^hi hanh phdp ludi 86 9(318)-2018
QUY DINH THU GlOf TAI SAN THE CHAP DE XUT LY THEO PHAP LUAT VIET NAM VA MOT SO KIEN NGHj
• I S . NGUYEN X U A N Q U A N G
& T R A N N G O C T U A N *
Tdm tat: Bdi viet ndy khdi qudt ddnh gid cdc quy dfnh cua phdp ludt Viet Nam ve thu giii tdi sdn bdo ddm trong biin phdp the chdp tdi sdn de xu ly nham ddm bdo vigc thiic hiin nghia vu vd kien nghi mgt so gidi phdp nhdm hodn thien phdp ludt ve vdn di ndy.
Abstract: This article generally assesses legal provisions of Vietnam with respect to secured assets seizure in measure of mortgaging assets for handling in order to secure obligation performance and proposes some solutions for completing law in this area.
T
he chap tai san dupe hieu la mpt ben dung tai san cua minh de bao dam thyc hipn nghTa vi,!'', bfln bao dam chi giao gi^y t d ve quyen s d hOu doi vdi tai san va van chiem hiiu tdi san bao dam de khai thac, si> dung. Trong tiudng hpp giao djch dupe bao dam da du'gc cac ben thyc hipn dung nhu- cam ket, thi bipn phap bao dam cung chSm d u l , ben nhan bao dam se trao tra g i l y t d lien quan den tai san bao dam cho ben bao dam. Tuy nhien, vi nhieu nguyen nhan chii quan va khach quan ma giao djch bao dam khdng dupe thyc hien, thyc hipn khdng dung, khdng du, anh hu'dng den quy4n Ipi cua ben nhan bao dam. Bdi v | y , de bao dam quyen Ipi cua minh, ben nhgn bao dam phai XLP ly tai san bao dam.Theo quy djnh cua phdp ludt, ben nhan bao dam dupe x u \^ tdi san bao dam khi den hgn thyc hipn nghTa vu dupe bao dam ma ben cd nghTa vu khdng thyc hien h o | c thyc hipn khdng dung nghTa vy. Ben cd nghTa vu phai thyc hipn nghTa vy du-gc bao dam trLFdc thdi hgn do vi phgm nghTa vu theo thda thugn ho0c theo quy djnh cua phap lugt. Cdc trudng hpp
khac do cac ben thda thuan hope luat cd quy djnh^.
Theo thdng Ip, ben nh^n bao dam se XLF ly tai san bao dam theo thda thugn hogc theo quy djnh ciia lugt.
Ben nhdn bao dam cd quy4n yeu cau ben bao dam, hoac ben t h u ba giO" tai san giao tdi san bao dam de xip ly, neu ben bao dam khdng giao tai san thi ben nh§n bao dam cd quyen yeu c i u Tda an giai quy4t, tru' tm-dng hpp luat lifln quan cd quy dinh khac^.
Tren thyc te, rat nhieu trudng hpp ben bao dam vi phgm nghTa vu the chap cua minh nhu khdng giao tai san cho ben nhgn bao dam de XLF ly n h i m gay khd khan, keo dai thdi gian cho ben nhan bao dam, bupc ben nhgn bao dam phai khdi kien ra Tda an. Tuy nhidn, bipn phap yeu cau Tda an giai quyet thi thdi gian keo dai va thu tyc phuc tap. Theo quy dinh ciia phap lugt to tung dan sy, phai mat tii" 04 den 06 thang hoac lau hon niia mdi dua vu an ra xet XLF so tham, cac ben Igi khang cdo, khang nghi d i n den cap phiic tham va thi hanh an... Do vay, de kjp thdi bao dam quyen Ipi cho ben nhgn bao dam, Bp ludt Dan s y nam 2015 da quy djnh ben nhan bao dam cd quyen thu giu tai san de x u ly tai san bao dam'*. Vdi bipn
* Dgi hoc Ludt TP. Ho Chi Minh
Ddn chii & Phdp ludt I
^hi hdnh phdp. ludi 86 9 (318)-2018
phap nay, ben nhgn bao dam dupe chu ddng tien hanh thu giii' tai san ma khdng cin thdng qua thu tyc to tyng dan sy, qua dd tiet kiflm thdi gian, chi phi to tung, dong thdi giam bdi thiet hai cho bfln bao dam nhu tien lai, cung nhu gdp phan lam giam hao phi xa hgi. Tuy nhien, quy djnh thu gii> tai san nay mdi chi dupe quy dinh vdi lu each la mdt quyen cua ben nhdn bao dam, cdn thyc hien quyen ndy nhu the nao, trinh ty, thu tyc ra la sao thi phap luat chua quy djnh cu the nfln viec thyc hien quyfln nay trong thyc te rat khd khan.
Trong thdi gian qua, cd nhiflu chu the the chap tai san de vay tien tgi cac t6 chuc tin dung, ngan hang nhung khdng cd kha nang thanh toan, din den tinh trgng np xau tang nhanh, anh hudng Idn d4n hoat dgng cua cac ngan hang, de dga dfln an ninh kinh te quoc gia ndi chung. Trudc tinh hinh dd, Quoc hpi da ban hanh Nghj quyet so 42/2017/QH14 ngay 21/6/2017 ve thi diem XLP ly np xau cua cac to chuc tin dung, tgi khoan 3 Dieu 7 Nghj quyet nay quy djnh kha chi tilt ve bi^n phap thu giu' tai san bao dam de xu ly. "Cham nhit la 15 ngay trudc ngay tien hanh thu giii' tdi san bao dam la bit dpng san, t6 chuc tin dyng, chi nhanh ngdn hang nudc ngoai, to chflc mua ban, XLF ly np xau thyc hien cong khai thdng tin ve thdi gian, dja dilm thu giO tai san bdo dam, tai san bao dam dugc thu giiF, ly do thu giO theo quy djnh sau day: (a) Dang tai thdng tin tren trang thdng tin dien tfl cua minh; (b) Gm van ban thdng bao cho Oy ban nhan dan cap xa va co quan cdng an noi cd tdi san bao dam; (c) Niflm yit van ban thdng bao tai try sd Oy ban nhan dan d p xa noi ben bao dam dang ky dja chi theo hpp dong bao dam va try sd Oy ban nhan dan d p xa noi cd tai san bao dam; (d) Thdng bao cho ben bao dam bang van ban theo dudng buu dipn cd bao dam den dia chf cua bfln bao ddm theo hop dong bao dam hogc gui tryc tiep cho ben bao ddm" Trudng hpp khi to chflc tin dyng ap dung bifln
phap thu gifl tai san ma ben bao dam hoac ben thfl ba gifl tai san bdo dam khdng chuyin giao thi cd quyen khdi kien ra Tda dn va Tda an se ap dyng thu tyc t6 tung riit gpn^. Co the ndi, ddy la m^t chinh sach hap ly, tao mdt co so phdp ly quan trpng de cdc to chuc tfn dung chu dpng xu ly tai san bdo dam la np xiu de bao vfl quyin loi chinh dang cua minh. Tuy nhien, Nghi quyet so 42/2017/QH14 chi ap dyng thi diem cho viec xi> ly na xau tai cac to chflc tin dung xay ra trudc ngay 15/8/2017 hoac khoan np dugc hinh thanh trudc ngay 15/8/2017 va dupe xac djnh Id na xau trong thdi gian thi diem Nghj quylt nay.
Ke tij- khi cd Nghj quylt s6 42/2017/QH14 din nay viec thu giiF tai san cua cac to chipc tin dyng de xfl ly np xau thanh cdng Id khdng nhieu, nguyfln nhdn chu yeu la quy ^nh ciia Nghj quylt chua cy thi. Mgt trong nhung dilu kifln de dp dyng khoan 2 Dieu 7 Id cac ben phai cd thda thugn ve bipn phap thu giu tai san trong hpp ding, quy djnh nay vd tinh da tudc doat quyin thu giu" tai san bao dam de xu ly np ciia chu the nhan bao dam, ma le ra day Id quyin duang nhien, la hp qud tat ylu khi bfln bao dam vl phgm nghTa vu cda minh. Quy djnh nay cdn trai vdi Hiln phap nam 2013 la cac quyen dan sy dupe cdng nhgn, ton trpng va dupe bao vp. Mdt nguyfln nhdn nO-a lam cho quyin thu giu tai san trong Nghj quylt so 42/2017/QH14 khd duac thyc thi la quy djnh chi ap dyng cho "giao dich bdo dam, bipn phap bdo dam da dupe dang ky theo quy 6\n\} cua phap lu$t", vdy cdc giao djch bao dam, bien phap bdo dam khdng dang ky bdo dam thi cd quyin thu giu- khdng? Theo Nghi quylt nay thi cau tra lai Id khong va da vd tinh tudc di quyen thu giip tai san bao dam de xu ly np cua chu np. Ngodi ra, Nghj quylt so 42/2017/QH14 cung kho duoc thyc thi khi bfln bao ddm khdng hgp tac trong vipc ty nguypn giao tai san. Trong trudng hpp nay, bfln nhgn bao dam khdng thi ty cuo-ng che hoac yflu d u Oy ban nhan ddn hay co quan cdng an
I Ddn chCi & Phdp ludt
^hi hdith phiip. ludt 86 9 (318)-2018
cap xa cuang che ben bdo ddm giao tdi san. Ben nhdn bao ddm ch! cd quyen lap bifln ban v l viec thu giii tai san khdng thdnh, cd sy chflng kien cua co quan chuc nang, lam chung CIP de khdi kipn ra Tda an. Han nua, vipc phoi hpp cda Oy ban nhdn dan d p xa vd CO quan cdng an vdi bfln thu giiP cung chua hiflu qua, phdp ludt cung chua quy djnh cy thi trdch nhipm cua hai ca quan ndy, vi vgy, cac to chuc lin dyng rat lung lung va khd khan trong viflc thu giO' tai san bdo ddm.
Nhu da ndi d trfln, Nghj quyet so 42/2017/QH14 Id van ban ve Ihi dilm xfl ly ng xiu tai cdc t l chuc tin dyng ap dyng cho cac khoan na xau xay ra trudc ngdy 15/8/2017. Vdi quy dinh tai khoan 1 Dieu 307 Bd luat Dan sy nam 2015 v l thanh loan chi phi cho vipc thu giO' lai sdn, thi cdc chu the nhgn bao dam rat khd dp dung bifln phdp thu giu' tdi san bdo dam 3k xfl ly tai san nhu da phan tich d tren. Ve van de nay, theo Lugt Ngan hang cua Vuong quoc Anh {Banking Act 2009) tgi dilm f khoan 4 Tilu muc iv Bieu 255^
cho phep mgt ben thyc hipn cac quyen dugc quy djnh Irong thda thugn giua cdc bfln v l bifln phap bao dam trong viflc d n hoac khdng d n tdi phan quylt cua Tda an. Trong myc sap xep tai san thi chip cua Lugt Ngan hang, cdc thda thudn tai san the chap dupe djnh nghTa bao qudl dd la cac thda thuan md tai sdn thi chip dupe su' dung nhu bdo dam doi vdi khoan vay hogc trach nhiflm phap ly khac va vi muc dich dd^. Ngoai ra, tai Quy djnh v l lai san the chap (So 2) 20038 theo trich din cua Ludt Ngan hang thi bfln nhgn the chap cd the thyc hipn cac dilu khoan cua thda thugn tai san bao dam tai chinh, ma khdng cd bat ky lenh tich thu nac liF Tda an. Quy djnh nay giiip cac ben chd ddng trong vipc XLF ly tai san dam bao ma khdng d n phai thyc hifln thu tyc khoi kien lai Tda an.
CQng nhu phap luat cua Vuong quic Anh, phap luat Ireland cung khdng bit bupc vipc xu ly tai sdn
bao dam phai cd quyet djnh cua Tda an hoac ca quan cd tham quyin khac ma cho phep cac bfln lien quan cd the thda thuan truac ve phuang thifc XLF ly tai san bao dam nhu viflc chi djnh ngudi XLP ly tai san bao dam hoac ben nhan lai san bao dam se khdng d n phan quyet cua Tda an hogc quyet djnh ca quan cd tham quyen khac ma duoc xu ly nhu ngi dung thda thuan giO'a cac ben. Tgi Pakistan, viec xu* ly tai sdn bao dam phai duoc giai quyflt thdng qua Tda an theo trinh ty, thu tyc tgi Bd lual To tyng dan sy nam 1908 (Civil Procedure Code 1908)^. Tuy nhifln, viflc XLF ly tai san bao dam d cac to chiFC lai chinh se duac ap dung vdi trinh ty, thii tuc dac biet theo quy djnh tgi Phap Ipnh ve Thu hoi np cua to chuc tai chinh ndm 2001^0. Theo khoan 2 Oilu 15 Phap Ipnh nay quy djnh ve trinh ty gifi thdng bao nhu sau: "Trong trudng hop khach hang khdng tra np dung ky hgn, to chuc tai chinh gu'i thdng bao din bfln the chip yeu d u thanh loan khoan np cdn lai trong vdng mudi bin ngay ke tip khi nhdn dugc thdng bao va khi khdng thanh loan so tien trong thdi han tren, se gui thdng bao thu' hai d l yflu d u thanh loan khoan np cdn Igi trong vdng mudi bon ngay. Trong trudng hop khdch hang vao ngay din han dugc gui trong thdng bao din lan thir hai, tiep lyc khong trd np dung ky ban, to chiFC tai chinh se gCri thdng bac cuoi cung den ben the chip yflu d u thanh toan khoan no cdn lai trong vdng ba muoi ngay k l ILF khi nhan dugc thdng bao cuoi ciing din khach hang". Ngoai ra, sau khi hit thai han thdng bao ma bfln the chip khdng thanh loan cho bfln nhan Ihl chap thi to chOc lai chinh cd the xu' iy tai san the chap ma khdng phai theo cac thu tuc lai Tda an, vipc nay giiip cho viflc XLF ly tai san dupe thyc hifln nhanh chdng va hieu qua. Tuy nhien, de thyc hipn vipc XLF ly tai san the chip khong qua Tda an, 16 chd'c tdi chinh phai tudn thu cdc trinh ty, thu tyc nhu sau: (i) To chuc tai chfnh phai thdng bao tren mpt to bao tiing Anh cd uy tin vdi luu thdng rpng va
Ddn chCi & Phdp ludt I
^ki hdnh phap, Ui^i 86 9 (318)-2018
mdi Id bao tiing Urdu hang ngay d linh nai c6 tai sdn the chap, bac gom cac thdng tin: Tfln, dja chi cua bfln the chap, chi till ve tdi san the chip, so lien cdn iai chua thanh loan vd y djnh cua t l chuc lai chinh Irong viflc xG- ly tai san the chap; (ii) To chuc tai chinh cung gLFi thdng bao nhu vdy cho tat ca nhi>ng ngudi lien quan.
Theo kinh nghpm phap ludt cCia mpt so nudc nhu da phan lich, theo chung tdi, quy djnh ve thu giii' lai sdn cua phap lual nudc ta cin hoan thipn theo hudng sau:
Thip nhat, khi den hgn, ben bao ddm vi phgm nghTa vu, vipc vi phgm nghTa vy ndy la can CLF de xu ly' tai sdn bao dam theo thda thuan hogc theo quy djnh cua phap luat thi ben bdo dam cd quyen thu giu' tai san nlu ben bac dam khdng ty nguyfln giao tai sdn, viflc thu giiF tdi sdn duoc tiln hdnh thee cac budc nhu sau:
fitrtic 1: Bfln nhan bao dam thdng bdo trfln cac phuong tifln thong tin dgi chung ve viec thu giO tai san bac dam (nlu la dang bac thi dang 03 s i lien tiep trfln bao cua co quan trung uong neu phat trfln ddi hcgc kenh truyen hinh dja phuang nai cd tai san the chip thi phdt 03 ngay lien tyc vac gid hdnh chfnh),
Npi dung thdng bdo bao gom: Ten, dia chi cua
ben thi chap, thdng tin ldi san bdc dam bi thu giO, s6 liln cdn lgi chua thanh lodn vd y djnh cua to chuc lai chinh trong viflc XLF ly tai san thi chap.
Bifiyc 2: Ben nhan bac ddm thdng bao bing van ban cho ben bao dam bill ve viflc Ihu giiF tai san (tdi san thu giu"; ly do thu giip, thdi gian; dja diem thu giiF;
cdc bfln lifln quan khdc).
StMc 3: GLFI van ban din Oy ban nhdn dan d p xa va CO quan cdng an d p xa ve viec cu nguai phoi hpp vipc thu giO tai sdn bao dam. Tien hanh niem yIt viflc Ihu giu tai sdn tai Oy ban nhdn ddn d p xa noi dang ky theo hgp dong va Oy ban nhdn dan d p xa noi cd tai san bdo dam bj thu giu'.
Bir(fC 4: Tiln hanh diu gia tdi sdn theo quy djnh cua Lual Diu gia lai san vdi lu cdch Id ngudi dupe chu tai san uy quyen.
Thif hai, bd quy djnh chl duac thu giu tdi san bao dam doi vdi giao djch bao dam cd dang ky hay bifln phap bao dam cd dang ky lai cdc ca quan, lo chiic dang k;^ giao djch bdo ddm, bdi vipc ddng ky chl cd y nghTa lam phat sinh doi khang vdi ngudi lhi> ba trong quan he ddn sy va trong quan ly nha nudc, nd khdng lam phat sinh quyin va nghTa vy ciia ben nhgn bdo dam vai ben bac dam va khdng phdi Id bien phap bdo vp quyen cua ben nhgn bao dam •
1. DiSu 317 Bg luat Dan sy nam 2015.
2. Dieu 299 Sp luat DSn sy nam 2015.
3. Dieu 301 BQ luat Dan sy nam 2015.
4. Khoan 1 DiSu 307 Bo lu$t Dan si/ nSm 2015.
5. Dieu 7 Nghj quyet s6 42/2017/QH14 V4 thi diem xirl'y ngxiu tgi cac to chirc tin dgng ngay 21/6/2017.
6. Xem them: https://www.legislation.gov.Uk/ukpga/2009/1/contents (cgp nh$t ngdy 29/6/2018).
7. Xem them: Khoan 2 DiSu 255 Luat Ngan hang cda Vuung qu6c Anh.
8. Xem them: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2003/3226/regulation/17/made (c$p nh$t ngay 29/6/2018).
9. Xem them: http://www.couns.ie/Courts.ie/library3.nsf/(WebFiles)/5B98B2B4F09E28EC80257C6F003B5347/
$FILE/SJ.%20No.%2017%20of%202014%20-%20District%20Court%20(Civil%20Procedure)%20Rules%202014.pdf (c$p nhgt ngay 29/6/2018).
10. Xem them: http://mw.sbp.org.pk/about/ordinance/r_ordinance.htm (c$p nhgt ngay 29/6/2018).