T H I T C T R A N G 6 N H l l M V I S I N H V A T V A O T H I / C P H A M THUY HAI SAN DONG LANH VA CHE BIEN SAN
TREN DIA BAN HA NOI NAM 2006 - 2008
NGUYEN LAN PHUONG, BUI THI MAI HUONG, NGUYEN ANH TUYET
Vien Dinh Duong
Tom tat:
Nghien cdu mo ta cat ngang thiic hien tai Ha Npi tu" nam 2006 - 2008 vPi 300 mlu thpc
pham thuy, hai san dong lanh va che bie'n sin, dupe phan ti'ch 6 nhiem vi sinh vat vao mua he.
Ke't qua cho thay trong 300 mau co 82 miu khong dat tieu chuan ve sinh ve mat vi sinh chiem ti le 27%. Trong do co 49 miu nhiem Coliforms khong dat tieu chuan cho phep, 34 miu khong dat ve E. coli, 28 miu khong dat ve C. perfringens, 7 miu khong dat ve V. parahaemolyticus va khong co miu nao bi nhiem Salmonella. Nhom ca lanh co 36/120 m i u khong dat tieu chuan vi sinh, chiem ti le 30%; nhom torn, cua so che co 29/90 mau, khong dat ti le 32%, nhom nuPc mam co 9/30 miu, khong dat ti le 30%; nhom mam torn, tep co 8/30 miu ti le 27% va nhom nem cha gio co 6/30 miu ti le 20%.
CONTAMINATION STATUS OF MICRO-ORGAISM IN FROZEN SEAFOOD AND PROCESSED FOOD IN HANOI FROM 2006 TO 2008 Abstract:
The cross-sectional description study was carried out in Hanoi from 2006 - 2008, 300
samples of fishery products, frozen seafood and processed foods were collected during summer in order to analyze the contamination of microbial. The results showed that of 300 samples, 27%
failed to meet the hygienic micro-organism standard. Among of these, 49 samples were contaminated with Coliforms; 34 with E. coli; 28 with C. perfringens; 7 with V.
parahaemolyticus and no samples contaminated with Salmonella. Finally, the groups of foods failed to meet the hygienic micro-organism standard were counted for 36/120 (30%) of frozen fish; 9/30 (30%) for fish sauce; 29/90 (32%) for preliminary processing of shrimp and crabs; 8/30 (27%) for shrimp-paste and 20% (6/30) for pork spring roll.
I . D A T V A N Bi
Chat lupng ve sinh va an toan thuc pham luon luon la m6i quan tam ciia moi thai
dai, dac biet la hien nay. Ciing vdi su phat trien nhanh cua cac nganh san xua't, che bien, kinh doanh thuc pham, d nude ta da xuat hien nhieu nguy ca khong dam bao VSATTP. 6 nhiem vi sinh vat thuc p h i m luon xay ra va da la nguyen nhan gay ra nhieu vu ngp dpc hang loat.
Thuy, hai san va san pham che bien la nhung thuc pham ngon, bd va khong thd thieu
dupe trong bua com ciia mdi gia dinh. Ngudn thuc pham td thuy hai san va cac san phim
che bie'n san phong phu va rat thuan tien cho thoi ky cong nghiep hoa nay. Tuy nhien viec thuc pham thuy hai san dong lanh va che bien sah bi nhiem vi sinh vat co hai trong qua trinh che bien va bao quan la dieu rat de gap nhat la vao mua he, trong do nguoi ta dac biet chu y den vi khuan Coliforms, E.coli, Salmonella, C. perfringens va V. parahaemolyticus.
Chung duoc coi la nhung chi tieu thong dung de danh gia muc an toan ve vi sinh trong thuc pham.
Thoi gian gin day thuc an chin duong phd da dupe quan tam, nhieu tinh thanh, trung
tam y te du phong da tang cudng giam sat va kiem tra, danh gia. Tuy nhien nhdm thuc phim nguyen lieu, thuc p h i m thuy hai san so che', ddng lanh thi lai it dupe quan tam deh nhit la vao mua he. Chinh vi vay chung tdi da tie'n hanh danh gia "Thuc trang 6 nhilm vi sinh vat vao thuc phdm thuy hdi sdn ddng lanh va che bien sdn tren dia bdn Hd Ndi nam 2006-2008". '
De tai thuc hi6n vdi muc tieu: Danh gid thuc trang d nhilm vi sinh vdt ciia mdt sd
thuc phdm thuy hdi sdn ddng lanh vd che bien sdn tren dia ban Ha Ndi vao cdc mua he nam 2006 - 2008.
II. DOI TUONG VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU 2.1. Dd'i tupng nghien ciru
Gdm 300 miu thuy hai sin ddng lanh va san phim che' bie'n sin (ca, cua, tdm, nem cha gid, nude m l m , m l m tdm, m l m tep).
2.2. Phuong phap nghien cuu 2.2.1. Thiet ke nghien cuu
Nghien cuu md t i dua tren mpt dieu tra c i t ngang thuc trang d nhidm vi sinh vat trong thuy hai sin ddng lanh va sin pham chd bien san ve mua he cua 3 nam 2006 - 2008.
2.2.2. Chon mdu, ca mdu
Bdng 1. Phdn bdc a mdu trong tung nam
Ten mau 2006 2007 2008
a lanh 40 40 40
Tdm, cua lanh 30 30 30
Nude m l m 30
M l m tdm, tep 30
Nem cha gid 30
Tdng sd 100 100 100
Thu thap m i u : M i u dupe thu thap n g i u nhien td mdt so chp va sieu thi trong 6 quan ndi thanh cua Ha Ndi la Ddng Da, C i u giay, Thanh Xuan, Hai Ba Trung, Ba Dinh, Hoan Kiem. Lay m i u theo nguyen t i c l i y m i u de kiem tra vi sinh vat d phong thi nghiem, mdi m i u l i y 3 don vi mdi don vi it nhit 250g, cho vao tui vd trung da chuan bi sin, bao quan lanh va dua ve phong thi nghiem trong vong 3 gid. Ba don v i m i u se dupe trpn deu lay mdt don vi thdng n h i t lam dai dien cho m i u , so con lai lam m l u luu.
2.2.3. Ndi dung nghien cdu
300 m i u thuy hai san dong lanh va san pham che bie'n sin dupe kidm tra trong 3 nam 2006 - 2008. Vao mua he mdi nam 100 m i u mua n g i u nhien trong mpt sd chp ya sieu thi cua 6 quan npi thanh Ha Npi. Tai Labo V i sinh Khoa Ve sinh thuc p h i m cua Vien Dinh duong xac dinh su d nhidm E. coli, Coliforms, Salmonella, C. perfringens va V. parahaemolyticus theo tieu chuin Viet Nam va tieu chuan nganh.
2.2.4. Phuong phap phdn tich: Cac chi tieu kiem tra
• Tdng so Coliforms phan tich theo tieu chan Viet Nam TCVN 4883 - 93.
• Escherichia coli (E. coli) phan tich theo phuong phip MPN - FAO 1992.
• Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) phan tich theo tieu chuin Viet Nam TCVN 4991 - 89.
• Salmonella phan tich theo tieu chuan Viet Nam - T C V N 6402 - 98.
• Vibirio parahaemolyticus (V. Parahaemolyticus) theo thudng quy ky thuat sd 3349/2001/QD - BYT.
2.3. Danh gia ket qua
Ket q u i phan tich dupe danh gia dat hay khong dat tieu chuan dua theo cac chi tieu trong danh muc tieu chuin ve sinh ddi vdi luong thuc, thuc p h i m ban hanh kem Quyet dinh sd 867/1998/QD - B Y T ngay 4/4/1998 cua Bp trudng Bp Y td.
ITI. KET QUA NGHIEN CUU VA BAN LUAN 3.1. Ket qua kiem tra mau nam 2006
Thuc p h i m dong lanh thudng la da dupe so che va bao q u i n trong nhiet dp tha'p nen phin nao cung han chd duoc 6 nhidm vi khuan, tuy nhien vd mua he nhiet dp ndng bdc them qua trinh b i o quan khdng du dieu kien nhiet dp, ve sinh thi nguy co 6 nhidm thuc pham ddng lanh cung khdng tranh khdi. Mua he nam 2006 kiem tra 100 m i u thuc pham thuy hai sin ddng lanh va che bien san ve cac chi tieu vi sinh vat. Ket qua dupe the hien qua bang 2.
Bdng 2. Sd mdu kh dng dat tieu chudn vi sinh d cdc nhdm thuc phdm
T T Ten mau So m i u kiem t r a M a u co so' V K
vupt gidi han T i le %
1 Nhdm c i lanh 40 12 30.0
2 Tdm, cua lanh 30 8 26.6
3 Nude m i m 30 6 20.0
Tdng sd 100 26 26.0
Qua bing cho thay cd 26 trong 100 m i u khdng dat tidu chuin vi sinh trong dd cd 12/40 c i ti le 30% ; 8/30 m i u tdm, cua ti le 26.6% va 6/30 m i u nude mam ti le 20%. Cic chi tieu vi sinh cic m i u khdng dat the hien trong bang 3.
Bang 3 cho tha'y trong 100 m i u thuc pham cd 16 m i u nhidm Coliforms, 11 m l u nhidm E. coli, 14 m i u nhidm C. perfringens, 2 m i u nhidm V. parahaemolyticus va khdng cd m i u nao nhidm Salmonella.
Bdng 3. Tinh trang d nhilm vi sinh vdt d cdc mdu kiem tra nam 2006
Ten mau Coliforms E.
coli
C. per fringens
V. para
haemolyticus Salmonella
Ca(40) 8 6 7 2 0
Tom cua (30) 6 4 2 0 0
Nude mam (30) 2 1 5 0 0
Tong sd (100) 16 11 14 2 0
3.2. Ket qua kiem tra mau nam 2007
Mua he nam 2007 kidm tra 100 m i u ca, tdm, cua lanh va mdt sd loai mam tdm, m l m tep. Ket qua dupe thd hidn qua bang 4.
Bdng 4. Sd mdu khdng dat tieu chudn vi sinh d cdc nhdm thuc phdm
Ten mau Sd mau kiem tra So mau khong dat T i le%
Nhdm ca 40 11 27.5
Tdm, cua 30 9 30.0
M l m tdm,tep 30 8 23.3
Tong so 100 28 28%
Bang 4 cho thay cd 28/100 m i u khdng dat tieu chuin vi sinh trong dd cd 11/40 m i u c i ti le 27.5%, 9/30 m i u tdm, cua ti le 30% va 8/30 m i u m i m tdm, tep ti le 23%. Cac m i u nay nhidm cac chi tidu vi sinh vat dupe thd hien qua bang 5.
Bang 5. Tinh trang d nhiem vi sinh vdt d cdc mdu kiem tra nam 2007
Ten mau Coliforms E. coli C. per fringens
V. parahae
molyticus Salmonella
Ca (n = 40) 7 5 1 3 0
Tdm, cua (n =30) 6 5 2 2 0
M l m tdm, tep (n=30) 1 0 7 0 0
Tdng sdn =100 14 10 10 5 0
Bang 5 cho thay trong 100 m i u cd 14 m l u nhidm Coliforms, 10 m i u nhidm E. coli, 10 m i u nhidm C. perfringens, 5 m i u n h i i m V. parahaemolyticus va khdng cd m i u nao nhiim Salmonella.
i
3.3. Ket qua kiem t r a mau nam 2008
He nam 2008 kiem tra 100 miu gdm 40 miu nhdm ca, 30 miu tdm, cua lanh va 30 m i u nem cha gid. Kdt q u i dupe the hien qua bang 6.
Qua bang 6 cho thiy cd 25/100 m i u khdng dat tieu chuan mat vi sinh trong dd cd 12/40 m i u c i ti le 30%, 7/30 m i u tdm, cua ti le 23% va 6/30 m i u m l m tdm, tep ti le 20%.
Sd chi tieu vi sinh vat n h i i m d cic m i u dupe the hien qua bang 7.
Bdng 6. So mdu khdng dat tieu chudn vi sinh d cdc nhdm thuc phdm
Ten mau So mau kiem t r a Sd mau khdng dat T i le %
Nhom ca 40 12 30
Tom, cua 30 7 23
Nem cha gio 30 6 20
Tong so 100 25 25%
Bdng 7. Tinh trang d nhiem vi sinh vdt a cdc mdu kiem tra nam 2008
Ten mau Coliforms E. coli C. per fringens
V. parahae
molyticus Salmonella
Ca(40) 10 8 2 0 0
Tom, cua (30) 5 2 1 0 0
Nem cha gid (30) 4 3 1 0 0
Tong sd (100) 19 13 4 0 0
Bang 7 cho thay trong 100 m i u cd 19 m i u nhiem Coliforms, 13 m i u nhidm E. coli, 4 mah nhidm C. perfringens, khdng co mah nao nhidm V. parahaemolyticus va Salmonella.
3.4. M a u kiem t r a trong 3 nam 2006 - 2008
Sd mah duoc kiem tra Uong mua he mdi nam, khao sat nghidn cdu duoc tien hanh lien tuc trong 3 nam va tdng sd m l u cua 3 nam la 300 mah cac loai, ti Id mau khdng dat tidu chuan vi sinh duoc thd hien qua bang 8.
Bdng 8. Ti le mdu kiem tra cua 3 nam khdng dat tieu chudn vi sinh
Ten m i u Sd m i u Sd dat T C V S Sd khdng dat TCVS Ten m i u Sd m i u
TS T i le % TS T i le %
Nhdm ca 120 84 70 36 30
Tdm, cua 90 67 74 23 26
Nude m i m 30 21 70 9 30
M l m tdm,tep 30 19 63 8 27
Nem cha gid 30 24 80 6 20
Tong sd 300 218 73 82 27
Tren bing the hien Uong 300 m i u thuc phim thuy hai san ddng lanh va che bidh sin kiem Ua cho thay cd 218 m i u dat tidu chuin vi sinh ti Id 73% va 82 m i u khdng dat tieu chuin ti le 27%. Trong dd cd 36/120 m i u ca lanh, 29/90 m i u tdm, cua so chd, 9/30 m l u nude mam, 8/30 m i u m l m tdm, tep va 6/30 m l u nem cha gid.
Sd miu khdng dat nhidm mdt so loai vi sinh vat vuot gidi han cho phep va duoc the hidn cu the qua bang 9.
Bang 9 cho tha'y trong 300 mau do co 49 m l u khdng dat tieu chudn ve Coliforms ti le 16,3%, 34 mdu kh6ng dat ve' E. coli t i le 1 1 % , co 28 mdu khong dat ve C. perfringens t i le 9.3% va 7 mdu khong dat ve V. parahaemolyticus ti le 2.3%.
Bdng 9. Mdu cd luang VS\/ vuot gidi han cho phep trong cdc loai thuc phdm
Ten mau Sd
mau Coliforms E. coli C. per fringens
V. parahae
molyticus Salmonella
Ca 120 25 19 10 5 0
TPm, cua 90 17 11 5 2 0
Nude mdm 30 2 1 5 0 0
Mdm torn,
tep 30 1 0 7 0 0
Nem cha gio 30 4 3 1 0 0
Tdng sd 300 49 34 28 7 0
Bdn ludn
Qua khao sat 300 mdu kiem tra trong 3 nam 2006 - 2008 gom nhieu loai thuc phdm thuy hai san, trong sd do cd nhung mdu chi so che va giu lanh nhu tdm, cua, ca lanh, nem cha gid, phai qua xu ly nhiet trudc khi dung nhung cd nhung mdu thuc phdm che bien sdn dung an ngay khdng phai qua x u ly nhiet nhu nude mdm va cac loai mdm tdm, tep. Vay ma so mdu khdng dat tieu chudn ve sinh deu d trong khoang 20 - 30% tham chi mdu nude mdm cdn cd ti le cao hon ca tdm, cua so che va nem cha gid. Nhu vay la trong che bien, kinh doanh va bao quan thuc pham con chua dam bao cac quy dinh vd ve sinh an toan thuc phdm. Cd su d n h i l m cheo td thuc pham sdng sang thuc pham chin, td ban tay dung cu sang thuc pham.
Ve tinh trang d nhilm cac chi tieu vi sinh vat cho tha'y Coliforms, E.coliya C. perfringens la kha cao. So mdu n h i l m Coliforms vupt gidi han cho phep la rdt ldn 49/300 mdu va da phat hien 34/300 mdu n h i l m E.coli. Day la bieu hien cd n h i i m vi sinh vat td phan do nhan vien khdng v6 sinh tay sau khi di ve sinh hoac tiep xuc vdi thuc phdm sdng, vat bdn dinh phan tuoi la ngudn lay n h i i m E.coli. Ddc to rupt cua E.coli cd thd gay ngd dpc viem rudt hoai tu cho ngudi su dung thuc phdm. Dac biet d day cd 28 mdu d n h i l m C. perfringens vupt gidi han cho phep ti le 9.3%, chu ydu la mdu mdm tdm mdm tep, nude mdm la nhung san phdm an true tiep khdng qua che bie'n nen rat nguy hiem nd cd the xay ra ngp ddc bdt cd luc nao nhdt la nhung bep an tap the. Dac biet cd 7/300 mdu d nhilm V. parahaemolyticus ti le 2.3%. Tuy ti le n h i i m V. parahaemolyticus khdng cao nhung day la loai vi sinh vat thich sdng d nude bien va trong rupt gia. Can benh cd the xay ra vao mua he dd'i vdi nhung ngudi an gdi ca va thuc phdm chua chin, cd the gay ngp ddc gay dau bung, ndn, dac biet la tieu chay. Ca, tdm, cua n h i i m vi khuan o bd mat nude bidn, khi chd bien vi khuan n h i l m vao thuc pham, d nhiet dp < 4°C thi vi khuan khong phat trien nhung khi d dieu kidn nhiet dp phong thi phat tridn manh nen rat nguy hiem cho ngudi sd dung thuc pham n h i i m khudn.
Qua so lieu cac nam cho thay so mdu n h i l m cac loai v i sinh vat gan tuong tu nhu nhau, khdng cd su chenh lech dang ke td 2006 - 2008 vd Coliforms (16, 14, 19) ve E. coli cd (11, 10, 13) ve C. pefringens (14, 10, 4)... va ca 3 nam kidm tra 300 mdu khdng phat hien mdu nao n h i l m Salmonella. Ket qua nay bieu hien phuong thuc, thdi quen, tac phong cua ngudi kinh doanh, che bie'n khdng hd thay ddi mac du hang nam deu cd truyen thdng, giao due cua cac cap, cac nganh, cac td chdc ve ATVSTP. Tuy nhien,
tren day la kiem tra ket qua da so' la thuc pham mod qua so che', bao quan lanh va phai x u ly nhiet trudc khi sir dung nhung muc 6 nhiem vi sinh vat con thap hon rat nhieu so vdi mpt so thdc an dudng phd an ngay ma mpt so dia phuong da de cap den nhu: tai Hai Phong kiem tra 56 m i u thdc an dudng phd thi cd 29 mau khdng dat tieu chuan vi sinh, nhiim Coliforms la 90,9%, E. coli la 78,9% va cd 35/46 m i u nude cha'm, gia vi khdng dat TCVS. d Kon Turn cd 63/137 m i u thdc an chin khdng dat tieu chuan vi sinh, Bac Giang cd 83/163 m i u thdc an dudng phd khdng dat tieu chuan v i sinh. 6" Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, trong 40 m i u thuc phdm che bidn an ngay chi cd 10% la dat TCVS. Dieu dd chdng td ngoai su d nhidm td nguyen lieu thdc an dudng phd, con bi nhidm trong qua trinh che' bie'n, kinh doanh, bao quan, dieu nay ndi len cac didu kien che day, rda tay sach, vat dung che bien, kinh doanh con chua tuan thu quy t i c ve sinh nhat la vao mua he. Cung giai thich vi sao thuc pham so che ddng lanh va cac loai m l m lai cd ti le d nhidm thap hon la do trong qua trinh bao quan nhiet dp tha'p va ndng dp mudi cao la yeu to khdng thuan lpi cho vi khuan phat trien, con thdc an dudng phd thi vao miia he, dieu kien ve sinh, moi trudng va y thdc cua nhan vien khdng dam bao nen nguy co d nhidm thuc phim la rat ldn. Vay nen thuc p h i m thuy hai san ddng lanh bi nhidm vi khuin chi tam thdi ngirng phat trien trong dieu kidn nhiet dp t h i p nhung khi mPi trudng thuan lpi thi chung se phat trien r i t nhanh va tiem an nhieu nguy co ngd ddc thuc p h i m .
IV. KET LUAN VA KIEN NGHI 4.1. Ke't luan
Kiem tra 300 miu thuc phim thuy hii sin ddng lanh va che bien san trong 3 nam 2006 - 2008 cho thay:
+ Cd 82/300 mlu khdng dat tieu chuan vi sinh ti le 27%. Trong dd cd 49 miu nhidm
Coliforms, khdng dat tieu chuan cho phep, 34 m i u khdng dat tieu chuan vd E. coli, 28 m i u khdng dat ve C. perfringens, 7 m l u khdng dat vd V. parahaemolyticus va khdng cd m i u nao bi nhidm Salmonella.
+ Nhdm ca lanh cd 36/120 miu khdng dat tieu chuin vi sinh (ti le 30%); nhdm
tdm, cua so che cd 29/90 m i u khdng dat tieu chuin (ti le 32%); nhdm nude m l m cd 9/30 m i u khdng dat tieu chuin (ti le 30%); nhdm m l m tdm, tep cd 8/30 m i u (ti le 27%) va nhdm nem c h i gid cd 6/30 m i u khdng dat tieu chuan (ti le 20%).
4.2. Kie'n nghi
- Tang cudng cdng tac tap huin ATVSTP cho tat ci cac dd'i tupng che bie'n, kinh doanh thuc phim thuy h i i san dong lanh va che bien sin.
- Diy manh truyen thong cho ngudi tieu dung ve cic sin phim ddng lanh va so che, canh bao ve nguy co d nhidm vi sinh vat, phong trinh ngp ddc thuc phim.
- Kidm Ua chat che ngudn nguyen lieu thuy, hai sin va cac loai mlm vd cdng tic VSATTP nhat la ngudn cung cap cho cac trudng hpc va cac bdp an tap the.
- Hii sin cin dupe rua nude ngpt nhieu lin trudc khi so chd de trinh nhidm vi khuan ua man Vibrio va ndn Uinh an gdi c i .
- Can cd them nhieu nghidn cuu ve o nhidm nguyen lieu so chd', dong lanh, san phim
che bie'n sin cua nhidu loai thuc pham de canh b i o va dua ra nhirng b i n g chdng khoa hpc tim ra nhung can nguyen gay lay nhidm cheo hay ngd ddc thuc p h i m (vat chua thuc phim cung la ngudn lay nhidm).
T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O
l.BgY te, Danh muc tieu chudn ve sinh ddi vdi luong thuc thuc phdm ban hanh kem theo Quyet dinh so 867119981QD-BYT ngay 4/4/1998.
2. Hd Huy Khdi (1997), "Phuong phap dich te hoc dinh dudng", Nhd xudt bdn Y hpc Hd Ndi tr. 18-22.
3. Ky thudt xac dinh Escherichia coli, Phuong phap MPN - FAO, 1992.
4. Phuong phap xdc dinh tong sd Coliforms, Tieu chudn Viet Nam -TCVN 4883:1992.
5. Ky thudt dinh luong Clostrdium perfringens trong thuc phdm, phdn tich theo tieu chudn Viet Nam TCVN 4991: 89.
6. Ky thudt xdc dinh Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Thudng quy ky thudt sd 3349/2001/QD-BYT.
7. Phuong phap xdc dinh Salmonella, Tieu chudn Viet Nam TCVN 6402-98.
8. Hd Thi Anh Ddo, Pham Thanh Yen, Nguyin Vdn Lan, Nguyin Lan Phuong (2005), "Tinh trang vi sinh cua mdt sd loai thdc an cd nguy co d nhilm cao tren thi trudng Ha Npi", Ky yeu hpi nghi khoa hpc Vi sinh an toan thuc phdm ldn thu 3- 2005. NXB Y hoc Ha Ndi. tr. 214-219.
9. Ndng Van Vdn, Nguyen Thdi Hong (2005), "Dieu tra danh gid thuc trang vd di' xudt gidi phap ndng cao chat luong ve sinh an toan thuc phdm tai mpt sd dia ban
trong diem tinh Bdc Kan", Hdi nghi khoa hpc Vi sinh an toan thuc phdm ldn thd 3 - 2005. NXB Y hpc Hd Ndi - 2005. Tr. 16-29
10. Nguyin Thi Hien, Pham Thanh Yin, Phan Thi Kim, Nguyin Thi S0, Nguyin Thi Khanh Trdn ( (2004), 'Tinh hinh d nhilm vi khudn vd nhdn thiic ve sinh an toan thuc phdm d ngudi kinh doanh thiic dn dudng phd. Hdi nghi khoa hpc Vi sinh an toan thuc phdm ldn thd 3 - 2005", NXB Y hpc Hd Ndi - 2005, tr. 384-390
11. Trdn Vdn Tho, Phan Trong Khanh, VU Thi Trung (2005), "Danh gid thuc trang vd de xudt mdt sd gidi phap quan ly chii yi'u bdo ddm vi sinh an toan thuc phdm d Hdi Phong", Hdi nghi khoa hpc Vi sinh an toan thuc phdm ldn thit 3 -2005. Nhd xudt bdn Y hoc ', 2005, tr. 36 - 48.
12. Duong Thi Hien, (2005), "Nghiin cdu thuc trang d nhilm vi sinh vdt trong thuc phdm che bien an ngay tai Bac Giang nam 2002", Hpi nghi khoa hpc Vi sinh an
toan thuc phdm ldn thit 3 -2005. NXB Y hpc Hd Npi- 2005, tr. 228 - 293.'
13. Phiing Tie'n Hpi, Nguyin Vdn The, Duong Qudc Diing, Ngd Thi Oanh, Duong Thi Hiin (2007), "Danh gid muc dp d nhilm trong cdc nhdm thuc phdm sdn xudt tai Bac Giang giai doan 2002- 2006. Hdi nghi khoa hoc Vi sink an toan thuc phdm ldn thit 4 -2007", NXB Y hpc Hd Npi - 2007. tr. 213 -218.
14. Phan Van Hdi, Phan Thi Kiiu Linh, Dang Van Son, Li Thi Minh Hii'u, Nguyin Thi Xudn Hong (2005), "Danh gid tinh hinh vi sinh an toan thitc an dudng phd thi xd Kon Turn", Hdi nghi khoa hpc Ve sinh an toan thuc phdm ldn thu 3 -2005. NXB Y hpc Hd Ndi - 2005, tr. 320 - 324.