THirC TRANG SAN XUAT VA XUAT KHAU GAO VIET NAM - CAC GIAI PHAP PHAT TRiEN
BEN V 0NG TRONG NHU>4G NAM TOfI
Nong HuTi Tung
Khoa Kinh li - Tdi chinh, truong Dai hoc Nong - Lam Bac Giang Email: [email protected]
Tran Thi Ly
Khoa Kinh le - Tdi chinh. tnrang Dai hgc Nong - Lam Bdc Giang Email. [email protected]
Dang Thi Hign Trudng THPT Chuyen Bac Giang Email: [email protected]. vn Ngay nhan 24/02/2019
Ngay nhgn ban sua: 20/3/2019 Ngay duyet dang' 05/01/2020 T6m t^t:
Bdi bdo nghien cim thuc trqng sdn xudl vd xudl khdu gqo Viet Nam nhdm tim ra cdc gidi phdp giup ngdnh hdng ndy phdt trien ben vdng trong nhdng ndm tot Tir nguon so lieu lua gqo giai doan 2006-2018, thong qua cdc phumig phdp nghien cuu thong ki mo td, so sdnh, phong vdn vd SWOT da cho thdy, dien tich trong lita duy tri khd on dinh, sdn luang tdng binh qudn 2.1 Yo/ndm.
Vol xudt khdu gqo, kim ngach binh qudn hdng ndm dqt 2,72 ty USD. Gqo Id nong sdn xudt khdu chu luc cua Viet Nam, dimg thu ba the giai vd dd xudt khdu den han 150 quoc gia vd vitng lanh tho. Tuy nhien, sdn xudl vd xudt khdu lua gqo Viet Nam cdn nhanh chong ndng cao ndng sudt, chdt luang vd gid tn xudt khdu, ndng cao ndng luc cqnh Iranh; xdy dung thucmg hieu vd phdt triin thi trudng; doi m&i ca chi, chinh sdch vd xdy dung moi trudng kinh doanh... di phdt trien on dinh vd bin vimg, khong ngirng ndng cao vi thi tren thi truang the giai.
Tu- khoa: Chat lugng, gao, san xuat, xuat khau, thi truang Ma JEL: Q17
Current status of Vietnam's rice production and export - Solutions for sustainable de- velopment
Abstract
This research investigates the situation of rice production and export of Vietnam in order to find out solutions to help this Industiy develop sustainably in the coming years. Based on rice data in the period 2006-2018. descriptive statistics, comparative method, intei-view and SWOT arialysis were used to archive the research objectives. We found that the cultivated area remained relatively stable, rice production grown by an average of 2.1% per year The annual export turnover reached 2.72 billion USD per year Rice is one of the key export products of Vietnam, ranked third in the world. Vietnamese rice has been exported lo more than 150 coun- tries in the world. However. Vietnam s rice production and export needs to timelv improve pro- ductivity, quality and export value; enhance its competitiveness: develop branding and markets for rice products; renovate mechanisms and policies; and build a business environment lo help Vietnam 's rice production and e.xporl grows sustainably and empowers its position in the world market.
Keywords: Quaiity. rice, production, e.vpon. market.
JEL Code: Ql 7
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1. Giffi thieu
San xuat liia gao la nganh hang truy6n thong, da duoc binh thanh va phat triSn lau doi a nuoc ta, c6 anh hucfng Ion den doi song ciia nguoi dan, nhat la cu dan nong thon. San xuat liia gao dong vai tro dac biet quan trpng trong phat trien kinh te nong nghiep va nong tbon Viet Nam, nen cac chinh sach phat trien nong nghiep va nong thon luon gSn lien vdi phat trien nganh hang liia gao. Chinh nho do, nganh nong nghiep Viet Nam noi chung va nganh hang liia gao noi rieng sau d6i moi da dat duac nhiing thanh tim rat to Ion trong san xuSt va xuat khSu cac mat hang nong san. Vcri lua gao khong nhirng dap ung dii nhu cau tieu diing trong nuoc, dam bao an ninh luong thuc quoc gia ma con la mpt trong so it cac quoc gia nhieu nam lien tuc luon dSn dau the gioi ve xuat khau gao. Nhiing lhanh lyu ciia nganh hang Ilia gao Viet Nam da gop phan quan trong vao viec giai quyet cong an viec lam cho mot bo phan Ion lao dong, khong chi o khu vuc nong thon ma con o ca cac don vi thu mua, che bien, lieu thu va xuat khau lua gao, dong gop tich cue vao cong tac xoa doi giam ngheo va lang thu ngoai le dang ke cho quoc gia.
Theo ket qua tong hgp tu so lieu thong ke thucmg nien ciia Bg Nong nghiep va Phat trien nong thon, Tong cue Thdng ke Viet Nam trong nhi6u nam tro lai day cho thay, san xuat lua gao 6 nuac ta lap trung chu yeu o dong bang song Hong va dong bang song Cuu Long, trong do dong bang song Ciiu Long luon chiSm tren 50% ve dien tich gieo trong va san lugng Ilia gao ca nuoc, cung cap khoang 90% long khoi luong gao xudt khau (Bao dien tu Dang Cgng san Viet Nam, 2017; Dinh Van Thanh, 2010), Tuy nhien, san xudt va xuat khau liia gao ciia Viet Nam nhijng nam qua con ton tai nhieu yeu kem, phat trien con nhiSu b4t on va chiu lac dong Ion tu' nhirng bien dgng ciia thi barong gao the giai,.. Chinh vi vay, phan tich va danh gia diing thuc trang san xuat va xuit khdu gao cua Viet Nam, tim ra diem manh va diem yeu, co hoi va thach thiic, lii do kien nghi cac chinh sach va giai phap nham thiic day nganh san xuSt va xu5t khdu liia gao cua Viet Nam phat trien 6n dinh va ben vimg trong dieu kien canh tranh va hpi nhap quoc te ngay cang sau rong la viec lam rat can thiet.
2. Co' SO' ly thuyet
San xuat la qua trinh lam ra san pham de sir dung.
hay de trao doi trong thuong mai. (3 nuoc ta, nong nghiep la mgt nganh quan trgng trong chien luge phat trien kinh te - xa hpi truoc mat va dai ban. San xuat nong nghiep phat trien la ket qua long hpp ciia vice su dung nguon nang lire san xuat trong quan he ket hgp hpp ly vdi dieu kien tu nhien - kinh le - xa hpi va sir dung nhiing lhanh luu moi nhat ve khoa hpc - ky thuat. Trong trong trpt, qua trinh san xuat cua nganh nay nham tang them khoi lugng va chat luong san pham, co the dupc thuc hien thong qua viec mo rong dien tich trong trpt va nang cao nang suat chat tugng san pham.
Voi xuat khau c6 the hieu la boat dong kinh doanh ngoai thuong ma bang hoa dich vu ciia quoc gia nay dugc ban cho quoc gia khac. Theo Luat Thuong mai (2017), xuat khau hang boa la viec hang hoa dugc dua ra khoi lanh tho Viet Nam hoac dua vao khu vuc dac biet nam tren lanh tho Viet Nam dupc coi la khu vuc bai quan rieng theo quy dinh ciia phap luat. San xuat va xuat khau cac mat hang nong san noi chung, lua gao noi rieng c6 cac dac diem can chu y: (1) Co tinh chat Ihoi vu cao; (2) phai dap iing cac tieu chuan ve sinh an loan thuc pham; (3) gia ca khong on dinh; (4) can dugc sir quan lam cua Nha nuoc (Nguyen Thi Duong, 2012).
San xuat gan vai xuat khau nong san c6 vai tro quan trgng doi voi phat trien kinh te Viel Nam, cu the: Mpt la, viec xuat khau nong san lao nguon von tich liiy quan trong de nhap khau va tich luy phat trien san xuat nong nghiep; hai la, xuat khau nong san gop phan chuyen dich co cau kinh te va thiic ddy san xuat nong nghiep phat trien theo huang sir dung CO bieu qua nhat nguon lire va Igi the cua quoc gia;
ba la, xuat khau nong san co tac dpng tich cue va c6 hieu qua den viec giai quyet cong an viec lam va cai thien doi song nhan dan, nhat la cu dan nong thon;
bon la, xuat khau nong san gop phan giir on dinh n6n kinh l^ ciia dat nuac; nam la, xudt khau nong san gop phan ma rong va thuc day cac quan he kinh tk doi ngoai, tang cudng dia vi kinh te cua quoc gia tren thi tnrdng the gioi; sau la, xuat khau nong san gop ph§n thuc ddy qua trinh phan cong va chuyen mon hoa quoc le, la thuac do danh gia ket qua cua qua trinh hoi nhap quoc te cua mpt quoc gia vao nen kinh t^ khu vuc va the gioi; bay la, xuat khau nong san gop phan thiic day cai tien co che quan ly, chinh sach kinh 1(3 cua nha nuoc cho phii hpp vai luat phap va thong le quoc (Dinh Van Dan va Nguyen Viet Dang. 2009; Nguyin Thj Duong. 2012),
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3. Phu-OTig phap nghien ciru
Nhom tac gia da sir dung tong hgp nhieu phuang phap va ky thuat trong xay dung cac chi tieu nghien cuu, trong tim hieu va so sanh giiia cac quoc gia dien hinh ve san xuat va xuat khau lua gao tren the gidi; thao luan va lay y kien tir cac nha san xuat, kinh doanh va khoa hpc... Cac phuong phap chu yeu gom: phuong phap thong ke mo ta, phuang phap so sanh va phuang phap phong van, trong do doi tugng phong vdn chinh la cac chuyen gia va nha khoa hoc, ngoai ra tac gia con phong van them lanh dao cac doanh nghiep che bien va xuat khau gao, can bp quan ly va nguoi trong lua. Cac phuong phap tren dugc su dung ket hop vdi phuang phap SWOT trong phan tich, danh gia tiem nang cua nganh bang liia gao Viet Nam, nghien ciai chinh sach va giai phap can ap dung.
Tai lieu va so lieu su dung trong bai nay dugc thu thap tir nguon so lieu ciia Bg Nong nghiep va Phat tnen nong thon, Tong cyc Thong ke Viet Nam, Tong cue Hai Quan Viel Nam trong giai doan 2006-2018.
Ngoai ra, tac gia con khai thae tir Hiep hpi Luong thuc Viet Nam (VFA) va To chirc Luong thuc - Nong nghiep ciia Lien hiep quoc (FAO), Bg Nong nghiep Hoa Ky (USDA).
4. Ket qua va thao luan
4.1. Time trgng sdn xuat lua gao cua Viet Nam
Trong ITnh vuc san xudt, di?n tich gieo trong liia cua Viet Nam trudc nhirng nam 2008 tuy co bi suy giam chiit it, nhung do lua gao la cay lugng thye chii dao CO y nghia an sinh xa hpi, nen mac dii gia tri kinh te cua no thdp hem mot so cay trong vat nuoi kbac nhung luon dugc Chinh phii \ a cac Bp nganh quan tam, dac biet la Bp Nong nghiep va Phat trien nong thon. Vi th6, dien tich gieo trong liia trong giai doan 2006-2018 vIn luon dugc duy tri d miic 7,2- 7,9 trieu ha. Nhiing nam qua, nhd tich cue chii dpng ling pho vdi thien tai va bien doi khi hau ciia ca cpng dong, tir chinh quyen cac nganh, cac cap den ngudi dan nen thiet hai gay ra cho san xuat nong nghiep da duoc ban che d miic thap, Dong thdi cung nhd co cac chuctng trinh dau tu khoa hgc cong nghe, xay dung canh dong mau Idn, chuyen giao cac giong mdi va tien bp ky thuat vao san xuat liia, cung nhu ap dung cac bien phap ky thuat va quy trinh canh tac phii hgp cho tirng vung san xuat nen nang suat va san lugng Ilia gao luon tang trudng on dinh. Chiing la da va dang chuyen dan lu viec md rpng dien tich canh tac sang san xuat liia theo hudng nang cao chat lugng, tir do lang xuat khau nhimg loai gao co chat lugng va gia tn cao. Xu hudng nay dang dugc hudng img va ngay cang tang len nhanh chong trong san xuat va xuat khau lua gao,
Trong giai doan 2006-2018, san lugng va nang suat lua ciia Viet Nam tang binh quan hang nam lan Bang 1: Tinh hinh san xuat liia gao ciia Met Nam giai doan 2006-2018 ^__^^
Chi tieu DVT 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 1. Dien tich trieu
Toe dp tang
di?n tieh gieo % -1,6 2,7 0.5 0,7 22 1,4 1,8 -1,1 02 -1,2 -0,4 0,7 0,5 trong
L w h " " ^ ^ *!£" ^^'^^ ^^'^ ^^•''^ ^^'^^ ^'^^ ^---^ ^^•'''* '^''^ "^^'^^ ^^'^ 43,17 42.74 45,88 41,65 Toe dp tang
san luang thu % 0,3 7,8 0.6 2.7 6,0 3,2 0,7 2,1 03 4 3 -1.0 73 2,1 hoach
3 Nang suat ^^^^^ ^ j , ^ „
lua ca nam .24 5.,U 5.54 5,64 5,57 5,75 5,76 Sj8 5.55 5.91 5,47 Toe dp tang
nang suit lua % 1.9 4,9 0,1 2.0 3.7 1,8 -1.1 3,3 0,1 -3.1 4),6 6.6 lj6 ca nam
Nguon- Tong cue Thong ke Viei Nam. LSDA.
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luat la 2,1% va 1,6%, chiSm khoang 5,5-6,3% san lugng Ilia loan the gioi, dung thii nam the gidi sau cac nudc Trung Qu6c, An Do, Indonesia, Bangladesh. Cy the tii bang 1 cho thay, san lugng va nang suat liia lien tuc tang hi 35,85 frieu tdn vdi nang sudt 4,89 tdn/ha nam 2006 len 45,88 hieu tan vdi nang sudt 5,91 tdn/
ha nam 2018, cao ban nang sudt lua th6 gidi 1,40 tdn/
ha, nhung mdi chi dimg hang thii 15 thS gidi (theo s6 lieu USDA 2018). Digu nay cho thdy, Viet Nam vSn con kha nang nSng cao nang sudt lua hon niia trong khi dien tich dang co nguy co bi thu hep dan, do do cac giai phap trong thdi gian tdi cdn quan lam d6n van de nay.
Theo cac chuyen gia ve luong thuc ciia Viet Nam, san xuat liia gao d dong bang song Hong va dong bang song Cuu Long, dac biet la dong bang song Cuu Long dupc thi tnrdng hoa cao dp, dien bien gia lua gao d day luon gan chat vdi gia gao xuat khau va gia thi trudng the gidi. Ngoai hai dong bang nay, san xuat lua ggo d cac khu vuc khac nhu mien Bac, mien Trung, Tay Nguyen va Dong Nam Bp... chii yeu nham muc lieu bao dam an ninh luong thitc lai cho.
Tuy nhien, trong san xuat nong nghiep vdn con hien tugng chii trgng ve so lupng hon chat lupng, nhieu loai giong dugc gieo trong trong ciing mpt viing nen chat lugng gao khong thuan chiing va khong dong deu. Van de bao quan sau thu hoach con nhieu bat cap, gay hao hut Idn va anh hudng den chat luong hat gao, Vi vay, pham cap hat gao sau khi che bien khong cao, kho tiep c$n dugc vdi cac thj trudng kho tinh, nen mac dii gia gao xuat khau cua Viet Nam da dugc cai thien nhung nhieu nam van thap hon gao cung loai ciia Thai Lan, Khong nhiing vay, gia ca thi trudng Ilia gao trong nudc bap benh ciing da va dang anh hudng tdi viec on dinh san lugng, chat lugng xuat khau. Day la nhirng van de can lich cue khac phyc c6 bieu qua, nham giiip ngudi nong dan yen lam san xuat, nang cao chat lupng va gia tri liia gao, tbiic day xuat khau, gdp phan nang cao vi the cua liia gao Viet Nam tren thi trudng the gidi.
4.2. Thifc trqng xudt khdu gao cua VietNam Nhirng nam qua, san xuat Itia gao ciia Viet Nam dang dan dan chuyen dich theo hudng dau lu tham canh, tang chat lugng nen gao xuat khau cung tang nhanh ca ve so lugng, chat lugng va gia ca. Hinh 1 cho thay, sau 13 nam (2006-2018), xuat khau gao Viet Nam tang 31,7% ve san lugng va 140,1% ve kim ngach vdi miic gia binh quan 501 USD/tdn,
cu the: Nam 2007, Viet Nam la mpt trong so it cac quoc gia co kim ngach xuat khau gao tang, do nhu cdu gao the gidi tang vugt ngu6n cung, trong khi hau bet cac nudc san xuat gao d Chau A d^u giam san lugng gao, dac biet la An Do (IPSARD, 2008).
Tir nam 2008, gao da ttd lhanh mpt thu hang hoa nhay cam hon va gia ca thi trudng cung bi6n dpng thudng xuyen do tac dgng cua bi^n d6i khi hau tren dien rpng, sy thay doi cua ty gia dong USD va gia dau the gidi. Ben canh do, yeu to dau co cua cac tap doan tai chinh cting tac dpng len mat hang nay.
Dinh diem la con dot bien gia gao vao cuoi thang 4 - dau thang 5 nam 2008 d mtic tren 1.000 USD/tan, cao gap 3 lan so vdi dau nam; gia gao trang 100%
ciia Thai Lan da len muc cao nhdt 1.080 USD/tdn, gao 5%o tam Viet Nam ciing tang tuong ducmg thdi diem do, gay ra khiing hoang luong thuc va bat on d mpt so nudc thieu gao. Sy mat can doi cue bg va lac dong lam ly da lao ra nhiing bien dpng tren thj hitdng khu vuc, mac du can doi cung cau van d miic an loan (Cong Phien, 2011; Nguyen Diic Do, 2008).
Chinh diiu ndy dd giiip gid gqo xudt khdu binh qudn cua Viet Nam nam 2008 lang tdi 612 USD/tdn, cao gan gap 2 lan gia nam 2007, nhd do kim ngach xuat khau tang trudng tdi 94,3% so vdi nam 2007. Sang nam 2009, hang hoa xuat khau ciia Viet Nam chiu lac dgng xau tir cupc khung hoang np cong d chau Au, khien gia xuat khau bien dong theo chieu hudng giam, nen mac dii san lugng gao xuat khau van tiep tuc tang, nhung kim ngach lai kem hon nam 2008 la 0,23 ty USD.
Trong 3 nam tiep theo (2010-2012), thi Irudng gao xuat khau Viet Nam dupc cai thien so vdi nhung nam trudc bdi nhu cau nhap khau Idn ciia Indonesia, Malaysia, Bangladesh va su tang trudng vupt bac cua thi trudng Trung Quoc, nhat la tir nam 2012 trd lai day, da giiip xuat khau gao ciia Viet Nam nam 2011, 2012 lien tuc pha moc ky luc xuat khau ciia nam 2010, dat ngudng 3,7 ty USD. Day tiep luc la nhiing nam thanh cong doi vdi xuat khau gao Viet Nam khi ca san lugng lan kim ngach deu dat nhirng moc ky luc mdi, quan trpng ban ca la ngudi trong liia da thye su co lai, tham chi la vugt xa ca muc lieu ciia Chinh phii de ra.
Tuy nhien, sau khi dat dinh diem vao nam 2012.
xuat khau gao ciia Viet Nam bat dau tugt doc. san hrpng va kim ngach xuat khau gao ciia Viet Nam nam 2013 giam tdi 17,8% ve san luong va 20,4%
ve kim ngach so vdi nam 2012. Nguyen nhan ciia
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Hinh 1: Xuat khau gao cua ViSt Nam giai doan 2006-2018
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Nam
Ngudn • long cue Thong ke Viet Nam
linh trang suy giam tren la do ap lye canh tranh cao va sut giam nhu cau trong nam 2013 cua cac thi trudng truyen thong nhu Malaysia, Philippines va Indonesia. Sang nam 2014, xuat khau gao sang ba thi trudng nay mac dii da dugc cai thien doi chut, nhung do ngu6n cung the gidi ddi dao va gia ca sut giam, su canh tranh ngay cang gay gat den iix cac nguon cung gia thap, nhat la An Do, Pakistan va Myanmar, nen xuat khau gao Viet Nam van tiep luc phai ganh chiu nhiing ap lye canh tranh rat Idn tir nhirng nudc nay, tang trudng chi dat 0,4% so vdi nam 2013.
Theo s6 lieu cua Tong cue Thong ke Viet Nam va FAO cho thay, gia xuat khau gao binh quan ciia Viet Nam nam 2015 giam xuong miic thap nhat ke tir nam 2008 trd lai day vdi 425 USD/tdn, chi bdng 91,5%) gia binh quan ciia Thai Lan. Na/» 2016, san lucmg lan kim ngach xuat khau gao ciia Viet Nam cung xudng miic thap nhat, chi chiem 11,9% ve san lugng va 10,5% ve kim ngach xuat khau gao loan the gidi, Nguyen nhan ta do nam 2016 Thai Lan da xa 11 tri?u tan gao ton kho gia re, khien gao Viet Nam kho canh tranh duoc, nhat la khi phat trien liia gao ciia Viet Nam trong giai doan nay chi hudng den so lupng ma chua thye su quan tam nhieu den chat lugng. Hon niia, Viet Nam lai khong cd thucmg hieu gao noi bat nao tren thi trudng, trong khi Thai Lan c6 den 5-6 loai thucmg hi?u xuat khau. Ben canh do, Viet Nam ciing con thi6u cac chien dich thuong mai de dua gao Viet vao chuoi cung iing loan cau va dinh vi dugc thi phan ciia gao Viet tren thi trudng the gidi. Dieu nay khien gao Viet Nam de bj thay the
bdi gao xa ton kho, gia re cua Thai Lan va cac nudc khac (VNSAT 2018).
Tuy nhien, sang nam 2017 va 2018, nhd eo nhiing thay doi ciia Chinh phii ve dinh hudng san xuat va xuat khau nhu quyet dinh so 492/QD-TTg ngay 03/07/2017 cua Thii tudng Chinh phu, khien xuat khau gao ciia Viet Nam da dugc khdi sac trd l?ii, thj tnrdng xudl khau cung da dang hon, kim ng^ch xuat khau nam 2018 da dat mirc 3,01 ty USD; vi?c san xuat da hudng vao nang cao chat lugng thay vi chi lap trung vao so lugng nhu trudc day. Song du bao nhiing nam tdi, xuat khau gao ciia Viet Nam van phai chap nhan canh tranh quyet liet, nhat la vdi Thai Lan ve gao thom va gao trang, vdi sy giam gia manh d phan khiic gao cap trung binh va cap thap cua An Do va Pakistan, do do doi hoi chiing ta can CO cac chinh sach va giai phap nham duy tri va nang cao vi the cua hat gao Viet Nam tren thi trudng the gidi,
Tinh chung giai doan 2006-2018, xuat khau gao cua Viet Nam binh quan dat 6,01 trieu tdn/nam vdi kim ngach 2,72 ty USD/nam, chiem 4,98% tong kim ngach xuat khau hang boa hang nam ciia Viet Nam ra the gidi, tang binh quan 2,3%/nam ve san lugng va 7,6%/nam ve kim ngach. Viet Nam nhieu nam lien li,ic la quoc gia xuat khau gao Idn thii hai. thii ba the gidi, sau An Do va Thai Lan, Gao Viet Nam da xudl khdu sang ban 150 quoc gia va \ iing lanh tho.
Thi frudng xudt khau gao ciia Viet Nam chii y6u la cac nudc chau A va chau Phi. Ben canh dd, xudt khdu gao ciia Viet Nam da tirng budc md rpng thj trudng xuat khau vao cac nudc chau My va chau
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Dai Duang (Bp Cong thuong, 2018). Trong co cdu xuat khau gao ciia Viet Nam, ngoai xuat khdu gao chat lupng trung binh mang tinh truySn thdng, Viet Nam tiep tuc tap trung nhiSu hem cho gao chat lugng cao va md rpng thi Irudng xuat khau gao chat lugng cao. Ben canh do, gao tham va gao trang cung da va dang trd thanh mpt nhan to quan trgng va c6 xu hudng ngay cang dugc day manh de canh tranh vdi cac nudc xuat khau Idn nhu An Dp, Thai Lan...
4.3. Phdn tich SWOT ddi vdi sdn xudt vd xudt khdu lua gao Viet Nam
Tir ket qua nghien cuu thuc trang d tren, ciing vdi long kSt y kien ciia cac chuyen gia, nha khoa hgc, lanh dao doanh nghiep va ngudi trong liia, nhiing diem manh, diem yeu, co hpi va thach tiiiic trong san xudl va xuat khau liia gao cua Viet Nam giai doan 2006-2018 CO the dupc phan tich va khai quat thanh mpt so difim chinh sau day:
4.3.1. Diem manh
Thu nhdt, san xuat nong nghiep noi chung va san xuat ilia gao noi rieng ciia Viet Nam da phat trien mpt each vupt bac. Nhirng nam qua, san xuat va xuat khau lua gao khong chi lam nang cao gia tri hat gao Vi^t Nam, gop phan cai thien thu nhap va nang cao ddi song cua nong dan, ma con thuc day nganh nong nghiep Viet Nam ngay cang phat trien, gdp phan dam bao an ninh luong thye khong chi tren pham vi quoc gia ma con tren pham vi loan the gidi vd dem ve cho ddt nu&c hdng ty USD.
Thir hai, mdi trudng the che va chinh sach ciia Viet Nam doi vdi nganh hang lua gao ngay cang dugc hoan thien nham dam bao loi ich ciia ngudi san xuat kinh doanh lua gao, on dinh san xuat nong nghiep va thi trudng trong nudc, giam bdt khd klian doi vdi boat dgng luu thong va xuat khau liia gao,
Thie ba, mpt so viing nudc ta cd dieu kien dat dai, khi hau, nudc tu'di, cau cang,.. thuan lai va thich hgp cho san xuat va xuat khau lua gao, dong thdi Viet Nam cung luon chii dgng trong phong chong giam nhe thien tai va dich benh, phat tnen san xuat theo hudng tham canh va ap dung cac tien bg khoa hgc ky thuat nen nang suat, chat lugng va san lupng Ilia gao khong ngirng nang cao,
Thir tir. xudt khdu gao cua Viet Nam the hien su phat tn^n tren nhieu mat, dang ke nhat la san lugng gia tang, chat lugng gao ngay cang on dinh, la mgt trong so it cac quoc gia luon ddn dau the gidi ve xuat khdu gao. Mpt trong nhung nguyen nhan chinh la do
cong tac dieu hanh xuat khau gao hgp ly theo nhiing bien dgng ciia linh hinh thi trudng. Them vao do, viec thu mua tam trii liia gao kip thdi de binh on gia va cong tac thong tin luon dugc lang cudng, da lao dugc sy dong thuan chung giiia cac nganh, cac cap ciing nhu cac doanh nghiep xuat khau gao. Ben canh do, cac doanh nghiep cung da phat huy dugc tinh chii dgng, linh hoat va tuan thii quy dinh hien hanh ciia Chinh phii ve kinh doanh xuat khau gao.
4.3.2. Diimyiu
Thir nhdt, chua lam tot cong tac quy hoach cac vung chuyen canh theo nhu cau eiia thi trudng, chua tao ra dupc viing nguyen lieu dii Idn de co the chu dpng ve san lugng xuat khau, cac chinh sach dau tu ho trg ve giong va khoa hgc ky thuat cdn kem hieu qua, nang lye che bien va dy trir con han che, cgng them vdi tai nguyen liia gao chua dugc khai thae toan dien va dong bg khien gia trj gia tang thap,
Thir hai, tac dgng ciia chuyen giao va img dyng lien bg khoa hgc ky thuat trong san xuat nong nghiep tdi nang cao hieu qua san xuat liia gao thdi ky nay chua thuc sy manh me va loan dien, chii yeu mdi the hien d nang cao nang suat liia, mac dii Nha nudc da dau lu rat Idn cho cong lac nay; doi vdi nang cao chat lupng liia va chat luang gao qua che bien cung con nhieu han che; cac giong lua tot con thieu, san xuat con bi dgng va hieu qua thap.
Thir ba, cong lac thu gom liia gao theo hop dong con nhieu bat cap, chua dam bao Igi ich cua ngudi san xuat nen ddi song cua ngudi trong lita con gap nhieu kho khan, cong tac cung img va quan ly chat lugng tir dau vao den dau ra cua san xuat liia gao con kem hieu qua nen chat lugng hat gao chua cao va thieu dong nhat, dan tdi gia ban thap, ban che nang luc canh tranh ciia gao Viet Nam tren thi trudng the gidi.
Thir lu. hieu qua san xuat va xuat khau liia gao ciia Viet Nam dat dugc con thap so vdi nhieu nudc, dien hinh la Thai Lan. Dieu nay la do chi phi vat tu ciia Viet Nam con cao, miic do ca gidi hoa con thap nen gia lhanh san xuat cao, ly le ton that sau thu hoach Idn, cpng them vdi chi phi van chuyen ton kem nen loi nhuan thu dupc khong cao. Theo ket qua dieu tra ciia Vien Lua quoc te nam 2014, thu nhap thuan tir san xuat liia gao ciia Viet Nam la rat thap, chi dat 419 USD'Tia. bang khoang 65% so vdi Thai Lan. 54% so vdi Philippines, Trung Quoc va Indonesia Cac doanh nghiep cdn thieu von, cong
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lac du bao kem, nang luc canh tranh yeu.
Thir nam. thuong hieu gao Viet Nam chua dugc chii y phat trien diing mirc, gao pham cap thap va trung binh van chiem ty trgng Idn, gao Viet Nam van chua tim dugc cho dimg viing chac d cac phan khuc thi Irudng cao cap. Mat khac, uy tin, nang lye tiep can, tham nhap thi trudng, dam phan ky ket thye hien hgp dong, xir ly tranh chap thuong mai quoc le, tham gia chuoi gia tri toan cdu cua cac thucmg nhan kinh doanh xuat khau gao Viet Nam edn ban che;
ty le gao xuat khau tryc tiep vdi thuong hieu gao tir Viet Nam con thap, nhieu thi tnrdng bi chi phoi bdi trung gian, con phu thupc nhiSu vao mpt so thi trudng truyen thong va trpng diem, dac biet la thi trudng Trung Quoc.
4 3.3. Ca hoi
Thir nhdt. xu the hpi nhap va hgp tac giua cae nudc ngay cang dugc day manh tren mpi phuang dien, nhieu hiep dinh song phuong va da phuang dugc ky kgt nhu WTO, CPTPP, cac hiep dinh FTA... khign cho cac rao can ve thue quan ddn duge do bd. Them vao do, nhu cau nhap khau gao ciia the gidi van rat Idn;
uy tin va vi the cua hat gao Viet Nam cung dan co cho diing tot bon tren thi trudng the gidi. Day chinh la nhimg ca hpi giiip md rong thi trudng xuat khau gao cho VietNam.
Thir hai, cac san pham gao chat lupng cao, gao trang cao cap va gao thom da budc dau dupc cac thi trudng khd tinh va yeu cau cao nhu Han Quoc, Nhat Ban, H6ng Kong (Trung Quoc), My va EU.., chdp nhan, giiip san pham gao Viet Nam tirng budc bien dien tren khap the gidi.
Thd ba, su phat trien manh me cua khoa hgc cong nghe, dac bi?l la cugc each mang cong nghiep 4.0 khong chi giiip nganh hang liia gao Viet Nam nang cao nang suat, chat lugng, thich img vdi bien ddi khi hau, ma con tao ra cac san pham mdi, che pham mdi tir liia gao dap img tot ban nhu cau thi trudng trong nudc va the gidi.
4.3.4. Thdch thirc
Thu nhdt, sy phat trien manh me ciia qua trinh cdng nghiep hda va do thi hda; cung vdi do la sy chenh lech thu nhap ngay cang Idn giira lao dgng nong nghiep vdi lao dgng trong ITnh vuc cdng nghiep va djch vu. khi^n san xuat nong nghiep ndi chung va san xudt liia gao noi rieng dang dan bi thu hep.
Thir hai, Viet Nam dugc xac dinh la mgt trong
nam quoc gia hi anh hudng Idn nhat do bien ddi khi hau gay ra. Lu lut, han han va xam nhap man thudng xuyen xay ra vdi tdn sudt va cudng do ngay cang tang, dac biet la cac vung phia Nam da anh hudng rat Idn den san xudt lua gao (Nguyin Van Bg, 2016).
Thd ba, ap luc canh tranh ca ve s6 lupng, chiing loai, chat lugng va gia ca gao xuat khau den tir cac nudc Thai Lan, An Do, Pakistan... ngay cang Idn va gay gat hon. Mat khac, chat lupng ve sinh an toan thye pham ddi hoi cao han, cac rao can phi thue quan ciing dupc dat ra nghiem ngat hem. Co the thay, tbi trudng xuat khau gao trong nhiing nam qua van la nhiing bien dpng nhanh ve gia, sy canh tranh quyet liet giiia cac thi trudng xuat khau, cho thay the gidi dang dan hinh thanh mgt tbi trudng canh tranh hon va bien dgng ban, dat ra nhirng thir thach het siic quan trgng doi vdi doanh nghiep xuat khau gao Viet Nam.
5. Ket luan va giai phap
Tir ket qua nghien cuu tren cd the khang dinh, liia gao nudc ta budc vao thdi ky doi mdi va day m?nh hpi nhap kinh te quoc te da gat hai dugc nhimg thanh tyu rat to Idn khong chi trong san xuat, ma con noi bat ban trong boat dpng xuat khau. Viet Nam da trd thanh mot trong s6 it cac quoc gia lien tuc dan dau the gidi ve xuat khau gao, giiip giai quyet cong an viec lam cho lao dong nong thon, gdp phdn thuc hien cdng tac xoa ddi giam ngheo va tao them nguon thu ngoai te dang ke cho dat nude, dong gop khong nhd vao viec dam bao an ninh luang thuc quoc gia va the gidi. Tuy nhien, nhimg ket qua da dat dugc trong san xudt va xuat khau liia gao ciia Viet Nam chua thye su vung chac, cdn nhieu diem bdt on. Do do trong thdi gian tdi, dfi hat gao Viet Nam ti6p tyc phat trien on dinh va ben vung, luon 1^ th^ manh cua nong dan, the manh ciia dat nudc, giu virng va khong ngiing nang cao vi the tren thi trudng the gidi, Viet Nam can phat huy toi da nhimg tiem nang va Igi the ciia dat nudc, tan dung tot cac thdi co va co hgi, ngan ngua va ban che bdt nhiing nguy ca, thach thiic se gap phai, dong thdi khde phuc co hieu qua nhumg ton tai yeu kem ke tren. Vi th6, cac chinh sach va giai phap chu yeu ma nganh liia gao Vi?t Nam cdn quan tam trong thdi gian tdi bao gom;
Thir nhdt. phdt trien sdn xudl theo huang ndng cao ndng sudt. chdt lu^g vd gid tri hqi gqo xudt khdu: Bg Nong nghiep va Phat tri6n nong thdn cdn phdi hgp vdi Bp Ke hoach va Ddu tu lam tdt cong
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tac quy hoach, tap trung ddu tu xay dung va td cbiic san xuat theo cac viing nguyen lieu phuc vy cac thi trudng va phan khuc thf ttxrdng cu thS vdi su lien ket, lien doanh, dat hang cua doanh nghiep, nhdt la xay dyng cac viing chuyen canh san xudt lua bang hda CO chat lupng, gia tri cao tai viing trpng di^m ddng bang sdng Ciru Long; gan lien vdi cdng tac quy hoach, can co cau lai dien tich san xudt, miia vu, san lugng liia gao hang hoa theo hudng nang cao nang suat, chat lugng va gia tri xuat khdu. Nha nudc cung can cd co chS khuy6n khich, tao diSu ki$n thuan Igi cho nghien ciiru chpn Igc, lai tao gidng liia nang suat, chat lugng cao, phu hpp vdi yeu cdu cua thi trudng; chii trpng phat trien cac giong liia cbo san pham gao trang chat lupng cao, gao thom, gao hat trdn, gao nep va mot sd gidng liia dac san vung mi£n, loai bd viec canh tac cac giong liia kem chdt lupng, khdng hieu qua. Ddng thdi, Chinh phii cdn co chinh sach khuyen khich, thiic day san xudt gdn vdi che bien, tieu thu lua gao theo ehudi gia tri; da dang cac san pham tir gao; ung dung cong nghe tien ti^n, cdng nghe cao vao san xuat, che bien sau, bao quan lua gao, giam tdn that sau thu hoach; ap dyng quy trinh san xuat dam bao ve sinh an toan thuc phdm va kiem dinh chat lugng san pham theo tieu chuan quoc te (Dinh Van Thanh, 2010),
Thir hai, ndng cao ndng luc cqnh tranh ciia cdc doanh nghiip kinh doanh vd xudt khdu gqo: VFA cung vdi cac Bp Nganh cd lien quan thuc hien viec hd trp, hudng ddn cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh xuat khau gao ap dung cac md hinh quan ly chat luong, an toan thye pham trong to chiic san xuat; nang cao nang lyc cdng tac thi trudng, marketing qude te; nang cao nang lyc dam phan, ky ket, thuc hien hgp ddng, xii ly tranh chap thuong mai qude te; xay dung, hoan thien chinh sach hd trg doanh nghiep kinh doanh xuat khau gao tham gia cac dy an lien ket cdng tu, tham gia vao ehudi gia tri gao toan cau vdi cac san pham gao thuong hieu ciia Viet Nam c6 gia tri gia tang cao, dua san pham gao co thuong hieu quoc gia vao he thdng phan phdi cua cac nudc;
dinh hudng, hd tro doanh nghiep xay dyng chien luge mat hang, thj trudng xuat khau gao; cung cd mang ludi ddi tac ban hang, phat trien dai dien ciia doanh nghiep d nudc ngoai; thuc day cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh xuat khau gao chii trgng phat trien thi trudng ndi dia, gop phan da dang hda kenh tieu thu, ban che rui ro tbi trudng va tao the ddi trpng trong giao dich dam phan hop ddng xuat khau; tap
trung dau tu san xuat kinh doanh theo hudng chuyen nghiep, chuyen sau, nang cao nang lyc canh tranh, chii trgng phat tridn thi b^dng thucmg mai, khong phu thupc vao cac hgp ddng tap trung (Biii Nggc Son, 2011; Nguyin Vinh Thanh, 2013).
Thti ba, xdy dung thucmg hieu vd phdt trien thi truang xudt khdu: VFA can phdi hgp vdi cac Bd Nganh cd lien quan va doanh nghiep tap trung trien khai thye hien cac giai phap ve xay dung thucmg hieu gao Viet Nam; hd trg dang ky bao hd sd hiru tri nie thuong hieu quoc gia gao Viet Nam dudi hinh thiic nhan hieu chimg nhan d trong nudc va nudc ngoai. Cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh xuat khau gao dua vao hudng dan ciia Chmh phu de co cac dinh hudng va giai phap phat trien tirng thi trudng cu thi theo hudng gan boat ddng phat trien thi trudng vdi san xuat, che bien, quang ba san pham, xay dyng thuong hieu; xay dung he thdng thdng tin thi trudng, irng phd hieu qua vdi bien ddng cua thi trudng, chii ddng CO ddi sach phii hpp vdi cae chinh sach bao hp mau dich; tan dyng tdt cac co hdi hpp tac quoc tl de md rpng thi tnrdng va nang cao hieu qua xuat khau.
Bo Ndng nghiep va Phat tnen ndng thdn ciing can phdi hgp vdi Bp Cdng thuong va VFA xay dyng, bd tri ngudn kinh phi phii hgp va td chiic thuc hien hieu qua cac chuong trinh xiic tien thucmg mai gao theo ca che dac thii, nhat la tai cac thi tnrdng trong diem, truyen thong va thi trudng mdi, thi trudng tiem nang; phat trien he thdng phan phoi tryc tiep san pham gao Viet Nam tai thi trudng nudc ngoai;
xay dung cac phuong thiic xuat khau phii hgp vdi dac thii ciia cac thi trudng.
Thu tu. doi mai ca chi, chinh sdch vd xdy dimg moi trudng kinh doanh thudn lai cho hoqt dong sdn xudt vd xudt klidu lua gao: Chinh phii can tiep tyc giao cho cac Bg Nganh c6 hen quan ra sodt, hoan thien co che dieu hanh, quan ly boat dgng kinh doanh xuat khau gao phu hgp vdi diln bien mdi ciia thi trudng; cd chinh sach khuyen khich doanh nghiep xay dyng viing nguyen lieu, ket ndi chuoi san xuat, che bien, phan phdi san pham; xay dyng bp tieu chuan qude gia cho cac san pham gao xuat khau va quy trinh san xuat, che bien chuan nham tao ra cac san pham dat tieu chuan thuong hieu qude gia gao Viet Nam; hoan thien ca che, chinh sach hd trg, uu dai phii hpp vdi thdng le quoc te va quy dinh ciia WTO, giiip ndng dan va doanh nghiep tang cudng dau tu, phat trien san xuat va nang cao thu nhap.
Ben canh do, VFA ciing can khong ngirng ddi mdi.
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hoan thien td chiic va nang cao hieu qua boat ddng nang cap, hoan,thien ca sd ha tdng ngay cang hi?n nham dap ung yeu cau nhiem vu trong tinh hinh mdi dai, bd trg cac doanh nghiep xudt khau thanh toan theo hudng tdn trgng co che thj tnrdng, phat huy vai ngan hang va hoan ddi ngoai te, da dang hda ddng tro tap hgp, hd trg thuong nhan va hgp tac, lien ket tien thanh toan va phdng ngira nil ro ve ty gia, nham viing chac, hieu qua cua cac tac nhan trong ehudi tao dieu kien thuan lai eho hoat ddng giao thuong gia tri. Ngoai ra, Nha nudc cung can chii y dau tu quoc te (Tbii tudng Chinh phii, 2017).
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