• KHOA HOC N H A N V A N •
BAO DAM BINH DANG TRONG THlJC HIEN CHINH SACH GIAO DUC 6 VUNG DAN TOC THIEU SO
VIET NAM HIEN NAY: THlJC TRANG VA GIAI PHAP
TRAX MINH Dire'•'
Tom tdt: TH Doi mdi den nay, Viet Xnm da ban hknh mgt he thd'ng chinh sach, cdng cac quy dinh phap ly c6 lien quan nhSm phat tnen mgi m$t a cac viJng dan tgc thiiu sd'; trong do h$ thong chinh sAch giao due dU(?c uu tien hang dau. Viec bao dam binh ding trong giao due la mgt nhiem VTJ q u a n trgng cua chien lugc phat trien giao due: nhAm nang eao dan tri. dao t.ao nguon nhdn li/c v.i phat tnen kinh te - xa hdi vUng dan tdc thieu so 6 Vi$t Xam Tren ed s6phan tich quan niem ve bao dam binh d&ng trong giao due, bai viet budc diu khai quat thiic trang bao dam binh dSng trong thuc hi$n chinh sich giao due d vUng dan toe thieu so'6 Viet Nam, tit do chi ra mdt so v^'n de d&t ra vA giai phap bao dam binh ddng trong giao due d vUng dan tdc thieu sod Viet Nam.
Tit khoa: Bao dam binh dSng; ehinh saeh giao due: vimg dan toe thieu so.
Abstract: Since Doi mdi. Vietnam has issued polieies and laws to ensure comprehensive development in ethnic minority communities, one of the top concerns is education policies. Ensuring equaUty in education is an important mission of the socio-economic de\ elopment strategy for ethnic minorities in Vietnam. Based on an analysis of views on equality in education, the article reviewed equality protection in education policies in ethnic minority communities m Vietnam, thereby proposing solutions to ensure equality in education in ethnic minorities in Vietnam.
Keywords: Equality protection: education policy: ethnic minority
NgAy nhin bAi: 15/3/2020; Ngay sua bai: 27/4/2020; Ngiiy duyet ding bai: 07/5/2020.
Viet Nam la mdt qudc gia thd'ng nha't saeh giao due d cae \'ung dan toe thieu sd:
cua cae dan tdc cung sinh sd'ng, vdi 53 dan nham nang eao dan tri, dao tao nguon toe thilu sd', dong bao dan tde thilu sd' la nhan Ifle'" va phat triln kinb te - xa hdi mdt bp phan khong the tach rdi trong cdng vung dan tdc thilu sd'd Viet Nam.
dong cac dan tdc Viet Nam. Tfl doi mdi den
n a y , V i e t N a m d a b a n h a n h n h i e u c h i n h ,-, j^-(_.t^ Khoa Chinh sach cong. Hoc vien Khoa hoc xa h w s a e h , p h a p l u a t n h a m p h a t t r i l n m p i m a t d Cong tac tai khoa Dan toe va Ton giao. Hoc vi^n Chinh tri
- , J , ' ^ . . , • - - Ml) , „ ^' U i khu viic I; Email: mmhduchvctkvl©gmail.com
cac vung dan toe thieu so*'^ trong do he • , . - . „ . , ^, u ^i.. kin .A ^A„„
» • . t. ,1, y^jjg j j ^ f^ thieu so d Viet Nam la dja ban co dong
thdng ehinh saeh giao due dfldc flu tien ^^^. jg„ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^ cimg smh song on djnh thanh hang dau. Bao dam binh dang trong giao cong d6ng tren lanh tho nudc C6ng hoa xa hoi chu
J , . -• , . -^ ,^ u-.,_ nghia Viet Nam (Chinh phu. Nghj dinh so d u e g i f l a e a e t p c n g f l d i l a m p t t r o n g n h f l n g o 5 / 2 o n / N D - ( T v l cong tac dan toe. ban h i n h ngay n h i e m v u t h e n c h d t e u a t h f l c h i e n c h i n h 14/1/2011, c6 hieu luc tcr ngay 4/;i/20ii).
td I.2Q20 NHAN LOC KHOA HOC XA Hdi Q
DAM BAO BiXH DANG TKO.VC, THI/C HIEX CHIXH SACH...
1. Q u a n n i e m v e b i n h d a n g t r o n g t h f l c h i e n c h i n h -.ach g i a o d u e fl v u n g d a n t o e t h i e u s o
Hien nay. cd nhieu each hieu k h a c n h a u ve binh d a n g gifla cac tpc ngfldi. Binh d a n g d a n toe cd t h l hieu la quyen cua cac dan tpc, khdng p h a n biet lich sfl sdm h a y mudn. da sd' hay thieu so. t r i n h dp cao h a y tha'p, khdng p h a n biet e h u n g tdc, m a u da deu cd quyen binh dang'^'. Theo mdt sd' n h a nghien eflu. binh d a n g gifla eae toe ngfldi trong mdt qude gia da toe ngfldi la mdt gia tri dinh hfldng n h a m d a m bao thflc hien quyen cua mdi tpc ngfldi dfldc t h a m gia vao mdi linh vflc cua ddi sd'ng xa hdi trong q u a n he gan bd hflu cd vdi cac ldc ngfldi khac trong mdt qud'c gia da tde ngfldi; binh d a n g gifla cae tdc ngfldi bao h a m ca binh d a n g t r o n g quyen ldi va nghia vu cua edng d a n thudc cac d a n tdc' "
Trong mdt quoc gia da tpc ngfldi nhfl Viet Nam, quyen binh dang gifla eac tpc ngfldi t h l hien qua cd sd p h a p ly. dong thdi p h a i dflde the hien tren ta't ca cac linh vuc eiia ddi sdng kinh te xa hdi nhfl ehinh tri, k i n h te. van hda, xa hdi, trong dd cd d a m bao binh dang t r e n linh vfle giao due.
Theo chung tdi, cd t h l h i l u bao dam binh dang trong thfle hien chinh sach giao due d
\Tuig dan tpc t h i l u so' la bao dam quyen giao due va dupc giao due cda cac toe ngudi;
tdc la bao dam kha nang tiep can den cac cd hpi giao due va cac dieu tden giao due tuang ddi hap h- gida cac tgc ngudi vdi nhau. phu hop vdi kha n^g bien thuc cda cac vung dan tdi- thieu so'trong mgt giai doan lich sfl nhat dinh. Trfldc het la bao dam binh ding ve CO hgi den trUdng. ca hgi dUOc hgc tap. cu the d day la tre em d \-ung dan toe thieu so' Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOi
cung ed cd hpi va dieu kien den trfldng nhfl tre em cac vung khac, tre e m dan tdc thieu so'cung cd cd hpi den trfldng ngang bang vdi cd hdi de'n trfldng cua tre em dan ti>c Kinh, tre em gai ciing cd ed hdi de'n trfldng nhfl t re em trai d eac vung dan toe thieu sd', tre e m eae vung d a n tdc thieu so'cung cd dieu kien tie'p can eae dich vu giad due nhfl tre em eac v u n g khac'*'. Dong thdi, binh d a n g trong giao due v u n g d a n tdc t h i l u sd' cdn la van de thu hudng cac dieu kien giao due ca ban theo dieu kien eu t h e eua tflng viflig d a n tpc thieu so', dieu kien kinh t e - xa hdi cua tvlng dia phfldng, t h e hien cu t h e qua: m a n g Ifldi trfldng ldp, dieu kien cd sd v a t chat, thiet bi day hpc d v u n g d a n toe t h i l u sd', dac biet la he thd'ng trfldng chuyen biet v u n g d a n toe t h i l u sd'. Nhflng binh d a n g xa hpi trong giao due khdng ed n g h i a la ta't ea hpc sinh deu dat ket q u a hpe t a p nhfl n h a u h a y deu tot nghiep vdi ket q u a hpe t a p gid'ng n h a u , ke't qua hpc t a p cua hpe sinh p h u thude vao nhieu ye'u to' nhfl n a n g Iflc va mflc dp nd Iflc eiia b a n t h a n hpc sinh; n a n g Iflc dao tao cua giao vien...
2. Ca sd p h a p l y t r o n g b a o d a m b i n h d a n g t r o n g t h f l c h i e n c h i n h s a c h g i a o d u e d v u n g d a n t o e t h i e u s o
Trong nhflng n a m qua, Dang, N h a nfldc '" Hoc vien Chinh t n quoc gia (2018), Ly iuhn dan toe vk quan he dan tgc 6 Viet Nam hi$n nay, Nxb. Ly luSn Chinh tri, Ha N6i. tr.25.
'" Tham khao' Nguyin Quob Pha'm (2006), Cong bing va binh ding xa bgi trong quan he i6c nfruai d cac quoc gia da tgc ngudi, Nxb LJ luSn chfnh tri. Ha Noi t r . l 4 5 . '" • ' '•" Pham Thi Ly. Pham V&n Thing. Bat binh d s trong giao due \k nguon goc cua bao luc va bat '' hoi. trang difn til T^p chi VSn hoa A/^j,^ ^^
http://www.vanhoangbean.com vn. diing tai
31/01/2019. "^^y
TIUXMIXHOrC Viet Nam da ban hanh nhieu chii trfldng,
chinh sach ho trp, d^u tfl phat trien giao due vung dan tde thilu so'. He thdng van ban quy pham phap luat ciia Nha nfldc ta dflde ban hanh tfldng ddi day dii, tad cd sd phap ly thuc day giao due vung dan tpc thilu sd'phat trien nhfl; Hien phap nam 2013; Luat Giao due nam 2005 va Luat st(a doi, bo sung mdt so dieu ciia Luat Giao due nam 2009.
Trong Hien phap nam 2013, Dieu 5 khang dinh: Nfldc Cdng hda xa hdi chii nghia Viet Nam la qud'c gia thd'ng nha't cua cae dan tdc cung sinh sd'ng tren dat nfldc Viet Nam; Cac dan tdc binh dang, doan ket, tdn trpng va giup nhau cung phat triln; nghiem ea'm mpi hanh vi ky thi, chia re dan tpc; Cae dan tdc cd quyen dung tie'ng ndi, chfl vid't, gifl gin ban sac dan tpc, phat huy phong tuc, tap quan.
truyen thd'ng va van hda td't dep cua minh;
Nha nfldc thfle hien chinh sach phat triln toan dien va tao dieu kien dl eae dan tdc thieu sd phat huy npi Iflc, cflng phat trien vdi da't nfldc'"^'. Tai Dieu 39 va Dieu 42 quy dinh: mpi cdng dan ed quyen va nghia vu hoc tap; ed quy^n xae dinh dan tde cua minh, sd dung ngdn ngfl me de, lfla chpn ngdn ngfl giao tiep"^'. Trong Dieu 61, khoan 3 quy dinh: Nha nfldc flu tien phat triln giao due d mien nui, hai dao, vung dong bao dan toe thilu so' va vung ed dieu kien kinh te - xa hpi dac biet khd khan; flu tien sii dung, phat trien nhan tai; tao dieu kien de ngfldi khuyet tat va ngfldi ngheo dfldc hpc van hoa va hpe nghe'^'.
Theo Luat giao due 2005, Dieu 10 ve Quyen va nghia vu hpe tap eua cdng dan, nha'n manh: Hpc tap la quyen va nghia vu ciia cong dan. Mpi cdng dan khdng phan
s i 1-2820
biet dan tdc, tdn gido, tin ngfldng, nam nfl, nguon gdc gia (finh. dia vi xa hdi. hoan canh kinh te deu binh ding ve ed hdi hpc tap.
Xha nflde thflc hien cdng bang xa hdi trong giao due, tao dieu kien dl ai eung dfldc hpc hanh. Xha nfldc va cpng dong giup dd dl ngfldi ngheo dfldc hpe tap. tao dieu kien de nhflng ngfldi ed nang khieu phat triln tai nang. Nba nflde flu tien. tao dieu kien cho eon em dan tdc thilu sd. eon em gia dinh cl vung cd dieu kien kinh te - xa hdi dae biet khd khan, ddi tfldng dfldc hfldng ehinh sach flu dai, ngfldi tan tat, khuyet tat va ddi tfldng dfldc hfldng chinh sach xa hdi khac thflc hien quyen va nghia vu hpe tap cua minh.
Luat so 44/2009/QH12 ngay 25/11/2009 quy dinh: "Nha nflde cd ehinh sach trd cap va mien, giam hpc phi cho ngfldi hpc la ddi tfldng dflde hfldng ehinh sach xa hpi, ngfldi dan tdc thilu so' cl vflng cd dieu kien kinh te - xa hdi dac biet khd khan" va "Nha nflde danh flu tien hang dau cho viee bd'tri ngan sach giao due,... the hien dfldc chinh saeh flu tien cua Nha nfldc ddi vdi giao due pho cap, phat trien giao due d vflng dan tdc thilu sd' va vung co dieu kien kinh te - xa hdi dac biet khd khan"'^'. Luat cung quy dinh cu thl ve md rpng quy md, phat triln
'^' Hie'n phap nUdc Cong boa xa .Vj/ii, (in tai ban nSm 2015). Nxb.
S i l t h a t , Ha Noi. t r . l l . '*' Hie'n phap nitdc Cong boa xa Sam (in tai ban nSm 2015), Nxb Sa that. Ha N6i.tr 27.
'^ Hien phap nUdc Cpng boa xa Xam (in tai ban nSm 2015), Nxb, Sii that, Ha N6i. tr 36.
•' Quoc hoi (2009). Luat so 25/11/2009 ve Siia doi.
so dieu cua LuAt Giao due. Ha Noi
hgi chu nghia Vift Chinh tri q u a : gia-
hdi chu nghia Viet Chinh t n quoc gia -
hgi chii nghia Vi$t Chinh t n quoc gia -
44/2009/QH12 bd' sung
NHAN LUt KHOA HOC XA HAI Q
DAM BAO HiXH DANG TROXt; THL'C HIEX CHIXH .'^ACH . m a n g Ifldi trfldng ldp chuyen biet: Dieu 6 1 :
"Xha nfldc t h a n h lap trfldng phd' t b d n g d a n toe ndi t r u . trfldng pho thdng d a n tpc b a n trfl. trfldng dfl bi dai hpc cho eon em d a n tpc thieu sd', eon em cac gia ^ n h d a n toe dinh cfl lau dai tai v u n g cd dieu kien kinh te - xa hdi dac biet khd k h a n n h a m gdp p h a n tao nguon dao tao can bp cho vflng nay". 'Trfldng pho t h d n g d a n tdc ndi trfl. trfldng phd thdng d a n tdc b a n t r u . trfldng dfl bi dai hpe dfldc flu tien bd' t r i giao vien, cd sd vat cha't, thiet bi va n g a n sach"'"'. Xgoiii r a . hien nay Quoc hdi cflng da ban h a n h L u a t Giao due sd 4:1/2019/(iHn ngay 14/06/2019 cd hieu \\lc vao t h a n g 7 n a m 2020.
Nham eu the hda chinh sach, quy dinh phap luat. Chinh phu. Thii tfldng Chinh phii \ a Bd Giao due - Dao tao da phdi hdp xay dflng. to chuc. h a n h h a n h nhieu nghi dinh. quyet dinh. thdng tfl, chfldng trinh. de an... Trong giai doan tfl nam 2010 den 2017.
Chinh phu va cac bd. nganh Hen quan da ban h a n h 42 van ban quy pham p h a p luat vd giao due vung dan tde t h i l u so hoac cd lien quan den giao due vung dan tpc t h i l u so''"'. Tdng so van ban da va dang ap dung, bao gom: ;iS van ban, trong dd ed 24 Quyet dinh cua Thu tfldng Chinh phu. 12 nghi dinh. 01 nghi quyet va 01 chi thi"".
3 . Tht^c t r a n g b a o d a m b i n h d a n g t r o n g t h f l c h i e n c h i n h s a c h g i a o d u e d v u n g d a n t o e t h i e u so
Trong nhflng nam qua. sfl nghiep giao due va dao tao viing dan toe thilu sd' da dfldc Dans: va Xha nfldc quan tam dac biet thdng qua cac ehu trfldng, chinh sach ho trd, dau tfl phat trien. Chinh \ i va\'. giao due va dao tao vung dan tdc thieu so da ed nhiing bfldc Q NHAN L ^ KHOA Hpc XA HOI
clniyen bien dang k l , tao sU binh dang trong giao due gifla cac tpc ngfldi, gdp pbA" P " ^ t r i l n kuih te - xa hdi cua cac dia phfldng vk eua ea nflde. Tuy nhien thflc to. trong q u a trinh thflc hien nhflng elu'nh sach dd, ben eanh nhiing ket qua dat dfldc eung cd nhieu vaji de dat r a ddi vdi va'n de binh dang trong giao due gifla cac d a n tpc tlneu sd. De lam rd ve van de na\-. c h u n g tdi t a p t r u n g p h a n tich tren ba phfldng dien ed b a n la: (1) Bao d a m cd hdi dflde de'n trfldng d vflng d a n tpc thieu sd'; (2) Xa>- dflng h e thd'ng giao due chuyen biet vung d a n tpc thieu sd'; (3) Thfle hien ehe dp cfl t u y I n
3.1. Bao dam ca hgi duge den trUdng D a m bao ed hpi dfldc de'n trfldng, ed hpi di hpc d u n g tuoi la mpt t i e u e h i ed b a n , q u a n t r p n g p h a n a n h t r i n h dp p h a t t r i l n giao due ciia ea n h a n va cpng dong xa hdi"^'. Cd sd p h a p l u a t c u a viec md r p n g ed hdi di hpc dflng tuoi t i l u hpe la Luat Pho cdp giao due tieu hgc dflde Qud'c hpi t h d n g q u a n a m 1991 t r o n g dd quy d i n h rd N h a nfldc thflc h i e n c h i n h sach p h o cap giao due tieu hpc b a t budc tfl ldp 1 de'n h e t ldp 5 dd'i vdi ta't ea t r e e m Viet N a m t r o n g dp
'*' Quoc hoi (2009), Luat so 44/2009/QH 12 ngay 25/11/2009 v l Siia doi, bd sung mgt sd dieu cUa Lu$t Giao due. Ha Noi
""' Bich Nguyen. Ton tai nhieu bai c$p trong thUc bign chinh sach. phap luat ho trg phat tri4n giao due vdng din toe thiiu so, mien mil, T r a n g dien tu Bao Bien Phong. http;//www bienphong.com.vn. dang tai ng^v 14/10/2018.
" " Bao cao so 135/BC-UBDT ngay 25 thang 9 nam 2019 Tinh hinh thUc hi^n chfnh sach ve giao due vk d^o tgo viing dan toe t h i l u so, mien niii (DTTS MMi giai doan 2010 den nay
'"' Le Ngoc Hung (2016). Ooi mdi giao dur a Viet Nam nh&m tao eong bing xa hgi vA phat tnen ben
org vn. dang tai n g i y 1/9/2016.
vung, icttngsan.
S6 6-2020
TI-iAXMIXHDCC tuoi tfl 6 den 14 tuo'i. De'n nam 2000, Viet
Nam da hoan thanh pho cap giao due tieu hpc. Hien nay. cd hpi di hpc theo dung dp tuoi quy dinh ciia tre em ngay eang dflde dam bao hdn gifla cae vung mien. Chinh .sach giao due eho con em dong bao dan tdc thilu so' d eac vung dan tpc thieu so' da va dang phat huy tac dung, huy dpng hau he't tre em trong dp tuoi den trfldng, hpe sinh dan tdc thieu so' da co dfldc cd hpi hpc tie'ng pho thdng, hpc van hda, dfldc tiep can thdng tin, khda hpc ky thuat... Mac dfl vay, viec bad bao dam cd hpi de'n trfldng cdn mdt sd' van de kha noi com:
Thd nhat, mac dfl khdng cd sfl khae biet ve mflc dp pho cap giao due tieu hpe, nhflng cd chenh lech kha ldn gifla eae vflng d ca'p trung hpc pho thdng (THPT).
Ty le di hpe cap THPT d eae vflng cd nhieu dan tpc thieu so' efl tru nhfl trung du, mien ndi phia Bac va Tay Nguyen deu tha'p hdn ty le ehung eiia ca nflde (72,3%) l^n Ifldt la 68,4% va 60,7%. Chenh lech cao nhat gifla cac vflng la 27,4%. Ty le di hpc dung tuoi d trung du va mien nui phia Bac eung khong cao d ca'p THPT chi la 65.1%, thap hdn mat bang ehung eua ea nfldc la 68,3"ii.
cdn Tay Nguyen la mot trong cac viing cd ty le di hpc dung tuoi d eae ca'p hpe thap nha't ca nfldc"^'.
Thd hai, ty le di hpe dung dp tuoi edn tha'p, hien nay tre em cac dan tdc thieu sd chi cd khoang 70" <• hpc sinh trong dp tudi di hpc, di hpc dung ca'p"^'; ty le di hpe dung dp tuoi d cap trung hpe pho thdng ciia eae nhdm dan toe thieu so dat trung binh la 32,3%, d mdt so' nhdm dan tde nhfl: Brau.
Xtieng, Gia Rai, Ma. Mndng, Ld Ld ed ty le hpc sinh di hpc dung dp tudi binh quan d
Sd 6-2020
mflc dfldi 60°0, trong dd cd chfla den 10"»
hpe sinh cua cac nhdm DTTS tren di hoc dung dp tuoi d ca'p trung hpc pho thdng"'*-
3.2. Xay dUng he thd'ng trUdng ebuyOn biet vung dan tgc thieu so'
He thd'ng giao due chuyen biet vung dan tdc thilu so la mdt bp phan ciia nen giao due qudc dan, da ngay cang phat huy vai trd tich cflc trong viee hao dam binh dang trong giao due, duy tri, ciing cd ket qua pho cap giao due tilu hoc dung dp tudi, phd cap giao due trung hpe cd sd.
Hien nay, Viet Nam cd 315 trfldng pho thdng dan tpc ndi trfl d 49 tinh, thanh phd' vdi tren 100 nghin hpe sinh npi tru, trong so' 6.000 hpc sinh cae trfldng pho thdng dan toe ndi trfl td't nghiep THPT hang nam, cd tren 50% hpe sinh thi do thang vao dai hpc, cao dang"^'. Cung vdi sfl phat triln eua he thd'ng giao due pho thdng, den nay da cd 4 trung tam dai hpc khu vfle: Tay Bac. Ddng Bac, Tay Xgiiyen va Tay Nam Bd. He thd'ng trfldng dao tao nghe, trfldng cao dang dfldc ciing ed', phat trien d ca 4 khu vfle.
"^' Ban chi dao Tong dieu tra dfin so va nhk a Trung iJdng (2019), Kei qua Tdng dieu tra dAn sd va nhi d thdi diem 0 gid ngay 01 thing 4 nim 2019. Nxb.
Thong ke. Ha Noi. tr.118.
"^' Phung Diic Tung, Nguyen Viet Cuong. Nguyin Cao Thinh. Ngu> In Thi Nhung, Ta Thi Khanh Van, Tdng quan tbUc trang Mnh te - xa bdi cUa 53 din tdc thieu sdnim 2015: dUa tren ket qua phan tich solieu dieu tra thuc trang kinh te - xa hoi cua 53 dan tgc thieu sd nSm 2015. Ha Noi thang 7 -2015. tr-27
"^' Ban chi dao Tong dieu tra dan so vk nhk a Trung Udng (2019). Kei qui Tong dieu tra din sd va nhi d thai die'm 0 gid ngay 01 thing 4 nim 2019, Nxb Thong ke. Ha Noi. tr.118
116) Trung tam Truyen thong giao dye (2019), Thiic diy chinh sich phat tnin cho giao d\fc vung din tgc thieu sd. mien nui. Trang dien tu Bo giao due va Ako tao, https://moet.gov.vn. dSng tai. ngSy 11/0.5/2019.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q
DAM BAO BINH D A X G T R 0 X ( ; T H I T HIEX CHIXH S.\CH..
T u y nhien, he thd'ng trfldng chuyen biet v u n g d a n tdc thieu so hien d a n g tdn tai n h i e u ba't cap. gay b a n che khdng nhd t r o n g bao d a m thfle hien chinh sach binh d a n g giao due nhfl: lien t h d n g gifla cap t r u n g hpc cd ^o vk t r u n g hpc phd t h d n g cua he thd'ng trfldng npi trfl cdn b a n che;
cd sd vat cha't thiet yeu d cac trfldng ehuyen biet chfla dflpe t r a n g bi dii; thieu n h a edng vu eho giao \ i e n : mflc chi phi sinh boat qua t h a p : kinh phi ho trd dflpc ca'p ve tdi eac trfldng thfldng rat cham;
nhieu dia phfldng chfla cd bien che cho n h a n vien cap dfldng. giao vien edn thieu kinh nghiem ve phong tuc. t a p q u a n cua hpc sinb d a n tdc t h i l u so'trong vflng....
3.3. ThUc hien cache cU iiiydn Cfl tuyen la t u \ e n sinh khdng q u a thi t u \ d n vao cac trfldng dai hpc. eao dang, t r u n g cap n h a m dao tao can bd, edng chflc.
vien ehflc cho eac v u n g cd dieu kien k i n h td - xa hdi dac biet khd k h a n va cac d a n tpc t h i l u so' chfla cd hoac cd rat it can bp dat t r i n h dp dai hpc, eao dang, t r u n g cap, day la mdt t r o n g nhflng chinh sach n h a m tao cd hpi de cae hpc sinh d vflng mien va Ciic d a n tdc cd t h e tiep can dfldc dieu kien giao dtic chuyen n g a n h , giao due bac cao (trinh dp t h a c si va tie'n ^il, Trong vdng 11 n a m , tfl 1999 - 2009. ca nfldc da thfle hien cii i u \ e n dfldc 19 720 hpc sinh cac d a n tpc t h i l u sd' vao hpc tai 79 trfldng dai hpc, cao d a n g T r u n g fldng va 30 trfldng cao d a n g dia phfldng''"'. Theo Bao cao eiia Hdi dong D;"m tpc, tfl n a m 1990 den nay, cdng tac cfl tu\-ln da t h u dfldc nhflng ket qua tfldng ddi flVt. trong giai doan 2011 - 2017 cd > BM hpc sinh hpc cii t u \ e n . trong dd, so Ifldng sinh vien da tot nghiep la 4.517; so con lai dang
[ Q NHAN L ^ KHOA HQC XA HOI
theo hoc tai cac trfldng dai hpc. cao dang, trung cap'"''. Hien ca nfldc ed t r e n 13 nghin ngfldi dan tpc t h i e u sn cd t r i n h dp t r e n dai hpc, cao dang: hdn 7S n g h i n ngfldi cd t r i n h dp t r u n g hpe e h u y e n nghiep...'"". T u y nhien, ehinh .^ach cfl t u y I n hien d a n g hoc Id mdt sd' h a n che, a n h hfldng k h d n g nhd den \iec dao tao nguon can bd. n g u o n n h a n Iflc chat lfldng cao ngfldi d a n tdc thieu so eho eac dia phfldng nhfl: h a n g n a m eac dia phfldng thflc h i e n k h d n g dii chi tieu cd tuyen. t h a m chi n h i e u dia phfldng khdng cd chi tieu dao tao; cd ca'u nganh nghe dao tao cii tuyen cdn chfla phu hdp vdi n h u eau p h a t t r i e n k i n h t e - xa hdi cua dia phfldng; cd ca'u gifla cac d a n tdc dfldc cfl tuyen chfla dong deu; p h a n ldn sinh vien efl t u y I n sau khi td't n g h i e p r a trfldng khdng cd viec lam t r o n g k h i v u n g mien nui, dan tdc lai d a n g thieu c a n bp ed trinh dp.
4. M o t s o g i a i p h a p
De bao d a m binh d a n g t r o n g giao due d vung d a n tdc t h i l u sd' hien nay, c a n e h u trpng mpt sd'giai p h a p ed b a n sau:
Mgt la, t a n g cfldng sfl l a n h dao eiia ca'p uy Dang, chinh quyen cac ca'p dd'i vdi sfl nghiep giao due, cung nhfl viee bao d a m
" " Nguyen Hdu Giang, Hoang PhutJng Lien (2013), Nhiing bit cip cin khic phuc trong chfnh sach ci tuyen, Cong thong tin di?n t i c i a Uy ban Dan toe, http://cema.gov.vn. dang tai ng^y 31/10/2013.
'"" Quang Minh (2018) Hgi dong Dan tgc cun Qudc hgi thao lu$n chinh sich cU tuyin vimg dan tpc thieu ad, mien nui, Cong thong tm di^n tu Quoc hoi Vi?t Nam!
http://quochoi.vn, dang tai ngSy 03/05/2018.
"^' Ha Thj Khiet. T&ng eudng cong tic phit triin giio di^c a v^ng din tpc thiiu so'- ca sd quan trpng de thiic hien binh d&ng giUa cic din tpc, T r a n g di^n tii Tap chi Cong san. httpjiwww tapchicongsan.org.vn, dang tai ngiy 9/4/2018.
sfl B-2020
TRAX MIXH DLT binh dang trong giao due d eae vimg dan
tde thilu so. Quan triet sau sac quan dilm ctia Dang: Giao due dao tao la qudc sach hang dau, la sfl nghiep ciia toan Dang, cua Xha nflde va cua toan dan; dau tfl cho giao due la d^u tfl phat trien, phai dflpe flu tien di trfldc; ddng thdi, ehu trpng bao dam binh dang tren phfldng dien giad due, nang cao chat Ifldng giao due vung dan tdc thilu sd'.
Tang cfldng sfl lanh dao cua cap iiy dang, chinh quyen eae cap; nang eao nhan thfle ve vai trd quan trpng cua giao due dao tao trong viee nang cao dan tri, dao tao nhan Iflc, boi dfldng nhan tai, dae biet la tang ldp tri thflc, nhan Iflc cha't Ifldng cad ngfldi dan tdc thilu sd' trong phat trien kinh te.
xa hdi nhanh va ben vflng d eac vung dan tpc thilu so'. Phat huy sflc manh tdng hdp ciia ca he thdng chinh tri, ciia eae vung kinh te - xa hdi va ciia cac dan tdc de phat trien sfl nghiep giao due; tie'p tije day manh viee hpc tap va lam theo ta'm gfldng dao dflc Ho Chi Minh; phat huy vai trd cua cac doan t h l nhan dan, vai trd eua gia lang trfldng ban, ngfldi ed uy tin trong cae hoat ddng khuye'n hpe.
Hai la, tiep tuc xay dflng boan thien he thd'ng phap luat, chinh saeh lien quan den giao due vung dan tpc thieu so'; tien hanh ra soat, nghien cflu, ban hanh mdt so' chinh sach mdi, kip thdi sda ddi, bd sung nhflng chinh sach da lac hau dl phu hdp hdn vdi thflc tien nham had dam binh dang trong gian due d eac vung dan tde thilu so'. Hfldng tdi xay dflng phap lenh, nghi dinh, thdng tfl rieng biet cho giao due d cac vflng dan tpc thilu so', vdi nhflng quy dinh cu the nhfl: quyen va nghia vu hpc tap ciia eac dan tpc thieu so';
Sfl6-2S28
cd che hd trd hpc sinh ngfldi dan tdc thieu sd. quy dinh he thd'ng trfldng ehuyen biet vung dan tpc thieu so: quy dinh ve che dp giao diic song ngfl._ se gdp phan bao dam thflc hien day du quyen ldi giao due binh dang gifla eac tde ngfldi d vung dan tdc thieu sd'. tao dieu kien cd hdi va deu kien giao due hinb dang gifla eac vung trong ca nflde. thuc day sfl phat trien on dinh va ben vflng cua cac vung dan tdc thieu sd' nfldc ta.
Ba la. can tang nguon dau tif cho edng tae phat triln giao due cf vung dan tpc thilu sd', trong dd xa hpi hda giao due de toan dan. toan xa hdi ddng gdp mdt each thiet thflc cho sfl phat triln giao due vung dan tdc thieu so' la mdt trong nhflng bien phap het sflc can thie't trong giai doan hien nay. can phan bo hdp ly gifla eac nguon ngan sach cho boat ddng giao diac dan tde thilu sd' nhfl ngan saeh ciia Dang va Nha nflde; ngan saeh eua dia phfldng va sfl dong gdp cua toan dan cho sfl nghiep giao due d vflng dong bao dan tdc thilu sd.
Boh la, da dang bda eac loai hinh giao due, dao tao vflng dan tdc thieu so; can xay dflng chfldng trinh, saeh giad khoa va phfldng phap day hpe phu hdp vdi doi tfldng hpc eua tflng dan tde, tflng vung.
Xay dflng eac md hinh giao due dae thu phu hdp vdi giao due vung cao, vung ddng bao dan tpc thilu sd'eua tflng dia phfldng.
Chu trpng tdi viec hpc tap va sfl dung ngdn ngfl va van tfl cua cac dan tdc thieu so', tie'p tuc hoan thien chinh sach giao due song ngfl, xay dflng tren ed sd ca hai ngdn ngfl la ngdn ngfl me de va ngdn ngfl phd thdng, tang cfldng nghien cflu va
NHAN UfC KHOA HOC XA H 4 I [ Q ]
DAM BAO BiXH D.\XG TRONG THCC HIEX CHIXH S.ACH g i a n g d a y ngdn ngfl. vfin tti d a n tpc t h i l u
so. coi t r p n g ca h a i mue tieu t r o n g p h a t trien giao due cl cae v u n g d a n tpc thieu so' la bdi dfldng n a n g Iflc sfl d u n g ngdn ngfl d a n tde t h i l u so va n a n g Iflc su d u n g t i e n g Vi^t ciia cac hoc s i n h ngfldi d a n tpc t h i e u sd'. Dong thdi, c h u trpng dao tao dpi ngu giao vien la ngfldi d a n toe t h i l u so co t r i n h dp ca ve sfl p h a m va kien thflc cho tflng vflng, tflng d a n tdc; xay dflng che dp dai ngd va sU d u n g dpi ngu giao vien va can bd q u a n ly giao due d cac v u n g d a n tdc tliieu sd. de hp yen t a m vdi n g h e nghiep, g a n bd vdi sfl nghiep giao due d eac vung d a n tpc t h i l u sd.
Torn lai, t r o n g nhflng ndm qua. I).mi:
va N h a nfldc Viet Xam da b a n h a n h nhieu chti trfldng, chinh saeh. p h a p luat n h a m bao d a m binh d a n g t r e n phfldng dien giao due d cae vung d a n tdc t h i l u so', tuy nhien van hoc Id nhieu b a t cap nhfl pho cap giao due edn cd su chenh lech k h a ldn gifla cac d a n tpc va cac v u n g mien: he thd'ng trfldng chuyen biet d vflng dan tpc thieu sd mdi chi dap flng dfldc mdt p h a n n h u cau giao due. cdn nhieu b a n che ve c h a t Ifldng dao tao: thflc hien ehinh saeh eii tuyen khdng dat dfldc muc tieu de ra, chfla phu hdp vdi thtJe t i l n dia phfldng... De khac phue nhflng b a n che', bat cap t r e n . ddi hoi su t h a m gia tich cflc. chu ddng ciia toan bp he thd'ng ehinh tri va ngfldi dan trong sfl nghiep p h a t t r i l n giad due d cac v u n g d a n tpc thieu sd'. Dae hiet. ehinh b a n t h a n ngfldi d a n eae d a n tpc can n h a n thflc rd quyen va nghia vu ctia minh t r o n g giao diic. vai trd va vi t r i ciia giao due. tfl dd eac chu trfldng. chinh saeh bao dam binh
dang trong giao due d cae v u n g dan tpc t h i l u so mdi cd t h l di vao cudc sdng, &dp pb^n nang cao ddi sd'ng kinh t e - xa hpi d cac dan tdc thieu so ndi n e n g va cua ea nfldc ndi ehung.
TAI L I E U T H A M K H A O 1. Bich X g u \ e n , Ton tai nhieu ba't cap trong thflc hien ehinh sach, phap lu$t ho trg phat trien giao due vung dan tgc thieu so. mien nui. T r a n g dien tfl Bao Bien Phdng, http://www.bienphong. com.vn, dang tai ngay 14/10/2018.
2. Ha Thi Khiet. Tdng eUdng eong tac phat tnen giao due d vdng dan tgc thieu so - ea sd quan trgng de tbUe hien binh d&ng gida cae dan toe, T r a n g dien tii T a p ehi Cdng san, http://www. t a p c h i c o n g s a n . org.vn, dang tai ngay 9/4/2018.
3. Nguyen Qud'c P h a m (2006), Cdng- bkng va binh ding xa hgi trong quan he tgc ngudi a cac quoc gia da tgc ngudi, Nxb.
Ly luan chinh tri. H a Npi.
4. P h u n g Dflc Tung, N g u y i n Viet Cfldng, Nguyen Cao Thinh, N g u y i n Thi Nhung, Ta Thi K h a n h Van, Tong quan thuc trang kinh te- xa hgi cua 53 dan tgc thieu so nAm 2015: dua tren ket qua phan tich so lieu dieu tra thUc trang kinh te - xa hgi cua 53 dan tgc thieu so'nam 2015, Ha Npi t h a n g 7 -2015.
5. Trung t a m T r u y e n t h d n g giao due (2019), Thuc day chinh saeh phat then cho giao due vung dan tgc thieu so, mien ndi, Trang dien tii Bp giao due va dao tao, https://moet.gov.vn, d a n g tai, ngay 11/05/2019.
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sfl 6-2020