HOANG BA THINH Theo du bao cua Lien hgp quoc, dan sd do thi cua thi gidi se tang len 84%, tir 3,4 ty ngudi nam 2009 len 6,3 ty ngudi vao nam 2050 (UN 2010b). Dd thi hoa la mpt xu thi tat yeu va la thude do trong qua trinh phat triln cua cac quoc gia. Ben canh nhung mat tich cue thi do thi boa eflng dem lai nhflng tac dpng tieu cue ddi vdi cudc sing con ngudi. Bai viit nay dl cap din khia canh bit binh ding vl lpi ich va cupc sing d do thi gifla ngudi giau va ngudi ngheo trong qua trinh do thi hoa.
1. Do thi hoa va bat binh ding.
Khdng thi phu nhan vai trd quan trpng cua do thi hoa dii vdi su phat triln cua moi qude gia. Dd thi (dae biet la thanh phd, thi xa) dugc xem nhu trung tam kinh tl, chinh tri, van hoa, khoa hpc cdng nghe.v.v. cua cac vung miin. Vdi vai tro diu tiu trong thiic day, do thi hoa la mpt chi bao quan trpng vl sir phat triln xa hpi.
Tuy nhien, ben canh nhung dilm tich cue cua do thi hoa thi cflng cd nhung net tieu cue trong qua trinh phat triln do thi, mpt trong nhung dilm tieu cue la tao nen sir bit binh dang.
LL Do thi hod: khoang cdch nong thon vd do thi
Khoang each ndng thdn va do thi ludn ton tai, cho din nay d cac quIc gia phat triln thupe Bac Au hay cae con ring chau A, vin co sir khac biet vl mu:c dp phat triln gifla nong thdn va dd thi. Dieu nay the hien rd nhat d thu nhap, miic sdng, dilu kien sing, kha nang tiep can cac dich vu xa hpi.
Noi ve thu nhap, cd the thay khoang each gifta nong thdn va do thi kha ro, tao nen mpt xu hudng khd cd the thu hep. Chenh lech thu nhap binh quan ngudi/thang cua thanh thi so vdi nong thdn nam 1993 la 2,3 lin; nam 1998 la 3,7 lin, nam 2002 la 2,26 lin; nam 2004 la 2,15 lin; nam 2006 la 2,09 lin, va nam 2008 la 2,10 lin (xem bang)
Bang 1. Thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi/thang theo nong thon va thanh thi, giai doan 1993-2008 (d(m vi tinh: lOOOd)
Nong thdn Thanh thi
1993 77,4 151,3
1998 205,3 750,9
2002 275,1 622,1
2004 387,1 815,4
2006 506,0 1.058,0
2008 762,2
1.605,2 (Ngudn: Tdng cue Thdng ke, VNLSS 1992-1993; 1997-1998; DTMS 2002, KSMS 2004, 2006, 2008)
Nong thdn Viet Nam hien cd 70% dan sd sinh sdng, nhung chi chiem 40% thu nhap cua ca nudc. Trong khi cu dan do thi sdng tren dia ban vimg 2 va vimg 6 chi chiem 10%
PGS. TS.; Truemg D^ii hgc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan vSn - DHQG Ha Noi.
dan sd ca nudc nhung lai chilm din 40% thu nhap cua toan qude. Sir khac biet vl thu nhap nay tit ylu din din sir khac biet vl chi tieu ciia ngudi dan ndng thdn so vdi do thi.
Bang 2. Chi tieu binh quan dau ngudi/thang cho ddi song theo thanh thi va nong thon (don vi tinh: lOOOd)
Nam 1998 2002 2006 2008
Ca nudc 221,1 269,1 460,4 704,8
Ndng thon 175,0 211,1 358,9 548,3
Thanh thi 373,4 460,8 738,3 1.114,6
Khoang each thanh thi/ndng thdn 2,13
2,18 2,05 2,03
Nghien ciiu cho thiy, da sd ngudi ngheo sdng d ndng thdn. Theo Bao cao cap nhat tinh hinh phat triln kinh tl Viet Nam cua Ngan hang Thi gidi tai Hpi nghi gifta ky Nhom tu vin cac nha tai hg cho Viet Nam, ngay 5-6/6/2008 tai Sapa, da cho cau tra ldi:
ngheo kho mang guang mat nong ddn (xem bang)
Bang 3. Phan chia ty le ngheo theo nong thon, thanh thi, va nghe nghiep
Tat ca Nong thon Thanh thj Phi nong nghiep
Nong nghiep Khong trong liia Trong Ilia
% dan sd 100,0
73,3 26,7 29,0 71,0 46,9 53,1
Ty le ngheo
(%)
15,9 20,3 3,8 5,0 20,4
7,5 23,4
Khoang each ngheo (lan)
3,8 4,9 0,8 1,1 4,9 1,7 5,6
Ddng gdp vao ty le ngheo (%)
100,0 93,6
6,4 9,1 90,9 22,0 78,0 Nguon: Ngan hang Thi gidi, 2008
Sl lieu tir baiig 3 cho thiy miy dilm dang chii y sau day:
Mpt la, da s6 ngudi ngheo sdng d nong thon: phin Idn ngudi dan Viet Nam song d cac vung nong thdn, va vdi 73% ngudi dan sdng d ndng thdn chilm din 93,6% sd ngudi ngheo cua ca nudc. Trong khi dd, gin 27% dan sd sing d do thi chi cd 6,4% ngudi ngheo. Ty le ngheo d ndng thdn eao hon do thi gin 16 lin; trong khi nlu theo ty le dan sd nong thon va do thi thi sir chenh lech nay le ra chi la 3 lin ma thdi.
So lieu nghien ciiu hen thi gidi cung cho mpt kit qua hrong tut: ngheo ddi tap hung d vimg nong thon. Vdi chuin ngheo qude tl la 1,08 ddla/ngay, cd din 75% ngudi ngheo d nhflng nudc dang phat hiln sdng d cac vimg ndng thdn. NIU tmh theo chuin ngheo miic 2,15 dola/ngay thi ty le ngheo la 70% vdi 2,1 ty ngudi ngheo (Ngan hang Thi gidi, 2007).
40
NghlSn ciiu Con ngudi s6)3 (54) 2011Hai Id, nhiing ngudi ldm nghi nong thudng ngheo han nhflng ngudi lam cac nghi khac. Trong sd ngudi ngheo, chia theo nghi nghiep thi nhflng ngudi lam ndng nghiep (trdng liia) chilm din 78% sd ngudi ngheo, cao ban 3,5 lin so vdi 22% nhflng ngudi khdng trdng liia. Neu xem xet ty le ngheo gifta ngudi lam ndng nghiep va phi nong nghiep thi ty le ngudi lam ndng nghiep ngheo nhieu hon 10 lan so vdi phi nong nghiep (90,9% va 9,1%). s l lieu tren thi gidi cflng cho thiy 58% ngudi ngheo lam nong nghiep.
D I cap den hien tupng bit binh ding xa hpi, ngudi Viet Nam co cau noi "Nudc chay cho trflng" hoac "Ke an khdng het, ngudi lin ching ra" Dilu nay cflng dung vdi sir phan hoa giau ngheo, nhom ngudi giau cd miic song diy du lai dugc hudng lgi nhilu hon nhdm ngheo ve cae chinh sach an sinh xa hpi, bieu hien ro nhit d ITnh vuc giao due va cham sdc siic khoe. Cac so lieu dieu tra cua UNDP cho thiy sir bit binh ding gifta nhom giau va ngheo trong viec tiep can va thu hudng phiic lpi va an sinh xa hpi "nhom 20% nhflng ngudi giau nhat d Viet Nam hien nay dang hudng tdi 40% lpi ich tu cac chinh sach an sinh xa hpi cua Nha nudc; trong khi nhdm 20% nhiing ngudi ngheo nhat chi nhan 7% lpi ich tu ngudn nay". Diing nhu nhan dinh trong Nghi quyet Hpi nghi BCH Trung uong lan thii bay (khoa X) ve ndng nghiep, nong dan va nong thon: "Ddi sing vat chat va tinh than cua ngudi dan nong thon eon thap, ty le hp ngheo cao, nhat la vimg ding bao dan tdc, vung sau, vung xa; chenh lech giau, ngheo gifta nong thon va thanh thi, gifta cac vung con Idn, phat sinh rihieu van dl xa hdi buc xuc" (Dang cpng san Viet Nam, 2008).
1.2. Nhitng nhdm hudng lgi nhiiu tie do thi hod.
NIU chi xem xet trong pham vi do thi, chiing ta cflng de dang nhan thiy sir bit binh ding dien ra d cac dia ban dd thi khac nhau. Diin dat mpt each hinh anh, noi theo ngon ngfl quang cao thi dd la "hai trong mpt" (cd hai do thi giau va ngheo trong mpt do thi), con noi theo thuat ngfl xa hpi hpe thi gpi do la "dd thi kep" (dual city).
Cac nha lanh dao chinh tri, cac nhan vien dich vu cong va nhflng ngudi giau la ba nhom lpi ich nhit tu qua trinh do thi hoa d cac vung tren thi gidi, dang phu nhan thuc te cua hang trieu cdng dan cua hp cd diy du quyin dii vdi do thi. Chuong trinh Dinh cu con ngudi Lien hgp quIc (UN-HABITAT) da tuyen bd nhu vay trong bao cao: "Thuc trang do thi thi gidi 2010/2011: Bie ciu nli phan chia dd thi" Nghien cun ciia UN- HABITAT da khao sat cac chuyen gia trong 30 thanh phd d chau Phi, chau A, chau My latinh va Caribe vl nhflng quan dilm cua hp ddi vdi ngudi dupc hudng lpi nhieu nhat tu nhftng tien nghi hien dai va su md rdng dd thi. Kit qua khao sat cho thiy rang 59%
nliftng ngudi tra ldi d My La tinh, va 69% d chau A, va 71% d chau Phi cho ring nhflng cai each va biln ddi dd thi nhu la viec dap iing lpi ich cua ngudi giau. Tuong tu, cac nha chinh tri va nhftng ngudi lam hong ITnh vuc dich vu cdng dupc xem la nhom thii hai CO lpi ich nhilu hon ca tu dd thj hoa, ngoai tru d chau Phi noi cd 77% sl ngudi tra ldi danh gia nhiing nhdm chinh tri va quan lieu lien quan din tham nhfing la nhom lpi ich chu ylu (xem bang 4).
Bang 4. NguM co Igi ich nhieu nhat tur do thi hoa or 30 thanh pho (%) o/.^*
Vung
My La tinh va Caribe Chau A Chau Phi
Ngudi giau do thi
59 69 71
Ngudi ngheo dd thi nhung khdng d khu
d ehudt 23
15 0.5
Ngudi ngheo dd thi
sdng d khu d ehudt
19 19 11
Chinh tri va quan lieu (lien quan
den tham nhiing)
39 61 77
Nhung nhdm khdng thuc
su cd lpi ich
11 0.9 0.6 Nguon: UN-HABITAT City Survey, 2009.
*Lira chpn nhieu phuang an nen ket qua nhieu hon 100%.
Bang 1 eho thay, hai nhom ed dupc lgi ich nhilu tihit tir do thi hoa la nhung ngudi giau d do thi, tilp theo la nhdm nhflng ngudi lam chinh tri, hanh chinh cdng (lien quan den/c6 CO hpi tham nhflng). Xu hudng lgi ich "nudc chay cho trflng" la cd tinh phd biln d cac chau luc.
Nhiing phat hien cua khao sat phan anh tuong ddi miic dp dang tin hon va cd thi giai thich nhftng hinh thuc dan chu dang tin tai d My Latinh nhu la su ddi lap vdi cac thanh phi d chau A va chau Phi. Nhftng phat hien cung cho thiy miic do ma sir khan hilm tien eua/tai chinh la lien quan den nhflng vimg khdng dugc uu tien bdi sue ep cua nhom lgi ich. Dilu nay cho thiy ring, ngudi ngheo dd thi nhin chung chi tilp can dugc d miic dp tdi thieu nhflng lgi ich cua dd thi hoa va nhung cai each lien quan din do thi.
Nhin chung, cac chinh saeh va quy hoach thudng lien quan din quyin lire, chu ylu d dia phuang va cae nhom tinh hoa, nhom kinh t l eua vimg/khu vuc. CJ cac nudc dang phat triln, mo hinh nay thudng xuyen hon va khdng cd mdi lien he vdi siic manh lich su va van hoa, dilu ma tac dpng din cac dac dilm lien thi he vl ngan can dd thi cd thi din den nhflng khu vuc/khdng gian tach biet va khu nha danh cho ting ldp trung luu.
Hon nfla, doi vdi ting ldp trung luu, mpt sd lupng Idn cac du an va nhung bing chiing khac da tao nen nhung thanh phd dep/dit tiln ma ngudi ngheo khd cd thi c6 dugc. Nhflng thanh phi nay bao gdm nhflng du an vdi co sd ha ting rpng Idn (nudc, dudng di, cdng trinh ve sinh), "nhflng thanh phi dep" phat triln ven sdng, va nhung tien nghi cho cac mdn thi thao va cac su kien van hoa toan ciu.
2. Ngheo do thi: mot phac thao chan dung Nhung khu nhd 6 chupt
Uy ban Kinh tl va xa hpi khu vuc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong (ESCAP) da dua ra nhan dinh canh bao vl nhflng mat trai cua qua trinh do thi hoa nhanh dang diin ra d nhieu noi. Theo do, qua trinh do thi hoa thi gidi gdp phin lam cho tang trudng kinh tl cao hon, song cung dan den he qua la nan ngheo ddi tang nhanh tai cac do thi va hang loat van dl mdi trudng xa hpi khac. Theo ESCAP, qua trinh do thi hoa cd mat trai ciia
42
Nghiin ciiu Con ngudi s63 (54) 2011no la lam sd ngudi sdng frong cac khu dd thi d ehudt ngay cang tang. Hien d khu vuc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong, cu 5 ngudi dan dd thi thi 2 ngudi phai song d cac khu I ehudt.
Mac dil, tft nam 2000 din 2010, tren thi gidi co 227 trieu ngudi - trong do moi nam CO 22 hieu ngudi d cac nudc dang phat triln da thoat khdi cac khu nha I chupt.
Nhung, viec giam di sir phan ting do thi tren thi gidi vin con doi hoi nhftng nP lire Idn hon, yi con cd sd lupng to Idn cac khu I chupt da thuc sir tang tu 776,7 trieu nam 2000 len gan 827,6 trieu nam 2010. Dilu nay co nghTa la co 55 trieu khu nha I chupt da tang them tren dan sd do thi toan ciu tir nam 2000. Theo UN-HABITAT, nhung thanh tim cua viec xoa bd khu d chupt dat dupc it hon so vdi su gia tang cac khu nha d khong chinh thuc hong thi gidi dang phat triln (UN-HABITAT, 2010b).
Hien nay cd 50,6% (3,49 ty) dan sl thi gidi dang sing d cac vung do thi, theo vung thi d Ha-Sahara cua chau Phi cd sl dan sing d cac khu I chupt ddng nhit, vdi 199,5 trieu ngudi, chilm 61,7% cua dan sd do thi dang sing d vung nay. Tilp theo la vung Nam A vdi 190,7 trieu ngudi (35%), Dong A vdi 189,6 trieu ngudi (28,2%), My La tinh ya Caribe vdi 110,7 trieu ngudi (23,5%), Ddng Nam A vdi 88,9 trieu ngudi (31%), Tay A vdi 35 trieu ngudi (24,6%), Nam Phi vdi 11,8 trieu ngudi (13,3%) va Thai Binh Duong vdi 6 trieu ngudi (24,1%). Theo Lien hnrp quoc, dan sd sing d khu I chupt se co the tang 6 trieu moi nam, va dat din eon sl 889 trieu vao nam 2020 (xem bang 5).
Bang 5. Ty le dan so do thi song d khu 6 chupt, 1990 -2010 (%) Cdc viing/khu vuc chinh
Cac vung dang phat trien Nam Phi
Vung Ha-Sahara, chau Phi My Latinh va Caribe Dong A
Nam A Dong Nam A Tay A
Thai Binh Duong
1990 46,1 34,4 70,0 33,7 43,7 57,2 49,5 22,5 24,1
1995 48,2 28,3 67,6 31,5 40,6 51,6 44,8 21,6 24,1
2000 39,3 20,3 65,0 29,2 37,4 45,8 39,6 20,6 24,1
2005 35,7 13,4 63,0 25,5 33,0 40,0 34,2 25,8 24,1
2007 34,3 13,4 62,4 24,7 31,1 38,0 31,9 25,2 24,1
2010 32,7
13,3 61,7 23,5 28,2 35,0 31,0 24,6 24,1 Nguon: State of the World's Cities 2010/2011.
Bang 6 cho thiy mpt sd qude gia cd ty le dan sl dd thi sdng d khu d chupt vao thdi dilm 2005 va 2007. Vao thdi dilm do, co din 94,2% dan sl do thi d Sudang song trong cac khu nha d chupt, sing d cac khu d chupt, ty le nay d Angola la 86,5%; Bangladet la 70,8%, thip nhit la Achentina vao nam 2007 cu 4 ngudi dan do thi thi CO 1 ngudi sdng trong can nha d chupt. Nam 2005, 41,3% dan sd dd thi Viet Nam sdng d khu d chupt.
Bang 6: Ty le dan so do thi song if khu 6 chupt, 2005-2007 Nudc
Angola Argentina Bolivia Brazil Bangladesh Cam pu chia Sudan Thai Lan Uganda Venezuela Viet Nam
Nam 2005 2007 2007 2007 2005 2005 2005 2005 2007 2005 2005
%
86,5 23,5 48,8 28,0 70,8 78,9 94,2 26,0 63,4 32,0 41, Nguon: tac gia dua tren sd lieu cua Lien hpp qude, data.un.org.
2.2. Do thi hod vd bat binh ddng ve ngheo ddi, sue khoe vd tiep can gido due 2.2.1. Ganh ndng ngheo doi
So lieu chpn lpc tu Dieu tra nhan khau hpc va sue khoe trong giai doan 1990 din 2007 cho thay d cac khu dd thi 6 chupt eiia chau Phi, chau A, chau My Latinh va viing Caribe co tinh trang suy dinh dudng nghiem trpng. Tre em trong cac nhdm cd thu nhap ngheo nhat co ty le suy dinh dudng cao gap hai lan so vdi nhdm giau nhit (suy dinh dudng tre em dupc su dung nhu mpt chi bao vl ddi ngheo). Tai Niger, trong khi co tir 4 den 5 trong so 10 tre em cua ca vung nong thon va dd thi ngheo bi suy dinh dudng thi ty le tre em song d cac vung do thi khong phai khu d chupt chi khoang 1 hong 4 trudng hgp (hoac 25%). Ty le tre em suy dinh dudng eao nhit la d Ethiopia nam 2005, noi chi CO 11% tre em d cac khu dd thi khong I chupt suy dinh dudng so vdi 48% eiia tre em d vung nong thon va cac khu do thi d chupt.
Nam 2007, d nudc Cpng hoa Cdng gd cd 41% tre em d cac vung do thi ngheo suy dinh dudng so vdi 16% tre em d cac viing do thi khdng ngheo. CJ Bolivia, trong khi cd the quan sat dugc ty le cao vl suy dinh dudng d cac vung ndng thdn va do thj ngheo tuong iing la 37% va 32%, thi d cae vung dd thi khdng phai la khu I chupt, tre em suy dinh dudng chi la 15%. Cdn d An Dp va Bang la det, bing chung vl suy dinh dudng trong cac vung do thi ngheo nhilu hon hai lan so vdi cac khu vuc khong ngheo: tai An Dp, ty le nay tuong ung la 54% va 21%, con d Bang da let thi con sl nay la 51,4% va 24%.
44 Nghien ciiu Con ngudi so 3 (54) 2011
Bang 7: Ty le dan so do thi song duoi ngudng ngheo cua quoc gia Nudc
Afghanistan Albania Bangladesh cam pu chia Cameroon Trung Qude Colombia
Cdng hoa Dominican Indonesia
Cong hoa DCND Lao Philippines
Nam 2007 2005 2005 2004 2007 1998 2006 2007 2004 1998 1997
Viet Nam 2002
%
27,0 11,2 28,4 18,0 12,2 2,0 39,1 45,4 12,1 26,9 11,9 6,6 Nguon: tac gia dua tren sd lieu cua Lien Hpp quoc, data.un.org.
2.2.2. Siec khoe
Cac he thing cdng ranh, cdng trinh ve sinh thiiu thdn, cung vdi viec cung cip nudc khong bao dam an toan, moi nam da gay tu vong rit nhilu ngudi dan song d khu do thi I chupt. Rit nhilu ngudi chit vi benh sit ret, tieu chay, va benh dudng ho hip. Do vay, dl tang cudng so lugng va chit lupng nudc sinh boat cho cac gia dinh dd thi co y nghTa quan trpng dl giam bdt su tu vong vi nhflng can benh nay.
6 Nepal, su tbilu cdng trinh ve sinh d nhflng khu vuc do thi qua dong da khien cho sl tre em mic benh ia chay vdi ty le cao hon d cac vung nong thdn (17,9% so vdi 12,6%) va cflng cao ban moi trudng do thi cua ca nudc noi chung (10,3%).
6 noi nao ma ca 4 dich vu noi d/cu tru ma thiiu thin, thi miic dp benh tieu chay tang tdi 20,8%. Nhu d An Dp, tre em trong cac hp gia dinh tbilu nudc va he thong ve sinh, dilu kien nha d tdi tan, thi ty le tre em tieu chay la 17,6%. Cdn d Namibia va Niger, thiiu he thong ve sinh va dinh cu lau dai d nhirng khu do thi ngheo thi cflng co ty le tre em mic benh tieu chay cao, vdi muc phi biln 17,6% d Namibia va 29,9% d Niger, so vdi 11,6% va 16,7% trong tre em tu cac gia dinh khdng d khu d chupt (UN- HABITAT, 2010a).
2.2.3. Gido due: ca hpi vdbdt binh ddng
d cac thanh phd, co hdi tilp can vdi giao due Idn ban nhilu so vdi cac vung nong thon. Trong cac thanh phi cua hiu hit cac quIc gia d phuong Nam, sir "tien bp" do thi ro rang hon ddi vdi ngudi giau so vdi ngudi ngheo d do thi. Mac du da sd tre em trong hiu hit cac thanh pho diu dugc din tnrdng, nhung cd sir khac biet gifla tre em song d cac khu d ehudt va cac em khdng phai sing d cac khu phi ngheo. Nhung rao can xa hpi va van hoa tiip tuc tudc bd co hdi din tnrdng va hpc hit chuong hinh tieu hpc cua nhung tre em sdng d noi ngheo khd.
Tai Guatemala, nam 1999 chi cd 54% tre em sdng d cac khu d chupt dugc vao hpc tilu hpc, so vdi 73% d cac vimg do thi khong ngheo va 61% d cac viing ndng thon. Vao culi nhiing nam 1990, d Brazil cflng bao cao nhflng sd lieu tuong tu.
Tai Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan, chua din 40% he em hong nhdm 20% dan sl CO thu nhap ngheo nhit hoan thanh ehuong trinh tieu hpc, so vdi 70% va 80% cua nhom giau ban va giau nhit. C) Sierra Leone, sd lieu tuong iing la 20% va 70%. Trong cac cpng ding khu I chupt d Nigeria, tre em khu d chupt den trudng it hon 35% so vdi tre em khong d khu do thi ngheo. Bolivia, ehi 10% tre em trong nhdm ngfl vi phan ngheo nhit hoan thanh cip tilu hpc, so vdi 40% tre em khong sdng d khu d chupt va 55% he em d nhom giau nhit (UN-HABITAT, 2010a).
Nhflng so lieu tren day d cac nudc dang phat trien cho thay su bat binh dang gifta cac nhom xa hpi trong viec tiep can cac dieh vu xa hpi, nhat la cac dich vu quan trpng nhu:
nudc sach, y te, giao due. Dieu nay khong chi anh hudng den the he hien tai ma cdn tac dpng xau den chat lupng ngudn nhan lire trong tuong lai.
2.3. Vdi net ve ngheo do thi d Viet Nam
Co the quan sat thay ngheo do thi qua cac chi bao: khu nha d chupt (vi du: cac hp sinh song ven sdng Sai Gdn), xdm gam cau (Long Bien, Ha Npi), cac hinh thiic sinh ke;
sir dung phuong tien giao thdng; trang phuc va dd dung ca nhan..w.
Bao cao Danh gia ngheo do thi tai Ha Npi va thanh phd Hd Chi Minh cho thiy biic tranh khai quat ve ngheo do thi d hai thanh pho Idn nhat cua nudc ta hien nay, nhu sau.
Trong nam 2009, thu nhap binh quan 1 ngudi 1 thang cua hai thanh phd la 2,404 trieu dong theo gia hien hanh. Thu nhap binh quan cua nhdm hp ngheo nhit la 805 ngan dong/ngudi/thang va nhom giau nhat la 5,219 trieu dong/ngudi/thang. Chenh lech thu nhap gifla nhom 5 va nhom 1 la 6,5 lan. Thu nhap binh quan 1 ngudi 1 thang cua Ha Npi thap ban thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, nhung miic chenh lech cua nhom 5 so vdi nhom
1 cua Ha Npi cao hon thanh pho Ho Chi Minh (6,7 lin so vdi 6,3 lin).
Co sir khac biet ve thu nhap gifla nhflng ngudi di cu va ngudi thudng tni. Thu nhap binh quan 1 ngudi 1 thang cua nhdm hp thudng tni cao hon nhom hd di cu 16%. Kit qua phan chia hp di cu theo 5 nhom thu nhap cho thiy thanh phin dan di cu vao hai thanh pho da dang, cd hp ngheo nhung cflng co hp kha gia. Khdng cd chenh lech dang ke ve thu nhap gifla hp thudng tni va hp di cu d ba nhom hp can ngheo, trung binh, hp kha. Chenh lech thu nhap gifta nhdm 5 va nhom 1 cua hd thudng tni cao hon chenh lech cua hp di cu (6,7 lin so vdi 5,6 lin) (UPS 2009, tr. 77).
Ngudi di cu din hai thanh phi Idn nhit nudc thudng gap khd khan vl noi d. Phin Idn dan di cu (62%) dang song trong tinh trang chat chpi, trai ngugc hoan toan vdi dan thudng tni tai hai thanh pho (17%). Hiu hit dan di cu thue noi d (64% tdng sl so vdi 8% ciia dan thudng tni),. va sd lupng ngudi cd nudc may rieng cflng it hon (40% so vdi 65%). Mat khac, dan di cu it cho la hp phai ddi mat vdi cac khd khan lien quan den tieng on, khoi bui, thieu dien, Ifl lut hoac trpm cudp. Dilu nay cd the do ylu t l chu quan rang dan di cu khong quan tam lim din cac dilu kien khdng thuan lgi nen it phan nan hon (UPS 2009, tr. 28).
4 ^ Nghiin ciiu Con ngudi so 3 (54) 2011
Noi d hg/thue (hon la sd huru) d thanh pho Hd Chi Minh nhieu ban so vdi d Ha Npi (26% so vdi 16%), va mpt sd lugng dang kl hp gia dinh d thanh phd Hd Chi Minh khdng cd nudc may rieng trong nha so vdi Ha Npi (49% so vdi 30%), do do hp phai dung nudc gieng khoan hoac mua nudc dh su dung (UPS 2009, h. 29). NguIn nudc an uong chinh cua dan thudng tni la nudc may rieng (65,3%), gieng khoan sau va co bom nudc (24,9%), trong Ichi dd dieu kien nudc an uong d nhiing d nhflng khu vuc dan di cu sinh sdng khd khan hon nhu chua cd nudc may rieng hoac thieu ngudn nudc ngpt, nudc hgp ve sinh nen phai mua nudc tu xitec hoac nudc dong binh/ddng chai de an uong. Ty le dan di cu dimg nudc may rieng la 39,6%, gieng khoan sau va co bom nudc: 28,9% va dung nudc mua xi tec hay nudc ddng binh/chai: 30,9%.
Ty le dan di cu cd the bao hilm y tl la 43,4% so vdi dan thudng tni la 66,2%. Ty le tre em thudng tru dudi 6 tudi cd the bao hiem y tl la 85,5% nhung chi co 53,6% tre em di cu dudi 6 tudi cd the bao hilm y tl. Kit qua khao sat cflng cho thay co 3,6% dan di cu dugc hudng chi dp bao hilm y tl cho ngudi ngheo va 0,5% dugc ho trg y te cho doi tugng can ngheo, ty le nay cua dan thudng tni tuin tu la 3,3% va 0,2%. Tinh chung con 56,6% dan di cu chua cd the bao hilm y tl do hp chua bilt vl bao hilm y tl, khong bilt mua bao hilm y tl d dau (21,9%), do khdng co hp khiu (16,3%), do thiiu tiln (18,5%) (UPS 2009,112).
Ket luan
Mpt sd vin dl trinh bay tren day cho thiy nhflng khia canh hai ehilu trong qua trinh do thi hoa. Sir phat triln khong ding diu khong chi dien d cac vimg miin trong mot quIc gia, ma ca ngay trong mpt thanh phi. Su khac biet Idn vl kha nang kinh te dang din din dupc md rdng din mu:c da xuit hien cum tu "thi gidi thu 3" (cac nudc dang phat triln) trong "thi gidi thii nhit" (cac nudc phat triln). Nha xa hpi hpc do thi Castells gpi hien tugng nay la "do thi kep" (dual city). Su dan xen cac khu do thi ngheo vdi khu do thi khdng ngheo (kha gia, giau, trung binh) dugc thi hien d khu vuc dia ly, nha cua, tien nghi.v.v. cua cac nhom cu dan do thj. Thuat ngft "do thj kep" cua Castells chi t$p tmng vao khia canh kinh tl, theo chiing toi thuat ngft nay cin md rpng ca nhflng chieu canh phi kinh tl (su'c khoe, giao due, moi hudng, su tham gia xa hpi, an ninh xa hoi, quyin con ngudi, vdn xa hpi cua ngudi ngheo,...v.v). 6 cac do thi, luon ton tai nhflng ting ldp dupc hudng lpi nhilu tu: su phat triln, phuc lpi xa hpi trong khi mot bp phan dan cu dd thi lai it dugc thu hudng tu nhflng uu viet ciia do thi.
Sir gia tang dd thi ma chiing ta da chung kiln hong nhflng thap ky qua la chua tung cd hong lich sir nhan loai, qua trinh nay dang tao ra nhflng thach thiic va co hpi de phat triln.Tuong lai chiing ta du muln hay khong se bi do thi hoa, do do cin phai co chmh sach phat triln dd thi phu hgp vdi thuc tien khach quan. Do vay, quan ly can cd chinh sach hgp ly khi quy hoach do thi va tiln hanh cong nghiep hoa, do tW hoa. Co mpt cau hoi quan trpng lien quan din do thi hoa cua cac nudc dang phat hiln: lieu no dem lai loi ich nhu thi nao cho cupc sdng cua ngudi dan? Phin Idn dd thi hoa ciia cac nudc dang phat triln la kit qua cua su du thua dan sl trong nong thon. Sir thiiu dit dai canh tac la ganh nSng ddi vdi dan sd ndng thdn va thiic diy hp rdi bo lang que va di cu din cac thanh
phi. Hp tim mpt noi dh song va thudng la nhflng khu d chupt, hp tim kiem viec lam nhung thudng khdng phai la viec de dang.
Dd thi hoa d cac qude gia dang phat triln se hd thanh mpt xu hudng lgi ich xa hpi chi khi dil ngbl nghiep, cd thi tim thiy cdng viec tit cho cu dan dd thi dang tang trudng nhanh tai cac thanh phd cua nhflng nudc nay.
Tai Heu tham khao
1. Dang cpng san Viet Nam (2008). Nghj quylt Hpi nghj BCH Trung uang lin thir bay (Khoa X) ve nong nghiep, nong dan va nong thon.
2. Hoang Ba Thjnh (2009) Nong dan la ngudi ngheo nhit trong nhung ngudi ngheo; Tap chi Nong thon mdi, so 11/2008.
3. Ngan hang Thi gioi (2008). Bao cao cap nhat tinh hinh phat trien kinh te Viet Nam tai Hpi nghj giua ky Nh6m tu vin cac nha tai trg cho Viet Nam, ngay 5-6/6/2008 tai Sapa.
4. Uy ban Nhan dan Tp. Ha Npi va Uy ban nhan dan Tp. H I Chi Minh (UPS 2009). Danh gia ngheo do thj d Ha Npi va Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh. Ha npi, 9/2010.
5. Tong cue Thong ke (1993). Dieu tra mirc song dan cu Viet Nam 1992-1993.
6. Tong cue Thong ke (1999). Dieu tra mirc song dan cu Viet Nam 1997-1998.
7. Tong cue Thong ke. Khao sat miic song dan cu, cac nam 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008.
8. UN - HABITAT (2010c). State of The World's Cities 2010/201: Bring the Urban Divide 9. UN - HABITAT (2010b). Urban divide: The Rich get Richer.
lO.UN - HABITAT (2010a). Urban divide: Hunger, Health and Education.
AO Nghiin ciiu Con ngudisi>3(54) 2011