta can van dung sang tao trong d i l u kien t i n h hinh moi, p h a n da'u d a t muc tidu chung: Dan giku, nubc m a n h , dkn ehu, cdng bang, van minh.
2. C h i i truoTig, dud-ng lo'i c i i a D a n g t a v e XDGN q u a c a c t h b i k y
Trung t h a n h vdi di h u a n cua Chii tich Hd Chi Minh, trong nhirng n a m qua. Dang t a da ludn q u a n tkm, nkng cao khdng ngimg dbi sd'ng v a t c h a t vk t i n h t h a n cho n h a n dkn, XDGN, giai phdng con ngubi khdi mpi ap biic, b a t cdng, bao d a m an sinh xa hdi, t h u c hien cdng bang xa hdi.
TUYEN G I A O S O 6 - 2013 f l 7
Nghien ciiu - Trao doi Trong cac van kidn q u a n trpng cua D a n g Cdng s a n Viet Nam, van de' XDGN duoc nhieu l a n d l cap tdi.
Hdi nghi Trung uong 5 (khda VII) da d l r a chii truong XDGN trong ehien lup'C p h a t trie'n ndng thdn, ndng nghiep va ndng d a n cung n h u trong chid'n luoe p h a t trid'n chung ciia xa hdi va da t r o t h k n h mdt chii t r u o n g chie'n luoe, nhk't q u a n , lien tuc duoc bd sung, hoan thien qua cac ky Dai hpi cua Dang.
Dai hdi lan t h i i VIH eua Dang mdt lan niia n h a n m a n h tkm q u a n t r p n g dac biet cua cdng tac XDGN, xac dinh phai n h a n h chdng d u a cac hd ngheo t h o a t r a khoi hokn eanh tiing thid'u vk sbm hba n h a p vdi s u p h a t tridn chung eua dkt nubc; de ra Chuong trinh qudc gia ve XDGN trong 5 n a m 1996- 2000 eung vbi 10 Chuong trinh kinh te' - xa hdi k h a c .
Thuc hien chu truong eua Dang, d a u n a m 1998, Chinh phu chinh thiic phd duydt Chuong trinh muc tidu qudc gia ve XDGN (Chuong trinh 133) cho giai doan 1998- 2000 vdi muc tidu giam ty Id ddi ngheo cua ca nubc xud'ng 10% vao nam 2000. Ciing vbi dd, t h a n g 7-1998, T h u tuong Chinh phu tidp tuc bd sung Chuong trinh 135 - Chuong trinh hd t r p p h a t trie'n co so ha t a n g t h i e t ye'u cae xa mien nui, vung sau, viing xa, viing dac bidt khd k h a n vbi 1.715 xa ngheo. Mue tieu chinh cua Chuong t r i n h nky Ik hd t r o xay dung he thd'ng CO so h a t a n g nhu: he thd'ng
dien, dubng giao thdng, t r u b n g hpc, t r a m y td... t a i cac xa ngheo ndi t r e n . K e t q u a Ik dd'n n a m 2000 ty Id ngheo cua ca nubc con 10%
theo chuk'n eii, dat muc tieu cua Chuong t r i n h de ra.
Tuy nhien, chung t a cung n h a n thk'y, khdng the' chi theo dudi muc tidu g i a m n h a n h ty le hd ngheo ma c i n giii viing ket qua giam ngheo da d a t dupe, t a n g k h a n a n g ben vung, hidu qua eua edng tac giam ngheo, dac biet trong dieu kidn p h a t tridn kinh te' thi trubng. Vi vay, quan did'm giam ngheo b i n viing da dupe dd cap va thd hien trong Nghi quydt Dai hdi DC eua Dang la: "Tiep tuc thuc hidn ed hidu qua chuong trinh XDGN. Quan t a m xky dung kd't eau ha t a n g cho cae viing ngheo, xa ngheo; ddng thbi nkng cap, cai t a o cac tuydn true giao thdng ndi viing ngheo, xa ngheo vdi noi khac, tao d i l u kidn t h u a n Ipi cho vung ngheo, viing khd k h a n p h a t tridn. Di ddi vdi vide xay d u n g k e t cau h a tang, phai r a t coi trong viec tao ngudn luc can thidt de dan cu b cac viing ngheo, xa ngheo day m a n h san xua't, phat trien ngknh n g h i , t a n g n h a n h t h u nhap... Nkng d a n miic sdng eua eac hp da thoat ngheo, t r a n h t i n h t r a n g t a i ngheo" (4).
Tidp tue thue hidn chuong t r i n h XDGN vk Tuydn bd Thidn nidn ky ciia Lien hpp qud'c, Nghi quyet Dai hdi X eua D a n g chi rd: "Tid'p t u c day m a n h XDGN. Da d a n g hda cae ngudn luc va phuong
thiic t h u c h i e n XDGN theo h u b n g p h a t h u y cao dp ndi luc va kd't hpp sur d u n g ed hidu q u a s u t r p giiip cua qud'c te'... kd't hpp chinh sach cua N h a nubc vdi sir giup dd t r u e tid'p va cd hidu qua cua t o a n xa hdi, cua nhirng ngubi k h a gia eho ngubi ngheo, hd ngheo, nha't la dd'i vbi n h u n g viing dac biet kho k h a n . Ngan chan tinh trang tai ngheo" (5).
Nghi quyd't Dai hdi dai bieu tokn qud'c lan thii XI da tid'p t u c k h a n g dinh cdng cupc xoa ddi, giam ngheo:
"Tap t r u n g tridn khai cd hidu q u a cac chuong trinh XDGN b viing sau, vimg xa, viing dac biet khd khan. Da d a n g h d a eac ngudn luc va phuong t h u e XDGN gan vdi p h a t trid'n ndng nghiep, ndng thdn, p h a t trie'n giao due, day n g h i va giai quyet viec lkm de XDGN b i n viing;
t a o dieu k i e n va khuyen khich ngubi da thoat ngheo vuon len lkm giku vk giiip ngubi k h a c thoat ngheo" (6).
N h u vay, eb the'thay, qua eac ky d a i hdi. Dang ta da ludn d k n h s u q u a n tkm dac bidt de'n cdng tac XDGN, de r a chie'n lup'C p h u hop vdi didu kidn t i m g thbi ky.
3 . N h u n g t h a n h t i m c c h a n t r o n g c o n g t a c XDGN n h i h i g n a m q u a
N h b ed sir eo' gang cua t o k n D a n g , t o a n dan, tokn q u a n , t r o n g dd cd sir ddng gdp k h d n g nhd cua cac d o a n h n g h i e p , cac ca quan, to chiie xa hdi vk eac ca n h a n , t y Id ddi ngheo b nubc t a cho de'n n a y da giam mdt
1 8 ' T U Y E N G I A O S C 5 6 - 2 0 1 3
each tich cue. Tinh dd'n n a m 2012, da cd 500 nghin luot hp ngheo duoc hd t r o ve n h a a; 542 t r i e u l u a t ngubi ngheo duoc hd t r o bao hid'm xa hdi; h a n g chuc t r i e u lupt ndng d a n dupc dko tao nghe mien phi... Ciing vdi dd, d i l u kidn sd'ng cung da duoc eai thidn, khdng chi dd'i vbi cac hd s a t vbi chua'n ngheo ma ca vbi r a t n h i e u hd ngheo nhat cua Viet N a m . Cd the' ndi, qua t r i n h dd'i mdi, n h u n g cai each theo eo che' thi trubng dinh h u b n g xa hdi chu nghia n h a m thiic day t a n g t r u b n g k i n h td' nhanh va ben virng ddng vai trb toi quan t r o n g ddi vbi t h a n h cdng cua Viet N a m trong XDGN. Nhiing nd lire dd lai duoc cung cd' t h e m boi cae chinh sach dam bao edng bang trong cung cap cae dich vu CO ban, trong s u dung dat va dau t u vao co so- ha t a n g n h a m d a m bao ngubi ngheo dupe tid'p can eo hpi rpng rai.
The' gidi ciing d a n h gia rat cao nhiing thknh tiru cua Viet Nam trong cdng tac xda ddi, giam ngheo. Trong cdng bd' bao cao "Khoi d a u tdt nhung chua p h a i da hokn thknh: Thanh t u u an tupng cua Viet Nam v l giam ngheo va nhiing t h a c h thiic mdi"
cua Ngkn h a n g Thd' gidi (WB), ngky 24-1-2013, thi ty Id ngheo a Viet Nam giam tir gan 60% xudng 20,7% trong 20 n a m qua (1990 - 2010) vdi khoang 30 t r i e u ngubi. Bdn canh dd, Viet N a m cung d a t dupe t h k n h turu a n tupng ve giao due va y td'. Ty Id n h a p
hpc b bac tieu hpc cua ngubi ngheo hon 90% vk b bac t r u n g hpc eo so la 70%.
Trinh dp hpc van t a n g vk s u da dang hda cae hoat ddng phi ndng nghiep, co hdi lkm viec b cdng trubng, nhk may... ddng gdp tich cue cho XDGN tai Viet Nam.
Nhirng t h a n h t u u XDGN nhirng nam qua da gdp phan t a n g trubng kinh te' va thuc hidn edng bang xa hpi, an sinh xa hpi cho ngubi dan viing dac bidt khd k h a n va nhiing ngiroi thupc dien ydu thd' trong xa hpi. Tuy nhidn, kd't qua giam ngheo a nubc t a chua thuc sir ben viing, so' hd da t h o a t ngheo n h u n g miic t h u n h a p n a m s a t chuan ngheo ebn ldn, ty Id hd t a i ngheo h a n g n a m cao;
chenh lech giku - ngheo giiia cae viing, nhdm dan cu v a n chua duoc giai quyet t r i e t dd'; dbi sd'ng ngubi ngheo tid'p tue gap nhieu khd k h a n , nhk't la a k h u vuc m i l n niii, viing cao, viing dong bao dkn tdc thie'u so'.
Ben canh dd, nhiem vu giam ngheo cua Viet N a m v a n dang dd'i dien nhidu thach thuc. Dd la s u t i l m a n n h i l u b a t on vi md, n h u n g tae dpng ttr ben ngoai vk sir b a t binh dang giiia eac tkng ldp dan eu dang d a t r a nhiing t h a c h thuc mdi. Tdc dp dd thi hda n h a n h , dkn ngheo t h a n h thi ciing t r o thknh thach thiic mdi ddi vdi Viet Nam. Sd' dan ndng thdn di cu r a t h a n h t h i dd l a m vide trong khu vuc t u n h a n va dich vu gia tang, chu ydu la nhiing cdng vide khdng
Nghien cuu - Trao doi
t h u b n g xuyen vk khdng cd phue Ipi xa hdi n h u bao hid'm xa hpi vk bao hie'm y td...
4. XDGN b e n vu:ng la s u n g h i e p ciia t o a n Dang, t o a n dan, ciia c a h e thd'ng c h i n h tri
Can k h a n g dinh mot each m a n h me rang, XDGN khdng dimg lai a viec thuc hidn chinh sach xa hdi, khdng phai vide ridng cua ngknh lao ddng - xa hdi hay mdt sd' ngknh khac, ma la nhidm vu chinh tri, kinh te, van hda, Ik nhidm vu chung cua toan Dang, tokn dan, cua ea he thdng chinh t n . Mudn thuc hidn thknh edng s u nghiep XDGN, t a t ca cac cap liy dang, chinh quyIn d i u phai quan tam cung giai quyd't, t h u c hidn eac giai p h a p mdt each ddng bp va phai ed sir t h a m gia cua toan thd cpng ddng.
Giai quyd't van de ngheo doi ludn duoc xac dinh la nhidm vu khd khan, lau dai de' bao d a m an sinh xa hdi, t h u c hidn mue tieu "Dan giku, nubc m a n h , dan chu, cong bang, van minh". Trong thbi gian tdi, giam ngheo b i n v u n g Ik mdt trong nhung nhidm vu trpng tam, uu tien trong chid'n luoe phat trid'n kinh te - xa hdi dkt nubc.
De lkm diroe dieu nay, trubc hd't can dd'i mdi t u duy v l chinh sach XDGN. Sinh thbi, Chu tieh Ho Chf Minh da t i m g vach ro ba thvc giac de dpa s u t d n vong ciia chinh quyen n h a n d a n sau Cach m a n g T h a n g T a m nam 1945, dd la: giac ddi, giac dot, giac ngoai xam. Sau 30
TUYSN G I A O S O 6-2013 '^AQ
Nghien cuu - Trao doi n a m trubng ky k h a n g chie'n chiing t a da giai quyet v a n d l giac ngoai xkm, g i a n h duoc doe lap dan tdc, con giai quydt vkn de "giac ddi", "giac ddt" thi sau hon 38 n a m chiing ta van chua ed nhieu bubc tie'n v l chat lirong va hieu qua. Day Ik thach thiie ben trong ldn n h a t khi bube vao giai doan mdi vdi nhiing bien dd'i cd tinh birdc ngoat, khi n I n kinh td' dang trong giai doan tai cacau mpt each toan dien vk triet dd'. Dd'giai quyet van de "giac ddi" vk
"giac dot" mdt each triet dd', dbi hoi Dang Cdng san phai cd t u duy moi vk n a n g lire moi trong xky dung va thuc hidn chidn liroc p h a t trien dat nubc, trong dd ed t u duy mdi v l chinh sach XDGN mpt each bdn viing, khdng ngimg n a n g cao chk't luong cupc sdng vd mpi m a t cua ngubi dkn.
XDGN vira cd tinh c o b a n vk can thirc hidn lien tue, lau dai, lai Ik mdt cdng vide can kip, trubc m a t , bai vl sir nghiep each m a n g va cdng cudc ddi mdi ludn d a t r a nhidm vu: mdi bubc p h a t trid'n kinh te' - xa hdi la mpt bubc cai thien dbi sd'ng eua n h a n dan. Day khdng chi la vide thuc hien truyen thd'ng, dao ly cua dkn tpc "thirong ngubi n h u the' thuong than", ma ebn Ik nhiem vu dd' bao dam d'n dmh xa hdi, eung cd' khd'i dai dokn k e t d a n toe.
De' cu the' h d a hon dinh hubng cua Dang, can d u a r a mue tidu can d a t duoc ve giam ngheo trong t i m g giai doan, trong dd xac dinh
giam ngheo ben viing la mdt trong nhirng t r p n g t k m cua chie'n lupc p h a t trien kinh te' - xa hdi n h a m cai thidn va t i m g bubc nkng cao dieu kidn sd'ng eua ngubi ngheo, trubc hd't b k h u vuc m i e n nui, vung ddng bao d a n tdc thid'u sd; tao s u chuyen bidn m a n h me, toan dien b cac viing ngheo; t h u hep khoang each chenh lech giiia t h k n h thi va ndng thdn, giiia cac viing, cac dan tdc va eac t a n g ldp dan cu. P h a i k h d n g ngirng cai thien d i l u kidn song eua ngubi ngheo, trube hd't Ik van d l y td', giao due, van hda, nubc sinh boat, nhk b; ngubi ngheo tiep can ngay cang t h u a n Ipi hon cac dich vu xa hpi ea ban; co so h a t a n g kinh te' - xa hdi a cac huydn ngheo; xa ngheo, thdn, ban dac bidt kho k h a n duoc t a p t r u n g dku t u ddng bd theo tidu chi nong thdn mbi, trubc hd't Ik h a t a n g t h i e t ydu n h i r giao thdng, didn, nubc sinh hoat.
Dd' dat dupe eac mue tieu tren, trong thbi gian tbi can tiep tuc thirc hidn nhirng chuong trinh, d u an, chinh sach giam ngheo da vk dang trie'n khai, nhir Chuong trinh muc tidu qud'c gia ve giam ngheo, thuc hidn Chuong trinh 135 giai doan 3, tiep tuc t h u c hidn Nghi quyd't 30a cua Chinh phu vk eac chuong trinh phat trie'n kinh td' - xa hdi k h a c . H u y ddng tdi da mpi ngudn lire dd' t h u e hidn g i a m ngheo, bdn c a n h n g a n sach N h a nubc ebn can h u y ddng sir t h a m gia vdi t i n h t h a n t r a c h n h i e m eao
cua cae t a p doan kinh td, cac td'ng cdng ty nhk nubc, ngan h a n g t h u o n g m a i , eua edng ddng xa hdi, cua mpi ngubi dan... va dac bidt la tir su nd lire c u a chinh b a n than ngubi ngheo. Da dang hda cac phuong thuc hd t r p ngiroi ngheo, n h i r hd t r o ngubi ngheo t r o n g vay vdn tin d u n g u u dai, hd t r p ve nhk b, hd trp- ve cung cap vk tao didu kidn duy tri vbi cac loai dich vu, hd t r o giao dat, giao rimg; ve dko tao ngudn nhan lue... Cimg vbi dd, can khac p h u c nhiing b a n ehd' cua edng tae n a y trong thbi gian qua, n h i r vide trien khai chua t o a n didn cac chuong t r i n h g i a m ngheo; nhilu chinh sach, chuong trinh g i a m n g h e o con mang tinh n g a n h a n , ehdng cheo;
ngudn lire cho giam ngheo bi p h a n t a n , dkn t r a i dkn dd'n chua dap u n g ydu cau; thieu giai p h a p cu the' gan ket viec thirc h i e n chinh sach giam ngheo vdi chinh sach an sinh xa hpi; vide phdi hpp chi dao t h u c h i e n giua eac bd, n g a n h , dia phuong chua c h a t che, hidu qua, v.v../.
(1) (2) Ho Chi Minh: Todn tap, Nxb. CTQG, H, 2002, t. 4, tr. 115; 31.
(3) Ho Chi Minh: Todn tap, Sdd, t. 12, tr. 498.
(4) DCSVN: Vdn ki4n Dai Mi dai bieu todn qudc ldn thd IX, Nxb. CTQG, H, 2001, tr. 299.
(5) DCSVN: Vdn ki$n Bai h0i dai biiu todn qudc ldn thii X, Nxb. CTQG, H, 2006, tr. 217.
(6) DCSVN: Vdn kien Bai hoi dai biiu todn qudc ldn thd XI, Nxb. CTQG, H, 2011, tr. 229. • 20 TUYENGIAOS66-2013