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Tap cfU cing tac T M giao^ H A I QUAT QUA TRINH TRUYEN BA DONG THIEN TAG DONG fli DANG NGOAI VIET NAM
THfKY XVI-XVII
} Q the k9 thU XIV trd di, Nho gido giQ vai trd dgc tdn trong ddi sdng chfnh trj, xa hdi. NhQng t u tudng cua Nho gido dupc nha nudc Dgi Viet tlm mgi each dua vao trong dan chung nh^t la thdng qua giao dye va thi cQ, vdi sy trg giQp cQa nha nudc, Nho giao phat trien ruc rd vao the ky thQ XV. Tuy nhien, sau dd, s u suy yeu eua nha nudc, nhat la s u mau thudn cua cac tap doan phong kien lam cho nidm tin vdo Nho giao cQa ngudi dan bj lung lay dQ dpi. SU suy yeu eua Nho gido, cac cudc chien tranh lien mien, tao dieu kien cho Phat giao froi day. Phat gido IQ the ky thQ XVI trd di, mac du khdng chiem dugc dia vi cao trong xd hpi nhu thdi Ly - Tran, nhung da tim lai dUpc chd dQng cua minh trong Idng xa hdi. Sy hung khdi trd Igi cua Phat giao bdt dau tU the ky thQ XVl-XVII cd nguyen nhdn sau xa IQ ndi tgi dat nudc Dai Vipt. Ben cgnh d d , cdn cd su ddng gdp cua nhQng ddng thien mdi duoc truyen tQ Trung Hoa den nudc ta, trong dd ed Ddng thien Tao Dong do Thien sU Thuy Nguyet va cdc de tQ mang tQ Trung Hoa ve.
I. NhQng dieu kien c h o sU d u n h a p va phdt t r i e n cua T h i e n phai Tao D o n g 6 D a n g Ngoal t h e ky t h U XVI - XVII
Ve chinh tri: tQ dau the ky thQ XVI, cac cudc tranh gianh, chiem dogt, xung dot giQa cac phe phai phong kien dien ra gay gat. Trudc het tQ trong ndi bg trieu dinh nha Le, dan dan hinh thanh nen nhQng phe phai ddi lap, trong khi dd phong trao nong dan cang phat then lam cho chinh quyen trung uong nghieng nga nen cudc
* Dai diic Tliich Minh Dang ~ Hgc vien cao hgc ~ Truc/ng Dgi hpc KHXH&NV - Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi.
PHAM VAN PHUONG*
x a u xe trong ngi bg giai cap thdng trj cdng nd ra dQ dOi.
N a m 1527, t g p d o a n phong kien do Mgc D a n g Dung c a m ddu thang thd, phe truat tri^u Le, Idp ra trieu Mac. Hg Mgc vUa ien ndm chinh quyen thi cac phe phdi phong kien ddi Igp ndp dudi chieu bai khdi p h y c trieu dgi chinh thdng, ndi len d nhieu nPi "cudi ciJng mdt vien tUdng cu cua trieu Le la Nguyen Kim ra sQc tgp hpp cae the lUe chdng Igi nhd Mac, rdi chiem giO v u n g T h a n h H d a . Ngh# A n , lap thanh mdt ehinh quyen rieng. Chinh quyen nay mang d a n h nghTa Id "trieu Le T r u n g HUng" nhung thuc ra vua Le ehi la bu nhin, quyen hanh hoan loan trong tay hp N g u y e n . N a m 1545, Nguyen Kim chet, quyen h a n h lai Igt vao tay con re Trinh Kiem'''^'.
Cudc x u n g dot giQa cdc phe phai phong kien dua den hau q u d vd cung lai hai: dat nudc bi chia lam hai m i e n . Chfnh quyen hg Mac thdng tri vung Bac B d n g a y nay, goi la Bac trieu, hp Trinh nam quyen lidnh vung Thanh Hda Ird vao gpi la N a m trieu. Mdt cuge ehien dc tiet keo dai tren nQa the ky da dien ra giQa cdc tap doan phong kien thu djch dd. Nan nhan tryc tiep eua cudc c h e m g i e l ay la nhan ddn.
Cac lap dodn eat cQ khdng tQ mdt Ihu dogn gi de vp vet nhan iQc va vat lUc cua nhan ddn.
Ve mat kinh te Dang Ngoal: do sQ tan pha eua ehien tranh va s y bat luc cua ehinh quyen thdng tri, kinh te trong dd c d n d n g nghiep ci Dang Ngoai the ky thQ XVI - XVII cd IQc bi sa sut, tham chi cd ndi c d n bi tan pha nghiem trgng. Trong nhQng ndm chien tranh Nam - Bac trieu, vung d d n g bang Thanh - Nghe bi tan pha nang ne, ddng rudng d day bi bd hoang nhieu va ndng dan phai trdi dat di cac nOi.
Ve mat xa hpi: sang den the ky XVII, mau
So 6-2017
Tap chi Cdng tac Tdn giao
thuan xa hgi d Ddng Ngoai phdt triln gay gSt, nguySn nhan cua tinh trgng ndy Id do chiSn tranh lidn mi§n, do chinh sdch bdc Igt ngay cdng ndng n€ va sQ bdng hogi v€ phIm gid cQa giai cap thdng trj. Do thue khda ngng n€ nen hdng vgn ndng dan d Dang Ngoai bj pha sdn, bj day ra khdi qua trinh san xuat va trd thanh dan vong menh, phai bd xQ di phieu bgt khdp dd day.
Ve vin hda tu tudng: trong giai doan nay,
chfnh quy^n phong kidn van ra sQc bdo v$ Nho giao, ISy nd lam tU tudng cho ddi sdng xa hgi.
Giai cap phong kidn ngdy cdng ti^p thu khdng dieu kien mat phdn ddng bao thQ cda y thQc hg Nho giao de rdng bugc, kim che mdt each khdt khe, hanh vi, tinh cam va ly tri cua con ngUdi.
H§ tu tudng dd cdn trd sQ phdt huy nhOng gid tri van hda ddn tOc va su phdt triln cQa tri tu$
con ngudi. Tuy nhidn, sQ suy ydu cOa ch€ dO phong kien tap quyen chuyen chd lam cho sQc khdng che cOa chinh quyen giam di rd ret. He tu tudng Nho giao ndi chung van giQ dia vi thdng tri trong Idng xa hgi nhUng nd khdng cdn hidu IQC vd dupc dOc tdn nhU IrUdc nQa. Trong Idc dd, Phdt gido va Dgo gido bi hgn che trong the ky XV, den giai dogn nay cd phan dugc phyc hdi. Cung trong giai dogn nay, mdt ton gido mdi - Cdng gido - IQ phUdng Tay bat dau dugc truyen bd vao nUdc ta.
Nhu vdy, vdi dieu kien chfnh trj, kinh te, xa hpi, vdn hda, tu tudng the k^ XVI - XVII, tgo mdi trUdng thuan Igi cho tdn giao ndi chung, Phdt gido ndi rieng phdt triln. Tdn giao trd thanh noi ky thdc, gQi gam niem tin cQa nhQng con ngudi lam than nd Ip, bat hanh trong xa hgi. Trong bdi cdnh xa hdi dQOng thdi, mdt thien phai Phgt giao cua Trung Hoa, dd Id Thien phai Tao Ddng dugc truyen vao nudc ta.
II. Khai quat tU tUdng Dong thien Tao Dong d Trung Hoa
Tao Ddng tdng phdt nguyen lU he phdi Thgch Ddu Hi Thien, do DOng Sdn LUdng Gidi (807-869) va d# tQ Tao Sdn Bdn Tich sdng lap.
Tao Ddng tdng dUdng thdi cUng vdi Quy NgUdng tdng va Ldm Te tdng Id ba tdng phdi hung thinh nhat, lap thanh the chan vac. Vai chuc ndm sau, hai tdng Van Mdn va Phap Nhan dugc sdng lap, thien long hinh thanh cue dien phdn thinh "Nhat hoa ngu diep" - mgt hoa nd ra ndm cdnh, trong do, Tdo Dong ludn ddng
vai trd trgng yeu cung vdi Lam Te, hai tdng phdi ndy cdn dugc luu truyen cho d^n ng^y nay.
TU tudng cd bdn cua Thign phai Tao D0ng:
Thuydt NgQ vj. ddc biet la NgQ vj qudn thdn Id tu tudng quan trgng ciia Tdo DOng tdng. Id tu tudng ddc sdc khu bipt cua Tao Dgng tdng vdi cac tdng phai khdc. "Trong thuyet Ngu vj cd bdn logi Id Chfnh thien ngu vj, Cdng luan ngu vj, Qudn than ngu vj vd VUdng til ngO vj, tgo thanh mgt hO thdng chdt che hoan ch?nh. Chfnh thien ngu vj, Cdng ludn ngu vj do Ddng Sdn sang Idp, hai logl cdn Igi Id do Tao Son Idp ra, trong dd ddc sdc nhat Id Ngu vj qudn th^n"'^'.
1. Chfnh trung thien: ddy la giai dogn ngUdi tham thien tuy cd IhQa nhan cd ban the tinh thdn nhung khong hieu van vdt do ban t h i tinh than phdi sinh, d quan he T h i - Dyng, khuyet thieu mdt Dyng, can phdi dung I3? ludn "Thi khdi Dyng" chfnh sQa de "bd Iy theo sQ".
2. Thien trung chinh: tuy IhQa nhln hien tugng Id gia, nhung khdng hieu dupc thau sudt hipn lugng lien them mgt budc trung tlm bdn the tinh than khac quan, ve quan he T h i - Dung khuyet thiSu mgt t h i , can dung ly lugn
"Dung quy Thi" chinh sQa de "bd st; vao ly".
3. Chfnh trung lai: cd nghTa Id "ngay giQa"
ma den chinh Id chi d giQa chfnh va thien, ngudi tham thidn d giai doan nay thQa nhgn ban the tinh than va bat dau tQ The khdi Dyng nhUng van chua hoan thien.
4. Thien trung chf: da IhQa nhgn hien tugng la gid va cd gang xuyen qua cai ggi Id huyin tudng d l truy lim bdn I h l tinh thdn nhung cung chua dgt den hoan thien, cdn gpi la "Than hudng quan".
5. Kiem trung dgo: "Dgt den canh gidi ma Tao Son gidng giai trong NgQ luc la "ngam Qng cac duyen khdng roi vao chQ hQu, khdng nhiem, khdng tjnh, khdng chinh, khong thien cho nen gpi la dgi dgo hQ huyen, chdn long vd trudc, (minh Qng chung duyen, bat truy chu hQu, phi nhiem, phi tich, phi chinh, phi thien, cd viet hQ huyen dgi dgo, vd trudc chdn tdng)"'^'.
Ddy la cdnh gidi ly tudng chi cyc cua Tao Ddng tdng "Qudn than dao hpp, thien chfnh bdi ho"
dat den Thd Dung vidn dung, sU 1^ vien dung.
III. Qua trinh du nhap cua Tao Dong tdng vao Dang Ngoai Viet Nam
96-2017
i^winajiHiiiinaamii
Tap cm cong tac ion giao Thien phdi Tao Ddng dUdc truyen vdo nUdcta t u the k^ thQ XVII, ca d D a n g Ngoai v d D a n g Trong. d D a n g Ngoai, Thien phai Tao DOng do Thi^n s u ThQy Nguyet di du hge d Trung Hoa mang ve. "Thien su Thuy Nguyet hidu la Thdng Giae sinh nam 1636, dng ten la Dang Gidp, que lang Thanh Trieu, 6 Hung Nhan, tinh Thai Blnh, dng tu d mot ngdi chua tren nui Hung LTnh cDng vdi hai ngudi de tQ. 6 n g di qua Hd Chau, tham hoc vdi Thien su Nhat Cu T n Giao tgi nui Phugng Hoang. Ong ddi Dai Viet nam 1664, luc dng ed 28 tudi. Ong tu hoe Igi Ho ChSu trong ba nam. Den nam 1667, dng va hai ngUdi de tQ ve cu tru tai chua Vong Lao d nui An Son, huyen Ddng Tneu, tinh Hai Duong, dng gdp va lam quen vdi mdt cao Tang ten la Tue Nhan.
Tue Nhan tu d Ddng S d n , ten tyc la Mai TU Phyng, que d lang Dudng Mdng dUPe gpi la T d Mudng. 0 Ddng SPn, dng day rat ddng de iQ, dng IQng dQpc Vua Le sdc phong la "Dgi thanh Ddng Son Tue Nhan TQ Giac Qudc sU", chua biet vua nao sac phong va lU nam nao"''''.
Thien sU Thuy Nguyet cung tQng tdi hanh dao d chua Cdn Sdn va chua nui Nham DUPng d Hg Long, dng mat nam 1704, thg 68 tudi.
Sau 6 nam tu hge, mot hdm, Thien sU Tri Giac goi su vao phupng trUdng hoi: Da thay tanh ehua ? S u ra le bai, trinh ke:
"Sang tron thudng d giQa hu khdng Bdi bi may me vpng khdi Idng
Mpt phen gid thdi may tQ tan The gidi ha sa sang chieu khdng.
Vien minh thudng tai thai hu trung Cuong bi may me vgng khdi lung Nhat ddc phong xuy van tQ tan Hang sa the gidi chieu quang thdng.
Hda thugng dua tay diem tren dau sU cho hieu la Thdng Giae D a o Nam Thien su va bai ke:
Tinh trf tong thong TU tfnh hai khoan Giac dao sinh quang Chfnh tam mat hanh Nhan dQc vi lUdng Tue dang pho chieu Hoang phap vTnh trudng De ve Viet Nam truyen tong Tao Dgng" <^'.
Khi v$ Viet Nam, Thien sU ThQy Nguyet di n h i l u ndi di gidng dao, truyen gido phdp. D$
iQ dugc Thuy Nguyet t h i e n sU truyen tam an Id Tdng Dien. "Chieu hdm ay s u trd v l chQa, cho ggi T d n g Dien den ndi ke:
"Nudc cdl tudn rUa byi tran Sach rdi nudc Igi trd ve chan Cho nguoi bat nudc c a m Id quy
A n tudi chan hda do vgn dan.
Thuy xuat doan do lay the tran Tran thanh thuy phyc nhgp nguyen chan
DQ quan nhat bat c a m Id thuy Sai tac an ba dd van dan.
SQ bao vdi bdn chung rang: nay ta len chdi tren nui Nhdm DUdng, neu bay ngay khdng trci ve, cdc ngUPi Um thay c h d nao cd mui thdm thi la d day" '^'.
Sau khi Thien sU T h u y Nguyet qua dcfi, Thien s u Tdng Di§n ve D d n g Sdn ra sQc hoang hda tdng Tao D g n g , hgc gia bdn phQdng nghe lieng tim den I h a m hoc rat d d n g . Nam 1709, dng mat. Phai T a o D d n g do Thien sQ Thuy Nguyet va de tQ ke truyen T d n g Didn truyen ba d Dang Ngoai rat dUde thinh hanh vao cudi the ky XVII va trong the ky X V I I l .
IV. Y nghTa c u a T h i e n p h a i T a o D o n g doi vdi Ijch sQ D a n g Ngoai V i e t N a m
Thien phai T a o D o n g va Lam Te dUdc truyen vao Dang Ngoai da tao ra ludng sinh khf mdi cho Phat giao phat trien. NhQng tU tUdng eua hai thien phai mac du khdng nam ngoai tif tudng cua Phat giao dai thQa nhung nd cung du thu hut gidi nghien cQu Phat giao lim hieu va hgc hdi, nhat la tQ dpi ngu eac nha Nho dUdng thdi (nhieu nha Nho dUdng thdi m^t mem tin vao chinh he t u tudng Nho gido, mat mem tin vao chinh quyen).
Sy xuat hien cua hai thien phai T a o Dong va Lam Te eung vdi s y h u n g khdi trd lai eua Thien phai True Lam tao ra nhQng tien de cho cuoc Chan hung Phat giao trong the ky XVIIl - X I X . Khong nhung vay, tU t u d n g cua Phat giao hep tuc lan toa va t h a m s a u trong ddi song xa hoi.
_ "NhQng quy pham ve d a o dQc cd ngudn goe tQ Phat giao ngay cang dupe de cao va
(xem Hep trang 41)
