1 * NGHIEN COU
Oanh gia mure do ben vurng cong dong tai djnh cir thuy dien bang phirong phap thirdc do BS va chl so LSI
ThS. DO XUAN 0 0 c Dgi hgc Qudc Gia Hd Noi ThS.VU THI NU Dgi hgc Tdy Bac
his article presents the evaluation of 6S (Barometer of Sustainability) and LSI (Local Sustainability Index). These methods integrate ecological and human criteria in assessing community resettlement to determine sustainability, cost effectiveness and time of resettlement measures.
The analytical results indicate that there exist potential threats to the sustainability of community resettlement. BS and LSI are effective complementary tools for managers and policy makers in identifying post-resettlement solutions in a sustainable manner, contributing to sustainable poverty reduction, social security promotion, living standards improvement, environmental protection and development of new rural community.
1.MO DAU
Phflrtng phip thfldc do dd ben vflng BS (Barometer of Sustamability) thanh Igp dfla tren thang do phflc lpi sinh thai - tfl nhien vi phuc loi xi hpi - nhin van, mdi mang gdm 5 chi thi dtfn cd trpng sd ngang nhau. Phfle lpi sinh thai - tfl nhien gdm: dat, nflde, khdng khi, da dgng sinh hoc, sfl dicing hop ly tii nguyen. Phfle Ifli xa hpi - nhan vin gom: sflc khde cong ddng, viec lam/thu nhgp, hpe van, trit tfl an toin xa hdi, binh dang xa hdi. Trong trfldng hpp dat hieu
Bai bdo trinh bay ket qua vfng dung phitdng phdp BS va LSI CO sijfdung cac tieu chi tfch bap sinh thdi vd nhdn vdn, viec ddnh gid cong dong tdi dinh cW(TDC) ben vOfng hay chud ben i^ulng se dOn gian, it ton kinh phi, rut ngdn thcd gian. Kit qud phdn tich bang thUdtc do 85 va chi so LSI chi ra nhCfng nguy ccf tiem dn de dpa den qud trinh phdt trien ben vCtng cong dong TDC hien tai va tuong lai. Dieu nay se Id cong cu ho trd cho cdc nha qudn ly, hogch dinh chinh sdch TDC bo sung, dieu chinh cdc gidi phdp hdu tdi dinh cit theo hitdng on dinh ddi song, gidm ngheo ben vitng, thuc day an sinh xd hgi, ndng cao ddi song, BVi\ATvd day nhanh qud tnnh xdy ddng nong thon mdi tgi cpng dong TDC thuy dien theo hud^g ben vijfng.
qui nhat, mfle dat dflrtc cfla moi yeu td la 20, tong ty trong thfle tl eho phep sfl ben vflng cfla mdi phflrtng in phit trien dflpc dinh gia dfla tren 5 hang (bangl).
PhflPng phap chi sd ben vflng dia phflong (LSI - Local Sustainability Index) gom 5 chi thi ddn. ty II tre vi thinh nien khdng pham phap; ty le tre sd sinh khdng tfl vong;
ty le sd dan dflpe dung nflde Bang 1. Xep loai ty trong bin vflng cua cac phfloing an phat trien
STT
1 2 3 4 5
Trpng
0 < 2 0 20
£40 40
£60 60 S80
Xep loai
Vung 5: Khong ben VCing4, Khongben vCng tiem nang Vung 3:Trung binh Vung 2- Ben vCng
^°gg Vung 1: Ben vCrng
sgeh; ty le sd ngay khdng bi 6 nhiem khdng khi trong nam;
ty le dat khong bi 6 nhiem tflOng dflpng vdi trpng so khic nhau dfla tren cO sd phin tich die trflng eua he thong dia phfldng nghien eflu va khi nang thu thap gia tri cua chl thi tren thfle t l tgi cae diem TDC dfldc dfl in lfla chgn khao sit (bang 2).
Dia bin ip di^ng phflOng phap BS va LSI tai 3 dilm tii dinh cfl (TDC) thuy dien Sdn La vio nam 2013: Dilm TDC Bin Nhap (xa Chiing Lao, huyen Mfldng La), difn
Bang 2. Gia tri LSI STT
'
2 3 4 5
G i i tri LSI 0,0 - < 0,20 0.20 - < 0,40 0,40 - < 0,60 0,60 - < 0,80 0.80 - < 1
_ K A 5 ^
Khong bfin vCfng Kem ben vung Trung binh Kha ben vflng B6n vOng
54 j Mol trudng So 10/201'
NGHIEN C0U
10
tich 168,3 ha.IOO% li dan tdc Thii, 103 hd.
393 nhan khau, ed 50/103 hd dien ngheo chilm 49%. Diem TDC Pi Mong (xi Ngm Gidn, huyen Mfldng La), dien tieh 150ha, 214 ngfldi, 50 hd gia dinh, 100% din sd la ngfldi Khing, ty le hp ngheo lln tdi 84%
vdi 42/50 hd; Dilm TDC Hat Lech (xa Chiing On, huyen Quynh Nhai), dien tich I70ha, 52 hd, 257 nhan khau, 99% la din tdc Xinh Mun, ty II hd ngheo 36,5%, 19/52 hp nghlo. Ci ba dilm tai dinh cfl tren deu thupe kieu di ven tai chd, hien tgi sau 6-7 nam TDC ddi sdng eua ngfldi din van gap rat nhieu khd khan.
2. PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUtJ - Thu thip thdng tin (tii heu, bio eao, dfl lieu) tgi diem TDC Bin Nhgp, Pa Mong, huyen Mfldng La, dilm TDC Hit Lech, huyen Quynh Nhai;
- Philu dilu tra, phdng van siu, dieu tra mau eae hp dan tgi 3 diem TDC;
- Tham van cdng ddng: Td ehfle cac eupe hpp din tgi 3 dilm TDC;
- Phfldng phap ehuyin gia- thu thip vi xfl ly nhflng dinh gii dfl bao bang eich tip hpp vi hdi y kiln cic chuyen gia thudc linh vfle quy hogeh TDC;
- Sfl dung phan mem Microsoft Excel tinh toin trin sd lieu.
3. KET QUA NGHIEN ClJU 3.1.Ben vflng cpng dong TDC theo thfldc do do ben viing BS (bang 3)
Phuc Ipi sinh thii-tfl nhien tai dilm TDC ban Nhgp vi Hit Lech nim trong vung ben vflng vdi eac gii tri tfldng dfldng 81,6 vi 80.8; diem TDC Pi Mong nam trong vung ben vflng tiem nang ed gia trj tfldng dflpng li 70,2. Phuc lpi xa hpi-nhin van tgi Ban Nhgp cd gii tri eao nhit trong 3 dilm TDC dat 81,2 nim trong vflng ben vflng, hai diem TDC Pa Mdng vi Hat Lieh cd sd do thap hdn tfldng dflong 63,6 va 67 thupc vung bin vflng tilm nang. Kit qui ap di^ng phfldng phip BS chi ra ci 3 diem TDC cd thflde do phfle Ipi nhan vin thap hon phuc lpi sinh thii.
3.2. Bin vflng cong ddng TDC theo chi s6 bin vOng dia phflong LSI (bang 4)
Bang 3. Ben viiing cdng dong TDC theo thfldc do dp ben vflng BS
Phuc loi smh thai (le) [•JTTTTl
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Bang 4. Bin vflng cdng ddng TDC theo thfldc do do ben vflng dia phfldng LSI
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Tyi le VI thanh men khong pham phap
Ty le tr^ so smh khong bi tCt vong Ty le so thang dUoc diing niJdc Ty le tf^ em diJdi 5 tuoi khong bi ARI (viem phdi cap)
n .
2 2
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1 0,97 Ty le dien tich dat khong bl thoai '
hoadoKOimon, khongbiohiem 1 0,95 do hoa chat
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1 0,98
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0,92 0,84
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0,96 1 0,83 0,87
0,78
- chl sd ben vflng dilm TDC Bin Nhgp
-Chi .so ben vflng dilm TDC Pi Mdng
-Chi sd ben vflng dilm TDC Hit Lech
Theo mfle gii tri cfla LSI, ca 3 diem TDC ed cung gii trj LSI nam d mfle 5 (tfl 0,8 - 1), thude mflc ben vflng diem TDC Bin Nhap CO ehi sd ben vflng cao nhat (0,98), tiep den dil'm TDC Pa Mdng (0,96), diem TDC Hit Lech d mfle thap bon (0.88).
Kit qui danh gii tuib bin vflng theo 2 phflcfng phap BS va LSI cd su khic biet nhat djnh, theo phfldng phap BS. diem TDC Ban Nhgp d mdc ben vflng, cdn diem TDC] I lit Lech va Pi mdng d mflc ben vflng tiem ning, cdn phfldng phip LSI, cho gii trj ben vflng vdi ei 3 dic'm TDC.
So 10/2014 Mol trildng S5
[ * NGHIEN COU
^ Diem TDC Hdt Lech
Thfldc do BS bao gdm nhieu chi thi hdn nin chit che trong viec dinh gii cd xet den sfl cin bang gifla phuc Ipi sinh thai tfl nhien va phfle lpi xa hdi nhin vin (chia rieng 2 ming phue lpi rd ret), dong thdi thay dflpc sfl chenh lech gifla hai mang phue lpi sinh thii va xa hdi nhan van.
Chi so LSI ed sfl ldng ghep cic yeu to sinh thai va kinh tl, xa hdi nhin vin (khdng ehia rieng eie linh vflc ma gdp chung). O phfldng phip niy khdng cd sfl chenh lech gifla 2 mang phflc lpi, nhflng flu diem li ddn giin de lam, dc tinh toan va ap dung. Tuy vgy ei 2 phflong phip nay eung dfla ra ehi sd dinh gii toin diln tinh ben vflng vi chfla bin vflng d 3 diem TDC, ddng thdi ehi ra nguyin nhin dan den tinh ben vflng ehfla cao tai 3 diem TDC:
Thd nhdt: Trfldc TDC, dim bio tiin do di din, cdng trinh ca sd ha tang, die biet li giao thdng dflpc lim khi'n trfldng nin chi sau mdt vai nim dfla vio sfl dung da xudng cap nghiem trong. Tgi diem TDC Hit Lieh, Pi Mdng vao mua mfla, dfldng xa sgt Id giy ieh tie cue bd inh hfldng din van ehuyen san pham ndng nghiep, bi ep ha gia thanh.
ThU hai: Sau TDC, dat thd efl va dat canh tic tai 3 dilm TDC giim nhieu so vdi trflde TDC, ngfldi din thieu dat, ehinh quyen ehfla giai quyet hpp ly nhu eau ve dat san xuat. Tai 3 diem TDC, binh quin dat thd cfl 400m2/hd, dat canh ticl-l,5ha/hd, nhflng ehu yeu li dat
nfldng ray co do doe Idn, bgc man vi thoii hda nhanh, ning xuat, sin Ifldng thap, tinh trgng khdng du Ifldng thfle, thieu in tfl 3-7 thing dien ra thfldng xuyen. Pa Mong 5-7 thing, Hat Lieh 2-5 thing.
Bin Nhap 2-3 thing.
TTiii-fcfl: Sau TDC dflpc 6-8 nam nhflng ei 3 diem TDC ehfla xay dflng dflpc edng trinh cung eap nflde sgeh, ngfldi dan van sfl diing nflde md dan tfl tren nfli ehfla qua bat ky khiu xfl ly nen ehfla nhieu da vdi sfl dung lau dai se inh hfldng xau tdi sfle khde edn mua khd thi Igi thieu nflde nghiem trong.
ThU tU: Trinh do dan tri thap, mfle sinh d 3 diem TDC con cao, ty 11 sinh con thfl 3 d ngfldi Thii Bin Nhap Ii 64%, ty le nay ngfldi Khing Pa Mdng len tdi 79,3%, die bi|t phu nfl Xinh Mun d Hit Lieh khi cao 89,3%. Van dl tao hdn edn phd biln d 3 dilm TDC, diem TDC Pi Mong cd tdi 89,3% kit hdn sdm. Hit Lich 83%, bin Nhgp 57%. Thdi quen chan nudi gia sue, gia cam dfldi gam san, dilu kiln in d sinh hogt thieu vl sinh
chit trdi hcfn trfldc lam mft v | sinh mdi trfldng cfl tni, anh hfldng xau den sflc khde cong ddng, dgc bi|t la tre em, hlquS la sflc khde sinh san d ph^ nil chfla dam bao, tinh trgng tre em bi suy sinh dfldng va vien phdi cap (ARI) cdn cao.
3.3. Mdt s6 khuyen i ^ nang cao ben vflng cong doi^
TDC tfl ket qua phUdng phjp
BSvaLSI "
Chinh saeh phat trien cac dilm TDC can coi trpng eac nguyin tac cdng khai, din chu, minh bgch, chinh xic, eong bang va kip thdi trong th6i^
kl, ap gia, din bu, ho trp din bfl thoi dang eho eac hp dan, song song vdi dau tfl ed sd hg tang, xay dflng ke hogch quin ly chfldng trinh phat triln hgu tai dinh efl.
Giai quylt than dio dit sin xuat bao g6m ehat lfli?ng dat vi dien tieh, ting hgn miic giao dat sin xuat, nguon nUdc cho sin xuat va sinh hogt cin thiet nham dam bio cho ca edng ddng din TDC, dong thdi ed kl hogch giao dat, giao rflng, khuyin ndng - lam - ngfl, bao ve cham sde rilng lam tang thim dp che phu, chdng xdi mdn trin dat die
Quan tam liu dai phat trien sinh kl ben vflng cho ngudi dan TDC, tang th6i gian hd trp on djnh ddi soi^
Dau tfl nghien cflu khoa hpc, triln khai cie dfl in phit trifti tim ra md hinh thich hdp cho phit trien kinh t l dilm TDC vi hfldng dan hp thfle hi§nt«
md hinh. Ddng thdi co bi^fl phap ning cao y thfle ngUii din TDC nang cao dan tri, sflc khde, hgn chl sinh con thfl ba, kit hdn sdm, khdng d6t rfli^
Iam nUdng ray. gifl gin v§ sinh ncfi eU trfl nham hgn ehl phit sinh dich benh tgi nhi, bin ling va cie bien phap lim cho
56iMdi trudng So 10/2014
NGHIEN C l J u f M
mdi trfldng s6ng trong lanh.
Nang cao nang luc va trich nhi|m can bg tinh den cd sd xa ban, bin cgnh chuyin mdn tdt trach nhiem trong edng viec cdn phai gan bd va nhi|t tinh, siu sat, lang nghe, xfl ly dflpc nhflng vfldng mac, nam bat va giii quyet kip thdi, dflt dilm nhflng khd khan trong qfla trmh thfle Men chinh sich d ed sd TDC.
4. K£T LUAN
Sfl dM% chi so BS vi LSI la phfldng phip ddn giin, de thfle hien va it tdn kinh phi nin cd the flng dyng dl dinh gii nhanh sfl phit triln ben vflng eua cae diem TDC, cd the dfla vao dilu kiln thfle te dia phflong d l lfla chpn chi sd dinh gia
phu hgp va thuin Igi. Niu dieu kiln khd khan, ed the chpn ehi so LSI don gian, chi phi thap, nhanh, niu dieu kien tdt hdn ed thi ehpn chi sd BS dl danh gii.
Van dung phfldng phip BS vi LSI tai 3 diem TDC thuy dien Son La (bin Nhgp, Pi Mong, Hit Lich), ehflng minh nhflng no Ifle cua Chinh phu, UBND tinh Son La ddi vdi cie khu, diem TDC;
ehinh sieh boi thfldng, den bu, dau tu ed hieu qua h | thdng co sd ha tang dien, dfldng, trfldng, trgm vi bd tri dat canh tie vi hd trp von, vat nudi, gidng vi ky thuit san xuat giup ngfldi dan tflng bflde dn dinh ddi song hiu TDC. Tuy nhien, kit qua phan tich bing hai phUdng phap BS vi LSI ehi ra nhilu bat
cap: nguy ca thilu ddi, tii ngheo chUa thich flng dfldc vdi boat ddng sinh kl thay thi, dieh benh phat sinh do bien ddi mdi trudng sdng, tinh trgng bd hpe, tio hdn d thanh thieu niln... lam ting nguy co tilm an de dpa den qui trinh phit triln ben vflng cdng dong TDC hien tgi vi tfldng laL Do vay, viee dinh gia mflc dp bin vflng tai mpt sd khu, dilm TDC bang phuong phap BS va LSI khdng nhflng ehi ra nhflng diem manh vi dilm yeu xay dflng mdt edng ddng bin vflng mi cdn nit ra dflpe kinh nghi|m va eac giii phip dn dinh can thilt, tiin tdi xiy dflng eic khu, diem TDC cd tinh ben vflng eao d tinh Sdn La ndi rieng vi ei nflde ndi chungB
TAI Litu THAM KHAO
% Do Xudn Diic, Danh gia tinh ben vQng kinh ti, xa hoi. m Bdo cdo chuySn deDUan TDC thuy dien Sdn La, Dai ho.
• D5 Xudn Dac, Ddnh gid tinh b&n vang hnh fg, xd hdi, tn Bdo cdo chuyen dS Dudn TDC thuy dien Sdn La, Dai ho,
# DoKuAn Dilc, Ddnh gid tinh bSn vi/ngkinh te, x
o cdo chuyen deDUan TDC thuy dien Son La, Dai hoc Quoe gia Hd Npi (2012-2014).
>i IrUdng lai diem TDC Bdn Nhap, xd ChiengLao. huyen MUdng La, Quoe gia Hd Noi (2012-2014)
<i trUSng tai diSm TDC hdn Pd Mong, xd Ndm Zon, huyin MUcfng La, Quoe gia Hd Noi (2012-2014).
tn/dng tai diem TDC bdn Hdt Lich, xd Chieng On. huyen Quynh Nhai
(Tiep tfieo trang 46)
Phong trao, mo hinh xa hoi hoa..
sd hg tang eua Hin Qudc li mpt bii hpc kinh nghiem cd the ap dung tai Viet Nam. Mdt giai phap khic ii xiy dflng nang Iflc quin ly cd sd hieu qui thdng qua viec hinh thinh cd sd hg ting cdng edng va phit trien edng nghiep tii chl ehat thii tai cic ling nghl.
Ngoii ra, cic die diem tfldng ddng vl eae rao can, khd khan vi bii hpc kinh nghiem eua cic giai doan phit triln ban dau efla Trung Qudc phu help vdi dilu kien Viet Nam hien nay nin chung ta can hpc tgp. Theo
dd, trong qui trinh cdng nghiep hda, hien dgi hda sin xuat tilu thu cdng nghiep tai cic ling nghe, chung ta can xem xet:
Trong eae hogt ddng phit trien ndi chung vi san xuat ling nghe noi rieng, vin dl y thfle eua nhin cdng lao ddng vi cdng ddng trong khu vfle rat quan trpng khdng ehi trong sin xuit, kinh doanh, budn bin...
mi edn ci eic van dl xa hpi va mdi trfldng. Do vay, Chinh phu can khuyin khich, day mgnh eic hoat dpng ning eao nhgn thfle ve trach
nhiem cfla doanh nghiep vi y thfle cua ngfldi dan ddi vdi mdi trfldng.
Ddng thdi, de phat trien nginh nghe ndng thdn vi giii quylt van de BVMT ndi ehung va tgi eic lang nghe ndi rieng, theo kinh nghiem cua Trung Qude, ed thi xem xlt chinh sich nhfl "3 ddng thdi" va
"3 thdng" bao gdm quy hoach tdng the cic he thong ed sd hg tang trong san xuat va xfl ly chit thii va day manh cdng tie thdng tin. tuyen truyen cho cdng ddng trong khu vfle.H
•J* TAILI$U THAM KHAO
• Robyn Cobiirn. "Craftmg/or a Greener World Crafting Villages The Inlernalioiial Market in Recycling'
• Le Quoe Doanh et al, Participatory Rural Ennronnienlal Mana^-inenl Synthesized Report. Hanoi, March. 2001 0 Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (INEST). 'Environmental Management for Iraditional ( raft Villages i
• KiiA n^iim qudc li rt him iO,it 6 nhifm mOi trUCIng lang nghi - TSngcM M6i trUdng. nam 2013
• Ministry i^ Environmental Protection e^Chma. Slate policy of environmental publicity and education ofOnna
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