KINH TE - PHAP LUAT CHAU AU
NHflN THI/C, XU LV MOI QUnN H€ Gll/n NHA Nl/dC, THI TRl/dNG vn Xn HOI: KINH NGHI6M TLT Nl/6c DlTC
Nguyen Clii Hieu*
L61 Toa scan: Bai viet la san pham ciia de tai cap qudc gia KX.01.50/16-20 thupc Chuong trinh Khoa hpc va Cdng nghe trgng diem cdp qudc gia KX.01/16-20
Tdm tat: Trong qudn ly phdt trien xd hoi, nuac Diic da xir ly hdi hda, tluinh cdng mdi quan he giua nhd nude, thi trudng vd xa hdi. Bdi viet tim hieu thuc tiin cua Due Iren cdc phuong dien; nhd nuac phdp quyen dieu liet thi trudng vd thuc hien cdng bdng xd hdi; xdy dimg, phdt trien manh me nen kinh te thi trudng xa hoi; ket hop hdi hda giua chinh sdch kinh te vd chinh sdch xa hdi Irong qudn ly phdt Irien xa hdi. ddng thoi chi ra mot so ihanh tuu vd hgn che trong xu ly mdi quan he giira nhd nudc, thi trudng vd xd hdi a Dire thai gian qua.
Ddy se Id ngudn tham khdo quy gid cho Viet Nam trong linh hinh phdi xir ly cdc mdi quan he lan hien nay.
Tu khoa: mdi quan he nhd nudc, thi trudng. xd hdi; nhd nudc phdp quyen; qudn ly phdt men; cdng hdng xd hoi: kinh te thi truang xd hdi
Abstract: In the field of social development management, Germany has handled harmoniously and successfully the relationship between the slate, the market and the society.
The paper explores German practices in terms of: the rule-of-law stale in regulating the market and implementing the social justice; building and strongly developing the social market economy; harmonizing economic and social policies in social development management; al the same lime, it points out some achievements and limitations in dealing with the relationship between the stale, the market and the society in Germany over the past years. This will he a good example for Vielnam to reference in the situation of having to handle large relationships nowadays.
Keywords: relationship between state, market and society; the rule-of-law state; social balance, social market economy
* PGS.TS, Tap chi Cong san
Nhdn bdi ngdy. 17/12/2019 Phdn bien xong: 30/12/2019 Chdp nhdn ddng: 5/1/2020
32 NGHIEN cCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N1(232).2C
G a n day, khi de cap ldi cac mdi quan he Idn can phai xir ly. Dang Cdng san Viet Nam cd nhan manh ddn tinh cap thiet va y nghia ciia viec nhan dien va xir ly mdi quan he giira nhd nudc, thi trudng va xa hdi. Hdi nghi Trung uong 5 khda XII yeu cau: "Xde dinh ro vd thuc hien dung vi tri, vai trd, chirc ndng vd mdi quan he cua Nhd nudc. thi truong vd xa hdi phu hop vdi kmh li; thi trudng; bdo ddm dinh hudng xd hoi chii nghTa, tdng cudng vd gm viing vai tro lanh dao cua Ddng"\ Ro rang, mdi quan he giiia nha nudc, thj trudng va xa hdi la mdi quan he Idn, co bdn, ddi hdi phai giai quyet hai hda trong tien trinli phat trien kinli te - xa hdi va giai quyet tdt mdi quan he nay eiing ehinh la gdp phdn hien thye hda muc tieu dua nudc ta trd thanh mdt nudc cdng nghiep hien dai, theo djnh hudng xa hdi chii nghia vdo giua thd k>' XXI.
Nhan dien va xir ly mdi quan he nay la vdn de tuong ddi phuc tap va trong qua trinh ay, vdn la nudc dang phat tnen, Viet Nam cd the va can phai hpe hdi, tham khdo kinh nghiem xir ly mdi quan he nay tir cac nudc phat trien tren the gidi. dac biet la cita nude Diic - qudc gia dau tau d chau Au, vdn cd rat nhieu kinh nghiem quy bau, ed gia trj tham khao to Idn cho Viet Nam.
1. Nha nudc phap quyen Diic ( "^ha nu'd-c xa hoi"): dieu tiet thi trudng va thirc hien cong b3ng xa hoi
Hien phap Cdng hda Lien bang Dire kiiang djnli: Due la mdt nhd nude phdp quyen mang tinh xd hoi. Nha nudc phdp quyen bdo ddm cdc quyen tu do ca nhan vd linh xa hdi ciia nha nudc nay, the hien qua trdch nhiem bdo dam an sinh xa hdi va sir binh dang cho hg. Dieu 1 cua Hien phap Cgng hda Lien bang Diic quy dinh va nhan manh: "Phdm gid cita con ngudi la bat khd xdm pham Coi trong vd bdo ve phdm gid ngudi do Id nghia vu ciia tdt cd quyen luc nhd nudc"~, day cung chinh Id kim chi nam cho hoat ddng ciia cac co quan: lap phap, Iianli phap va tu phdp. Cac nguyen tac dupc nhan manh nham bao dam hoat ddng cd dan chu la: toan bd quyen lyc tir dan ma ra; phan tap quyen lyc; nhd nudc phdp quyen; va da sd dupc khang djnh trong Hien phdp va dupc tdn trong trong thye te. Tda Hien phap chju trach nhiem gidm sat xem cac co quan nha nude, Chinli phu cd boat ddng theo diing Hien phdp, phdp luat hay khdng.
Chirc nang quan ly nha nudc tap trung chii yeu vao cac ITnh vuc nhu' de ra chinh sdch kinh te, chinli sach thue, chinh sach xa hdi; dd xudt cac bien phdp khuyen khieh kinh td phdt tridn, kiem tra cac thanh phan kinh te cd bao dam "luat choi" hay khdng: xay dung ' Vdn hen Hoi nghi lan thir ndm Ban Chdp hdnh
Trung uang khoa Xif, Van phong Trung uong Dang, H a N 6 i , 2 0 1 7 , t r 28
' Hiin phdp Dire, Nxb Suhrkamp, Frank Main, 2010, tr 3 (tiang Due).
QUidit tkilte, xii lij,... 33
chinh sach, quan he ddi ngoai vdi nudc ngoai. Ngoai ra, nha nudc cd quyen true tiep kinh doanh nhung linh vyc cd anli hudng Idn vd mat xa hpi de bao dam cho ai ciing duoc dap ling nhu cau sdng cd pham gia; dac biet la cac nganh, ITnh vyc ddng vai trd thiet yeu ddi vdi ddi sdng cua ngudi dan nhu: dien, nudc, vien thdng, giao thdng edng cpng...
Nhirng chfnh sach kinh te cua nha nudc deu phai duac can nhac tren c a sd sao cho lpi ich kinh te va loi ich xa hdi dugc bam dam can bang ngang nhau.
Thi trudng ly do - mpt trong nhung dieu kien ciia ty do ca nhan, ddng thdi cung la mdt bg phan khdng the tach rdi cua mpt xa hpi md - van phai dupc bdo dam trong nen kinh te thi trudng xa hdi Du'c. Mgt nhicm vu quan trpng khac ciia nha nudc trong nen kinh te thj trudng xa hpi la phai bao dam binh ddng cho cac thanh phan, cac chu the tham gia hoat ddng kinh te, chdng nguy co hinh thanli doc quyen trong hoat ddng kinh te, vi nd cd the lam mat can bang tu nhien va dan den hoat dgng sai lech ciia co che dieu tidt thi trudng theg quy luat cung-cau.
Trong md hinh kinh te - xa hgi Due, nhd nudc ed gang xay dyng mgt nen kinh td tu do hoat ddng theo cac quy luat ciia thj tnrdng va d day, nha nudc chi ddng vai trd quan trgng trong viec bao dam phan chia cdng bang san phdm xa hgi, sao cho kinh te va xa hpi hpp nhdt hai hda trong mgt tdng tiie khdng thd tach rdi de phuc vu con ngudi tu
do. Nha nudc rat han ciie can thiep va chi can thiep vao thi trudng khi cam thay thuc su can thiet. Tuy nliien, ciing xin luu y rang, md hinh kinh te - xa hdi Dire hien dang cd nhiing thay ddi co ban dudi tdc ddng ciia qua trinh loan cau hda vd nliat la do sy trudng thanh cua y thirc cdng dan. Do ^'dy, cd the thay rd la vai trd ciia nhd nudc Due ngdy cang giam bdt, neu so sanh vdi giai doan phat trien trude dd trong the ky XX. Klidng phdi vi nha nude bat luc, ma do ngirdi dan ngay cdng cd dieu kien tryc tiep tham gia vao hoat dpng kinh te, cung nhu vao qua trinh hinh thanh nhiing quyet djnh ve chinh sach xa hpi hon.
Va vi vay, co cau phan chia sdn pham xa hdi cung dang thay ddi mdt each co ban.
Cimg vdl tinh phdp quyen, Nhd nudc Bice ludn hu&ng lai md hinh "nhd nudc xd hpi"
Thuat ngii "nha nudc xa hdi"
(Sozialstaat) dupc sir dung nhieu chii yeu d Dire va la Ihuat ngii' rat quen thugc vdi hg.
Trong tieng Du'c, tu nay limg duge sir dung vdo ndm 1870 bdi Lorcnz von Stein (1815- 1890), nhimg mai den sau Chien tranli the gidi thir Hai, vao giira the ky XX, nd mdi trd nen phd bidn, phan nao nham tranh phai diing thuat ngii "nhd nudc phiie loi"
(Wohlfahrlsstaat) vdn liic dd dupc mpt sd hpc gia sir dung vdi ham y phe phan. Cd djnh nghTa ve "'nha nudc xa hdi" (Social Slate) nhu sau: "Nhd nudc xd hoi (truang phdi Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck) la mot he thong xd hoi trong do viec huang cdc
34 NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l(232).20rt
phiic lai xd hoi ca bdn theo cdc tieu chudn nhdt dinh ciia nguai ddn (gido due, y te. viec ldm, nhd a. nuac sach, huu tri vd cdc phiic lai khdc) dua tren ddng gdp cita cd nhdn vd cdc ddi tdc xd hdi. Md hinh nhd nuac xa hdi nhdn manh den vai trd, ndng lire cd nhdn trong viec bdo ddm phiic lai ca bdn cita bdn thdn. Nhd nuac ddng vai trd tao mdi tnrdng, ca che vd chi can thiep trong cdc tnrdng hop cdn thiet nhdm han che cdc rid ro ddi vai cdc nhdm ddc Ihu, hdo dam cdng bdng vd on dinh xd hoi"^. 0 Diic, thuat ngii "nha nudc xa hdi" {Sozialstaat) tuy ddi khi dupc hieu nhu ciing ddng nghia vdi thuat ngii "nha nudc phuc lpi" (Wohlfahrlsstaat), nhmig thudng bao ham y nghTa hep hon, chi bao gdm nhiing bien phdp can ban nham giiip dd nhiing ngudi de bi tdn thuong trong xa hdi;
edn cym tir "nha nudc phiic Ipi" thi dupc hieu rdng hon, bao gdm nhiing chuong trinh tdng hpp nhdm bdo dam cae phiic lgi vat chat, van hda va xa hpi cho mgi cdng dan trong xa hdi.
Hgc gid Hans Zacher (Dire) cho rdng
"nha nudc xa hdi la mdt qua trinh" vd da neu len nhung nguyen lac cua mgt nha nudc xa hdi nhu sau: "Nhd nu&c xd hdi la mat nhd nirdc cd chirc ndng hdo ddm vd, neu cdn, sira chua nhung su chenh lech do kinh le gdy ra trong xd hoi. nhdm muc tieu dem lgi cho tdt cd moi nguai moi cuoc sdng xung ddng vdt
nhdn phdm bdng cdch cung irng cho cdc thdnh vien cita xd hoi mdt sd phiic lai xd hoi tdi thieu. Mot nhd nuac xd hoi phdi dm cdch gidm thieu hoac kiim sodt nhirng su chenh lech ve tdi sdn lu nhdn nhdm ldm sao khdng ai bi phu thuoc vdo nguai khde Nguyen tdc ciia mdt nhd nudc xd hoi doi hot mdi nhd nudc phdi hdnh xir mot cdch tuang img"^
2. Xay dung, phat trien manh me nen kinh te thi trudng xa hoi
Nhu chiing ta deu biet, Cpng hda Lien bang Dire la mdt nudc cd nen kinh te, khoa hpc, cdng nghe phdt trien bac nhat chau Au va cimg vdi Phap, Due dong vai trd la dau tau kinh te ciia Lien minh Chau Au (EU).
Nhung thdnh cdng, tang trudng kinh te lien tuc, ngoan mue trong nhieu thap nien tir nhung nam I960 ciia the ky XX da dem lai danh tidng cho nen kinh te phat trien cao ciia Dire, hinh thanh cai ggi la "sy than ky", niem ty hao ciia kinh td - xa hdi Tay Diic'hudc kia vd Cpng hda Lien bang Diic ngdy nay. Sy phat trien vupt bac dd la ket qua cua "md hinh kinh td tin trudng xa hdi Due" ndi tieng tren thd gidi vdi nhidu thanli tyu da dupc qudc td ghi nhan va ciing dat ra khdng it van dd ndng bdng cdn tiep tuc dupc thdo luan vd gidi quyet.
Y luong ve kinh te thj trudng xa hdi ra ddi tir nhung ndm 30 cua the ky XX, khi
' Vien Khoa hoc Lao dong va Xa hoi - T6 chuc GIZ, ' Hans Zacher, myc "Nguyen tic nha nuac xa hpi", Thudl ngir an smh xd hoi Viet Nam, Nxb Golden Sky, Tu dien Kmh le hoc, Stuttgart. 1977, tr 1 ^4 (neng HaNoi, 2011.tr, 50 ^'j'=) •
'^tihdji tlute, xitlij.,. 35
ngudi ta cang ngay cang nhan ro rdng, chu nghia tu ban "hoang dai" khdng thd co tuong lai neu nd khdng tu cdi td dd mang nhieu tinh xa hdi hon nira. Thuc sy xudt hien manh me tir sau Chidn tranh thd gidi lan thii Hai, md hinh kinh td thi trudng xa hdi Due cd net dac biet do la: khdng chi thuc thi nhirng nguyen tdc thj trudng ma cdn theo dudi cac muc tieu xa hdi nham dat dupc cdng bang xa hdi va dieu chinh nhirng ket qua thi trudng theo hudng phiic lpi cho tat ca mgi ngudi, tao ra rien bd xa hgi eho quang dai quan chiing.
Ten ggi vd y tudng ve nen kinli te thj trudng xa hdi duoc phan ddng nha nghien ciiu thira nhan la xuat phat tir nha kinh td hgc ngudi Due Alfred Mueller Amiark. Ban than Armack coi do la nguyen tac can phdi noi ket tu do boat ddng trong thi trudng mgt cdch can bang va thuc hien cdng bang xa hdi. Y tudng nay ve sau da dupc nha kinli te hgc Ludwig Erhard tiep thu, ke thira va phat trien^
Alfred Mueller Armack la ngudi lua chgn thudt ngu nay tir nam 1946 khi viet edng trinh vdi tya de: Dieu tiel kinh te vd kinh ti thi trudng; nhung den ndm 1947, cdng trinh nay mdi dupc xuat bdn thanli sach va ngay lap tire, nd da gay tieng vang rat Idn.
Theo Ludwig Erhard, kinh tc thi trudng xa hdi la mot nin kmh te thi trudng vdi nhirng ddc tnmg xd hoi nhdm mue tieu tao dieu kien
'' Ludwig Erhard dugc coi la "kien tnic sir" ciia mo hinh kmh te chj truong Duc-
cho mdi cd nhdn deu co diiu kien, ca hdi phdt trien cdng bdng. de ho khdng dinh duac gid Iri nhdn cdch vd cd thu nhdp ximg ddng theo thdnh qud vd ddng gdp ciia minh. Trong nen kinli te nay, thi trudng khdng chi dap iing nhu cau kinli te, ma cdn phdi dap iing, lam hdi hda moi quan he xa hdi kJiac iiliau Kinh te, xd hdi vd nhd nirdc a ddy phdi ndm Irong mot long the thong nhdt. Trgng tam cua kinh te thi trudng xa hdi khdng phdi la lpi nhuan tuyet ddi, md id nhimg con ngudi ty do dupc bao ddm pham gia ngudi. Nhu vay, cd thd thdy, md hinh kinli te thj Imdng xa hdi Dire la mpt uat ty kinli te bdo dam quyen ty do cho con ngudi d miic rat cao; nhung dong thdi, nd ciing doi hdi tinh than trach nhiem ca nhan d miic dp cao nhu vay ddi vdi mdi ihanli vien ciia xa hpi.
Cc'ic muc tieu ciia md hinh kinh te thi trucrng xd hdi Dire •
Cd the ndi, ndn kinh te thi trudng xa hpi d Cdng hda Lien bang Dire id mdt nen kinh te thi trudng hudng tdi viec ket hpp ty do ca nhan, nang lyc hoat ddng kinh te vdi thuc hien tien bd va cdng bang xa hgi; do vay. nd hudng tdi: Bao dam va nang cao ty do ve vat chat cho moi cdng dan thdng qua bao ddm co bdi kinh doanh cd the bang mdt he thdng an sinh, an loan xa hdi; Thye hien cdng bang xa hdi theo ngliTa la cdng bang trong khdi nghiep va phan phdi; Bao dam tfnh dn dinh ndi tai CLia xa hgi (khac phuc khung hodng kinh te, sy mat can ddi).
36
NGHIEN CUU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUu,« Ktv.tw H M « Z , ^ U . UNhimg ddc tnmg ca bdn cua nin kinh ti thi truang xd hdi Diie:
Thir nhdt. theo eae hgc gid Diic, nhiem
\ai cua nha nudc la kien tao khung trat tu kinh te, nhung khdng dupc can thiep vao qud trinh hoat dpng kinh te. Khudn khd, he thdng luat phap, cac quy dinh di kem do Qudc hdi ban hanh, cdng them cac eo che giam sdt thj trudng chat che. Ndi each khac. Due chgn nguyen tac thi trudng dupc dieu tidt bdi luat phap ma khdng can ban tay can thiep ciia nhd nudc. Day cd le la diem dgc dao nhat ciia md hinh kinh te Diic.
Thir hai, ludn bao dam cho cac yeu td can ban ciia nen kinh te thj trudng dupe ap dung nhu: cac thi trudng md, ty do thuong luong va ky ket hgp ddng, chdng lai su chi phdi thj trudng, bop meo canh tranh; ddng thdi de cao trach nliiem ca nhdn vd trdch nhiem phap ly ciia mdi ngudi trong cac quyet dinh kinh te cua minh.
Thu ba. nha nudc ludn bao ddm sy cdng bang xa hdi vd cac co hpi tiep can binh dang cho ngudi dan. Dieu ndy thye hien thdng qua he thdng thue, cac bien phdp va phiic loi nha nudc xd hdi da dang, cung vdi do id nhung quyen ve xa hdi va cac ca hdi giao due, nhu tra cap cho ngudi yeu the, bao dam tdi thieu sy an loan nghe nghiep, bdo hiem xa hdi trudc nhijng rui ro trong cudc sdng (tai nan, benh tat, that nghiep, tudi gia:...).
Thir tu, bdo darn sy ty do thuong lupng va tham gia tap the vao quyet dinh chinli
sach lai noi Idm viec. Due coi cac thda ude tap the dugc tu do thuong lupng la yeu td khdng the thieu, nham bdo dam hda binh. dn djnh xa hdi. Do vdy, cdc ben tham gia thuong luang tap the ddng vai trd quan trgng trong sy dn dinh nen dan chu.
Su thuc hien ehinh xac vc mat phap ludt vd the che hda cdc yeu td ndy da lam cho md hinh kinh te xa hpi Dire thanh cdng trong sudt hon 70 ndm qua, giup cho nudc Due cd Chinh phu dn dinh, xa hpi tuong ddi yen dn, vugl qua duoc nhirng khd khan trong giai doan khung khodng kinh te toan cau va nen kinh te Dire ludn mang tinh eanh tranh cao tren trudng qudc te; ddng thdi, thi trudng lao dpng Cling it bj tac ddng bdi nhiing khd khan kinh te; Igi ich cua doanh nghiep va ngudi lao dpng ludn dupc tinh den va dupc hai hoa hda d miic cao,
3. Ket hop hai hda giua chinh sach kinh te va chinh sach xa hoi trong quan ly phat trien xa hoi
Nha nudc Diic ludn nhan thire rd va cd trdch nhiem cao trong giai quyet nhung van de xa hdi, Mac dii vay, .m can thiep cua nhd nudc, nhdm gidm bdt hdu qua tieu cue do thi truang ttr do gdy ra. cUng khdng duac phep ldm mdt di hieu ndng cua thi truang vd gdy Ion hgi den ttr do kinh te. De giai quyet tuong quan kjnh te - xa hdi nay, nude Dire da xay dung mpt md hinh thdng nhat, bdo ddm sy hai hda giii'a chinh sdch kinh te va chi'nh sach xa hdi; trong dd, nhiing muc tieu xa hdi co ban
Qtltein thiie, Jcit /</... 37
dupe thuc hien bang chinh sach giir Ming ky cuong, chu klidng phai bdng sy can thiep tryc tiep vao ehinh sach xa hpi.
Chinh sacii xa hdi. \'e bdn chat, la sy phdn chia lai san pham xa hdi. Trong chinh sach xa hdi, Due hudng tdi su lu do Iy tudng: Miic sdng cang ldng thi y thirc ty cham lo cho ban than minli, y thirc trach nhiem cua ca nhan ddi vdi xa hdi ciing phdi tang theo. Nhu vay, d ddy. "nguyen tac hd trp" la mdt trong nhQng nguyen tac quan trpng nhat trong chinh sdch gin giir ky cuong. Chinh sach xa hdi ciia nhd nudc phai nhdm muc dich bdo dam an sinh xa hdi \'a cdng bang xa hdi. Tm cot bdo ddm an sinh xa hdi d Dire la he thdng bao hiem xa hpi.
Cac khodn tien ddng bao hiem do ngirdi lao ddng, gidi chii va nha nudc ciing ddng gdp.
Ddi vdi nhung ngudi that nghiep, khi khdng cdn kha ndng ddng bdo hiem thi nha nude se dirng ra dam nhan chl tra chi plii bao hiem.
Ngoai ra, bdng va thdng qua quy Iro cap xa hdi, nhd nudc cd trach nhiem giiip dd nhung ngudi khdng cdn dii kha ndng tu kiem sdng.
bao dam cho hg van cd duoc mdt cudc sdng dn djnh, tuy thanh dam nhimg van bao ve dupc nhan pham cua minh.
He thdng an sinh xd hdi Dire Dugc hinh thanh tir the ky XIX vdi bdn loai bao hidm co bdn la: bao hiem y le (1883); bao hidm tai nan (1884); bao hiem huu tri (1889); bao hidm thdt nghiep (1927).
Tir nam 1994, nude Dire thuc hien dao luat
ve bao hiem cham sdc siic khoe vd loai bdo hiem nay trd thanh mdt trong nhung bd phan CO bdn eiia he thdng bdo hiem xa hdi Due.
Ben canh he thdng bao hiem, cac hinh thiie bao trg xa hdi khac nhu" bao trg nudi dudng Ire cm, bao trg danh cbo ngudi gia... cung dupc phat tridn manh me.
He thdng an siiili xa hdi Diic chu yeu thuc hien theo md hinh Bismarck, lay he thdng bao hiem xa bdi lam ndng cdt de thye hien chinh sdch an sinh cho mpi ngudi dan He thdng phap luat bao hiem xa hdi d Diic thuc hien tren co sd "hop ddng giua cae the he", thanh loan bao hiem tren "nguyen tac phii thude", trong do the he lao ddng tre dimg nhung khoan tai chinh de cung cap bdo hidm hmi tri cho the he gia. Mac dii trong nhung nam gan day, hinh thuc thanh todn bao hiem kieu nay dang dupc cai each theo hudng linh hoat ban, nhirng nd chu ydu van duoc thye hien dya tren sy ddng gdp tai ehfnh ciia ea ba ben: ngirdi lao dpng, ngudi su dung lao ddng va nha nudc.
Do nhiing dp luc Idn ve co cdu tudi thp dan sd cung nhu ganh nang huu tri, nen vao ndm 2001. Chinh phii Dire da ban hanh dao luat cai cdch huu tri mdi vdi muc lieu la dn dinh cac ti Id ddng gdp trong quy huu tri.
Theo luat nam 2001, ti le ddng gdp trong he thdng huu tri cdng cdng se d miic 20% vao nam 2020 va tang len 22% vao nam 2030.
De dat duoc miic tieu nay, phdi giam dan loi ich him tri d miic tir 70% thu nhap trung
NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N"HZ3Z)JU^u
binh vao ndm 2000 xudng 67% vao nam 2030. Su sut giam quy hun tri cdng cdng se dupc bii ddp bang cac ngudn quy him tri lu nhdn vdo ndm 2004, cai each huu tri lai duoc lien hanh d Dire vdi phuong cham mang lai sy dn djnh ve tai ehinh cho he thdng bdo hiem xa hpi. Cai each ndm 2004 nlidm vdo vide tang dp tudi nghi huu chi'nh thirc tir 65 tudi len 67 tudi vao nam 2035 va tiep tuc khang duih ti Id dong gdp vao he thdng huu tri cdng cdng d miic 20% vao nam 2020 va 22% vao nam 2031
Nhu vay, de xay dung vd thuc hien cdng bang xa hgi, nha nudc Due ed gdng tao didu kien de mgi ngudi trong xa hdi cd co hdi budc vao ddi va phat trien ngang nhau, thdng qua he thdng gido due mien phi tir phd thdng ddn dai hpc, cac chuong trinh trp cap khuyen khich kinh doanh... Toan bg hoat ddng thuc hidn chinh sach xa hdi deu dya tren nguyen tdc phan phdi lai cua cdi xa hdi mdt each cdng bang, minh bach.
Hanh ddng vi xa hdi eua mdi ca nhdn trong nen kinh te thj trudng xa hdi Dire la phai ngd> cang Idi cudn duoc nhieu ngudi cd y chi quydt tam thye hien. tdn trong ty do, cd y thiic trach nhiem va doan ket vdi nhung ngudi ydu thd hon trong xa hpi. Vi vay, cdc khoan tidn tro cap xa hdi trong nen kinh le thj trudng xa hpi dupc hidu la bieu hien sinh dpng CLia su doan kdt, thd hien trach nhiem tucmg trp CLia toan xa hdi ddi \'di nhung ngudi yeu the.
Con ngudi tu do la chii the, la ddi tupng phuc vu cua nha nudc phap quyen va kinh td thj trudng xa hdi Due. Chinh xuat phat tir nhan thirc rdng, con ngudi Ur do la ngudi tieu thu ty tin, cd y thirc eao nen khdng ai cd the lira doi hay dp dat nhu cau lieu thu cho hp dupc, vi vay, nha nude Diic chi can thiep dinh hudng nen kinh te, chir khdng the lam thay CO chd ty thicli nghi cua thj trudng Trat lu kinh Id trong ndn kinh te thi trudng xa hpi Dire la mgt trat tu tdn trpng pham gid con ngudi, md ra eho hp klia nang phat trien va trien vong thanh cdng liongxa hdi
Ngay tir dau, kinh id thi trudng xa bdi coi con ngudi lieu thu la muc tieu phuc sni va hp cung la ddi tupng duoc bao ve cua nha nudc Nha nudc cd nhirng chinh sach nham bao dam thdng tin kinh te chinh xdc, giiip ngudi tieu thu ed the lu ddnh gia ve chat iupng va gid cd hang hda. O Diie, cd tdi hon 300 td chirc cdnh bdo, gidm dinh, khuyen nhii, chi ra cdc bat hgp ly giiia ngudi tieu ihu \ a ngudi cung cap hang hda
\ a dich vu, khien eho cdc doanh nghiep lam an khdng dirng dan khd cd the try vung dugc li'cn lln trudng.
4. Nhung thiinh tuu va han che trong xii' Iy niOi quaii he gifra nha n^dc, thi trud'ng va xii hoi d' Diic thoi gian qua
4.1. Thdnh luu ve kinh te - xd hpi - Vide phat trien nen kinh te thi trudng xa hdi da gdp phan quan trpng trong viec dua nudc Diic tir mdt nudc thua Iran trong Chien
Qlhiui thite, seir lij,,. 39
tranh the gidi thir Hai trd thanli mdt cudng qudc kinh te. Nen kinh te thj trudng kieh thich manh me sang kien cac nhan \ a lpi ich toan xa hdi; ddng thdi. phdng, tranh dugc cae khuyet tat Idn ciia thj trudng; chdng lam phat, gidm that nghiep, quan tam thuc hien cdng bang xa hpi,
- "Nhd nudc xa hdi" thuc hien duoc hai muc tieu: lu do cd nhdn vd dodn ket xa hdi.
Cdc quyet djnh kinh te va chinh tri eua nha nudc duoc hoach dinb trdn co sd ludn chii y den nhihig nhu can va nguyen vpng cd nhan,
- Kdt hpp dupc khd nang phat trien cdng nghiep Icni manh dua tren cdng nghe hien dai cimg vdi sy phdt trien thuong mai the gidi md rdng nhung van bdo dam cdng bang xa hoi mdt each tuong irng,
- Yeu td xa hpi dupc quan tam dac biet vdi ndi dung: nang eao muc sdng ciia cac nhdm ddn cu thu nhiip thap, bdo trg xa hdi;
ddng thdi bdo vd tat ca cdc thanh vien trong xa hpi trudc nhung riii ro trong cupc sdng.
Thye td d nudc Dire eho ihdy. mudn giai quyet lot edc van de xa hdi tlii can phai tang nhjp dp tdng trudng kinh te, thue hien phdn phdi thu nhap mdt each cdng bang, xay dung he thdng bao hiem xd bdi phii hop: chii trgng va dat nang suat cao irong san xuat \ a lao ddng. coi trpng phat trien ngudn nhan luc va dao lao, bdi dudng con ngudi; coi trgng nghien ciiu - trien khai ung dung ket qua nghien ciiu khoa hpc; quan lam manh me va tap trung xir Iy cdc van de xa hpi
Thanh cdng ciia Dire trong xti ly mdi quan he giira nlia nuoc. thi trudng va xa hdi cho thdy rdng, chi khi nao niem vui sang tao
\'a tinli than dam nhan trach nliiem ca nhan trong mpi ITnli \"ue kinh te - xa hdi - chinh tri duoc thuc su khoi ddy, thi luc dd mdi xudt hien siic manh tdng hop giiip con ngudi vupt qua khd khan Idn lao vd thiie day xd hdi phdt irien. Chinli vi \'dy, toan bd co cau nhd nudc, CO sd luat phdp, cdu tnic kinh te va quan he xa hdi d Diic da dupc xay dung nham muc dich bao ve con ngudi ly do, khuyen khich vd bdo dam eho hg c6 dieu kien tham gia true tiep vao mpi cdng viec, linh vyc cua dat nudc,
4.2. Han che
Ve kinh te, tdng trudng kinh te gan day da chdm lai, ti le that nghiep van d mire cao.
Nen kinh te Dire da phai ddi mat vdi hai trd ngai chinh la dan sd dang gia hda nhanh, gan nhu nhat chau Au va gdnli nang kinh te tir vide tai thiet viing phia Ddng Diic. Dieu nay cung dan tdi suy giam ddng ke nang luc canh Iranli qudc te cua nen kinh te Dire,
Ve chinh tri, sy can thiep eua nhd nude den dau trong dieu tiet thj trudng vd phat trien xa hpi cung Id van de gay nhieu tranh luan va can dupc cdn nhac, xem xet lai thdu ddo hon, Nha nudc xa hdi Diic dirng trudc nguy CO mat dn dinh lau ddi vdi khoan chi phf rat Idn cho luc lupng lao dpng va trp cap xa hdi, Ciing vdi dd, nlia nudc xa hdi Diic eung td ra kem nang dgng, khdng thuc su
38 NGHIEN CUU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN SI
binh \'do ndm 2000 xuong 67% vao nam 2030. Su sut gidm quy hun tri cdng cdng se dupe bii dap bdng eae ngudn quy hun tri lu nhan vdo ndm 2004; eai each huu tri lai duoc tien hanh d Due vdi phumig chdm mang lai su dn dinh ve tai ehfnh eho he thdng bdo hiem xa hdi. Cdi cdch ndm 2004 nhdm vdo viec tang dp tudi nghi huu chfnli thuc tir 65 tudi len 67 ludi vao nam 2035 \'d tiep tuc khdng dinli li Ie ddng gdp \'ao he thdng him trf cdng cdng d miic 20% vao ndm 2020 va 22% vao nam 2031
Nhu vay, de xay dung va thuc hien cdng bdng xa bdi. nhd nudc Diic cd gang lao dieu kien de mgi ngudi trong xd hdi cd ca hdi budc vao ddi va phai trien ngang nhau, thdng qua he thdng gido dye mien phi tir phd thdng den dai hpc, cac chuong trinh trp cap khuyen khich kinh doanh... Todn bd hoat ddng thye hien chinh sach xa hdi deu dua tren nguyen tdc phan phdi lai eiia cdi xa hdi mdt each cdng bdng, minh bach.
Hdnh ddng vi xa iidi ciia nidi cd nhdn trong nen kinh te tbi trudng xa hdi Dire la phai nga}' eang ldi cudn dupc nhieu ngirdi cd y chl qu}'cl tam thye bidn. tdn trgng lii do. cd y thirc traeh nhiem va doan kdt vdi nhung ngirdi yeu the hon trong xa hgi. Vi vay, cac khoan lien trg cap xa hpi trong nen kinh te thi trudng xa hpi dupe hieu la bieu hien sinh dgng cua su doan ket, the hien trach nhiem tuimg tro cua loan xa hdi ddi vdi nhirng ngudi ydu the.
Con ngudi ty do Id chu the, la ddi tuong phuc vu cua nha nudc phap quyen va kinh te thi trudng xa hdi Due. Chinh xuat phdt tir nhdn thire uing. con ngirdi tir do la ngudi tieu thu ty tin, cd y thiic cao nen khdng ai cd the lira doi hay ap dat nhu cau lieu ihu cho hp duoc, vi \ay, nha nudc Diic chi can thiep djnh hudng nen kinh te, chii khdng the lam thay CO che ty thieh nghi ciia thi trudng. Trat ty kinh Id trong ndn kinh te thj trudng xa hpi Dire Id mot trai ty tdn trgng pham gia con ngirdi, md ra eho hp klia ndng phat trien va trien vpng ihanh edng trong xa hpi.
Ngay tir dau, kinh le thj trudng xa hdi COI con ngudi lieu thu la muc lieu phuc vu vd hp cung la ddi lugng dupc bao ve ciia nhd nudc. Nhd nudc cd nhirng chinh sdch nhdm bdo dam thdng tin kinh te chinh xae, giiip ngudi tieu thu cd the tu ddnh gia ve chat lupng va gia ed hang hda. O Dire, cd tdi hon 300 td chuc canh bdo, gidm djnh, khuyen nhu, ehi ra cac bat hpp ly giiia ngirdi lieu Ihu \'a ngudi cung cap hang hda va djch vu, khien cho cac doanh nghiep Idm an khdng dirng dim khd cd the tru vung dupc tren thi trudng.
4. Nhung thanh tuu va han che trong xu ly nidi quan he giua nhii nudc, thi truong va \ a hoi 6 Diic thdi gian qua
4.1. Thdnh tiru ve kinh te - xa hoi - Vide phat trien nen kinli te thj trudng xa hdi da gdp phan quan trong trong \iec dua nudc Dire lir mpt nudc thua tran trong Chien
QUtiui thiie, xii [i/... 39
tranh the gidi thii Hai trd thanh mdt cudng qude kinli le. Nen kinh td thi trudng kich thich manh mc sang kien eae nhan va lpi ich toan xa hdi; ddng thdi, phdng, tranh dupc cac khuyet tat idn ciia tbi tnidng: chdng lam phat, gidm that nghiep, quan tam thuc hien edng bang xa hpi.
"Nhd nudc xa hdi" thuc hien dugc hai muc tieu' lu do cd nhdn vd dodn ket xa hpi.
Cae quyet djnh kinh tc xa. chfnh tri eiia niia nudc dugc hoach djnh tren co sd ludn ehu y den nhiing nhu cau va nguyen vgng ca nhan.
- Ket hop dupc khd nang phat trien cdng nghiep Idn manh dya tren edng nghe hien dai cimg \"di sy phdt trien thuang mai the gidi md rdng nhung van bao dam cdng bdng xa hdi mdt each tuong ung.
- Yeu td xa hdi dupe quan tdm dac biet vdi ndi dung- nang cao muc sdng ciia cac nhdm dan cu thu nhap thap, bdo trp xa hdi;
ddng thdi bdo ve tat ca cac thanh vien trong xa hdi trudc nhimg riii ro trong cuge sdng.
Thue te d nudc Due eho thay, mudn giai quyet tdt cac van de xa hgi thi can phai tdng nhip dp tdng trudng kmh te, thye hien phan phdi thu nhap mot cdch cdng bang, xay dung he thdng bao hidm xa hpi phii hpp; chii trgng va dat nang sudt cao trong san xudt vd lao ddng, coi trgng phat trien ngudn nhdn lyc vd dao tao. boi dudng con ngudi; coi trpng nghien cim - tridn khai img dung ket qua nghien cuu khoa hgc; quan tam manh me vd tap trung xir ly cac van de xa hdi.
- Tiianh cdng ciia Dire trong xir ly mdi quan be giiia nha nudc, thj trudng va xa hdi cho ihdy iang, chi kin nao niem vui sang tao va tinli thdn d;im nlian trdch nliiem cd nhan Uong mpi ITnh vyc kinli id - xa hdi - chinh trj dupe tliyc su khoi day, tbi liic do mdi xuat iiien siic manh ldng hop giup con ngudi vugt qua khd khan Idn lao va thiic day xa hdi phat irieii- Chinh vi \'ay, loan bd co cau n!ia nudc, CO sd luat phap, cau tiiic kinh te va quan he xa hdi d Due da dugc xdy dung nham mue dich bdo \'d con ngudi tu do, khuyen khich vd bdo ddm cho hp cd dieu kien tham gia tryc tiep vdo moi edng viec, linli vyc cua dat nudc.
4.2. Han che
Vi} kinh ta, tang trudng kinh te gan day da chdm lai, ti Id thdt nghiep van d miic cao.
Ndn kinh Id Dire da phai ddi mat vdi hai trd ngai chinh la ddn sd dang gid hda nhanh, gan nliu nhat chau Au va ganh nang kinh te tir viec tai thiet viing phia Ddng Due. Dieu nay ciing dan tdi suy giam dang ke nang luc canh tranh qudc te cua nen kinh te Dire.
I'L' chinh Iri, sy can thiep ciia nhd nudc den ddu trong didu tiet ihi trudng va phat trien xa hdi cung la van de gay nhidu tranh ludn va can dupc can nhac, xem xet lai thdu ddo hon. Nhd nudc xa hpi Ddc dung trudc nguy CO mat dn djnh lau ddi vdi khoan chi phi rat Idn cho lyc luong lao dgng va tra cdp xa hpi. Ciing vdi do, nha nudc xa hpi Due ciing td ra kem ndng dpng, khdng thye sy
38 NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN S . - -
binh vao nam 2000 xudng 67% vdo nam 2030. Sy sut gidm quy huu tri cdng cdng se dupc bii dap bang cac ngudn quy huu tri tu nhdn \ a o nam 2004; cdi each huu tri lai duoc lien hdnh d Diie vdi phuong eham mang lai sy dn dinh vd lai chinli eho he thdng bao hiem xa hpi. Cai cdch ndm 2004 nhdm vdo
\ idc tang dp tudi nghi him chfnh thirc lir 65 tudi len 67 tudi vao ndm 2035 vd tiep tuc khang dmh ti Id ddng gop vao he thdng him tri cdng cdng d mire 20° o \'ao ndm 2020 \'d 22% vao nam 2031.
Nhu vay, de xdy dyng va thuc hien cdng bang xa hpi, nha nudc Diic ed gang tao dieu kien de mpi ngudi trong xd hpi cd co hdi budc vao ddi va phdt Irien ngang nhau, ihdng qua he thdng gido due mien phi tir phd thdng den dai hgc, cdc chuong trinh trp cap khuyen khich kinh doanh .. Toan bg boat ddng thye hien chinh sdch xa hdi deu dua tren nguyen tac phdn phdi lai ciia cdi xa hdi mdt cdch cdng bang, mmh bach,
Hanh ddng vi xa hdi ciia mdi cd nhan trong nen kinh td ihj trudng xa hdi Dire Id phdi ngd} cang Idi cudn dupc nhieu ngirdi cd y chf quyet tdm thye hien. idn trpng tu do, cd y thirc traeh nhiem va doan ket vdi nhirng ngudi yeu the hon trong xa hdi. Vi vdy. cae khoan tien trp cap xa hdi trong nen kinh te thj trudng xd hdi duoc hidu la bieu hien sinh ddng cua su dodn ket. the hien trach nhiem tuong tro cua loan xa hdi ddi vol nhirng ngudi yeu the.
Con ngudi ty do Id chii the, la ddi tuong phuc vu eiia nha nudc phap quyen va kinh te tlii trudng xa hdi Diie Chinh xuat phdt tii nhdn thiic rang, con ngudi ty do la ngudi lieu ihu tu lin. cd y thirc cao nen khdng ai ed the lira doi hay dp dat nhu cdu tJcu thu cho hp duoc, vi vay, nlia nudc Dire ehi can thiep djnh hudng nen kinh le, chii khdng the lam thay CO che lu thich nghi ciia thj trudng. Trat ty kinh tc trong ndn kinh te thj trudng xa hpi Dire la mdt Irat ty tdn trgng pham gia con ngudi. md ra cho hg kha nang phdt trien vd tnen \'ong thdnh cdng trong xa hdi.
Ngav lir ddu, kinh le thi trudng xa iidi coi con ngudi tieu thu la muc tieu phuc vu va hg Cling la ddi tugng dugc bao ve ciia nha nudc. Nha nudc cd nhung chinh saeh nham hao dam thdng tin kinh te ehinh xac, giiip ngudi lieu thu cd the ly danh gid ve chdt luong \ a gid ca hdng hda 0 Diic, cd tdi hon 300 td chuc canh bdo, giam dinh, khuyen nhu, chi ra cae bdt hop ly gitra ngudi lidu thu "\a ngudi cung cap hdng hda va dich \ u , khidn cho cac doanh nghiep lam an khdng dirng dan khd co the try vung dugc ti'cn ihj trudng,
4. Nhiing thanh tuu va han che trong xii' ly mdi quan he giira nha nudc, thi trudng va xii hoi ir Diic thtri gian qua
4.1. Thdnh tim ve kinh ie -xd hpi - Viec phdt trien nen kinh te thj trudng xa hpi da gdp phan quan trpng trong viec dua nudc Due lu mdt nudc thua Iran trong Chien
QUtiui thiie, xii tif... 39
tranh the gidi thii Hai trd thdnh mdt cudng qudc kinh te. Nen kinh te thi trudng kich thieh manh me sang kien cac nhan vd loi fch todn xd hgi; ddng thdi, phdng. trdnh duoc cae khuyet tat Idn ciia thj trudng; chdng Iam phat, gidm thdt nghiep. quan tam thye hien edng bdng xa hdi.
"Nhd nudc xa hdi" thye hien dupc hai muc lieu: tu do cd nhdn vd dodn ket xd hdi.
Cdc quyet djnh kinli le va chinh tri eiia nha nudc duge hoach dinh tren co sd ludn ehii y den nhiing nhu cdu vd nguyen vong cd nhan,
- Ket hpp dupe kha nang phat trien cdng nghiep Idn manh dya tren cdng nghe bien dai ciing vdi sy phdt trien thuong mai the gidi md rdng nhung van bdo ddm edng bang xa hpi mdt cdch tuong ung
- Yeu td xa hdi dupc quan tam ddc biet vdi ndi dung: nang cao muc sdng ciia cdc nhdm ddn cu thu nhap thap, bao trp xa hdi;
ddng thdi bdo ve tat cd cdc thdnh vien trong xa hdi trudc nhiing riii ro trong cupc sdng, Thye te d nudc Diie cho thay. mudn gidi quyet tdt cdc vdn de xa hdi thi can phai tang nhjp do tang trudng kinh te, thue hien phan phdi thu nhap mpt cdch cdng bang. xd>' dung he thdng bao hiem xa hdi phii hop; chii trpng va dat nang suat cao trong san xuat \d lao ddng, coi trpng phat trien ngudn nhdn luc va ddo tao. bdi dudng con ngudi; coi trgng nghien ciiu trien khai iing dung kel qua nghien cuu khoa hoc; quan tam manh me vd tap trung xir Iy cac van de xa hdi.
Thanli edng ciia Dire trong xir ly mdi quan he giiia nha nudc, thi trudng va xa hpi chg thay iang, chi klii nao niem vui sang lao
•\'d tinli than dam nhdn traeh nliiem ed nhan trong mgi ITnli \"uc kinh td - xa hdi - chinli trj dugc thuc su khoi day, thi liic dd mdi xuat hien sue nianli tdng hpp giiip con ngudi vuot qua klid khan Idn lao \ a thuc day xa hdi phat irien Chfnh vi \"ay, loan bg co cdu nhd nudc, CO sd luat phdp, cau tnic kinh te va quan he xa hgi d Dire da dugc xdy dyng nham muc dich bdo ve con ngudi tu do, khuyen khich va bdo ddm cho hg cd dieu kien tham gia tryc tiep vao mgi cdng viec, ITnh vyc cua dat nudc,
4.2. Han che
Vi kinh le, tang trudng kinh te gdn day da chain lai, ti Id that nghiep van d mtrc cao, Ndn kinh Id Diic da phdi ddi mdt vdi hai trd ngai chinh Id ddn sd dang gia hda nhanh, gan nliu nhdl chau Au va ganh ndng kinh te tir viec tai thiet vimg phfa Ddng Diic, Dieu nay ciing dan tdi su;' gidm ddng ke ndng lyc eanh tranh qudc te ciia nen kinh te Diie.
VU chinh iri, sy can thiep eiia nha nudc den ddu irong dieu tiet thj trudng va phdt Irien xa hdi ciing la van de gay nhidu tranli luan va can dugc can nhde, xem xet lai thau ddo hon Nha nude xa hpi Diic dimg trudc nguy CO mat dn dinh lau dai vdi khodn chi phi rat Idn cho luc lupng lao dgng va trp cdp xd hdi. Ciing vdi do, nha nude xa hdi Diic cung td ra kem ndng dgng, khdng thye sy
40 NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW Nn{232|.2020
linh boat khi phdi ddi mat. giai quyet nhung killing hodng vd kinh te vd xd hpi
Ve xd hdi, ngdy nay, nhung ddng gdp eho he thdng an sinh xii hdi chidm khodng 40% thu nhap cua ngudi lao ddng. chia ddu cho ngudi lao ddng va ngudi chu lao ddng, Ddy la mdt ti le rat eao va Id mdt vdn dd Idn ddi vdi nang lyc canh tranh ciia lue lugng lao ddng Dire va hang hod Diic. Hon nua.
bdo hiem vd trp cap de bdo dam cho mpi ngudi mpt cudc song trdn muc toi thidu hidn vdn d muc tuong ddi cao, Dieu nay da Idiidn nipt sd ngudi td ra tuong ddi thda man khi hudng trg cap tir xa hdi \i\ be luy la se dan den lam gidm ddng co phan ddu, khdng tfeh cue tim viee, khdng tham du vao ddi sdng xa hdi \'a thudng truyen tdi thai do lieu cyc nay cho nhung diia con ciia hg Trp cap xa hdi nham muc dich tranh ddi ngheo, nhung no eung ham chira riii ro dac thii la ed the ddn den viec nhieu ngudi bi gat ra ben le xa hdi do viec tra tra cap xa hdi luong ddi cao. Do dd, mpt vai nhd chfnh trj Diic da dua ra yeu eau ve mdt "nha nudc xa hdi lich cue" - mdt nhd nudc dua ra nhieu khuyen khich hon de ngudi ddn co trdch nhiem hon \ d i chfnh ban than ho. Tuy nhien, dieu nay chi cd the dat dugc bang viec chap nhdn su bdt binh ddng nhieu hon va trong nhieu trudng hpp, la phai chap nhdn cd sy ddi ngheo. Vi vay, nhung cdi cdch nay dugc cho !a klidng cdng bdng ddi vdi nhieu ngudi vd cd the lam cho cliii nghTa ca nhan cyc doan tang len. tiem ansy khiing hodng nliat djnh \'c con ngirdi \a ngudn nhan lyc
Tdm lgi, md hinli Due ludn hudng tdi xu ly hdi hda mdi quan he giua nha nudc, thj truimg ^'d xa hdi trong quan ly phat tnen xa hdi va da mang lai nliieu thanli cdng trong thuc tien, Va cd the thay, su thdng nhdt giiia nlid nudc, ihi Imdng va xa hdi d Due la mdt tdng the \'ua rat nhay cam vdi cac chinh sdch kinh Id, xa hgi, lai vira chira dyng trong ban than nd liit nhieu ngu}' co hi lam dung Vf du nhu, gidi han eu the ciia cdc chfnh sdch xa hdi phdi den dau de khong phd vd can bang giua quyen loi kinh td \'d trdch nhiem xa hdi trong mdi ITnli \^\c, hay thdm chi ddi vdi mdt cdng ty cu the? Hoac ldm the ndo de ngan chdn dang cam quyen dua ra nhihig chinli sach c6 igi cho cir Iri ciia minh, bdt chap hau qud xdu cd the cd ddi vdi loan xa hgi? Chinh su nhay cdm va phuc lap ndy ddi hdi phdi co mdt eo chd kiem sodt \'a can bdng quyen lyc nha nudc theo md hiiili nha nudc phap quyen, Didu quan trpng la phdi ed mdt he thdng tda an ddc lap va hodn ehinh d cdc cdp ma dac biet Id phat huy manh me hon nira \'ai trd cua Tda Hdnh chfnh va Tda Hien phap,
Trong bdi canh Viet Nam dang xay dung va hodn thien ea che xir ly hdi hda mdi quan he giiia nha nudc, thi trudng va xa hgi trong quan ly phdt trien xa hoi thi viec nghien ciru, ke thiia, "chat Ipc" nidt cdch phe phan nhirng gia trj va nhan dien nhirng han che eiia md hinh nudc Dire, vdn Id mdt nudc rdt phdt tridn tren the gidi vd ed nhicu kinh nghiem hay dd hpc hdi, ro rang la m, - . iec lam cdp bach cd ve ly luan lan thuc tien.