Tac dong cua toan cau hoa den dir luan xa hoi vung dan toe thieu so a Viet Nam'
Phan Tan''' LeThiThiiyLy'"»
Tom tat: Ki tir khi dat nuac bat ddu tien hdnh cong cugc Doi moi (ndm 1986), hgi nhap, tgdn cdu hoa da tdc dgng ngay cang Ian den dai song kinh ti, vdn hoa vd xd hoi viing ddn tgc thieu so (DTTS) cung nhu birc tranh du luan xd hgi (DLXH) ngi day qua viec lam thay doi nhirng thuc hdnh lien quan cua ngirdi ddn. Kit qud khao sdt thuc dia ciia chung toi cho thdy, nguai ddn vimg DTTS da khong ngimg md rgng nhirng vdn de quan tdm ciia minh trong boi cdnh mdi. vd - bang phuong tien truyen thdng ky thuat sd - ho da bdy to dugc vai nhieu nguai hon, d nhieu noi. vdo nhieu thai diem vd theo nhieu cdch thuc da dgng han vi diiu hg mudn the hien.
Tir khoa: Du luan xa hgi, Toan cau hoa, Dan tgc thieu so, Viet Nam
Abstract: Since Doi moi (Renovation) in 1986, integration and globalization has made an increasingly large impact on the economic, cultural and social life of the ethnic minorities and the public opinion therein reflected by relevant practical changes of the local people.
Thefieldwork results show that ethnic minorities have continually raised more concerns in a new context and thanks to digital media, shared with more people, in more places, at more times and in more diverse ways what they want to express.
Key words: Public Opinion, Globalization, Ethnic Minorities, Vietnam
Mff dau cua Chinh phii ve cong tac dan tgc, viing 6 Viet Nam cd 53 DTTS. Theo Nghi DTTS la dia ban co dong cac DTTS ciing dinh s6 05/2011/ND-CP ngay 14/01/2011 sinh s6ng 6n dinh thanh cong dong tren
lanh tho dat nude.
Tren tinh thin xac dinh hgi nhap kinh I Bai viet la ket qua cua De tai khoa hoc cap Nha nuoc jg ]^ ^rgng tam dh til do md rgng ra cac linh
"NhQng v ^ de ly litan v& Ihuc tien ve dti luan xa hgi , ,', , . , , -. „ . - „ , •• . •_ '•,
• •. J- .- . 1 - ' .• . ^ uJ- • L. • vue khac, qua trmh hoi nhap vol toan cau 0 viing dan tgc thieu so nuoc ta trong boi canh toan ,' ^ • , • i
a u h6a". Ma s6: CTDT.37.18/16-20, do TS Phan da dua den nhimg chuyen bien manh me ve Tan chu nhiem, Hgc vien Khoa hoc xa hgi chu tri. kinh te \"a tiep do la ve xa hgi va van hoa d i''TS , Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc xS hoi, Vien Han lam Viet Nam. DaC biet, Vtmg DTTS, viing niii Khoa hgc x3 hgi Viet Nam; ^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^ ^^ t „ ^ chimg nhu se Email: phantanxh@gmail com
kho khan vdi tien trinh hgi nhap thi cung da CO nhieu thay doi, trong
Email: [email protected] dm v^ buc tranh DLXH.
..,, Vicn Nghien cuu VSn hoa, Vien Han lam . , , ; . »- . t - ..
Khoa hgc xa hgi vi?t Nam; CO nhieu thay doi, trong do co nhung thay
22 ThOng hn Khoa hgc xa hot. sO 6. ,-:oiO 1. Vai net ve vung dan tgc thieu sodiroi tac
d9ng cua toan cau hoa
\'ung DTTS Viet Nam chia se bdi canh chung vdi eac \TJng mien khac khi Jdi nude day manh hgi nhap. Dac biet ke tir khi Doi mdi. \'ici Nam la mgt trong nhihig nude dang phat trien nhan dugc nhieu du an vc kinh te va van hoa - xa hgi do nude ngoai va cac to chuc quoe te lai trg ma viing DTTS chinh la dich den ciia mgt sd lugng du an dang ke trong so do.
Ngudi dan viing DTTS da don nhan ca hai dong ehay Idn nhat ciia toan eau hoa:
loan cau hoa vi- kinh te va loan eau hoa ve van hoa.
* vi kmh tc: Toan cau hoa da lam thay doi CO ban boat dgng kinh le eua Viet Nam noi chung va vi the, no cung dan den sy grin kci cua thi tnrdng vimg DTTS vdi thj tmdng quoc te ve hang hoa, dich vy, tai chinh - tien te... Dieu nay mang lai ca nhihig anh hudng tich eye Ian tieu cyc doi vdi doi song ciia ngudi dan viing DTTS.
Nhihig mat tich cyc co the ke den la: Thir nhdt, kinh te ciia vimg DTTS co dieu kien hgi nhap vdi the gidi ben ngoai, md rgng CO hgi tim kiem thi Uudng va thu hiit v6n dau tu. Thir hai, sy hgi nhap vao nen kinh t£ toan cau dem den kha nang khai thae mgt each hieu qua the manh ciia timg dia phuong cho sy phat trien (vi du nhu thi manh \ e san pham du Ueb. ve cac mat hang nong nghiep tmyen thong...). Thir ba, xu the toan cau hoa d^c biet md ra trien vgng Idn cho cac dia phuong trong viec tiep thu nhimg thanh tyu
\-^ khoa hgc - cong nghe hien dai de "di tat don dau". nit ng j n dugc khoang each phat triin vdi cac khu vuc khac.
Ben canh do. toan cau boa cung khien
\-ung DTTS Viet Nam phai doi mat vdi mgt s6 vin de. Thii nhdt, sy thuc da\ khai thac lai ngu\ en cho mue dich eong nghiep hoa
\ a nhihig he hi\ cua vigc chuyen doi cc< caU cay tr6ng cho muc dich \iia! khau dan den vice ngudi dan viing DTTS tai cho nial tu iieii san xuat. Thir hai. mat trai tir sy ( iutu don dap ciia cac tap doan kinh ic ben ngoai vao cae viing DTTS gay anh hudng l»Jn toi moi tnrdng s6ng noi day ca ve mat ty nhien va xa hgi. khiln cho tinh Uang 6 nhiem (iliit. khong khi. nguon nude...), benh t^t, te ngn xa hgi... gia tang. Thu ba, viC'cdi cu 6 at len vimg cao thiic day mau thuan tgc ngudi do kha nang ty bao ve ciia ngudi dan tge tai cho con ban ehe (lien quan den von kinh tc. von xa hgi...), khien viing DTTS co nhieu bat on. Thir tu, boi canh mdi khien eho CO hgi nghe nghiep ciia ngirdi dan vimg DTTS tai eho khong nhieu, vi nhin chung hg khong phai luon co du trinh do, ky nang, kinh nghiem... de dap ung. Thir ndm, nang luc thj tnrdng thap khien ngudi dan viing DTTS CO nguy co tut hau khi tham gia vao nen kinh te toan cau, lam gia tang khoang each giau ngheo d day.
* Ve vdn hoa: Toan cau hoa thiic day su giao luu giiia cac he gia tri van hoa tren the gidi vdi he gia tri van hoa dan tgc. N6 tao dieu kien cho nhimg he gia tri van boa mdi tir ben ngoai du nhap, dan den vice ngudi dan vira tiep thu eae chuan mye/gia tri mdi, vira danh gia/lua chgn lai cac chuan myc/
gia tri cii trong cac ITnh vuc ciia ddi song x5 hgi, dilu nay da gop phan lam thay d6i van hoa eiia nhieu tgc ngudi, nhieu viing mien. Dac biet, boi canh toan cau hoa khien ngudi dan viing DTTS cd co hgi tiep xijc vdi cac he tu tudng khac nhau tren the gioj dan den viec nhin nhan lai cae ngon thuygt lien quan den tien hoa luan, qua do lam hg eo y thirc eao hon/khac di ve van de tgc ngudi, van de dan chii - nhan quyen...
Cung nhu anh hudng ciia toan ciy boa kinh te, anh hudng ciia toan cau h6a
TAcddng ciin.. 23
\an hoa doi vdi ngudi dan vimg DTTS co tinh da chieu. Ben canh vi?c nen van boa cua moi dan tgc co co hgi Ian tda ra ben ngoai eung nhu tilp nhan nhihig yeu to ben ngoai de lam phong phii cho chinh minh, ngudi dan viing DTTS ciing phai doi mat vdi nhOng nguy co ma tieu bieu la nguy co xoa nhoa cac duong bien van hoa dan den xung dot giira cac nen van hoa va nguy co hi "hoa tan".
2. Tac dgng cua toan cau hoa den du- luan xa hgi ciia ngirdi dan
Trong hoi canh viing DTTS chiu tac dgng manh me ciia toan cau hoa, du luan xa hgi eua ngudi dan noi day ciing chiu tac dgng dang ke. Dudi day la mgt so ghi n h ^ cua chiing toi trong qua trinh dien da d 11 tinh thanh tir Bac vao Nam thugc vimg DTTS trong khuon kho De tai khoa hgc cap Nha nude "Nhung van de ly luan va thuc tien ve du luan xa hgi d vimg dan tgc thieu so nude ta trong boi canh toan cau hoa"'.
2.1. Phuong tien truyen thdng - mgt trong nhimg cong cu dua ngudi ddn vung ddn tgc thieu so budc vdo toan cdu hoa
Trong so cac phuong tien truyen thong ma ngudi dan co the tiep can, chung toi tap trung phan tieh hai kenh quan trgng la truyin hinh va Internet - nhiing phuong ti?n da dua the gidi den gan hon vdi ngudi dan d viing DTTS va vi the co vi tri quan trgng trong ddi song DLXH noi day.
' D^ t^i da tri£n khai khao sat tren dja ban 11 tinh c6 dong dong bao DTTS sinh sfing (gom: Lang Son, Ha Giang, Lai Chau, Son La, Nghe An, Kon Turn, Dak Lak. Ninh T h u ^ , Binh Phuac, Tra Vinh, Kien Giang) vdri 3.283 bang hoi, 550 phong vdn sau. Khio sAt d u ^ thvc hi?n trong thoi gian 2 nam 2018-2019. Cac s6 li?u, bang bi^u trinh bay trong bii v\k lay tir ket qua khao sat thuc tk cua Be tai.
Cic y kien ph6ng v4n sau dugc trich dan tir ftr lieu di^n da cua De tai.
Khao sat cua chiing toi cho tha\-, truyen hinh la mgt ttong nhimg kenh quan trgng hang dau hien nay ddi vdi ngudi dan cac khu \-uc nay trong \ iec tim kiem thong tin (72,6% ngudi dugc khao sat tiep can thong tin qua kenh nay).
Theo nghien cuu ciia C. Baker (2008).
truyen hinh la phuong tien truyen thong nam trong moi quan tam ciia cong chiing tren the gidi. Con theo ket qua nghien cuu ciia chiing toi, hien nay d Viet Nam, truyen hinh van dang ehiem mgt vi tri dac biet y nghia trong viec tiep can thong tin cua ngudi dan viing DTTS, giiip ngudi dan tiep can vdi ca nhiing van de vugt len tren bien gidi quoc gia. Sy hien dien pho bien ciia chiee tivi trong cac gia dinh da khien truyen hinh trd thanh kenh truyen thong giii vj tri quan trgng trong ddi song tinh than thudng nhat cua ngudi dan noi day Mgt phan dang ke nhd do ma ngudi dan vimg DTTS khong con d trong tinh trang thieu thong tin tir cac phuong tien truyen thong dai chiing, ke ca trong tnrdng hgp hg khong biet chii (vi "bao hinh" dap ung dugc nhu cau thong tin ciia ca nhiing ngudi mil chir). Trong cae chuong trinh truyen hinh, thoi sir (bao gom ca thdi su quoc te) la mgt trong nhiing chuong trinh dugc yeu thich cua rat nhieu ngudi dan d vimg DTTS. Ngoai ra, cac kenh truyen hinh phai tra phi ciing khong eon xa la vdi nhihig gia dinh d vimg tnmg tam, hoac nhiing gia dmh cd dieu kien kha gia d vimg ngoai vi.
Internet cung la kenh quan trgng trong viec tim kiem, trao doi thong tin cua ngudi dan vung DTTS. Du chua phii song hoan toan d vimg nay, nhung Internet da dugc sir dyng bdi hon 1/3 so ngudi dugc hoi (38,2%), trong sd dd 76,3% truy cap nhieu hon 1 ISn/ngay, 16,9% truy cap 1 lan/3-4 ngay; so ngudi ca tuan mdi truy cap mgt Ian chi ehiem 6,8%. So vdi kSt qua nghien cim
ThOng tin Khoa hgc xa hOI ^^ " 20S0 Ciia D. Trend hon mgt thap nien trude, khi
phin Idn cac tgc ngudi khong thugc phuong Ta\ va da so dan cu tren the gidi van chua the su dung Internet do "thi^u ti^n, ihi^u sy tiep can hoac khong cd kien thirc" (Trend.
2005: 2), thi con sd nay d vimg DTTS Viet Nam hign nay la rat dang ke.
Mfie dii con cd nhimg tranh cii, nhung Internet dugc xem nhu mgt khong gian eiia sy dan chii hoa (Poster. 1997). Tnrdc het, no t^o dieu ki?n cho sy luu hanh thdng tin va doi thoai. Sau n&a, do dac tinh sieu van ban khi \-an ban nay dan dai den van ban khac bdi cac duong lien ket dien tii.
no khien dgc gia co tinh tich cyc (Landow.
2005). Tat ca nhihig dieu do deu gan vdi sy dan chu, vi ty do thong tin luon la "hon da tang" ciia dan chu. Tren thye te. vdi viec md ra nhihig co hgi mdi trong doi thoai da phucmg, Internet da tao ra mot khong gian ty do eho ddi song du luan ciia ngudi dan Vi?t Nam noi ehung va ngudi dan viing DTTS noi rieng. Internet tao co hgi cho tat ca mgi ngudi duge tiep can va chia se thong tin, khong phan biet sac toe, dan tgc, gidi tinh, tuoi tac, nghe nghiep, dia vi xa hgi... Diing nhu nhan dinh cua S. Sassen (2002), Intemet chinh la mgt phuong tien trung gian de nhiing ngudi thudng bi xem la "khong phai tinh hoa" dong gop vao mgt xa hgi dan sy dan ehii ban. Noi each khac, no cho phep tat ea cac nhom bi loai trir tham gia vao cae qua trinh dan chii.
De tmy cap Intemet. so lieu khao sat ciia chiing toi cho thay, ngudi dan chii >eu su dyng dien thoai thong minh (smartphone) thay vi cac thiet h\ khac, khong ehi vi no CO su "hgi ty cong nghe" (da chiic nang), ma con vi no thuan ticn trong vice sir dung.
Trong so 83,7% thong tin vien cho biet co su dung di?n thoai, co Idi mgt nira sii dyng di?n thoai thdng minh, va hSu het nhung
ngudi sir dung Internet eiing la nhihig ng su dung dien thoai thong minh (937 v- Dien tho^i thong minh thyc ic van la m thii tai san kha co gia tri %di nhieu ngiroi dan vimg DTTS 6 \iing ngoai vi. vi'-'^^'j^
duge mgt chiec dien tho^i thong minh la mgt sy c6 gang nhSt djnh: Dien thogi cua tdi mua trd gop hdng thdng Da ' " " ^ / ' ^ dugc ddu. thdng ndm tram ngdn! .^g'^^' cd minh phdi co chu, ngudi ta mua duac minh cang phdi mua dugc. Thai buoi nay Id thoi hudi cong ngh4 md (nam, 40 tuoi, ngudi M'Nong. xa Yang Tao, huyen Lak, tinh Dak Lak). Ngugc lai, d khu vye trung tam, dien thoai thong minh het siic pho bien, va viec khong co no se bj xem la mgt sy I?: Bdy gia md khong dung no thi co ma khong binh thuong dl (nam, 40 tu6i, ngudi Niing, thi tran That Khe, huyen Trang Djnh, tinh Lang Son).
Co the noi, bdc d-anh DLXH d vimg DTTS hien nay lien quan nhieu den nhftng dieu kien ve trayen thong khi ma sy giao lim vdi the gidi ben ngoai dan tgc, ngoai dia phuong, tham chi ngoai dat nude cua ngudi dan dugc cai thien.
2.2. Nhimg thay doi ve ngi dung vd hinh thirc trong du ludn xa hgi viing ddn toe thieu so
Toan cau hoa tac dgng manh me den qua trinh hinh thanh DLXH cua vimg DTTS v6 ea ngi dung va hinh thuc.
* Noi dung
Dudi tac dgng ciia toan cau hoa, ngudi dan viing DTTS Viet Nam khong con chi gidi han "mo hinh quan tam" d nhimg su kien, hien tugng cd anh hudng true ti|p den minh nhu tmdc (Cantril, 1966). Do su biing n6 cua eong nghe thong tin, ngudi dan noi day ngay cang quan tam nhieu hem din nhihig van de xS hgi, khong chi d dia phuong ma con ca d ngoai pham vi dan tgc
Tic dOng ciia.. 25 dia phucmg, vimg mien, cd the la nhiing
van de rgng Idn mang tinh toan eau nhu 6 nhiem moi truong, khiing bo, buon ngudi xuyen bien gidi, buon ban hang gia...
0 nhiem moi tnrdng toan cau la van de dugc ngudi dan de cap kha nhieu. Tuy nhien, ehiem vi tri quan trgng trong moi quan tam eua du luan vimg DTTS van la nhirng van de thiet than cua ngudi dan d dia phuong, trong d6 noi b^t nhdt chinh la van de sinh ke: su suy thoai cua dat dai va nguon nude san xuat do anh hudng ciia 6 nhiem moi truong; tinh trang bi v6 hieu hoa ciia tri thuc ban dia trong nong nghiep; sy phu thugc bat kha khang ciia hg gia dinh vao he thong kinh te ben ngoai; su bat binh dang trong thu nhap va trong viec tiep can cdc CO hgi phat trien; viec dugc den bu tu li?u san xuat chua thoa dang tir cac du an phat trien... Nhung van de nay it nhieu deu CO lien quan den cac gia tri mdi - cai duge hinh thanh bdi toan cau hoa. Trong do, dang ehii y nhat la nhiing van de lien quan den y thiic ve quyen con ngudi va tgc ngudi.
* Hinh thirc
Vi doi lugng: Trude day, ngudi dan thudng chi trao doi thong tin vdi nhiing ngudi than quen. Nhung hien tai, ben canh nhiing moi quan he truyen thdng, nhd Intemet va cae phuong tien ky thuat so ma ngudi ta co the de dang tiep xiic vdi ngudi khac (ke ea nhung ngudi xa la) trong mgt khong gian ao.
Noi each khac, Intemet ket noi nhiing con ngudi tir cae nen tang da dang lai vdi nhau.
M6i ngudi se trd thanh mgt di6m trong mgt tap hgp lien ket, su trai rgng ciia tap hgp ay
••\T,rgt xa nhiing gi ma ngudi sir dyng co the tudng tugng" (Shields, 1996: 7). Vdi nhi^u tinh nang eiia mang xa hgi, nhung ngudi tham gia vao cac thuc hanh lien quan d^n du luan se de dang trao d6i, Xhk hien y ki6n vk nhiing van de minh quan tam. Qua khao
sat ngudi dan, co the thay: Khi hg cam thSy can len tieng ve mgt van d^ cua dja phucmg.
hg thudng su dung nhimg each thuc quan phuong {vi du thong qua cac to chuc chinh tri - xa hgi). nhung khi qua buc xiic vdi mgt van de gi do cua dia phuong thi hg se dua y kien len mang xa hgi. Theo hg, mang xa hgi la noi ma nhieu ngudi se biet den cau chuyen hg muon noi, nhd d6 cau chuyen se Ian xa hon muc ehd doi.
Vi dja diem: D. Croteau va W. Hoynes (2003) timg nhan djnh, Intemet da pha tan sy each biet ve mat dja ly giiia nhihig ngudi tuong tac. DLXH vimg DTTS hien nay ciing tuong tu, khong eo mgt khong gian "vat chat" nao ton tai giiia ngudi dua thong tin va ngudi tiep nh^n, vi khong gian ao da xoa nhoa mgi ranh gidi: Thai buoi cong nghe thdng tin rdi, ddu phdi nhu ngdy xua Anh em bdy gid mudn noi chuyen gi cung khong cdn phdi tu tap vdi nhau mdi noi dugc (nam, 53 tuoi, ngudi Thai, to 7, thi tran Song Ma, Song Ma, Son La).
R.D. Putnam (1995) timg lo ngai rang, nhiing xu hudng ky thuat dang "rieng tu hoa" hoac "ca nhan hoa" mgt edeb triet de viee chiing ta sir dung thdi gian ranh roi, va vi vay cong dong eua chiing ta se trd nen tuy rgng nhung ndng hon. Tuy nhien, d nhieu truong hgp nghien cuu cua chiing toi, ngudi dan khing dinh viee chi gap gd gian tiep qua phuong tien ky thuat so khong lam giam di moi quan he ciia hg vdi nhiing ngudi khac trong cong dong. Ngugc lai, tren goc do nao do, no con co the lam cho moi quan he ay gan bo hon: Ai cUng ban ran cd, hit viec muu sinh lai den viec nhd cua nen cdphdi luc nao cQngggp nhau dugc ddu, chinh nha cai dien thoai md vdn duy tri dugc su giao tiep thudng xuyen.
Chia se voi nhau dugc nhieu chuyen. cd chung nhiiu moi quan tdm //"' "' ''"^~
26 Thdng Mn Khoa hpc xfi hOt ^-^ ° OQSO thief lai con tdng len dy chu! (nir. 35 tu6i.
nguai Ta\, khu 1, thi trin Thdt Khe, Trang Dinh, Lang Son). Day cung chinh la mgi dieu kien thuan Igi cho viec tang eudng siic song ciia cac thyc hanh lien quan d^n du luan d ngudi dan.
Vi thai diem: Cac phuong tien tni\c'n thong k> thuat sd da xda di nhieu gidi han ciia sy tuong tac \ e mat thdi gian. hay noi each khac la xoa di nhieu gidi han \ e nhihig khoang thdi gian (rieng tu) duac mac dinh la khong nen tuong tae (gid an. gid ngii,...).
\'icc \am ph^m thdi gian rieng tu ciia ngmn khac c6 the khong con hi eoi la van de Idn, bdi ngudi tiep nhan thong tin cd the lya chgn
"dap 1^ thong tin" ngay lap tiic hay khong:
Bdy gid chuyi'n liin lac rat thugn lien, liic ndo cung dugc chu khong nhu rrrn-L Cd nhimg viec khong trao ddi sdm de quyet djnh Id 15 mat thdi diem (nam, 56 tuoi, ngudi Thai, khu 11, thi trSn Nhrtmg Te, Mudng Te.
Lai Chau).
I '[• cdch thuc: Vdi viec can nhac \'e cac thong tin trude khi trao doi, chi 21,2% so ngudi dugc hoi cho biet se trao doi ngay sau khi nhan duge thong tin, eon 49,4% suy nghi kT roi mdi trao doi va 27,7% tiiy theo van de ma quyet dinh (Bang 1). Nhu vay, CO tdi hon 3/4 sd ngudi duge hoi bgc Id sy th^n trgng trong \ iec nay. Dieu na> dugc giai thich rang; Bdy gid ddn tri md mang han. thong tin lai cd nhiiu nen phdi cdn nhac, noi gt cung nghi ki rdi moi noi. Nhdt la khi minh trao doi vdi nguai cua chinh quyin va dodn the ve nhirng cdi cd lien quan den quyen Igi ciia ddn tdc minh. minh khong the ndi bita duac. Day cUng Id trdch nhiem cong ddn nxia (nam, 61 tuoi, ngudi Thai, khoi 4. thi tran Tan Lac, Quy Chau, Nghe An). Khi xem xet viec nay trong moi tuong quan vdi \ iec sii dung Internet, ed the thl\ nhihig ngudi su dung Intemet chinh
la nhihig ngudi can nhac th^n ttgng hem c trong vigc trao doi thong tin (xem Bang
Bang I:Thdidii-m trao d6i nhOng'hfing""
qiinn trpng sau khi tiep nh^nj^^
1. Trao doi ngay 2. Suy nghT kt roi mis'i trao doi 3. Tiiy vjio limg iogi lin. vin de m i suy nghT kT ho?ic trao dot ngay 4. Khdc
C6sO' dyng Internet
12,9 57,8
28.6
0,7 Khong su dyng Intemet 26,3 44.2
27,2
2,2 ChunS
49,4
27,7
i,6 Khi khong dong y vdi each giai quyet ciia can bg xa/thi trdn trong mgt van de cu th^ (cau hoi cho phep chgn nhieu dap an), 55,7% ngudi dugc hoi chgn giai phap thao luan, tranh luan de tim ra cai diing, 55,0%
chgn giai phap dua van de ra xin y kien d cac euge hgp thon/ban/buon/ap, 20,2%
chgn giai phap tap hgp mgi ngudi xung quanh de ciing giai quyet, 12,1% ebon giai phap viet don to cao, chi 8,7% chgn giai phap phan doi gay gat bang Idi noi va 0,6%
ehgn giai phap dimg via luc (Bang 2). Khi khong d6ng y vdi each giai quyet cua can bg d thon/ban/buon/ap, sy lya chgn ciia ngudi dan cung gan tuong ty. Trong do, nhGng ngudi sir dung Intemet to ra san sang hon vdi tat ea cae giai phap, trir giai phap bat hgp phap la dimg vu luc.
D£ cac cip chinh quyen biet den y y^^
eiia minh, cac each thuc chinh ciia nguai dan la di xuSt thong qua cac kenh nhu can bg thon/ban/buon/ap tren dia ban (82%) ngudi CO uy tin trong cong dong sinh s6ng (48,4%), cac to chirc chinh tri - xS hgi nhy doan thanh nien, hgi phu nir, hgi eyu chign binh... (42,5%). Cac each thuc dugc ngufj, dan sir dung it hon la: de xuat thong qua c^c
TacdOngcua.. 27
Bang 2: Cicb ihig xu- khi khong dong ^ voi ket qua giai quyet (hay c^ch giai quyet) cua cin bp xi/thj tran (ho$c Uy ban xS/thj (ran) ve m^t van de cu the (%)
thay. each thiic de xuat y ki^n eiia ngudi dan nhin chung kha phong phu. Dac biet, nhimg ngydi su dyng Intemet - mgt lan niia - co su sin sang dang ke hon nhung ngudi khac hong \'iec lya chgn cac each thiic da dang dh phan anh nhung y kien cua minh tdi cae cap chi'nh quyen (xem Bang 3).
Cd the noi, trong boi canh loan cau boa, nhiing ngudi dan viing DTTS ma chiing toi tiep can hoc 16 kha ro su y thiic ve quyen va traeh nhiem eiia minh trong vi?e ean nhic trude khi cugc bducu dia phuong bang phieu (29,7%), trao d6i thdng tin, trong viec de dat tryc tiep tai cae eo quan cong quyen ling xu khi khong dong y vdi kSt qua giai (23,1%), de dat bang van ban (don, thu) len quyet (hay each giai quyet) ciia ean bg cac cap chinh quyen theo trinh ty (16,8%). chinh quy^n ve mgt vSn de cu th^, va trong Chi mgt so rat it ngudi lya chgn each thuc de viec lya chgn nhiing each phan anh de chinh xuat y kien thong qua cac phuong tien cong quyen cac cap biet den y kiSn cua minh.
nghe thong tin (3,3%), bao chi va dai Uaiyen Trong do, nhiing ngudi su dung Intemet hinh/tmyen thanh dia phuong (1,5%), hay la nhimg ngudi "dap ung manh hon" vdi vSn ban (don, thu) vugt cap (1,2%). Co the cac phuong an dugc dua ra, noi each khac
I. Thao luan, tranh luan cimg cdn bp de lim ra cai dung 2 T i p hgfp mpi nguai xung quanh de ciing giai quyet 3. Phan d6i gay g^t b^ng Icri noi 4. Dua vdn d^ ra xin y l<ien or CUQC hpp th&n/ban 5. Viet dem ichi^u nai, t6 cdo 6. Diing siic manh/vQ l^c d l giai quy^t
7. Khong phdn irng gi, chap nh$n tuan theo
Co sii dung Intemet
61,5 22,0 10,6 58,5 16.3 1.0 15,3
Khong sir dung Intemet 52,2 19,1 7,5 52,8 9,6 0,4 29,1
Chung
55,7 20,2 8.7 55,0 12.1 0,6 23,8
Bdng 3: C^ch thtic de cac cap chinh quyen biet den y kien cua minh (%)
1. De xuat y kien thong qua nguai Co uy tin trong cong dong sinh song 2. De xuat y ki^n thdng qua can bo th6n/ban^u6n/ap tren dia ban 3. De xuat y kien thong qua cac to chiirc chinh tri - x3 hoi (doan thanh nien, hoi phy nit, hoi c\ru chi^n binh...)
4. De xuat y kien thong qua bao chi va dai truyen hinh/tmyen thanh dia phuong
5. De xuat y kien thong qua cac phuong tien cong nghe thong tin, intemet (facebook, zalo...)
6, Thong qua cac cuoc bdu cir dja phuong bang cac la phiSu 7. De dat tnrc tiep tai cac Co quan cong quy^n
8. Bang van ban (don, thu) len cac d p chinh quy^n theo trinh tu 9. Bang van bin (don, thir) v u ^ cSp
Co sij dung Intemet
46,8 79,8 44,6 2,5 8,0 34,1 26,2 23,3 1,2
Khong su dyng Intemet 49,5 83,4 41,2 0,9 0,3 26,9 21,3 12,8 1,3
Chung
48,4 82,0 42,5 1,5 3,3 29,7 23,1 16.8 1,2
hg kien quj et hon ro ret trong viec bao \ e nhimg Igi ich ma hg xem la chinh dang ciia ban than va ciia nhihig ngudi khac.
Nhu vay, toan cau hoa dang thuc sir trd thanh yeu td quan ggng chi ph6i DLXH viing DTTS Viet Nam. Tnang buc tranh chung kha kha quan. nhu ket qua khao sat da chi ra, noi bat len la sy ty tin va quy^t doan ciia nhihig ngudi cd mdi gan ket vdi Intemet. Day la mgt vi d\i nita cho iha\
khong gian Inlemei d3 gop phan tao nen khong gian hien thyc ra sao.
Ket luun
M$e dii. noi nhu N.L. Jamieson va cgng sy (1998), khong eo cau chuyen hoang dudng rang cac DTTS nam tTnh tai trong Ijch sir va khong tuong tac vdi ben ngoai, nhung loan eau hoa van la boi canh rat quan trgng cho nhimg bien doi het siic da dang
\ a nhanh chong d viing DTTS ciia Viet Nam nhihig thap nien qua. Toan cau boa, theo each ciia minh, da tac dgng den DLXH d vimg DTI S vdi miic do rat dang ke. Nhd bude tien vugt bac ciia cong nghe thong tin, su tiep can \ di the gidi rgng Idn ben ngoai da lam thay doi nhieu thue hanh lien quan den DLXH ciia ngudi dan noi day a Tai lieu tham khao
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