ti KHOA H P C -nttrdNG DAI HOC TTlA VINH, Sd 25. THAN'G 3 NAM 2017
VAN DE NGUON GOC CUA TlT TRONG TIENG KHMER
THE ORIGINAL KHMER WORDS
Nguyln Thi Hue^
Tom tat - Tic vung cda ngon ngU Khmer khdng chi la nhung yiu td vdn cd eua tieng Khmer md cdn bao gom cd nhimg yeu to tiep nhdn tit cdc ngon ngU khdc vd ddn tra thdnh bg phgn khdng the thiiu trong ngdn ngU Khmer. Neu quan niem tie thuan Khmer ehi la nhiing tic sdn CO ki tu giai doan mdi dugc hinh thdnh thi se khd nhdn thay su biin doi, phdt triin vd khong phdn dnh dung bdn chat eua ngon ngu Khmer Vd mat ngudn goc, nhiing tic vung thuoc Sanscrit - Pali dd dugc Khmer hda & muc do cao cho nen ngudi sir dung ngdn ngu Khmer khdng xem do Id nhiing tie ngoai lai md Id nhiing tic thugc bdn ngu - nhiing tic thudn Khmer
TU khda: tiing Sanscrit - Pali, tiing Khmer, tie thudn Khmer, tu- ban ngU, tic ngoai lai, ngudn gdc
Abstract - The Khmer language vocabulary is not only inherent in the Khmer language but is also characterized by the fact that it is composed of elements from other languages and gradually becomes an indispensable part of the language system in Khmer language. If the concept of Khmer is just the word available in the Khmer language at the newly formed stage, it will be difficult to see the change and development of the Khmer itself and not reflect the true nature of the Khmer language. In terms of origin, the Sanscrit- Pali words have been high-level Khmerized, so Khmer language users do not consider them as extrinsic words but native words - pure Khmer words.
Keywords: Sanscrit Pali, Khmer, pure Khmer words, native terms, loan words, origin.
^Khoa. Ngon ngu - Van hoa - Nghe thuat Khmer Nam Bg, Truang Dai hoc Tra Vinh
Ngay nhan bai: 16/03/17, Ngay nhan ket qua binh duyct:
27/3/17, Ngay chip nhan dang- 20/4/17
DAN N H - ^
Ngudi Khmer Nam Bp la mdt bd phan khong the tach rdi trong cdng ddng cac dan tpc tai Viet Nam. Vdi ban 1,3 trieu ngudi, dan tpc BQuner song tap trung d cac tinh, thanh thudc khu vuc ddng bing sdng Ciiu Long nhu; Sdc Trang, Tra Vinh, Kien Giang, An Giang, Bac Lieu, Ca Mau, Viiih Long, Can Tha, thanh phd Hd Chi Mmh va khu VUC mien Ddng Nam Bd. Chiia Khmer - ca sd tdn giao cua cdng ddng, vira la noi tu hpc, thuc hanh nghi 18 tdn giao cua su sai, day chii Khmer, chu Pali, giao ly dao Phat, vita la noi td chirc cac le hdi cdng ddng nhu: Bon Choi Chhnam Thmei (\B vao nam mdi), Bon Bdnta (le Cling dng ba), Bon Kathin-ndh tean (le dang y ca sa), Bon Meakh Bduchea (le ban hanh giao ly), Bon Pisakh Bduchea (ll Phat Dan), Bon Choi, Vdssa (le nhap ha). Nhu vay, chiia Phat giao Nam tdng ciia ngudi Khmer khdng chi la trung tam tdn giao, ma cdn la trung tam van hda xa h6i ciia cdng ddng, nai bao luu cac gia tri van hoa truyen thdng ciia dan tgc.
I. DAT VAN DE
Chu Khmer dugc sir dung rpng rai tai cac tinh mien Tay Nam Bp. Dua vao cac dau vet cdn liru lai tren cac bia da, chft Khmer cd tir thap ky dau sau cdng nguyen va dan dan dugc cai tien thanh chft Khmer hoan thien nhu ngay nay. Chft Khmer thudc ngft he Mdn - Khmer [1], bd chii cai Khmer cd 33 phu am va 40 nguyen am. Cac phu am dugc chia lam 2 loai: loai gigng ud cd 15 net chft va loai gigng o cd 18 net cbii. Nguyen am gdm cd hai loai: nguyen dm thudmg la nguyen.
am phai rap vdi phu am mdi cd nghia, gdm co 25 net chu va khi phat am thi mdi chft cd hai gipng am khac nhau. Tuc la khi rap vin vdi phu am cd gipng u6 thi dpc khac, khi rap vin vdi phii am cd gipng o thi dpc khac va nguyen dm doc
TAP CHi KHOA H p c , TRUdNG DAI H p c T R A VINH, s d 25, T H A N Q 3 NA.M 2017 VAN HdA - GlAo DUC - NGHS i m J A T
lap la nguyen am khdng can rap van vdi phu am lao cung cd nghTa (vi ngay chinh ban than no 3a cd nghia) gdm cd 15 net chii. Ngii pbap tieng Khmer cd nhieu dac diem kha tuang ddi vdi ngft phap tieng Viet.
Cac ngdn ngii khac nhau pha trpn trong ngdn ngft Khmer [2], phd bien la ti£ng Pali va San- scrit. Tieng Pali dugc du nhap vao tieng Khmer theo ddng chay tir Phalt gido Nam tdng, cdn vdi tieng Sanscrit dugc du nhap tir Ph§t giao Bac tdng va dao Balamon.
Theo Ly Theam Teng [3] viet: "Tgc ngudi Khmer cd tieng ndi cda rieng minh tie Idu ddi tru&c thdi ky tien sic".
Trong thdi Iqr tien su khoang 1.000 nam den the ky thii nhit trude cdng nguyen, ngudi Khmer CO ehua sii dung chu de ghi chep cac tu lieu ve ton gi&O, kinh te... Hp chi hpc thudc long nhiing chaySn ve xa hdi, kinh te, tin ngudng. Bk vik cau van hay tir ngft thi ngudi Khmer cd ve hinh lam dau hieu va diSn dat y nghia theo y ciia rieng ciia minh. Mdi lien he giua ngdn ngu hpc va khao cd hpc da dugc ghi nhan trong nhieu cdng trinh [4].
hinh thanh khi cd mdi quan he vdi cac van de xa hpi, van hda, chinh tri va kinh te. Nd cung la yeu td quan trpng trong vice bien soan tai lieu, cung nhu viec phd bien phat trien lihh vuc tdn giao. Nguyen nhan ma ngudi Khmer lay chu Bramay de sii dung la vi chu nay cd the ghi chep dugc c i gipng ciia tieng Sanscrit va tieng Khmer dS dang.
Chft Khmer d thdi ky Phil Nam cd hinh daing gidng chft phia nam An Dp dd la chu Bramay. Chft ma ngudi Khmer sii dung trong thdi dd khdng chi cd chu Bramay ma cdn cd chii Krdntha (jji SI )va Khosatri ([UTi fiJtS ) va den thai ky sau nay ngudi Khmer cd cdn sii dung chii Tevnakari ( t 9 J S 1 ti )trong mot thdi gian.
Quan sat phu am va nguyen am dudi day de biet ro them ve chft Bramay. Tmh chat gidng nhau vdi chu Khmer cd dugc the hien rd tren bia da.
>^ n .•. L t> ^
Hinh 2: Nguyen am chft Bramay
Hinh 1: Chft viet bang hinh ve con trau va con ngudi
n. NGUON GOC CHU" KHMER Theo tiSng Sanscrit thi "chii" cd nghTa la mem mai, uon Idiiic, co the sang tao theo su ket hgp viec rap van vdi mot nguyen am nao dd. Ngudi Khmer gpi chft la Aksor (HfiJI) hoac Akhara (Hnr:)va cungco the ggi la Vona (ffUl:). Chu Khmer da dugc tao ra tii the ky thir nhat cua
;6ng nguyen [5], dong thdi vdi viec du nhap cua :hii nghTa An Dp giao. Chu Khmer thdi ky nay
;d net gidng vdi chu d phia Nam An Dp. Vice
^dng nhau nay la do vao thdi ky nay, ngudi Khmer chua lao ra dupe dau hieu nao cho chu iu dung "chan", nen hp vay mupn chu Bramay tir iiu the ky trude cdng nguyen. Viec sii dung chu
cL
If
Hinh 3: Phu am chu Bramay
t -F-F'-f'-L>F"+-
>r A-> X cX- c>n w
Hinh 4: Rap nguyen am va phu am chu Bramay
Chu Khmer sau nay dugc ghi lai bang la budng va giay. Co the ndi, chii Khmer irong giai doan
TAP CHi KHOA H p c , TRUdNG DAI HOC TRA VINH, s d 25, THANG 3 NAM 2017 V A N HdA - GIAO DUC - NGHE THUAl
bien dai dugc chia thanh bai thdi ky la: thdi ky viet tren la budng va thdi ky tii dien.
A. Thdi ky Id budng
Chn Khmer thoat khdi hen bia da va dugc dinh hinh tren la budng coi nhu la budc dau thanh cdng. Tuy chft Khmer thdi ky la budng cd phat trien nhimg khdng ban la chu Khmer da ed quy tic viet ro rang ma cd nhieu cai each so vdi thdi ky bia da. Cd the ndi chii nghia Khmer khdng thay ddi chinh ta, d thai ky tu dien cbu nghia Khmer cd mot sd tu dugc cai each nhung ciing khdng nhieu so vdi thdi ky la budng. Cd 02 dang la buong gdm tieng Pali - Sanscrit va tieng Khmer.
B. Thdi ky tu dien
Chu Khmer thai ky tir dien dugc xem la chft nghia Khmer trong the ky 20. Thdi ky nay chft Khmer cd budc phat trien dang ke. Tir dien Khmer dugc tao ra bdi su tich cue ciia cac nha tri thuc, tu si, bat dau tit thap nien 10 ciia the ky 20.
Den sau nay vua sai Chudn Nat bien soan, chinh stia lai lan nua va la quyen tu dien hoan chinh nhat tu trude tdi nay. Quyen tir dien version 01 xuat ban vao nam 1938. Tir khi cd tir dien, chu Khmer thudng xuyen dugc cai each chinh ta.
Viec cai each nay khdng phai do sa suat ma chi nham cai each theo su hieu biet va diing tinh chat ciia chii viet.
m. TLT TRONG TIENG KHMER Xuit phat tii Idi an tieng ndi hang ngay, tir - dan vi ca ban ciia mdi ngdn ngu, cd dac diem cau tao, binh thanh va sii dung da dang trong ngdn ngii Khmer.
Tir dugc xuat phat tir dau? Co mdt sd tdn giao cho rang: Chiia la ngudi tao ra th6 gian, con ngudi va mudn loai cho nen Chua da tao ra tieng ndi de con ngudi sii dung. Cdn mot sd nha tri thicc tien b6 thi cho rang khdng cd thin linh nao tao ra tieng ndi dugc, tieng ndi tu sinh ra trong tu nhien; ciing co mot sd ngudi cho ring tieng ndi la do con ngudi lao ra de khang dinh y nghTa ciia tir ma con ngudi can su dung.
Nhu tieng bd to:0/j/ ( S ) , Ahl (HI)... dimg de bieu bicn sir thuang hai, su ngac nhien, su dau khd,... la tir trong thien nhien. Co mgl dang
tieng nfta la khi con ngudi ho, tang hang,... tac ra bdi am gigng dugc ggi la tir tugng thanh (Onomatopee). Nhu vay ta thay tieng hd to va tieng tugng thanh diing la deu bat ngudn tu thien nhien. Nhung tir cua hai dang nay cd rat it, khong the cho ta khang dinh dupe rang tieng noi sinh ra tir thien nhien.
Trong tieng Khmer cd mdt sd tir la ciia nguoi Khmer thuoc he Mon - Khmer, ngoai ra ngudi Khmer vay mugn nhieu tir ciia tieng Pali va Sanscrit de su dung. Ngudi Khmer cdn vay mugn mgt sd tir ciia dan tpc khac nua nhu: tieng Thai Lan, tieng Viet, tidng Hoa, tieng Phap, tieng A Rap,...
Cd nhieu dieu thii vi khi ta tim hieu cac chti diing de ghi chep lai tieng ndi va phuong phap dpc chu Khmer. Vi du nhu cac hi: G!
tuJ tl] S(dpc la ehdh dor rien) dugc tao ra nhu the nao khd cd ai hiiu. Dich theo timg tit la:
"Xudng di lai hpc", chii khdng phai "xuong di hoc", bdi "di" phai dung tir "t?1"(dpc la
"tau" nghia la di dSn nai mudn den hoac ve den noi mudn ve; cdn tir "dor" la di, ve khong den nai). Nhung ngudi Khmer hieu dugc cac tu mff(dak=dat), U O r n n (bondafc=dat cpc), glF) (thnak=cap), u CUTI fi (doninak=phdng dc), IQ (thna=ke), d i n i j f i (phdak phtulp=chdng chSt), t t O u r i r n n (chua bondak=mua chiu). Khi tim hieu cac tu nay thi cho ta thay nd cd moi quan he vdi nhau. Cac tir vi du tren cd mdt vai net gidng nhau nhu ngudi chung gidng hp, cd mau thit, vdc dang, guang mat bao bao gidng nhau;
trong ddng hp thi cd trudng hg la ngudi sinh ra nhung ngudi khac trong ddng hg. Nhu vay, xuat phat tu tir gdc, cac tir khac dugc binh thanh.
Trong ngu6n gdc cac tu tren thi tii "iJlR"
(dak) la tii gdc (mot racine), khi tii goc khong dii y thi khdng the sii dimg dan le dugc nen lip rap tiiem vdi tii khac nhu tii: R fU(kil=let), Hft fU (angkil=bd let). Cd the khing dinh, tir n CU (kil) la ngudn gdc (racine).
A. Cdc tir vay mugn tieng Sanscrit vd Pali Sanscrit la ngdn ngu cd nhat trong ngii he Indu - Europe. Ngay trude, nd thudc ve ngdn ngii noi.
Mai den sau nay cac nha thdng thai din din s5p xep lai tigon ngft ndi theo quy tic va cdng tiiiic kc c^ quy lac phuang phap luan, budng cho ngon
TAP CHf KHOA H p c , TRUdNG BAI HOC TRA VINH, s d 25, T H A N G 3 NAM 2017 VAN HdA - GlAO DUC - NGHE THUAT
ngft ndi nay theo mot quy tic chung, khdng can nhac den am gipng cd thich hpp hay khdng thich hpp. That khd khan cho ngudi dan thay ddi each noi theo quy tic mdi, vi da quen vdi each diSn dat tiiy y theo y mudn ca nhan. Do vay, mdt khi tieng Sanscrit dugc cai thien thich hgp thi cang xa rdi vdi ngdn ngu ndi. Cudi cung nd ciing da trd thanh ngdn ngu viet danh cho cac nha tri thiic, cac nha thdng thai sir dung, phuc vu cho ton giao, khoa hpc va cac ITnh vuc khac. Ben canh dd, trong ddi sdng hang ngay, dc de gpi, de ndi, ngdn ngft cua ngudi dan di theo xu hudng rieng biet vdi ngdn ngft thdng thai va dupe gpi la tieng 5rafo-i/ (Uri|j1n). Tieng Sanscrit 1ia chi CO mdt, cdn tieng Brakrit thi lai cd nhieu dang dugc gpi la phuang ngft.
Tieng Brakrit sau nay dupe cac nba thdng thai sap xep lai cac quy tac va cdng thirc de ghi chep '.'J dien nha Phat, rdi tdng hgp lai cac tai lieu dugc ghi chep thanh Kinh tam tang ([jjiUuR).
Sau khi dugc ebuydn ddi tir ngdn ngu ndi thanh ngon ngft viet thi ngdn ngu nay dugc gpi la Pali ngu den hdm nay.
Viec sap xep lai ngdn ngu tren dugc ap dung theo gipng ndi cua ngudi dan ban xii, chii khdng phai lay theo quy tac va cong thiic mdt each diit khoat nhu tieng Sanscrit. Tieng Pali gidng nhau kha nhieu vdi tieng Sanscrit, nhung nd de hgc va de ndi ban tieng Sanscrit. Nhu vay tieng Pali dugc sinh ra tir tieng Sanscrit"! Van de nay la khdng diing, ma chi cd the ndi rang tieng Pali va tieng Sanscrit cimg thudc be Indu - Europe, nhung dugc sap xep lai la ngdn ngft bien each (nSfflftri- Tontih Phlasa) a thdi ky khac nhau.
Neu so sanh la ngudi chung ddng hp thi ta co the cho la tieng Sanscrit la anh va tieng Pali la em.
Bang so sanh tieng Khmer vay mugn tieng Sanscrit va Pali
Sanscrit
n S J l n H
ntuj ficujinn
m l j
Pali K h m e r
Sanscrit | Pali
iicm 1 nm nuj n cup an
mnj
n t u j ( n l t U )
.-
RtUJlflil
ncm
r i m ( n i ) J - n u j i m i i K i )
mtij(mu)
(l)Daiih tir chung. (-) dat tr
Tieng Sanscrit va Pati nhu da ndi tren thi cd mot sd dac diem dugc thay ddi theo chieu hudng tieng Khmer. Mot sd tii cdn gift nguyen ven ve cau tao nen rat de de nhan dien ngudn gdc vay mugn. Mdt sd tu khac mat ban dac diem ciia ngdn ngu gdc, bi6n doi hoan toan thanh tieng Khmer nhu tir ciia tieng Sanscrit la n nSfkdldJ trong tieng Khmer la n QJ n/kaluk/ (?i Cl5[kdldJ, mang net nghia la ed [n, coj.
B. Tao tic mdi
Cho tdi cudi the ky tbii 19 ngdn ngft Khmer phat trien khdng ngimg [6]. Thdi ky nay cd nhieu tac gia sang tac vd tudng, bai tha, bai hat.. .Trong cac dip le hdi, ngudi Khmer thudng hat bai bat ddi dap gpi la Sakva (fJfifl S), bai hat Sakva a thdi ky nay thudng dugc hat thi tai vdi nhau giua ngudi sang tac van dieu, ngudi hat ddi dap.
Mpi cdng viec deu su dung tieng Khmer vi trong thdi ky nay cd rat it ngudi biet tieng Phap.
Tieng Khmer phat trien kha nhieu so vdi cac the ky trude, nhimg phat trien vdi tde dp tien bp han ve ngdn ngii va kien thuc. Tuy nhien su tien bp nay chua dugc nhanh chdng, vi thcri ky nay ngudi Khmer cdn phu thudc vao nghe nong, con trau di trude cai cay di sau.
Qua the ky 20 la thdi dai cua xe bai, may bay, truyen hinh... Trinh dp khoa hpc d cac nude phuang Tay phat trien nhu vii bao, tft do da tac ddng rat Idn den tam ly ciia ngudi Khmer, dac biet la su xam nhap cua tieng Phap. Da cd nhieu ngudi Khmer cham hgc hanh, nhimg chii yeu la hgc tieng Pbap, ai ciing biet noi tieng Phap va sii dung tieng Phap trong cdng viec. Trong thdi gian nay tieng Khmer it dugc sii dung den ca viec viet chii, noi ciing bi ban che va yeu din di so vdi cac tpc ngudi khac.
Do ngudi Khmer tiep can vdi nhieu vat chat mdi bien dai va nhirng san pham nay ciing mang ten bang tieng Phap. Ten nao tieng Phap dl gpi theo am gipng Khmer thi dupe dua vao tieng Khmer nhu: t^SfnSft(njajein canot = may ca nd), fijtn n(5icre/ = thudc la) JHfi(ro77ioA: ^ xe ra moc)... ciing nhu cac tir S J £TJ CI (tursap = dien thoai), 91 [ fU S (lurlekh = dien lin) thi trong tieng Phap gpi la telegraphe, telephone: tele = 9i(lur) dich la xa, graphe = [nJS(/eM) dich la viet, phone = t\S^(sap) dich la tieng.
TAP CHI KHOA HpC, TRUdNG DAI HpC T R A VINH, Sd 25, T H A N G 3 N A M 2017 VAN HOA - G I A O DUC - NGH$ THUA!
Ta cd the nhan dinh rang, neu khong tim dupe tu mdi trong tieng Khmer thi can tim trong tieng Sanscrit va Pali. 0 phuang Tay, tir ngii trong van chuang dugc lay tir tieng Latinh, lir ngu trong khoa hpc lay tir tieng Hy Lap. Phap la nude cd ITnh vuc khoa hpc tien bp sdm nhat, trude Anh, Diic nen da chgn nhieu tir ngu cita Hy Lap de dua vao be thong tir vung. Vi ly do nay nen cac ngdn ngu chau Au cd nhieu tir ngu gidng nhau.
IV KET LUAN
Qua nhiing tim hieu tren, tir vay mugn tir cac ngon ngu khac da dugc Khmer hda vdi miic dp khac nhau ve mat ngu am, ngft nghTa va ngft phap. Nhieu tir vay mugn da dugc Khmer boa den miic khd phan biet vdi tir ban ngu. Neu quan niem tir thuan Khmer chi la nhiing tii v6n cd khi tieng Khmer thi se khdng thiy su bien dQi, phat trien ciia he thdng tir vung thudc ngon ngu Khmer. Quan niem nhu vay khien cho sd lugng tir ban ngu ching dang la bao so vdi cac tu ngoai lai va khdng phan anh dung ban chit ciia tiSng Khmer. Ban sac cua tieng Khmer khdng phai chi la nhiing yeu td vdn cd ciia tiSng Khmer ma con bao g6m ca nhung yeu td tieng Khmer tiep nhan ciia cac ngdn ngii khac bien nd thanh bp phan khong the thieu ciia minh. Vi the, nhiing tir mugn cac ngdn ngft Sanscrit va Pali nhung cd miic do Khmer hda cao ciing dugc coi la nhung tii thuin Khmer. Nhung tii mugn cd mire Khmer hda thip, van cdn gift dau an ciia ngoai ngu thi dupe gpi la tu ngoai lai. Cho nen, ben canh khai niem tir thuin Khmer, cin phan biet cac khai niem tii gdc, tii mupn, tir ngoai lai va tft ngoai khi phan lich tii vimg tieng Khmer.
Ve mat ngudn gdc, nhimg tir Sanscrit - Pali Khmer hda la nhung tu g6c Sanscrit - Pali, nhung vi da Khmer boa d miic dp cao cho nen noi chung chiing khdng cdn la nhung tii ngoai lai ma la nhimg tii ban ngii - nhung tir thuin Khmer. Nhimg tu dugc xem la ngoai lai vi cd goc ciia ngon ngir phuang Tay, da am tiet nhu maxin candt (may ca no), sicret (thu6c la), ramok (xe ra moc)... Tir mugn tieng Sanscrit - Pali dgc theo each phat am dia phuang, co hinh ihiic tning vdi am tiet, nhu ffl nj (cap) nhung rit khd phan biet vdi tir thuan Khmer.
Den day chiing ta cd the phan biel cac khai niem: lir gdc Sanscrit - Pali, tir mugn Sanscrit -
Pali, tii Sanscrit - Pali va Khmer, tir ngoai lai g6(
phuang Tay. Tat ca nhiing tu bat ngudn tii tiens Sanscrit - Pali dugc ggi la tir gdc Sanscrit - Pali Tuy nhien, khdng phai tit ca cac tir bat ngudn hi tieng Sanscrit - Pali deu la tu mupn Sanscrit - Pali. Nhung tir Sanscrit - Pali cd vdn cd trong tieng Khmer tir khi ti£ng Khmer mdi hinh thanh, do dd dupe xem nhu thudc lap tir thuan Khmer, tiic la Idp tir ban ngft chii khdng phai tir mupn Sanscrit - Pali. Chi nen xem la tir mupn Sanscrit - Pali nhiing tir gdc Sanscrit - Pali dugc ngudi Khmer tiep nhan ciia tieng Sanscrit - Pali sau thdi ky binh thanh ngdn ngu dan tde.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] leu Kos. Ngon ngir Khmer. Phnom Penh: Nha sach
Mith Seray xult ban; 1967.
[2] Bur Team. Tim hieu ve su tien trien cua chu Khmer.
Phnom Penh: Thu vi?n Apsra; 2000.
[3] LyTheam Teng. Vdn chuong Khmer . 2nd ed Nha xult ban Seng Nguon Huot, I960.
[4r] Roger Blench, Matthew Spriggs. Archaeology and Language: Correlating archaeological and linguistic hypotheses. Psychology Press. 1997;.
[5] Peter T Darnels, William Bright The world's writing systems. New York. Oxford Umversity Press; 1996.
[6] Judith Jacob Jacobs, David Smyth. Cambodian Lin- guistics, Literature and History: Collected Articles.
Routledge; 2013.
