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1. Khii nif m ngin hing tfn chl hpc tfp Y tudng thdnh Ifp h i thdng ngdn hdng tin chi hpc tfp (Academic Credit Bank System - ACBS) xuit hiln td ndm 1995, do Oy ban Cdi cdeh gido dye eda Tdng thdng Hdn Qudc d l xuit nhim dip dng nhu clu hpc tfp ngdy cdng tdng - dfc bift Id cde khda hpc khdng chfnh quy, cdc hinh thde hpc tfp sudt ddi (HTSO) da dfng - cda ngudi ddn. ACBS Id mdt hf thdng nhdm xde djnh, edng nhfn kit qud hpc tfp cda ngudi hpe thdng qua vifc phi duyft d c tfn chi hpc tfp (don vj kiln thdc) md ngudi dd tich Idy dupc trong qud trinh tham gia mft hofc nhilu khda hpc khde nhau, tfl bit kl thdi dilm ndo. Oiy Id mdt hf thdng md vd mang tinh cdeh tdn mfnh ml cda gido dye Hdn Qudc, dp dyng cd cho bfc gido dye dfi hpc vd cdc khda hpc khdng ehlnh quy, cdc chuong trinh HTSO ed trong vd ngodi nhd tmdng. Khi ddng kl tham gla hf thdng, ngudi hpc tich lOy dd sd tfn chl d n thilt theo ylu d u cda ACBS si dupe d p lof I bing d p tUong dng (Balk, 2009). Vdi chdc ning vi dd md cda minh, ACBS li mft edng cy linh hoft hifu qui trong vifc thdc diy IHTSO vi tiln tdi xiy dyng xi hdi hpc tfp (XHHT) cda Hdn Qudc
2. Cich thde xiydphg v i hoft dfng d a hf thdng ngin hing tin chi hpc t i p
2.1. Cdc budc didgt dugc bing dp theo hj thing ngdn hing tin chl hgc tifp
Ngudi hpc khi ddng kl tham gla hf thdng ACBS vd mudn dupe d p mdt lof I vdn bing nhlt djnh si phii trii qua 3 bude tuin ty, gdm: bUde 1: tieh luy sd tfn chi d n thilt (trong hofc ngodi nhd tmdng); budc 2: dupe edng nhf n/ phi duyf t d c tin chl dd ed; bude 3: d p bing.
Thdng thudng, d l dupe elp mdt lof i vin bing ndo dd, ngudi hpe phdi ddp dng dupe ede ylu clu ey t h l tuong dng vdi tdng lof I vin bing. VI dy: ngUdi hpc mudn cd bing cd nhin phii tkh IQy dd 140 tin chl hofc ban; ddi vdl bing cao ding 2 ndm phii dft 80 tin chl trd lln. O l tfch Idy sd tfn chl d n thilt theo ylu clu cda ACBS, ngUdi hpc cd t h l ddng kl tham gla vd hodn thdnh d c chuong trinh giio dye ddo tfo tfl nhdng co sd glio dye (CSGD) trong hofc ngoii nhd tmdng d i dupc ACBS kilm djnh. Od ed thl Id
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cdc khda hpc bdn thdi gian d trudng eao ding, dai hpc tmdng nghi, cde khda hpe ngin hf n/trung hfn dugc dp chdng chl, cdc khda hpe d l thi liy bing cd nhin hofc tuong duong cho nhdng ngudi ty hpc.
2.2. Quy trinh klim dinh dc casd glio dgc dgt yiu du da ngdn hing tin cMhgc tip
Cic CSGD mudn tham gia ACBS phii dupe kilm djnh theo d e tilu chf eu thl. Kilm djnh d ddy Id vifc ddnh gid chfnh thdc cda mdt co quan ed thim quyln ddi vdi d c CSGD v l chuong trtnh, mdn hpc hp cung d p nhim xic <nnh xem chit lupng, ndi dung nhdng chuong trinh, khda hpc dd cd tuong duong vdi cdc hpc kl tin chi thyc hiln trong cdc tmdng dfi hpe vd eao ding hay khdng.
Nhdng lof i hinh CSGD sau diy cd thl ddpc kilm djnh bdi hf thdng ACBS: CSGD sudt ddi hole CSGD tu nhin; cie CSGD vd ddo tfo nghi; d c trung tdm gido dye sudt ddi thude tmdng cao ding hofc dfl hpc; cdc tmdng kl thuft eao d p hode mft sd khoa nhlt djnh trong d e tmdng chuyin bift; cdc CSGD thudng xuyln hofc ddo tfo nghi nghifp khde...
Khi cie chuong trinh hay khda hpc ndo dd dupe phi duyft vd xde nhfn ring nd bio dim chit lupng tucmg duong vdi d c chuong trinh tuong dng cda cao ding hay dfi hpe d c chuong trinh/ khda hpc dd cda CSGD dupe kilm djnh si dupe tfnh nhU nhdng tfn chl chfnh thdc
Quy trinh kilm djnh d c chuong trinh giio dye theo hf thdng ACBS dupe tiln hinh 2 lln/nim. CSGD ndo mudn dupe kilm djnh phdi trd If phf qud trinh kilm djnh cho co quan tiln hdnh kilm djnh. Thdi gian diu, Vifn Phdt triln Gido dye Hdn Qude (KEDI) Id CO quan chju trdch nhif m chd dfo v l kilm djnh vd cdng nhfn tfn chL O l thyc hlfn quy trinh kilm djnh, KEDI ed mdt dy ban rilng phy trdch vin d l ndy - gpi Id Oy ban Kilm djnh Tfn chi hpc tfp. Oy ban ndy khodng 15 thdnh vHn Id d c chuyin gia mdn hpc/
linh vyc hpc tfp, chuyin gia trong d e ngdnh nghi, nhd nghiln cdu, ngUdi ddng diu cdc td chde/ nhdm xd hdi da dfng... Cdc thdnh viln cda Oy ban si kilm tra, thim djnh nhCmg tin chl md ngudi hpc tich Idy dupe ddng thdi, quan s i t theo ddi qud trinh vd cdc hoft ddng hpe tfp thyc t l cda ngudi hpc KEDI cdng
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tham gia tu vin, cung d p cdc djch vu tn/c tuyIn, tai lifu... eho ngudi hpc vd CSGD cd nhu elu. (Sau ndy, khi Vifn Gido dye sudt ddi qudc gia - NILE - dupe thdnh Ifp ndm 2008, cdc chde ndng qudn If, vfn hdnh ACBS dugc chuyin giao eho viln NILE).
23. Khung chuung trinh chuin hda thUc hlin trin phgm vl toin qudc
Khung ehuong trinh ehuin hda id mdt k l hoach gido due vd hpe tdp todn diln, tdng thl, dupe Ifp eho tdng mdn hpe hode ITnh vyc hpe tip ey thl, trong dd nlu rd: cde myc tilu ey t h i eda gido due; ede ylu d u vl tdt nghifp vd bing elp; cdc mdn hpc vd sd tin chi d n thilt eho cdc khda hpe thdng thudng, khda hpe trpng tdm, vd khda hpc ty chpn; ddnh gid vd qudn If chit lupng. Khung chuong trinh dupe dilu eiiinh 2 lln/ndm, d l ddp dng vdi cdc thay ddi v l xd hdi, ndi dung hpc thuft sy phdt triln eda khoa hpe - edng nghf, cOng nhu ylu clu eda gido viln vd hpc sinh.
Bin canh khung chuong trtnh ehuin hda, mdi khda hpe edn d n ed d l cuong khda hpe chuin hda md t i d c ndi dung cin dupe giing dfy trong mdt linh vyc mdn hpe/chd d l cy thl. Theo ylu clu eda ACBS, mdt ngudi hpc ein phii hodn thdnh tdi thilu Id 70% khda hpc nliU dd quy djnh trong d l cuong chuin hda. O l cuong khda hpc dupe ban hdnh ddng thdi cdng vdl khung chuong trtnh gido dye chuin hda.
2.4. Phi duyit (cdng nh^n) tin chl vi dp bing Khi ngudi hpc tich IQy dd cde tin chl theo ylu clu cda ACBS td nhdng ngudn khdc nhau, hp si phdi ndp don lln KEDI vd ddng kl eho cde tin chl dd (dl tin chl dugc KEDI ehlnh thdc cdng nhdn); ddng thdL tiln hdnh cdc bude tilp theo d n thilt d l dupe d p lof I vin bing tuong dng. Bit cd ngudi hpc ndo dd cd bing tdt nghifp tmng hpc phd thdng hofc trtnh df tuong duong diu cd thl ndp don ding kf cdng nhfn tfn chl bing deh cung d p diy dd thdng tin ylu ciu trong miu don dinh cho ngUdI hpe vi miu don xin cdng nhfn tin chl.
Sau khi hoin thinh sd tfn chl d n thilt theo ylu clu cda tdng lof I bing d p -140 tin chl cho bing cd nhin, 80 tfn chl cho bing eao ding 2 ndm, vd 120 tin chl cho bing cao ding 3 nim - ngUdi hpe nfp miu don xin d p bing lln Vifn KEDI hole Sd gido dye cdc tinh. Cdc don ndy si dupe Oy ban Gidm sdt kilm djnh cda KEDI xem xlt tfnh hpp If, sau dd dupe gdi tilp lln Bd Gido dye - Khoa hpc Cdng nghf d l phi duyft lln cudi. Ngudi hpc ed t h l liy bing td Bd Giio dye - Khoa hpc Cdng nghf hofc nhfn trye tilp tfi trudng dfi hpe cao ding. Trong trudng hpp liy bing tfl tmdng, dng viln phii dip dng nhdng ylu clu cy t h l v l vin bing cda tmdng dd (UNESCO, 2012).
2.5. Cic ca quan quin II, glim sit viic thuc hlin ngin hing tin chl
Bd Gido due, Khoa hpe vi Cdng nghf Hdn Qude (MEST) chju trdch nhidm qudn II nhd nude d d p eao nhlt ddi vdi ACBS. Trdch nhilm cy thl dupe giao eho nhdng don vj chfnh Id Vy Chfnh sdeh Gido dye sudt ddi thufc MEST, cde Sd gido due eda tinh, vd Viln Gido dye sudt ddi (NILE). Vidn KEDI Id eo quan tmng Uong chju trdch nhidm chd dao v l cdc vin d l kilm djnh, cdng nhdn tfn chl ACBS, ddnh gid vd phi ehuin cdc ydu d u v l bing dp, ddnh gid lfi d e ehuong trinh gido dye qudn If hi thdng djch vu thdng tin ngdn hdng tfn chL Td khi thdnh ldp (ndm 2008) din nay, Vifn NILE dupe giao nhilm vy vdn hdnh cdng nhu gidm sdt chung v l qud trtnh triln khai ACBS trin todn qudc
d dp dja phuong, Sd gido dye cdc tinh - vdl chde ndng Id nhdng trung tdm thdng tin v l ACBS tfi dja phuong - cd nhif m vy thu thf p vd chuyin dan ddng ki, ede don xin phi duyft tin chi eda ngUdi hpe tdi KEDI; ddng thdi, cung d p d c thdng tin d n thilt vd tu vin eho ngUdi hpc (UNESCO, 2012).
2.6. M^t si thinh tUu ehlnh da v/f c triin khai ngin hing tin chl hgc t^p
Vi dinh lugng: Td khi chinh thdc triln khai ACBS, sd iupng ngUdI hpe ddng kf, sd vdn bing d i d p vd sd cdc CSGD dupe ACBS kilm djnh diu tdng ddng kl. Cy thl:
- Sd ngudi hgc ding kf: Vdi hai lof I bing cao ding 2 nim vi bing cd nhdn, sd lupng ngudi hpc ddng kl dd tdng td 9.914 vd 1.575 (1999) lln 27.006 vd 56.163 (2008). Tdng sd ngUdI hpc ddng kf cda cd hai lof I bdng d p ndy ndm 2008 Id 83.169, tdc Id tdng gin 8 lln so vdi nam 1999 (chi ed 11.489 ngUdi).
- Sd lugng vdn bing da dp: Tinh vdi hai k>f I vin bing nhu di nlu trin, sd lUpng vin bing dupe d p d i ting mdt deh ngof n myc td 34 ndm 1999 lln tdi 19.696 nam 2008, vd tdng s6 ed hai lof I vdn bing di d p trong d khoing thdi gian 10 nim li 100.699.
- Sd lugng cdc CSGD dugc ACBS kiim dinh: lis con sd khilm tdn l i 179 co sd nim 1998,10 nim sau sd lupng d i ting gin gip 3 lln (495), vi din 2012 Id 527 CSGD.
Theo dd lifu gin diy nhlt cda Vifn NILE, tinh din nam 2012, da cd 694.133 ngUdI hpc tham gia ACBS, vd 311.468 ngUdi hpc dUpe d p bing (NILE, 2012 - trich din trong Jo, 2012).
- Vi djnh tfnh: Xlt v l mft djnh tfnh, vifc triln khai hf thing ACBS da tfo ra nhdng tdc dfng vd hifu qud tfch eye ddi vdi ngddi hpe vdi cdc CSGD, vd vdl todn xi hdi-
Oil vdl ngudi hgc. HI thing ACBS gdp phin quan trpng trong vifc bio dim quyln lpl vd sy binh
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ding eda mpi ngudi hpe; hp dupc t i l p efn cde eo hdi hpe t f p thdng qua cdc edcii thdc, lof I hinh, phuang phdp vd phuong t i l n hpc t i p da dfng. Oilu ndy dde bift cd y nghia ddi vdi nhdm ddi tupng Id nhdrig ngudi hpc Idn tudL ngudi dang di Idm hode ed nhu elu hpe thim d l chuyin ddi nghi nghidp, ehuyin noi Idm vifc tdy theo nhu clu, nguyin vpng ed nhdn, vd gidp hp dat dupe lof I vdn bing tuong dng vdi nhdng dilu kifn v l thdi gian, phuong thde linh hoft hon so vdi ede chuong trinh hpe tdp tuong duong eda gido dye chinh quy.
Od/vdif cdc CSGD: Qud trinh qudn If, vfn hdnh vd gidm sdt h i thdng ACBS ddi hdi ed sy kit hpp, liln thdng gida cdc CSGD khdc nhau, gida gido due ehlnh quy vd khdng chfnh quy. Oilu ndy gidp xdy dyng dupe mdi quan hf hdu co cda qud trtnh hpp tdc vd tdng cudng mdi quan hf edng nhU su liln kit ehft c h l hon gida d e CSGD khdc nhau ed trong lin ngodi nhd trudng, gidm d i n khodng cdeh vd sy'phin bift ddi xd"glda gido dye ehlnh quy vdi khdng ehlnh quy.
Vifc vfn hdnh hf thdng ACBS cdng gdp phin ting cudng sy phin elp, t i n g tfnh ty chd cho CSGD, khi hp phii t y chju trich nhifm vi chuong trtnh gido dye vd cdc khda hpc cda minh sau khi da dupe kilm djnh. Bin Cfnh dd, do khi tham gla ACBS ede CSGD bit budc t r i i qua qud trtnh kilm djnh chuong trtnh gido dye ehuin hda, ndn y l u td ndy t f o ddng lUc tieh eye d l d c eo sd t y hodn thif n, ndng cao ndng lye cda chfnh minh.
Odi vdixd hdi: Cdeh t i l p efn eda ACBS, trong dd, coi trpng nhdtig nd lyc cda ngudi hpc vd gid trf thyc sy cda vifc hpc t f p dd gdp phin khdng nhd thdc diy sy biln ddi tfch eye trong nhfn thdc xd hfi, td chd chl chd trpng d i n trinh dd hpc v i n vd hinh thde cda bing d p chuyin sang mdt x i hdi col trpng ning lyc cda ngudi hpc vd tim kilm d e h thdc cy t h l , hifu lye di nhdng ndng lyc thyc sy dd cdng nhu qud trinh trau ddi kiln thdc eda ngudi hpc/ngudi lao ddng dupe ehlnh thdc ghi nhfn. Odng thdi, ACBS tfo thim ddng co hpc t f p thudng xuyln, sudt ddi cho d c cdng d i n , khuyin khfch mpi ngUdi din thudng xuyln b6 sung, cfp nhft tri thde v i kT ndng d l t y Idm mdl minh, Idm vifc tdt hdn vd ddng gdp hifu qud hon cho xd hdi, t i l n tdi hinh thdnh m f t XHHT thyesy.
3. Vai trd cda ngin hing tin chi hpc t i p trong vifc thdc diy hpc tfp sudt ddi v i xiy d ^ g x i hfi hpc t f p
Nhudd d l cfp, ACBS l i mdt hf thing cdng nhfn kit qud hpc t f p d dd md vd tfnh linh hoft eao, khd ndng chuyin ddi mlm dio. Ody eOng ehlnh Id m f t trong nhdng dilm ddc tnmg ndi bft nhlt cda hf
thdng ACBS, Idm eho nd khde bidt v l co bdn so vdi hf thdng gido due chfnh quy. Vile tdn t f i song song hai hf thdng ndy gidp bid sung, hodn thiln chdc ndng eda nin gido due qudc dan, cung elp eho mpi edng ddn d c CO hdi hpc t f p phong phu vd binh ding.
Triln khai h i thdng ACBS dem lfi Ipi fch thilt thyc trong vile xde djnh vd edng nhdn k i t qud hpc t i p cho nhilu ddi tUpng ngudi hpc da dfng, nhU: hpc sinh da tdt nghilp trung hpc phd thdng nhung khdng ed dilu kidn vdo hpc d ede CSGD sau tmng hpe; nhdng sinh vidn ehua hodn thdnh cao ding bode dfi hpe ngUdi lao ddng da cd ehdng chl chuydn mdn v l mdt Unh vyc ndo dd nhUng chUa cd bdng dai hpc..
Nhu vdy, vide dugc dp nhdng vdn bing ed gid trj edng nhfn ehlnh thdc khdng edn Id dfc quyln eda nhdng ai theo hpc cdc ehUong trtnh chfnh quy trong nhd tmdng, md dd dupe md rdng ra nhilu ddi tupng da dang; t f o eo hdi vd thdc diy dfng lyc hpc t f p thudng xuyln, liln tyc cda ngudi ddn. Oliu ndy r i t cd y nghia ddi vdi ngudi hpc, ddc bift trong bdi cdnh vdn hda Hdn Qude, noi trinh dd hpc vin liu nay vin thudng dupe ddnh gid qua bing cip - dd khdng phii l i mdt bio d i m tuyft ddi - song vin ddng mft vai trd khd quan trpng ddi vdl ede eo hfi vifc Idm vd thdng tiln trong cdng tdc.
Vifc cdng nhdn tfn ehi vd ghi nhin cdc hinh thdc hpc t f p bing nhdng lofI van bing tUong dng cda ACBS ed tdc dung to Idn trong vifc khfch If cdc cd nhdn tham gia hpc t f p d l ndng cao ki ndng, kiln thdc, phdt triln bdn thdn vd nghi nghifp.
Hf thdng ACBS t f o ra nhdng tdc ddng tfch cyc khdng chl tdi ngdnh gido dye md cdn tdi nhfn thdc chung cda todn xd hdi v l gid trj thyc sy cda vifc hpc tfp: khdng chl n i m d trtnh dd hay lofi hinh bing d p (hpc theo hf chinh quy, hpc trong nhdng CSGD danh tiing) md cdn d ning lyc (cd t h l t y hpe d l sd hdu nhdng tri thdc, ki ning d n thilt eho cdng vifc cudc sdng), vd nhdng nang lyc ndy cda ngUdi hpe vin dupe cdc d p thim quyln xde nhfn mft cdeh ehinh thde thdng qua ACBS.
Mdt khdc vdi eo c h l tfch IQy tfn chi b i t k l thdi gian hpc xong Id khi ndo, ACBS khdng chi gidp eung elp nhilu hon cdc co hdi hpc t f p liln tyc ndng cao, cfp nhft kiln thdc kl ndng eho ngudi hpc, md cdn tfo dilu kifn d l hp d l ddng chuyin ddi, liln thdng d e khda hpe, bfc hpc cda minh theo nhu d u vd khd ndng ed nhdn. Oilu ndy cho thiy, ACBS cd khd ndng bao qudt vd chip nhdn cde hinh thde HTSO da dfng, phong phd trong xd hdi, eda nhilu nhdm ddi tupng;
ddng thdi, d n g khing djnh v l g i i trj, t i m quan trpng cda d c hinh thdc hpc t f p phi truyin thing so
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vdl vide dl hpc thdng thudng trong d c nhd tmdng chfnh quy. Ndi cdeh khdc ACBS chfnh Id mdt cdng ey hdu hifu vd khd thl gidp hidn thuc hda y tudng HTSO vd xdy dyng mdt XHHT eda Hdn Qudc bdi nd t f o CO hdi vd d i l u kidn thudn Ipi eho bat edai ed nhu e l u cd t h l dat dugc loai van b i n g md minh mong mudn thdng qua vide t y hpc hode tham gia cde hinh thdc hpe tdp khdng chfnh quy da dang khic (ChoL 2007). Odng thdi, ACBS gdp p h i n quan trpng trong vide thdc d i y sy tham gia chd ddng, tfch eye eda cdc t i n g Idp nhdn d i n vdo boat ddng IfTSO; nd Id mdt minh ehdng d i y sdc thuylt phuc eho t h i y vile thay ddi CO c h l , d e h thde qudn If cda nhd nude cd t h l tdc ddng manh m l d i n ti I f tham gia vdo HTSO vd ede CO hdi hpe tdp eda ngUdi ddn nhu t h l ndo. Oilu ndy cd y nghTa quan trpng ddi vdi cde nhd qudn If vd nhd hofch djnh chfnh sdeh gido due trong vifc tim kilm nhdng cdeh thdc hllu qud di hiln thUe hda y tudng XHHT
T A I LIEU T H A M K H A O
1. Balk, E.S, Recognition and Validation of Non- formal Learning In Korea, Website:
www.unesco.org/.../confinteavi_ws3-l_
recognition, 2009.
2. Choi, S., OECD Thematic Review on Recognition of Nonformal and Informal Learning, Country Background Report for Korea, Korean Educational Development Institute, 2007.
3. Jo, S., The Case Study on Building a Learning Society in Korea, Hamburg: UIL, 2012.
4. UIL (Viln Hpc tdp sudt ddi UNESCO), Bdo edo tdng hgp vi xdy dung xd hdi hgc tdp d Nhdt Bdn, Hin Qudc vd Singapore, Viln Hpc tdp sudt ddi eda UNESCO, Hamburg: UIL, 2012.
5. UNESCO, TheCreditBankSystem:Anlnnovative Approach to Adult Lifelong Leamlng in Korea, Website:
www2.unescobkk.org/elib/publications/..7p92-105.
pdf-(16/1/2012), 2012.
SUMMARY
Academic Credit Bank System(ACBS) Is a system Intended to define and recognize learning outcomes of learners through approving learning credits (unit of knowledge) accumulated through participating one or several different leamlng courses at any point in time. This Is an open and strongly renovated system of South Korea. The article has presented some issues regarding how ACBS has been developed and operated;
and emphasized the role of ACBS In promoting lifelong learning and building a leamlng sodety. The author has eonfinved that ACBS Is an effective and feasible tool to help realize the Idea ofllklong and building a leamlng society of South Korea as it provides vartous enabling conditions and opportunities for anybody who wants, and is able, to obtain the certain type of degree through self-learning or engaging In other diverse fonns of non- formal learning.
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ca sd TAM Li HOC VA GIAO DUC HOC ...
(Tiip theo trang 12) 4/ Ddnh gid/phi phdn/Sdng tgo trong qud trinhgidi quyit cdc tinh huing thgc tiin.
Khung chuin ndy chd y l u quy djnh cdc d p dd cda ndng lyc phdn bift nhau v l chit lupng. C i 4 bfc mdi p h i n i n h sy ITnh hdi v i phdt triln ndng lyc todn Vfn vd d i y dd, hofc nhfn thdc bdn chit d i y dd.
T A I u e u T H A M K H A O
T. Bd GD& OT - NXB Gido d y e Chuang trinh gido dgc phd thing, 2006.
2. Bloom 0 (Ed), Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Longman, 1956.
3. Bowden JA, Competency-based education:
Neither a panacea nor a pariah, 1995.
4. Phfm Minh Hf c (ehd biln), Phdt triin vdn hod eon ngUdI vd ngudn nhdn Igc thdi ki CNH - HOH dit nude, Chuong trtnh KHCN d p Nhd nude- NXB Chinh trj Qudc gia, 2007.
5. OECD, Definition andSelectionofCompetendes:
Theoretical and Conceptual Foundation, 2002.
6. Rychen, O.S. and A. Tiana, Developing Key Competencies in Education: Some Lessons from International and National Experience, 2004.
SUMMARY
From a psychological, sociological and pedagogical perspective, the artide has discussed three main issues, i.e. Conceptions of competencies; Basis for defining the frameworit of key competencies required of Vietnamese students of general education; different leveh of competency development among students of general education. This is the initial guiding basis for Implementation of the subsequent phases In the process of Building and Developing General Education Curriculum after 2015.
s(in-TiANaiz«iz«S7
