KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
SA(W2020
Nghien CLTU thCr nghiem goi giai phap tdng the Mobility Management hirong den chuyen ddi SLT dung xe buyt 6 TR Ho Chf Minh
• PGS. TS. V A N HdNG T A N ; KS. LE N G U Y I N H A G KY Trudng Dai hoc Bdch khoa - Dgi hoc Qudc gia TP H6 Chi Minh
TOM T A T MUC tieu cua nghien cdu nay la ung dung c i c ky thuat thong tin ket hop diem thudng th^ mua s i m de xiy dung phuong phap t i e dong dudi dang mot chuong trinh thir nghiem tren sinh vien n h i m thiic day su dung di bd va xe buyt d TP Ho Chi Minh Ket q u i phan tich cho thay hieu q u i ro r^t cOa phuong phap tich diem thudng doi vdi muc do chuyen doi su dung xe buyt tu xe may ciia smh vien, Ben canh do, cac giii phap thong fm tich hop CO hieu q u i dang ke trong viec nang cao y d|nh hanh vi sd dyng xe buyt, dong thoi la nen t i n g bo tro cho giii p h i p tich diem thudng trong goi g i i i ph^p Mobility Management kich thich chuyen doi su dgng xe buyt 6 TP Ho Chi Minh
TL/ KHC)A: Quin ly di lai, chuyen doi phuong thuc dl lai, xe may, su dung buyt.
ABSTRACT: This study objective is to apply information provision techniques combining with providing point incentives via shopping membership cards to build a method that promotes behavior change to waking and bus use in Ho Chi Minh City under a pilot project targeted at students The analyzed results showed significant effects of the point incentive measure in shifting mode from motocycle to bus use of the students Besides, a combination of communicative techniques would be effective in enhancing behavioral intention to use buses Such communicative measures would contnbute to the point incentive measure in a full package of mobility management measures to persuade more people to shift to use bus in Ho Chi Minh City
KEYWORDS: Mobility Management, modal shift, motorcycle, bus use
I.E)ATVANO£
Giao thdng dd thi ngiy eing un tic, nguy co p h i sin giao thdng v i o gid cao diem ngiy eing can k l . D i y
se 11 thiet hai eho cdng ddng v i eho tifng e i n h i n , m l ngudi sifdung xe e l n h i n c i n y thife dupc. Giao thdng edng cong (GTCC) d i e b i l t I I xe buyt l i c i n c i n duy nhit cd the kim ham xu t h i dd. Tuy n h i l n , t u nd khdng the l i m dupe d i l u dd m i e i n cd nhifng g i l i p h i p q u i n ly- t i c ddng.
Nhdng g i i i p h i p thuc day sifdung xe e i n h i n khdn ngoan hole thuc day chuyen sang cle phuong thdc t h i n t h i l n m6i trUdng nhu xe dap, di b6 nhin chung gpi la q u i n ly dl lai (Mobility Management-MM) d i dupe i p dung thif n g h i l m d nhieu nude t i l n t i l n nhu Lie (TravelSmart), Nhat (Mobility Management), 27 nude c h l u AU (EPOMM), Anh (Personalized Travel Plans)... Cie ehinh sich giao thdng I p dung hudng giai p h i p n i y da dat dupe t h i n h edng nhat dinh khi k i t hpp hai yeu td n i n g cao chat lupng djch vu v i ha tang GTCC (ylu td g i l n tilp), ddng thdi thUc h i l n t i l p thj dich vu nhUeung cap thdng tin v i loi feh (yeu to true tilp).
Theo Fujii & Taniguchi (2006), phUong thdc tUOng t i e thdng tin rieng phu hop eho tdng e i n h i n s i hi|u q u i trong thay doi h i n h vi so vdi thdng tin ehung chung. Trong cic chuong trinh viia neu, ddi tUpng se dupc cung cap thdng tin tai sao hp c i n g i i m sif dung phuong thirc c i n h i n v i eieh thirc cd t h i chuyin sang sd dung GTCC, xe dap, di bd. Nhdng thdng tin n i y dUOC thiet ke cho tdng c l n h i n , theo tifng budc i p dung d l chuyen ddi h i n h vi eiia ho theo hudng cd loi hon. Nhilu chuong trinh da cho k i t q u i g i l m kholng 15 - 40%
vile sd dung d td e i n h i n v i gia tang khoing 20 - 50%
mde dp sir dung GTCC. d Vilt Nam, nghiin cdu cua Vin (2009) eho thiy, n h i n thdc hanh vi ciia ngudl Viet v l sit dung phuang thdc giao thdng h o i n t o l n ed t h i thay ddi duoc va d u dia eho nhdng thay ddi n i y la k h i Idn.
D i l u do cd nghTa l i nhdng g i i i p h i p mem nhu MM h o l n t o i n CO t h i tao h i l u q u i bd sung trong chien luoe thue day sddung xe buyt dViet Nam.
Nhu ehung ta da bilt, xe c i n h i n duoe xem l i t i l n Ipi, tudo, t h o l i m l i v l cd the l i bieu hi6n eua c i i tdi d i n g cap, trong khi ngudi di xe buyt h i l m khi cd duoe nhQ-nq y l u t d d d . Nhu viy, trong x i hdi a i ' d u p c ' d i xe e l n h i n v i ai p h i i "hy sinh" diing GTCC? Chung ta ein nhin n h i n v l n d l til khia canh edng tilng 'vay t r i " giCia hai nhdm niy. D i l u dd cd the thue hi#n duoc thdng qua chinh sich thue v i uu d i i . Do viy, trong bdi c i n h can thiic dav
126
phat t r i l n GTCC ben canh nhi/ng d i l u k i l n can nhu d i u t u n i n g cao eo sd v i t chit, nhiJmg chinh sleh hd tro sd dung GTCC v i h?n e h i phuong tien e i n h i n , viee trien khai cic g i i i p h i p m I m t h i n g qua chuong trinh MM se la l i l u thudc du 64 ngudi dan thue sU d i n vdi xe buyt.
Do viy, nghiin ciru n i y cd muc dich p h i t trien mdt chuong trinh thd nghilm n h i m thay ddi hanh vi sd dung xe e i n h i n v i thuc day sif dung di tid v l xe buyt d Vilt Nam. Cie muc t i l u cu the sau: i)Thdnghiem cic g i l i phip SLf dung thdng tin de kfeh thich thay ddi phuang thdc di lai b i n g buyt thay cho xe miy. ii) Thir n g h i l m v i dinh g i i hl^u q u i eiia tfch d i l m thudng t h i thanh v i l n mua sIm cho vile sifdung xe buyt hudng tdi doi tupng l i sinh v i l n h i l n dang di hpc b i n g xe miy. Tif dd, khuyin khich h i n h vi t i l n phong tinh nguyin sif dung buyt eua sinh v i l n hudng d i n g i l m t i i cho h | thong giao thdng ciia thinh phd.
2.THijr N G H I £ M G I A I P H A P M M
CIc g i l i p h i p MM I p dung eho cic nhdm ddi tupng khic nhau se khie nhau ve ky thuat v i trinh tu, Fujii &
Taniguchi (2006). Giii p h i p MM eo b i n chi cung d p th6ng tin v l n i n g cao n h i n thdc v l cich di lai ed Ipi eho cfing ddng. Mdt sd g i i i p h i p MM md rdng cdn cd t h i bao gdm e i khuyin khfch ban d i u , nhdng tro g i l v i / hoic h^n c h i ddi vdi phuang t i l n ea n h i n n h i m tao thuin Ipi hon eho mpi ngudi trong sir dung GTCC. D l ning eao h i l u q u i ehuyen ddi sd dung phuong thdc, nghiin ciru niy se thd nghilm k i t hop nhilu ky t h u i t bao g6m: Giii p h i p thdng tin, K l hoach thuc h i l n v i B i l m thudng.
2.1. Giii p h i p thong tin
Cic g i l i p h i p MM eho d i n nay d i u lay eung d p thdng tin l i nen t i n g trong d i l u chinh h i n h vi giao thdng, Gariing & Fujii, S. (2009). Trong nghiin cdu nay, thong tin dUpc k i t hop cung cap trude v i trong q u i trinh thd nghiem chuyen ddi sd dung xe buyt. Thdng tin duac eung cap trudc q u i trinh thue nghi|m n h i m muc dich thay ddi t h i i dp, n h i n thi/e v l nhCmg trd ngai, tif dd xiy dung dU djnh thuc h i | n hanh vi (Ajzen, 1991). CIc thdng tin dang niy trong gdi g i i i p h i p MM ciia nghien edu bao gdm: Cich t i n dung h | thdng d i l m thudng cua FamilyMart, gilt p h i p "gd r d r c h o giao thdng t h i n h phd thdng qua ti/ng budc chuyin ddi sd dung xe buyt (thdng qua b l i thuyet trinh), cich sir dung App dien thoai BusMap de tra cdu thdng tin thuc tif GPS eua xe buyt v l cle tuyen xe buyt eiing cic tram ddng. Trong q u i trinh thue nghilm ehuyen ddi, thdng tin can t i l p tyc 6\jqc cung d p de cdng c6 v i thuc d l y h i n h vi. CIc th6ng tin dang niy bao gdm: sd lupt sif dung xe buyt cua eac d6i tupng xung quanh, tdng k i t so luat sifdung xe buyt ciia b i n t h i n . . .
2.2. G i l i p h i p y l u clu ke hoach thuc hien Mdt ky t h u i t trong MM d i duae sirdung nhieu 6 Nhit Bin trong eic chuong trinh TFP (Taniguchi et al, 2007) l i y l u d u k l hoach thay doi h i n h vi. Theo do, ddi tuong dupe y l u c l u l i p mot k l hoach thUe hien vi|c chuyin ddi sang sd dung xe buyt thay vi di xe m i y d i n
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
S6 0612020 trudng hpc/noi lam v i l c Viee n i y se giiip kich hoat y djnh thuc h i l n (implementation intention), l i mdt pham trti giua y dinh hanh vi (behavioral intention) v i hanh vi thue SLf (actual behavior) (Pagel & Davidson, 1984). Y dinh thuc h i l n khie y djnh h i n h vi d cho; y djnh h i n h vi chi l i y djnh thue h i l n hanh vi, ehing han "tdi 6inh SLf dyng xe buyt d l di hpe" vdn di cd t h i khdng thue h i l n dupe vi t h i l u n h i l u y l u to hd trp hoic khd k h i n ehua lucffig trudc. Trong khi dd, y dinh thUe h i | n the h i l n b i n g mdt k l hoach thuc h i l n h i n h vi, trong dd xic djnh rd thdi gian, dja d i l m , n h i n thire dupe nhdng khd khin, chi phf d l thuc h i l n hanh vi. Ndi eieh khic, y djnh thuc h i l n t i l n g i n hon vdi h i n h vi thUc t l Nghiin edu n i y g i l dinh ring ky t h u i t y l u d u ke hoach thUc h i l n gliip gia t i n g y dinh h i n h vi eung nhu t i n g k h i n i n g chuyin ddi sddung xe buyt.
2.3. Giii p h i p tich A i m thudng
Ky t h u l t cung d p khuyin khich v i t c h i t (;neen(/ve) dupc nhilu chuong trinh MM ciia d c nude I p dung, ed t i e dung ban dau hd trp thuc day h i n h vi (Brog, 1998) Nghiin cdu nay thd nghiem mdt hinh thirc mdi, dd f l sd dung d i l m thudng tieh luy trong t h i mua s i m cua ehuoi eifa hang tien Ipi FamilyMart phd b i l n dTP. Hd Chi Minh.
Ngoii t i c dung ban d i u d u k i l n nhu d c n g h i i n edu trudc, vilc d i l m thudng c6 t h i tfch liiy t i l p tue theo q u i trinh sd dung xe buyt sau dd edn n h i m mue dich t i n g Ipi the eho xe buyt so vdl phuong t i l n e i n h i n , giiip duy tri h i n h vi sifdung xe buyt.
Trong 6 t u i n thd nghilm cua nghien ciru niy, doi tupng tham gia thd nghiem dupe khuyen khieh chuyen ddi sir dung xe buyt thdng qua d i l m thudng tich v i o t h i t h i n h v i l n FamilyMart. D i l m thudng n h i n dupe cho mdi lan sir dyng xe buyt de di va v l hoc gdm; p h i n d i l m chung dao ddng theo t u i n tif 4.000 ddng den 2.000 dong cho mpt l l n di va v l hpc b i n g xe buyt v i phan diem rieng P dupc tinh tiiy thudc v i o kholng cich tif n h i ddi tuong tham gia thif nghiem den tram xe buyt gan nhit D nhu sau (luu y II p h i n d i l m rieng P niy di kem vdi d c h i s6 0, 0,5, v i 1 ap dyng tiiy theo tuan): N l u D<100 m: P = 0 ddng; 100<D<200 m: P = 2.000 dong; 200£D<300 m: P = 4.000 dong; 300<D<400 m: P = 6.000 ddng; 400sD<500 m:
P = 8,000 ddng; D>500 m: P = 10.000 dong.
2.4. Odi tuong v l trinh tU thif nghilm Ddi tupng thif nghiem trong nghiin cdu n i y l i 63 sinh v i l n ciia Trudng Dai hoc Bach khoa ehia l i m 4 nhdm dupc tuyen mp ngau nhien. Sinh v i l n p h l i ed xe m i y v i smart phone de sif dyng App BusMap vaZalo. 8 1 % sinh v i l n trong nghiin edu sdng trong pham vi 400 m quanh tram xe buyt. 6 l i n g i p mat v i khio sit d i u t i l n , sinh v i l n 6a 6uac eung d p thdng tin v l xe buyt v l cich sif dung xe buyt nhu d i n l u . Sau dd, ho duoc yeu c i u l i m k l hoach thUe hien d l thif nghiem di xe buyt trong d c t u i n t i l p theo. NgUdi tham gia nhan dUac tin n h i n Zaio v l k i t qua tich luy di xe buyt cua nhdm moi 2 - 3 n g i y v i ket qua sifdung buyt ciia e i n h i n qua email v i o cudi t u i n . Tin n h i n qua Zalo v i email eung thdng b l o cho ngUdi tham gia b i l t v l diem thudng se ap dyng eho tuan k l t i l p (bao gdm p h i n chung v i p h i n neng). Sau 6 tuan thif nghilm, sd luong sinh vien tham gia khao sat
"27
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
S6 06 2020
dert 2 g i i m cdn 31. C i hai dot k h i o sit bao gdm d c eiu hdi trie nghilm v l q u i trinh su dung xe m i y v l xe buyt trudc dd, v l t h l i 66 va n h i n thdc trong sif dung xe buyt.
O l ghi n h i n vilc di xe buyt eiia sinh vien, nghien cdu bd tri ngudi v l t h i l t bi q u i t t h i tai 5 tram xe buyt xung quanh trUdng. Ngay trude khi sinh vien len xe buyt v l n h i sau gid hoc, t h i se duoc quet v i smh vien duac ghi n h i n mdt l l n di va v l hpc b i n g xe buyt thay cho xe miy. TCf dd, sd d i l m tuong img se duoe tich vao t i i khoin t h i FamilyMart cua ngudi tham gia.
S.CACK^TQUA
3.1. Hilu q u i cua tdng hop cic gill p h i p thdng tin d6i vdi y dinh hinh vi suT dung xe buyt
Y djnh h i n h vi sd dung xe buyt ciia ddi tupng thd n g h i l m dupe khio sit ba l l n b i n g thang Likert 5 bic, dd I I : trudc khi eung d p thdng tin; sau khi cung d p thdng tm v i y l u d u k l hoach thuc h i l n ; sau 6 t u i n t r i i nghilm thd nghilm d i l m thudng. Kit q u i k i l m djnh t l i p {paired sample t-test) cho t h i y y djnh h i n h vl sir dung xe buyt t i n g l l n d i n g k l do t i c ddng cua g i i i p h i p thdng tin. G i l tn trung binh cua y dinh h i n h vi trude va sau eung d p thdng tin tuang img l i 2,94 v l 4,35, t{30) = -7,26, p < 0,001. Bin canh dd, k i t q u i eung cho t h i y g i i trj trung binh eua y dinh h i n h vi sau 6 t u i n sir dyng xe buyt (4,03) eung thUe suldn hon vdi mde nghTa thdng k l
>99% so vdi g i i tn trude khi cung d p thdng tin (2,94), t(30) = - 6,24, p < 0,001. D i l u niy eho t h i y tinh duy tri dn djnh eiia y dinh h i n h vi thdng qua q u i trinh thdsif dung xe buyt thay t h i cho xe miy.
3.2. Hilu q u i cua tlch d i l m thudng trong giii p h i p MM
Nghiin edu trude do eiia Vin va cdng su(2019) thue h i | n t i c dpng thdng tin tuong tU nghien cifu niy tren 87 sinh v i l n nhUng khdng ed diem thudng ghi n h i n dupe 19 lupt di ve hpe b i n g xe buyt trong 10 ngiy. K i t q u i so sinh t r l n Hinh 3.1 eho thay tir t u i n 2 den tuan 4, sd lupt di v l hpc b i n g xe buyt ludn dat g i i tri ehuyin ddi han 100 lupt t r l n 10 ngiy x 100 ngudi, eao hon h i n mde sd dyng xe buyt khi khdng khuyen khich d i l m thudng. So lupt di xe buyt cao nhat xuit h i l n trong t u i n 2 khi diem thudng i p dung l i cao nhat, Khi diem thudng cie tuan t i l p theo g i l m thi sd lupt di xe buyt cung cd xu hUdng g i l m theo.
ii:
Hinh 3.1: iS$ti qui khuyen khich chuyin dii su dung buyt cua diimttwdng
De d i n h g i l t i e dyng eua mde diem thudng neng
P theo kholng eieh di bd ddi vdi mde dd sd dung xe buyt. trudc t i l n budc k i l m djnh Levenes ve tmh dong n h i t eua phUcmg sai cho k i t l u i n phuong sai giCfa eic gia tn cua mife d i l m thudng l i khic nhau voi mde y nghia Idn hon 99%, F(5,180) = 4,95. Ket q u i p h i n tich ANOVA mdt chilu cho t h i y ed sU khic b i l t cd y nghia giCra d c nhdm mire d i l m thudng rilng ddi vdi mde dp sif dung xe buyt ciia sinh v i l n . Cy the, Hinh 3.2 cho t h i y muc d i l m thudng rieng khoing 6.000 d o n g / l l n di v i v l hpc b i n g xe buyt tao ra khuyin khfch nhilu n h i t ddi vdl sinh v i l n . Tuy nhiln, k i t q u i cung cho t h i y mde d i l m thudng rilng cao hon cung khdng cd g i l trj l i m t i n g s6 lupt di hoc b i n g xe buyt. Nguyin n h i n cd t h i I I do mde d i l m thudng d i l m rieng eao i p dung eho d6i tUpng khdng t h u i n Ipi trong t i l p c i n xe buyt t d n h i .
(Tl thifMii rUn| / Un dl v i
Hinh 3.2: Hl$u qui khuyin khich ehuyin dii sd difng buyt ciia cic mue diim tiiudng
3.3. Hilu q u i cua g i i i p h i p MM theo cic nhdm ddi tuong
J i'H i m
f4,IlJ>'.M.49,D-
I . 1 . 1
Hinh 3 3: Hiiu qui khuyin khfch ehuyin dii su dung buyt theo eic dii tuang
Nghiin edu n i y eung xem xet su b i l n ddi ciia hieu q u i khuyin khich ehuyen ddi sd dyng buyt theo d e d6i tuong sdng xa/gin tram xe buyt. K i t q u i tr^n Hinh 3.3 cho thay tuong quan hdi quy b l e 2 k h i c h i t ehe gida kholng elch nha - tram xe buyt v i sd l l n di ve b i n g xe buyt (R' = 0,79). Theo dd, d c doi tupng sdng d khoing cleh tif 150 m d i n 350 m quanh tram xe buyt nhin ehung ed xu hudng chuyen ddi sif dung xe buyt n h i l u hon khi n h i n t i c ddng cua gdi g i i i p h i p MM eua n g h i i n edu, so vdi cle nhdm ddi tuong khac 0 6 cd the 11 vi nhdm ddi tUong sdng rat g i n tram xe buyt gap trd nqai trong chuyen ddi sd dung buyt vi y l u td khic, trong khi nhdm ddi tUOng sdng xa tram xe buyt lai g i p trd ngai v l khoing cich di bd. Day c6 the xem t l kholng cich dr bd d l t i l p ein xe buyt chap n h i n dupc cua ngudl d i n dTP
128
Hd Chf Mmh. Ndi elch khie, vilc bd tri tram xe buyt d kholng d c h 500 m l i hpp ly trong khai t h i c v i thu hut khach. K i t q u i phan tw theo t u i n t r l n hinh eung eho thay die diem niy dUdng nhu ed xu hudng ro hon sau mdt t u i n l i m quen.
4. Kfr LUAN
Mue tieu cua nghiin edu n i y l i dng dung d c ky thuit thdng tin k i t hpp d i l m thudng t h i mua s i m de xiy dung phuong p h i p t i c ddng n h i m thay ddi hanh vi sd dung xe may v i thue d l y sif dung di b6 va xe buyt d Vilt Nam. Kit q u i p h i n tfch ANOVA cho thay h i l u q u i rd r|t cua phuang p h i p tfch diem thudng doi vdi mde dp ehuyin ddi sddung xe buyt tif xe m i y ciia sinh vien.
Hilu q u i niy dat mde cao nhat khi ddi tupng tham gia thd nghilm n h i n duoc phan diem thudng r i l n g kholng 6.000 ddng khuyin khfch vile dl bd giCra n h i v i tram xe buyt. Nghiin cifu cung chi ra r i n g d n p h i i duy tri diem thudng mdt mire hpp ly d l duy tri h i n h vi sif dung xe buyt, tif dd cd t h i d i n hinh t h i n h thdi quen. Q u i trinh duy tri d i l m thudng d l hinh t h i n h thdi quen di bd - sif dyng xe buyt c i n dupe nghiin ciru t h i m . 6 giai doan kich thich thay ddi h i n h vi eung nhu ve lau d i i , eie n h i ho^ch djnh ehinh sich d n thuc h i l n p h i n tich Chi phi - Loi Ich de d i n h g i i h i l u qui/tfnh t h i l t hon giifa trp g i l v l sin lupng h i n h khich xe buyt cung nhu eie loi ich xa h$i, Ipi feh giao th6ng thu dUpc tif chfnh sich khuyen khich sd dung xe buyt nhu d i n l u .
Ket q u i nghiin cdu cung cho thay h i l u q u i ci^a eie giii phip thdng tin tlch hpp trong viee nang eao y dmh hinh vi sif dung xe buyt. DCr l i l u tif nghien edu n i y eho thiy, trong eiing d i l u k i l n v l d i l m thudng, khi ngudi tham gia thir nghiem ed y djnh sif dung xe buyt. so lupt sir dyng xe buyt cCia hp t i n g l l n gap 3 l l n so vdi khi y djnh hinh vi ehi difng 6 mde trung dung. Vilc n i y d n thyc hiln thdng qua k i t hpp cic g i i i p h i p tuyen truyen v l vai trd CLia xe buyt trong giao th6ng vdi cdng cu hd tro thdng tin nhU dng dung BusMap kem theo y l u d u k l hoach thuc h i l n d l kich hoat y djnh thuc h i l n eho ddi tuong t i c ddng. So sinh hieu q u i eiia hai nhdm g i l i phip, nghiin ciru cho thay g i l i p h i p thdng tin la nen t i n g trong khi g i i i p h i p diem thudng cd y nghTa q u y l t djnh trong kich thich ehuyen ddi tif xe m i y sang xe buyt.
Kit q u i ciia nghien edu dat nen t i n g eho ehuong trinh khuyin khich h i n h vi t i l n phong tinh nguyin sifdung xe buyt cua sinh v i l n hudng d i n g i i m t i l eho he thdng giao thdng ciia TP. Hd Chi Minh.
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
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Implications for TDM, CD-ROM of the proceedings of the 77th Annual Meeting of Transportation Research Board, [3]. Fujii, S. & Taniguchi, A. (2006), Determinants of the effectiveness of travel feedback programs-a review of communicative mobility management measures for changing travel behaviour in Japan, Transport Policy, 13, 339-348.
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liA cim cfn: Nghiin ciru dupe t i i trp bdi Dai hpe Qudc gia TP. Hd Chf Minh trong khudn khd D l t i i ma so C2019-20-38. Tie g i i c i m on GS. TetsuoYai v i TS. Terai Kiyoshi vi nhdng ho tro cho nghien eiJi\j nay.
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