VAN NAN HAI TAG NGl/dl TRUNG HOA 6 VUNG DONG BAC VIET NAM
THE KY XVII N L T A D A U X I X
VOTHIDUYfiN*
1 . Stf li^wli t h i h n h c ^ c ntii^yn j^jij t$C
ngifdi IVung Hoa vimg bien phia Nam Trung Qu£fc
Nhttng nfim diu t h l Id XVIU, hfii t&c d mien Nam Tnn^ Hoa mdi chi gidi han d nhtti^ nhdm nhd. Id td, hoat dOng ylu dt vfi chiSa cd t&c ddng d&ng kl din hoat ddng m&u dich tren bien phia nam Trung Hoa Trong eon m^t ngttdi phuong T&y, m$u dieh tren bien cua Trung Quic rat binh ydn, thdng suit, neu cd trd ngai do hdi t&c gfiy nen thi eung chi Ifi rfit nhd. Vdi ngudi Trung Quic cung vfiy, lue dd hp coi td cudp bdc trdn biln Ifi mdt hoat ddng gay nhung nhilu khdng d&ng ke, khdng thl phttdng hai ldn din nin kinh t^. Th$m chi din nfim 1793, vua Can Long cua Trung Hoa v§n edn r^t lac quan vdi tinh hinh h&i t&c.
The nhttl^, ba n&m sau dd, trilu ^nh mdi nh$n ra Id hp khd ed the tridt phfi dupe d&m hfii tac da hoanh hanh b vung bien rdng Idn phia nam cd lue lupng ng&y mpt ddng dfio va trang hi tinh nhud nfiy^'.
ViJng duydn hai phia nam Trung Quic vin dttpc danh gia Id mpt vui^ tru phu, dttpc thidn nhien rat uu dai, vi vfiy m& vung
* Vu Thi Duyen, Vi&n Nghi6n cflu D6ng Nam A
n&y t^p trung sl lupng ldn dfin cu l&m ndng nghidp ven biln, m$u dfch thuong m^
hung thinh khiln cho hd thing dudng biln cung ph&t triln. Mdt nguydn nhfin cho su ph&t triln phin thinh eua khu vue nfiy 1&
su ta do tuong dfS vfi su thu|ui lpi do vi tri dia ly mang lai vl ni$u dich trdn biln, tttc ttt nhttng bin c&ng nho nhfit eung cd thl din di c&c hfii cfing phia nam m& khdng g&p bit ctt trd ngai nfio. Khdng ed thuong nhan d ndi nfio cd dttpc su t h u ^ ldi nhtt thttong nhfin b vttng du^dn hai phia nam Trung Hoa, hp cd thl men theo bd bien di nam vl b^c, neo d$u b c&c cfing khiu, h&ng hda luu thdng mpt cfich de dfing. Tlidm vfio dd, stt phfit triln cija cac hfii cang khu vuc nfiy da thu hdt stt cd mfit cua c&c thuong nhan nttdc ngo&i. Ban diu Ifi c&c thttong nhan Malaixia, Ba Ttt vfi A R^ip, tilp dd 1&
e&e thttong nhfin ngttdi Nh|it Ban, rli din thuong nhfin Chfiu Au nhu Bl D&o Nha (thl ki XVI) ngudi Anh (thl M XVIII), Thuy Diln, H& Lan, Ph&p, Dttc, M$K2). Ttt su ph&t triln manh md cua c&c cfing biln phia nam Trung Hoa, c&c tuyen thttong mai vdi c&c nude ISn bang eung nhu cfic nude phuong Tfiy ng&y c&ng tap n&p. Nhttng dilu kidn
40 Nghien Cliu Ddng Nam A 7/2012 trin vd tinh tf o diiu kiOn thuin ldi niy
smh to hii t^c khu v\lc niy.
CulS t h i u XVni, Bde dp din aSSTrung QuSc qui ldn vi diiu niy giy inh hudng khdng nhi tdi nin kmh tS. ViOe gia tdng d&n sS qui mdc s8 din d6i thiSu hift vi luong tl^ic Khoing nhOng ndm 70 cda thS Id XVm, tinh Unh quan hi bidn gidi gida D^ Thanh vdi B ^ ViOt diin biSn philc tfip.
DOc biOt, sau ndm 1770, do s^r kilm s d t d a qudn Tiy Sdn din tdi suy giim tUdng dSi vi miu dieh gida hai ntide. Nhung ehinh trong b& cinh d hai ehinh quyin diu n^iidm nglit e&n xuit khiu thl Trung QuSc 1^ rit khan hiSm luong th^, ein nhip khiu g^o, d n ^^0t Nam thl lit ein d t Khie vdi linh hinh d d e cing d a Trung QuSc, thuong nhin ViOt b) cfin gay git, thi d khu v\fe cing cua ViOt Nam, Hoa thuimg vin duyc dP b&i™.
Td khi nhi Thanh ldn nim chinh quyin, mOt d bO phin d td txiling phin Thanh phuc Minh hi ehinh quyin nhd Thanh tnjy dudi, triOt tidu mOt cdch gay git. NhQng ngudi ndy, vi khdng d dit dung thdn phii bi qud eha dit tS di ndi khic kiim kS sinh nhai, mOt sS trong d niy lip thinh nhdm hii t$e boat dOng tai nhiiu dia dilm thuOc hii gidi gida Trung QuSc vd mOt sS nude lin bang phia Nam nhd Phihppin, ViOt Nam, InddnOxia. Hdn n(2a, bon quan lai nhi Thanh phin da bao ngdoe, ehi lo cudp bdc eua ddn ehd khOng lo ling gi dSn s^
dng chit cua ho. VI thl, rit nhiiu ngudi din, do khdng chiu nSi sd ip bdc, chuydn chd, thud mi eua quan lai triiu Thanh di di d^n d e vdng Quing Chiu, Ao Mdn, bdc qud md ldm phi, t^c. Ndm 1806, nhiiu ngudi trong ddm bi ip bde di dSn d c vdng phia Nam dd tham gia kdt nap iftm thdnh vidn mdi eua d c dOi liOn minh hii t$c.
NhQng nguM niy, chd ylu li ngd din, hoOc thinh nhdm td 6 dSn 10 ngudi, hoOc vdi chgc din hing trdm ngudi thdnh mOt dOi hinh nghi cudp bdc trOn biln. Thinh vidn eda d c nhdm niy ho^t dOng rit bf do, thim chi d ngudi chi lim mOt vii thdng rii ra khdi dOi, vi viy aS lUdng cua mOt dOi cQng linh ho^t, d khi rit it ngiidi, nhung cOng d ldc con sS ldn dSn hing trdm.
Nhung td ndm 1807 tri di bit diu d quy djnh eda thd Unh hii t|U; Id phii tham gia it nhit 8 din 9 thing, nlu khdng ngudi dd sd bj tir chSi khdng cho gia nhip <10i"'-
Thinh phin hii tie ngiidi Hoa chd ylu li ngu din nghdo khi, mOt bO phin li tdn quin d a nhi Minh, vd mOt sS lupng khdng ldn (khoing trdn 10%) l i thinh phin tham gia khdng t^ nguyOn. "06 rdt nhiiu tdn hdi tfc, do nghio khd vi ngu nghifp Ithdng thufn mi sinh ra $ nghx cudp bic, c6 thi thdy hai ngi^n nhdn niy li lua nguyin nhdn chU yiu tqjo nJin d^ng ca ptupn t^i cHa ddm hdi Uic lu ngi^pi'^.
Thdnh phin hii t$c da phin xuit thdn td ting Idp nf^do hdn, khdng dUdc di hpc, cho ndn, tdi UOu ghi chdp vi hii tdc hodn todn khuySt phin mi hp bf ^ chdp vi minh, nghia li rit hilm hoi d c tdi UOu dang bdt Id, t^ truyOn, do chinh nhiing ngddi tham gia d c dOi hii t$c niy vilt, ndn khi chdng ta tiln hinh nghidn erhi vi Uch sd hii tOc, cd hi sd chi d thl dua vio d c bO chinh sd ho$c d c sd UOu bin quan phUdng. Vi cung vl v$y md chdng ta khd d thl ddnh gid mOt deh khich quan nhit vl hii tdc vd nhOng boat dOng d a ho. Thirc tS nhdng tdi UOu quan phuong d a hai nude cho thiy s^
tic dOng d a nan hii tdc dSi vdi tinh hinh ehinh trj, an ninh vd kinh t^ d a hai nude khdng nhd. Nan hii tdc khiln cho d e nhd cim quyin cua hai bdn gdp phii nhiiu khd khdn trong qui tiinh giii quySt chung.
2. H o ^ t d O n g v a n h i i n g t d c d O n g c d a c d c n h 6 m h a i t $ c ngv^cTi T r u n g H o a d v u n g b i e n p h i a N a m T r u n g Qud'c vfi v u n g D d n g B ^ c V i $ t N a m thd' k l X V H - X E X
Qua s6' lidu t h i n g kd chung ta cd t h l b i l t dupe, dp t u l i chu ylu cua hfii t$c 1& ttt khofing 16 d i n 39 tuli. Dd tuli cua hdi tftc Quang Dong nfim Hfim Nguydn thtt nh§!t (tttc 1850), thi lue lupng hfii t^c hoat ddng d vung b i l n Qu&ng Ddng, Trung Qud'c 1&
khofing 624 ngttdi, trong dd, tr&n 90% Ifi hai tac nkm trong dO t u l i ttt 16 d i n 29, s l ngudi trong dp tuli ttt 15 trd xuIng v& dd tuli ixt 40 d i n 59 chiem s l lupng It^^^ Nhtt vfiy, thanh phfin cua lUc lUpng hdi tfic ngudi Trung Hoa thdi Id nfiy da phan Ifi trd. Nghi nghipp trudc khi h&nh nghe n&y cua hp rat da dang va khdng on ^ n h , chu ylu 1& thuy thu, linh thuy, ldi tdu, dfinh c&, ho trp tau thuyen, nha buon*''', da so' nguyen la ngUdi danh ca va tieu thUOng sd'ng tren nhttng thuyen nho, nhUng ddi khi cung la dan que.
Bpn hai t&c khdng cufdp c&c tau ca ngoai bien ma tan cdng tau be nhd dpc theo bd bien d cac ctta sdng Hong hofic tren cac song. Trong vai trUdng hpp, s l ddng ngUdi danh ea va tieu thuong dUdi sdng danh nhttng tran cUdp nho trong mpt v&i miia, roi thdi gian cdn lai trong n&m hp hanh nghi chuyen mdn binh thudng cua hp'^'.
Hai t&c ngudi Trung Hoa, ttt thdi nhd Minh da la n6i khiep sp cua ngU dan eung nhu c&c thttong gia di lai budn b&n tren vung b i l n gitta hai nudc Viet- Trung. Cuoi the ki XVIII dau the ki XIX, hai tSc ngUdi Trung Hoa hoanh h a n h 6 vung hai gidi gitta hai nUdc. Th^t vay, quan he gitta Vigt Nam va Trung Quoc khdng chi gidi han d sU "tiep xuc" gitta heii n h a nUdc. Ttt nhieu the ki trttde, ngudi Hoa da dinh cu d xtt nay
vdi tu c&ch 1& thttong nhfin, ddc bi§t Ifi b BUe m v& Nam Ki. Thdm vfio dd gi&e T&u d thudng tfin edng thuyin hk Vi§t Nam chd g^o, nhfi't 1& ttt th&ng nflm d i n th&ng b&y, trudc mCia g^t hofic c|ip b i n Vidt Nam d l cUdp lUdng thUc, bfit cdc phu ntt, trS em.
Culi cung c&c vung bidn gidi Vilt - Trung d i y rSy bpn phi Trung Hoa thu t i l n mfii Id c&c thuyin bd xuoi ngUpc sdng H i n g ho&c cudp t i l n t&i, luong thuc cua dfin chung*^'.
Vdi luc lupng hung hfiu, trang bi d i y du nhu v^y, hfii tfic trd th&nh m l i de dpa ldn eho cfic hoat ddng trdn b i l n cua Trung Quic. Luc lupng h&i tfic do Trinh Th&nh Cdng dttng dau da k h i l n cho quan qufin trieu Thanh didu dttng nhieu phen.
(3 Trung Quoc, Qu&ng Ddng Id tinh dttng d i u v l stt doi kh&ng c&ng t h i n g gitta trilu dinh nhd Thanh vdi phi tac, tinh d i n nam 1805, lien minh hai tSc thong ke dupc kho&ng nam den bay van ten, ddn dan khong c h i ngu nghiep va m|iu dich khu vUc ven bien. Rat it tau thuyen khdng "lam luat" trUdc vdi hai tac ma dam tU y xua't cang. Hfii tfic Trung Hoa con md rdng pham vi ra mang lUdi dUdng thuy rpng khfip trong nUdc, dinh ki "l&m lu^t" cho tau thuyen 1& sfiu thang mpt lan. Khoan nay tuong doi ldn, cho nen, dan tdi tinh trang gid ca h&ng hda tang cao va l&m giam thieu lupng hdng hda van chuyen gitta Trung Quoc vdi c&c thi trudng kh&c. Tham chi, cfic thttong nhan Chfiu Au khi muln luu thdng h&ng hoa qua hai phan Trung Hoa cung phai dam phfin vdi ho. Luc lUpng hai t&c Trung Hoa da trd thanh mot md'i de doa tr&n b i l n khdng chi mang tinh toan quoc ma cdn mang tinh quoc te*^°'.
Vung Dong B i c Viet Nam ttt thdi Ly, Tran, Le so (d^u the ki XI - cuoi the ki XV) la ctta ngd chinh cua quoc gia Dai Viet. Vao
42 Nghiin ciiu Ddng Nam A 7/2012 thl Id XVI, Duong Kinh (Hdi Phdng) tr*
thdnh diu mli giao thUong tr^ng ylu d a triiu Mf c, ngodi chdc ndng xuit khiu d c thuong phim chinh d a B{u ViOt nhu gSm, gfo, mull, nd 10, ngva.. Vin Bin ndi ridng vi vdng Bdng Bic ndi ehung Id ndi giao thuong giaa B ^ ViOt vdi nude ngoii. Nhin thiy nhOng 10 thl d a viing niy, sau khi dit ich eai tr) d ViOt Nam th^Ic din Phip cho khio sit vi xiy d^ig dO th) cing Hii Phdng vio cuSi thS ki XEC'", Hii Phdng ndi ridng vd vdng ven biln E)dng Bic ndi ehung, chiim mOt v) tri c ^ Id to ldn trong hO thing hing hii d a ViOt Nam trong nhiiu thl U.
Tuy vdng biln Bdng Bic d rit nhiiu ylu tS tich e^e, thuin ldi eho phit triln nin kinh t l quSc gia, nhung ding thdi, ndi ddy eung tiim In nhdng ylu tS tidu evre, d hai cho kinh t l biln cua d miin Bic ViOt Nam trong miy thl M td XVH din XEC Trong mOt nhin xdt d a minh vi d c thuang cing vvmg Bdng Bic, TS. Hodng Anh Tuin cho ring: "Trd luc ldn nhit cho sU phdt triln d a vung DOng Bic td nda cuSi thl M XVII Id vin di hii t$c vi Btf bit In chinh tri d vung nam vd ddng nam Trung QuSc sau ehinh biln Minh - Thanh ndm 1644. Sau khi nhd Minh syp dS, nhiiu nhdm hii tdc eung nhu edc thl l^e
"phin Thanh phyc Minh" thudng eh9n vung nam Trung Hoa, mOt phin giip vdi bidn gidi ViOt - Trung dl tru chdn vi tiln lidnh cudp bdc eic thudng thuyin ngo^
qude din budn bdn vdi Bdng Ngoii qua khu vuc phia hie Vinh Bic BO vd bdn dio Ldi Chdu"<i«. Sir bung phdt cua hii t^c vi cdc hinh thdc thdong mai phi chinh thdc c6 thl duoc xem nhu hO qui tit ylu d a sU dl vd cua nin kinh t l truyin thing dua tren hO thSng kinh t l ndng nghiOp. Vdi vi tri cau nli vd li cda ngd d a khu vUe Bdng
Nam A, vdng diJ^dn hii ddng bic trd thinh d)a dilm phii chip nhin nhdng inh hudng mfnh md nhit td bin ngodi nhd mOt IS t^r nhiin"".
MOt If do giii thich cho s^ hoinh hdnh d a n ^ hii tic d vimg biln E>dng Bic ViOt Nam thdi ki niy li s^ xuit hiOn cda cdc Hoa thuang d d e bin cing khu v ^ niy. Su d mOt d a ngiM Hoa lim phong phU thdm, tip nip thdm nhdng hii cing, nhung edng vdi ngudi Hoa din tim chj&
djnh cu, Hoa thuong din trao dli hinghia d n d nhCtng tin hii tic tim co hOi kilm chic nhOng con mii mdi. Trtldc nhd Nguyin, d c triiu d(u phong kiln ViOt Nam ludn gid mOt thii dO cin trpng dli vdi thuong nhin ngi^ti Hoa. VI1^ do an ninh, chinh tr), Hoa thuang khdng dujic tu do budn bin tfi ViOt Nam, nhdng hoft dOng thudng mgi d a h9 diu phii nim trong sU kilm soit eua chinh quyin nude sd tai.
Din khi nhi Nguyin ldn nim ehinh quyin, d e chinh deh dSi vdi Hoa thuong duoc thit ch$t hon. Tuy kilm soit ch$t che hdn d e thuyin budn td Trung Hoa, nhdng so vdi d c tiu budn phuong Tiy thl thuong nhdn ngudi Hoa cdng vin diUfc UU dai hdn d . Tfi diy, thuong nhin ngoai quic chu ylu li ngddi Hoa, Xidm, Md Lai"". Cdng vdi viOc tdng eUdng kilm sodt ehdt chd hon nila dli vdi mpi hoft dOng d a Hoa thdoog, nhd Nguyin d n sCr dyng Hoa thuong nhd Id mOt dng cu dl bd lip nhOng khd khin trong viOc tilp cin hdng hda td Trung QuSc do chinh quyin nhi Thanh din vOn.
M$t khdc, Nhi Nguyin khuyin khich Hoa thuang, ddc biOt Id lii budn ngudi Thanh din nhdng vung dit mdi, khai hoang lOP phS chp. Vi nhu thl, mjc dd ngudi Hoa khdng cdn dUdc tu do thudng mai d Vi^
Nam cuSi thdi nhi Nguyin, nhung vdi nhdng ehinh sdeh uu ddi d a nhi Nguyin
43
thi vl CO bfin hp Ifi nhttng thttong nhfin cd nhilu Idi thl nlkt d Vidt Nam thdi Id nfiy.
Cung vl t h l mfi n^n hfii t^ic c6 dilu kidn ho&nh h&nh '^idc Tdu d thi^mg tdn cdng thuyin dd Viit Nam chd ggo, nhdt Id tit thdng ndm din thdng b&y, trudc miia gdt hodc cdp bin Vi^t Nam di cUdp luang thtfi:, bdt cdc phi^ nit, tri em. Cult cimg cdc viing bi&n gidi Vi^t - Trung ddy r&y bgn phi Trung Hoa thu tiin n^ Id cdc thuyin bk xudi ngugc sdng Hdng hodc cudp tiin iM, luang thifi: cda ddn chdn^^^\
C&C Thanh thuong thuyin thttdng trang bi diy du vu khi, Ittdng thttc, vdi nhilu 1^
do kh&c nhau m& xin ldn bd tam tn^ mdt thdi gian. Rit ed thl, cfic thuong thuyin dd lai chinh 1& nhttng ehiln thuyin eua hfii t&c nguy trang. Ndn, quan lai e&e dja bfin thupc khu vttc Qufing Ydn ludn dupe trilu
^nh khuyin khich tilu binh hfii tfic ding thdi rfin de vl nan cttdp bde ng&y c&ng gia tfing. 'Vua cho Id d cda biin TrUC Cdt thudc Hai Duang, thuyin ngudi nUdc Thanh ddu d ddy nhiiu, chung hung tan, ngang ngUgc, dd ti£ng chudn cho duSi di, nhUng bgn chdng chua chiu trd ra ngodi khai, sg sinh ra lo nggi khdc. Ben du cho thu TSng ddc Hdi Duang Id Nguyin Trach r&ng: hgt nguai thuyin ngUdi nUdc Thanh trUdc ddy tU tiin din ddu d cda Trifc Cdt, trong thuyin cd dd sdng 6ng, khi giM, l&n trtn bd kit Idp liu qudn, dong trdm thdc ggo, d5 hiip ddn bd con gdi, nhdn sd tgi ddy CO nhiiu su bdt ti&n, da bdt dudi chdng di md khdng ai ddm ldm gi dugc chdng.
Nay bgn thuyin dy lai ndi thdc Id chdng trdnh cUdp gidc, ddi di ddu dphdn sdng xd Nhdt San, phd Kinh Mdn, chdc gi chdng khdng ddm ldm bdy U^^^^l 6 khu vUc Bic Bd Vidt Nam, nhttng tdn cttdp biln ngttdi Trung Hoa thttdng hoat dpng cttdp bdc tai nhttng khu vttc Ifing chfii vfi dao khu vUe
ven biln, nhttng ndi cd nhilu mdm d&
nglm vfi vjnh nhd. Khu y\fc Vfin Ddn, Trfing Sdn d Qufing Y6n, Dl Son d Hfii Phdng thttdng 1& d^a dilm b phia b&c mfi bpn cudp biln hudng tdi. Nhfi't Ifi khu vttc Qufing Ydn cd nhilu mdm d& nglm, v^nh, dfio nhd, dd Ifi nhttng dja dilm 1^ tttdng eho cfic to&n cudp biln mai phpe v& c&c thiAmg nhfin tiln hfinh cttdp bdc v& mua b&n phi ph&p vdi cfic thttdng nhfin. RiCt nhilu Hoa thttong tp t$p tai cfic trpm dl budn b&n vdi bpn cudp biln*"\
Cd mdt dilu ch£c chin 1& trong nhttng thuyin bd tp t$p d khu vttc Trfing Son thudc Qufing Ydn, ed rift nhilu thuyin budn ngudi Thanh boat ddng budn b&n phi phfip, nhttng tdn budn l^u thudng xuydn chd gao ttt khu vUc nfiy din Khfim Chfiu, Lidm Chfiu. Vttng n&y cd nhttng mdm d&
nglm, vjnh, dfio nhd Ifi nhttng dia dilm 1;^
tttdng eho cfic to&n cudp biln mai phuc thttong nhfin, hofic budn b&n phi phfip vdi hp. Khu vife Hai Phdi^ nli tiing vdi nhttng sfio huypt eua bpn cttdp biln, noi nfiy cung cfip tram dttng ch&n cho hfii tfic v&o bd hofic ttt trong lue dia n&y chay ra ngofii biln khi cd su truy kich cua chinh quyin dia phttong^^. Theo thing kd cua Murray qua sfieh Dai Nam thttc luc, Hai t$e b hfii ph§n cua Vidt Nam ttt n&m 1810 din 1885 thi tinh Qufing Ydn Ifi dia b&n hoat ddng tieh ctte nhit cua c&c to&n hai tdc ngttdi Trung Hoa. Lien tuc trong nhttng n&m 1827, 1828, 1832, 1833, 1836, 1842, 1862, 1875 hfii tSe Trung Hoa d& tfin edng thuyin bd di lai tren hfii ph§n tinh Qufing Ydn, gfiy nhilu thidt hai cho c&c thuong thuyin vfi ngtt thuyin. Tuy nhidn, pham vi hoat ddng cua hai tfic vttng duydn hfii khdng gilng vdi pham vi trdn bd, hfii tfic ldnh dgnh trdn biln, gitta hai bd, cd khi ldn cfin ctt trdn dao.
44 Nghien cOu Ddng Nam A 7/2012 Cde nhdm hii tOe ngudi Trung Hoa d
trang bj vO khi vUpt trOi, chdng thudng aS dyng d c lofi thuyin budm d khi ning ehd td 300 - 400 ngUdi vi Up dit td 20 - 30 khiu dfi bic, trang b) diy dd thuSe sdng vi dfn bin. Kho dfn d a chdng thudng d dUdc td nhdng chile thuyin b) bit gid hay td din Idy eda chinh quyin. D(tc biOt trong d c euOc diu gidp Id d chdng ad dvng ngpn gido bing tre, lutTi gilng nhu ludi kilm, sic bdn. Ngodi ra chdng d n sd dicing nhiiu lofi dao, cung vd tdn"^'. Ngudi ta khd d thl phdn blot d c thuyin dinh d vd thuyin da hii t|ic. Vi mft hinh dfng chdng tuang dli gilng nhau, mOt khic, mOt thuyin budn hay thuyin dinh d cdng hodn todn d thl tid thdnh mOt thuyin hii tfc khi ein thilt vd ngUdc lai'^'.
Hii tdc mudn hof t dOng dupc, ngodi cdn d trdn biln, d n cin d mli lidn hO vdi trdn bd. Hii tfc Trung Hoa hoft dOng trdn hii phdn hai nude ViOt Trung d mtft quan hO mit thilt vdi thl phi vd ban nOa, Id mil quan hO vdi ngd ddn hai bd. Cie nhdm hii tde da xdy ddng mOt mil quan hO rit tSt dSi vdi ngu ddn ven biln, d c phuong tiOn cung nhu luong th\rc dl tilp t l cho hof t dOng trdn biln, boat ddng xd 1^ ehiln lpi phim diu phii tiln hinh d trin bd, nlu khOng d 8if tilp t l cung nhu trao dli trin can thi hp khdng thl duy tri hof t dOng. Sd UOu ghi ehdp cho thiy mli quan hO mft thilt gida hii tde vd hii thuong cdng nhu ngu din hai bd. Cd nhiiu trudng hpp, hii thuang vd ngu din dng tham gia vio lire luong cudp bdc ndy hodc ban ngiy Id thuong nhdn, ban ddm lai Id hii t$c. Nhiiu ngudi \^0t Nam dd tham gia vdo d e toin hii t$c Trung Hoa. Trong nhiiu ndm tiin ngubi Viit da din vUng biin Qudng Bing, Phiic Kiin, vi, tidu nhu tip da tham gia vao tan qudn cOa bgn cUdp biin^^K
NhOng hoft dOng cda hii tfc dd tde dOng khdng nhi tdi chinh trj, an ninh cdng nhu kuih Hi hai nude. Hii tfc thudng lip cdn cd d mOt sS d lao ngodi khoi tinh Quing DOng hay gin dio Hii Nam, chdng tioi cOng thuyin bd ngoii khoi vimg duyin hii. TruSc hit, chdng tin dng cic tdu vin tii cfia nhd nude lii din cic tiu cda ngii din du^ triiu dinh Hul giao vfn tii gf o, tiin, hay cua cii tir kinh do din eie cing eua Bic BO vd Nam BO, euli edng li cie tdu budn cua ngutd Hoa Khi hoft dOng trin bd, chdng tin cdng ldng xd, cudp luong tfa^ cua cii vd d khi, chiing bit cdc d tri em vi phy nCr piufc vy dio hof t dOng eda chdng d trdn biln<^>. Nhitng hof t dOng cudp bdc giy bit In tinh hinh an ninh kinh t l cdng nhd an ninh xfi hOi cua hai nude khdng nhd.
3. Chinh s i c h dl(i pho c i ^ chinh quydn hai ntfdc
Tinh hinh cUdp bde trin biln phfa Bic Id giip vdi Trung Hoa ngiy cing trim trpng, nhiOm vu quan trong diu tidn dft ra eho d c V) vua nhi Nguyin Id ldm thl ndo dl tilu trii hii tfc dang hoinh hdnh cd nhdng thd dofn tinh xio, lire lupng hdng hfu vi trang thilt b) diy du. Bon d phi hinh thdc d khi li d e thuong thuyin, 11;
ed xin ldn bd, rii codp eua. Biy Id Unh thdc phi biln vl thdng thudng rit khd b;
phit giic. Cd thl kl tdi mOt sS nhdm hdi tfc, d phi nhu nhdm Hoing Uy Cit, Trinh Thit, Tniong Ai LOc.. Bpn c6phlf™ i nu*
Thanh ti lii Hoang Uy Cdt cing bklihan 1.000 ngudi ddt nhd cudp cija 6 giip BSc Vgng, xd An Luang Unh Qudng Ydn, ^uon qudn bdt duifc, tu giao cho chdu Khim nude Thanh'^'.
Triiu ^nh Hue da d nhiiu tudng linh tin dng vdo tfn sdo huyOt d a bon hii tfc
nhKm tidu didt t$n g l c cfin ctt ctta chttng.
D&n d biin gidi tinh Qudng Yin thudng hi bgn cdphi hgt nude Thanh cUdp bdc. Vi&n phd Hdi Ninh Id Trdn Quang Trgng ddnh, Thudng Quang Trgng dong binh di ddnh trdn dy diu dugc thudng ngdn tiin c6 thd bdc khdc nhcui^^K B l ehinh 1& Nguyin Khoa Due r a ngo&i th&nh d i e qufin d l dfinh, phfi tan bpn gi|LC, ehdm d i u e l t l l y tai b i t sing, thu dupe t h i ^ n , sttng vfi khi gidi vd kl. Vua thudng cho Nguyin Khoa Disc qudn cdng gia 1 dfy, viin biin binh phdn dugc khen thudn^^K Thdi Ti; Dttc, m^c dix dfi d$c bidt quan tfim d i n vide gi&i q t ^ t v ^ n a n nfiy, blttig chttng 1& l^nh k i l m so&t ttt trung ttdng d i n d^a phUdng, l$p mdt hd thdng don b i t dfic b i l t Ifi nhttng ndi ctta sdng, ctta biln, nhttng dia b&n xung ylu thttdng ed gifte xu&t hidn, th§m ehl nhd efi sif c£ui t h i | p cua trilu Mfin Thanh vfi ngudi Phfip nhttng eung chi l&m giam p h i n nfio n a n hfii tfic.
Cung chung vfih n a n hfii tfic, trilu dinh Man Thanh d& hpp tfic cung vdi Nh&
Nguyin trong vipc gifii qiiylt, tridt phfi hfii tfic, mOt mfit m u l n r a uy "thidn trilu" giup dd trilu N g i ^ l n , m$t khfic do hfii tfic hoat ddng trdn hfii p h ^ cua Trung Quie v&
nhilu nude, dfic b i | t Ifi vttng b i l n Ddng 6£le cua \^dt Nam, n l u tfin cdng chttng b Tnmg Quoc tM cd t h l chttng se chay sang vung biln Ddng B^e cua Yi^t Nam. Trilu dinh nh& Nguyin da chu ddng p h i i hpp vdi nh&
Thanh tidu dipt cfic luc Ittdng hfii tfic thdng qua vide thdng bfio tinh hinh an ninh gitta cfic quan lai bidn gidi hai bdn d i l n ra trong suit t h l ki XIXf27) Sau khi cd stt can thidp cua Ph&p b i n g hidp ttde Ph&p - Vidt (1874) vfi gitta Ph&p- Thanh (1885), cd t h l suy lu$n r i n g , stt cd mSt cua ngttdi Ph&p b V i l t Nam Ifi mdt y l u t l quan trpng trong vide diy Itti n a n hfii tfic.
4. Ka lulkn
Nhtt vdy, ttt t h l ki XVII- d i u t h l Id X K trdn vttng b i l n Ddng Nam A, d$e bidt 1&
vimg b i l n phia Nam Trung Hoa vdi vttng Ddng Bic \ ^ d t Nam v ^ n ^ hfii t^c trd th&nh n l i k h i i p sp d l i vdi ngu dfin v& c&c thttdng thuyin di l^i gitta hai nude. Hfii tdc Tnmg Hoa k i t hpp vdi mdt s l hfii t$c bfin dia phttdng ho&nh h&nh, khdng ehl finh hudng tdi tinh hinh kinh t l vfi sp giao thttong mfi cdn phttdng hai d i n an ninh Ifinh t h l vttng hfii gidi Vidt Nam- Trung Hoa. D l gitt vttng an ninh, Dai Thanh cung nhtt trilu Nguyin dfi n l Ipc trong vide tilu binh hfii t|le. Tiiy nhidn, nhttng n l Ittc vfi hpp t&c ctta hai quic gia d u d i ^ nhtt v i n ehua t h l gifii quylt mdt cfich tri^t d l nan hfii t&c m& phfii d i n khi ed su can thidp ctta ngttdi Phfip Uu v ^ n a n nfiy mdi dttpc thanh trtti.
C H U T m C H
1. Muray, Hdi tijic Hoa Nam 1790- 1810, (Luu Binh dich), Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hdi Tnmg Quit, Bfic Kinh 1997, tr.l
2. Muray, Hdi t^ Hoa Nam 1790- 1810, (LUU Blnh dich), Nxb Khoa hoc Xfi h$i Trung Quic, Bic Kinh 1997, tr.i2
3. Yoshiharu Tsuboi, Nudc Dgi Nam ddi diin vdi Phdp vd Trung Hoa 1847- 1885, Nxb Tri thdc, 2011, tr. 176
4. Muray, Hdi tifc Hoa Nam 1790- 1810, (Luu Binh dich), Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hpi Trung Quic, Bfic Kinh 1997, tr.79
5. Tham khfio: T r i n Ngpc DuCfng, Nghi&n cdu vdn di hdi 0c d vung biin Qudng Bdng nhd Thanh vdi Viit Nam (1810- 1885), Lu|n vfin thach si khoa Lich stt hpc, Dai hpc Ddng Hfii, 2006.
46 Nghien Cliu Ddng Nam A 7/2012 6. Trin Tri Long, T r i n Ngpc Tudng, The
study of Ouangdong pirate's arganiiation and the behavior in the Qing Dynasty (1S10-188S), Tfp chi khoa hpc kl thuft Hii Duong, Dfi hpc Quic Ifp Cao Hdng, kl 22, tr. 143
7. Trin Ngpc DiAmg, Ngfli6n cUu vin di hdi tic i ving biin Quing Bing nhi Thanh vdi Vift Nam (ISIO-ISSS). Lufn vdn thfc 91 khoa L)ch sd hpc, Qfi hpe Ddng Hdi, 2006.
8. Yoshiharu Tsuboi, Nudc Bfi Nam ddi difn vii Phip vi Trung Hoa 1847- IB8S, Nxb Tri tilde, 2011, b'.Sll
9 .Yoshiharu Tsuboi, Nude Dai Nam ddi difn vii Phip vi Trung Hoa 1847- 188S, Nxb Tri thdc, 2011, tr. 161
10. Muray, Hii Ufc Hoa Nam 1790-1810, (LUU Blnh dich), Nxb Khoa hpc Xd hOi Trung QuSc, Bic Kinh 1997, tr.1-2
11. TS. Hodng Anh Tuin, Vf M cia Vift Nam trong hf thdng thuong mgi biin Bing thdi c6 trung dai. Tap chi Nghidn edu I4ch sd, sS 9-10/2008, tr. 1-16.
12. Hotog Anh TuSh, Vi tri cia Vift Nam trong llf thdng thuang mgi biin Ding tlldi cd tnmg dai, ddng trdn Tgp chi Ngtu&n cihi Lich si, si 9-10/2008, tr. 1-16.
13. Xem thdm Vfl Budng Ludn, Triiu Wguyln vdi Hnh hinh an ninh thuang mqi vitng duyin hdi ding bdc bdc bi thf ki XDC, trong k^ ylu hOi thdo: Thuang cdng V&n Bin, lich sO, Uim ning kinh ti vi cdc mdi giao luu vin ttda, Qudng Ninh, thdng 7- 2008, tr. 176
14. Nguyin Quang Ngpc, Ti^n trinh lich s&
Viit Nam, Nxb Gido due, 2005, tr. 195.
15. Yoshitiaru Tsuboi, JVudc Bgi Nam ddi difn vdi Phip vi Trung Hoa 1847- 1886, Nxb Tri thdc, 2011, tr. 161
16. Quic sd qudn tridu Nguyin, Bgi Nam thifc luc, tfp 7, Nxb Gido due, 2007, tr. 366 17. Xem ih6m: Duong Vdn Huy, Ngubi Hoa
trong xa hdi Vift Nam nila ddu thi kl XDC,
lufn dn tiln SI l)ch sd Hpc viOn Khoa hpc Xd hOi •wot Nam, Hd NOi 2011, b'.207- 208.
18. Duong Vin Huy, NguM Hoa trvng xi hfi Vift Nam nda ddu thf kl XDC, lufn dn din Bl Itch sd Hpe viOn Khoa hpc Xd hfi ViOt Nam, H i NOi 2011, t r 20-209.
19. Xem thdm Muray, Hii tfc Hoa Nam 17S0- 1810, (Luu Blnh d)ch), Nxb Khoa hpc XI hOi Tnmg QuSc, Bic Kinh 1997.
20. QuSc sd quin triiu Nguyin, Bgi Nam tbife life, tfp 7, Nxb Gido dye, 2007, ti-. 290-291 Din theo: VD Dudng Ludn, TrUu ATguyln vdi tinh hinh an ninh thuang nvfi ving duytn hii ddng ddc ddc id t h l U XK, trong k^ ylu hfi thio: Thuang dng Vin Bin, lich sd, tiim ning kinh tivi cdc mdi giao luu vin hia, Qudng Ninh, thdng 7- 2008, tr. 166.
21. Nhdn Ting thtfe bfc, q.l99, tr.19-20 trong Thanh thifc tgc siilifutrlchsao,i<Ai^btn ddn Vdn Nam, 1985, tr. 290. T r f d theo Duong Vfn Huy, Ngudi Hoa trvng xa hfi Vift Nam nda ddu thiu XDC, \i4n in bin Sl l ) d sd Hpc vifn Khoa hpc Xd hfi ^^0t Nam, Hd NOi 2011, tr. 210
22. Bpn hdi tfc liit cdc php nd va t i i em, bdi php nd ViOt Nam- nhibig ngudi nhuOm idng nli tilog d Tiung Hoa v i su d n min, dio ndn ngudi ta t h i d tim hp d l phpe vu hofic bdn cho cdc nhd chda d Huong Cdng vit Singapore, hofc bdn hp ldm ngubi gidp vi^
trong cdc gia dinh ngubi Hoa d luc dia vd d dd d khi nhdng dng chu sd lly hp Uunvple.
23. Tdc m ^ bpn gif c hpp lai vdi nhau 24. Quic sd qudn triiu Nguyin, Dgi Nam thuc
Igc, tfp 7, Nxb Gido due, 2007, tr. 117 25. QuSc sd qudn triiu Nguyin, Bgi Nam thtfe
Igc, tfp 7, Nxb Gido due, 2007, tr. 201 26. QuSe sd qudn triiu Nguyin, Bgi Nam thuc
luc, tfp 7, Nxb Gido due, 2007, tr.l73 27. Vu Dudng Ludn, Triiu Nguyin vdi Unh
hinh an ninh thucmg mgi ving duyin hii ding bdc bdc bd thi ki XDC, sdd, tr. 167