Tap chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM Sd 46 nim 20U
THlTC CHAT VE DEP HINH Tl/ONG VLTONG MIEN VA T l / TlTdNG H 6 1 TRUYEN M P D A U TlEU THUYET
NHO LAM NGOAI Sl)^
l e THCSI T A N '
TOM TAT
Theo chiing toi nhdn vdt Vuang Mien trong Nho lam ngoai sit khong phdi Id "trin coi Wc " md la chi mudn "trdnh thi quyin ". Cdu chuyen Vuang Mien la chuyin Idnh Iran chinh quyin chii khdng phdi Id chuyen dn ddt truyin thdng. Hdi truyen md ddu tieu ihuyil khdng phdi Id bdi ca nhiel thdnh ddi sdng dn ddt md Id tiing than ddi cho mdi quan he giira ehinh quyin vd tri thirc - nhirng ke thudng vdn dugc xem la tu gidc han ddn chung trong y thirc vi sd phdn minh trong can ddu be thay trieu ddi dgi Bd la mot net mdi trong tu tuang ciia nhd vdn bdc 16 ngay tir hoi truyen md ddu cudn tieu thuyet.
Tir khda: "ttdn coi tuc", "ttanh thi quyen", mdi quan he chinh quyen va tti thiic.
ABSTRACT
The aesthetic nature of the character of Wang Mian and ideological theme in the opening chapter of The Scholars In the researcher's point of view, it is not the mundane life but authority and influence that the character of Wang Mian in The Scholars avoids. The story of Wang Mian is that of authority avoidance, not that of traditional seclusion. The opening chapter of this novel is not a passionate song about a secluded life but a frequent complaint about the relationship between the authorities and the intellectual who are often considered to he more self-aware of their fates than ordinary people at the change of a dynasty or throu^
the whirligig of time.
Keywords: hiding from mundane life, authority avoidance, authorities and intellectuals relationship.
1. Ve dep hinh tugng nhan vat tieu hon bat cir ai da td ra quy gia ddi sdngty thuylt trong phan biet voi nhan vat sir do cua ban than din dp nao. Vuong truyen khdng eho gia tri eua con ngudi la cong Ngay ttr dau hdi truyen, nha tilu danh phu quy, Igp cdng sang nghiep^
thuyet diing may chu "uy nghi ldi Igc" dl ttudc tac huyIn danh. Ddi vdi Vuong, gidi thieu nhan vat chinh ciia thien dugc sdng cugc sdng than ta thudc vl \ truyen. Thi nhung chiing tdi cho ring cai lam liy ma an, cdn du thdi gian thi v[
"uy nghi loi Igc" cua Vuong Mien d day tranh, udng ruau, ban huydn ciing bp khdng la nhiing thanh khilt, cao nha, tilt ben minh la da tdt lim rdi.
thao ma tap hung bieu hien ra d ehd Vuong Vuong Mien trong tilu thuylt thiic vdn "khdng ciu quan tudc", m5c ^ TS, Trudng Dai hpc Giao due, Vuong cd co hpi "gan giii" vdi ke quy^
OHQG HS Ngi thi. Thiy gia Tin cd y khdng hai long vi
Tap chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM Li Th&i Tan
chuyen khudc tir va tranh cho tri huyen lay lam qua tien quan ldm, Vuong bit die dl mdi danh ging giai thich eho gia Tin hieu vi sao: "Tdi ndi cirng gid, tri huyen y the Nguy Td tdn nguac khdng tir thu gi v&i ddn & day. Logi ngu&i nhu thi, tdi viec gi phdi di gap nd? Lan ndy hdn tr&
ve rdi, nhdt dinh si ndi lgi v&i Ngyy Td.
Ngify Td then nhiiu hoa gign, e se sinh su v&i tdi." (hdi 1, tr.lO; ban dich tr.40).
Virang thiu hi^u cai kha d ciia quan trudng va ban than Vuang ciing nhigu lin ' bi ke cd quyen the (tii huyen quan sd tai eho dSn mSnh quan trong tri6u \h que, den duang kim hoang thupng) iam khd dl. Vay ma Vuong cd khdng phan iing thai qua, cdt gang giu dupe nguydn tic ma van dupe yen than thi thdi. Khac vdi trong tieu thuyet, tran thuat eiia sii truyen khdng thay ndi ed chuyen Vuang bj biic bach; ngupe lai, phan iing tnrdc mpt sd giao xk thdng thudng cua nhan vat nay, theo khac hpa cua su truyen, thudng lgi td ra thai qua. Dpc mpt dogn trong Minh
^u du thay dieu dd: "Mien thu&ng a tren ''du nhd, khdch din mdn ddng vdo bdo, Mi^n cho len khdch m&i duac lin. Cd yien chuc tren Bd qua qugn, dai de xin
^gp gdp. Mien tic chdi. Vien chiec kia di
$uac trdm bu&c, Mien tua lan can Idu
$uyt sao, khdch nghe thdy xdu hd"
\\Vuang Mien truyen trong Minh Sic,
^luyen 285). Vuong Mien trong Nho ldm [gogi sic trude sau ehi mudn tranh xa juy^n the. Cd the ndi, neu khdng cd huyen hi ddi dSn gap m^t eiia cu Idn
?gyy Td va quan huyen Thdi Nhan chic j'uong Mi?n da vui vdi cudc sdng niia
;^y cudc niia dpc sach, vg tranh, sdm
hdm ban ciing gia Tan rdi. Hinh tupng Vuang Mien trong tieu thuyet khien dde gia lien tudng d^n cac nhan vat Ngu Due Diic (hdi 36 giiia saeh), Kinh Nguyen cimg gia Vu (hdi 55 cudi sach) va tinh bgn giiia gia Tin vdi Vuong Mien dudng nhu lai dupe ti^p tuc anh xa vao trong quan he giiia cap nhan vat Kinh Nguyen va Vu lao d cudi saeh. Hp deu la rihiing
"chan nho", "ki nhan" "uy nghi ldi lac".
Nhung do la cai "simg siing ldi Igc" theo each hieu rieng cua Ngd Kinh Tii trong tinh each la mpt tieu thuyet gia - mdt ve
"uy nghi ldi Igc" can nhan tinh. Quen vol each nhin eua sir truyen va truyin ki, ddc gia se khdng thiy dupe ve dep gian dj d cac hinh tupng "chan nho", "ki nhan"
trong cudn tilu thuylt ta chan nhan sinh nay. Dpc tron ca doan md dau hdi truySn (tiic eung la doan md dau eho ea tieu thuyet), dde gia khdng khd phat hi?n quan diem eiia nha .van ve cai gpi la "uy nghi ldi Igc" d nhan vat thien truyen:
"(Sau khi din bai tir mao dau cho tieu thuySt - LTT) Bdi tic nay cung la l&i sao ddu mdm cua mdy ngu&i biet chic.
Chdng qua Id ndi cdng danh phu quy tren dai Id thu ben ngodi bdn thdn ta, vdy md the nhdn he thdy cdng danh phii quy cd chit theo dudi cho duac. Den luc cd trong tay rdi m&i thdy vf nd nhgt thick Tu cd chi kim, ai thdu cho ra le ndy! Tuy the, vdo cudi th&i Nguyin ciing timg xudt hien mpt ngu&i uy nghi ldi Igc..." (hdi 1, h-.2; ban dich tr.27)^.
Ta cd the dien dich y cua doan van rdng ra nhu sau: "Ngudi ki chuy&i tdi day dan bai tir md diu eho cudn sach nay iy la 6% ndi rd ring ngudi ddi liy cdng
Tap chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM S6 46 nam 2013
danh phu quy lira minh lira ngudi. Ngudi ta vdn cd thi sdng cudc ddi cOa minh, the ma rdi lai di bien ddi sdng ban than thanh ra mdt cudc hanh trinh quen than di tim cdng danh phii quy. Cd kim miy ke ngd ra dilu dd. Trudng hgp tdi kl sau day cd thi xem la mdt din chirng ngugc lai. Anh ta theo nhu tdi hieu vi ngd ra ngay tir budi diu cudc ddi cai su thuc duge ndi din thi nhilu nhung lam duge thi hiem dd nen cd the xem la mdt ngudi "uy nghi ldi Igc"...". Dgc Nho ldm ngogi sir cho din tan hdi 56 mdi thiy dugc sT nhan ed thi uy nghi ldi lac dugc nhu Vuong Mien thuc khdng may ke! Vuong Mifn khi vira thanh nien da djnh ro eho minh cudc sdng thdn que hda minh giiia canh sac dien vien, lam mgng cudc vudn ging no gupng im nhung eiing cd dpe sach ngam tho va ve tranh (dep thi dem ban).
Truong Van Hd - mdt trong nhimg nha binh didm JVho ldm ngogi su cd tidng dpe den cau "Virang xudng bep nudng niia cdn bgt ldm bdnh, xdo mgt dia Idn rau he bung len tiep khdch" (ta canh Vuong tiep dai Ngd Vuang Chu Nguyen Chuang tiic Minh Thai Td sau nay. Hdi 1, tr.l4; ban dich tr.45) binh: "Tuy cam rau nhung cUng ehua timg phdi thieu ddr [2, tt.450]. Thi ma cai cudc sdng binh di tu tgi do sau rdi ciing khdng thi tilp tuc.
Mpt cu Idn trong trieu vl que cimg mdt tri huyen sd tgi miy hdi philn nhilu khien Vuong phai bdn ba tha hucmg nghin dam. Kip din tudi trung nien, lai vi chuyen chieu vdi hien ma phai trdn bin vao trong mil. Thiu hieu "Cdng danh phii quy vd bdng cir; Phi tdn tdm tinh, tong bd luu quang ngo" (bai tit diu sach; hdi 1,
. fr.l; ban djch tr.27: Cdng danh phu quy diu hu ao; Chi nhpc Idng ta ngay thang trdi), Vuong chi mudn lam mpt thuang nhdn sdng cudc sdng chan phac gian dj.
Cd thi cong danh phii quy cung la mOt mdt ldi di giOa "Budng trdn mudn loi nam bdc ngudi xudi nguac" (Nhdn sinh Nam Bdc da ki Id - cau dau bii tit diu sach) nhung trong budi "Bao ddi hung vong sdm lgi toi Gio Idt ben song cay tiin trieu" (Bdch dgi hung vong trieu phgc mg, Gigng phong xuy ddo tien trieu thu - bai tit diu sach) nhu chinh thdi Vuong Mien dang sdng thi Vuong nhu cang chi mudn sdng ddi tu chii, tu lire canh sinh "vd danh" giira vudn rudng.
Hieu nhu thi ta mdi hilu dugc ve "uy nghi ldi Igc" cua hinh tugng Vuang Mien - mdt ve "uy nghi loi Igc" khdng can den quang cao va dugc ngudi biet den (nhu trong truyen thuyet, giai thoai - chat li?u ciia tu sU su truyen). Nhu ta dgc thay trong hdi truyen, Vuong khdng dudi hai lin dimg trude co h$i cdng danh phu qu^
den tay nhung deu trdn chdi. Khdng phai la cd y td diic thanh cao hay neu guong tilt dung. Don gian chi la vi Vuang thuc tam khdng mudn vat bd ddi sdng da chgn ciia minh, khdng mudn trai vdi sd nguy?n binh sinh va tam f cudc ddi. Vuong tir chdi su tien cu cua tri huyfn Thdi chu ylu vi khdng mudn chung dung vdi hgng
"tdn ngugc khdng tir thii gi vdi ddn" (hoi 1, ti-.lO; ban dich tr.40). Khi que huong qua hdi can qua, tan trilu thay thi ngvy trilu. Hoang dl tan trilu ban bd the che khoa cii mdi. Vuang Mien lgi tir choi chilu vdi hiln vi tinh tao nhgn ra th\tc chit cua thi chi khoa cir tuyIn hiln raiii
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Li Th&i Tan
ma hoang de vira ban bd. Vuang Mien vi coi trpng tu dudng nhan each va Idng tu tdn ciia ke cd chG, vi thiy rd ach chuyen che dang thuc hien mpt ehinh sach cau nhii va ngu dan ddi vdi tri thiic nen da khudc til ldi mdi ciia hoang de. Vuang biet gid day "vdn hda phdm hgnh, lexudt xir diu bi coi thu&ng"^ va du doan van nhan se lam con tai ach cua thdi dgi (nguyen van: Nhdt dgi van nhdn him dch). Cd dieu, neu nhu trude dd, chdi quan huyfn chi can lanh ra tinh ngoai mdt dp thi gid day mudn tranh nha vua, Vuang da phai lanh hin ca ddi vao trong niii vang.
2. Tieng than cho quan hf the quy€n v^ ke sT: "an dSt*' hay la "djio vong"?
Theo quan niem thdng thudng, d an ho^c ndi ke an dgt la do chd bat man vdi chinh quyin duong eye ho^c do chan gh6t xa hdi va thdi thi ma bd quan hogc tir chdi khdng ra iam quan, tim ddn d nhiing ehd heo lanh sdng tach rdi vdi ddi song xa hpi ndi chung. Hanh ddng d an chira dung y vj bat hpp tac va sir phii dinh dgo due nhit dinh. Cac in sT thudng hoac la mdt vi trung than ciia trieu dgi cii khdng ra tham du cdng vi|c trieu chinh cua chi dp mdi hogc la mdt vien quan ban triiu nhung treo in rdi bd nhiSm sd hay mdt nhan sT chdi tir ldi mdi ra nham chiic va chpn cudc sdng each biet d chdn xa xdi. Ndi chung ehii "an cu" "quy an"
thudng gan lien chii chQ" "tir quan".
ThS nhung, trong Nho ldm ngogi sic, Vuang Mien rd rang chang phai la ke yem the ghet ddi hay lam bd thanh cao ra ddng dat sT. Tinh tiit trong hdi truy?n nhat quan cho ta thiy Vuong yeu thich
sinh hoat thdn que va ddi sdng vudn rudng. Vuong eung chang cd thii oan ca nhan gi vdi duang kim hoang de - ke nam quyen luc cao nhat. Vuong cung chang phai la cuu than tien trieu lo phai chiu ki thi "hang than la lao". Vuong trdn an can ban la vi lo sp ca mpt the ehe van hda cd tinh each xem nhe hpc thugt chan ehinh va dao diie nhan each ke sT ma tan trieu vira thiet djnh, cai the che lung lac SI nhan bang cdng danh phii quy mpt dudng lam quan se tao nen van hgn cho van nhan thdi dgi (nguyen van: nhdt dgi vdn nhdn hihi dch) nen da ehii ddng cat budc ra di trude {Nho ldm ngogi sic vg sau cung khdng cd bat ki nhan vat "d an"
nao niia ea.^ ST nhan thdi dai dd xd chen lan nhau trude cay eau dpe mdc khoa cu dan ldi sang ben bi ngan lam quan. Sd it hogc diing nhin hoac bj dat ra ben ria thdi cupe). Tinh tiet Vuong Mien xem thi&n van tien doan the eupc* phang phat ve
"gieu nhgi" sir truyen, nhung ve co ban van dgm da mdt biit phap hien thuc gian di. Trieu dgi mdi vira thanh lap chua bao lau. Gia Tan mpt hdm vao thanh quay ve cam theo td sao bd cao cua trieu dinh eho Vuang Mi$n xem. Dieu thii nhat trong bd cao cho biet hang than tien trieu Id ldi trude mgt hoang thupng ma rude nhuc di day. Tiep theo la thdng bap ve phep thi cii mdi. Mdt chuyen cd tinh ran de tran ap, mdt ehuyen cd tinh each chao mdi, khuyen du. Viec ban thupng du npi cac sao truyen dem hai dieu thdng bao dat canh nhau that dang de sT nhan suy gam.
Sau chuyen cdng eao ban thupng du khdng lau lai cd tin ddn quan dau tinh da nhgn Ifnh tridu dinh chuan bi vdi Vuong
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM S6 46 ndm 201:
ra lam quan. Khdng de cho ai biet, Vuang Mien bi mat trdn vao niii d.
Rd rang vdi vide trdn trude vao trong niii d, dieu ma Vuong Mien phu nhan la ca mot the che van hoa chir khdng chi gian don la mdt cudc tir chdi khdng ra lam quan. Nhin nhgn tir gdc dd lich sir eua ea dan tdc, the che khoa cu mdi dd bieu hien mdt tinh than van hda ehuydn che nhat nguyen hda cao dp. The che dd nhudm mill nd dich tu tudng (quy dinh giai thich binh luan tnrdc tac kinh dien mdt nha theo khudn mau nhat dinh) va thi tit di den chS hinh thirc hda (diln dgt va trinh bay bang van tii luc bat cd)^
Ngd Kinh Tit dudng nhu sg dpc gia 11 giai sai hinh tugng nhan vat chinh cua hdi giao diu tieu thuylt nen da chdt lai hdi truyen bang mpt cau day y vi: "Budn cudi vdn nhdn hgc si gdn ddy noi den Vuang Mien deu goi la Vuang Tham Qudn (ten ggi. diy dii cua ehire vu cd tinh chit "tham muu" nay la "Tu nghi Tham Quan" - LTT). Rdt cue Vuang Mien ddu cd ldm quan Idy mgt ngdy! The nen mdi xin bdy to mgt luat"'' (hdi 1, tr.l7; ban dich tr.48). B I ngoai, cd ve nhu nha tu su chi la mudn ndi vdi bgn dpc ring dng ta muon sira lai mdt nhgn thire sai nhim vl mdt nhan vat dang dugc truyln tung (Vuang Mien trong sir sach, giai thogi truyln thuylt...) va do chinh la li do cua viec trin thugt cau chuyen mao diu cho cudn truyen Nho ldm. Thi nhung gim ki, day thuc su la mdt thu phap tu tir cua tir su - thii phap dd cham thing vao dilm mau chdt cila hinh tugng chii dl: Vuong Mien la cdu chuyen cUa mgt ngudi trdn chgy chinh quyen chii khong phdi la ke tir
quan d dn truyen thong. Trong tieu thuylt, day li lin diu tien hinh tupng ngudi trin thugt bing viec bgc Id ngu didu "tro chuyen" true tilp vdi ngudi dgc/nghe ehuyen da hiln hien len mdt tu thi tu su nhat dinh.* Vay ma tinh tir luc kit thiic hdi 1 cho din hdi sau cimg ciia cudn saeh, khdng cdn mpt ai^ihac den Vuong Mien du chi mdt lin (trong liic khdng It ke ciing the he Vuong vl sau vin cdn sdng mai trong thanh nghi thdi dam cua sT nhan. Chang han chuyen Luu Co ciing "di thi van bat co" - mia mai su ngu mudi ciia sT nhan khoa cd, chuyen tang trir sach cim ciia Cao Thanh Khau - lay y chuyen "van tu nguc"...). Gam cho kl, dieu dd cung chang cd gi la khd hieu.
Bdi vi cii nhu thuc te tu su cua hoi truyen, Vuong Mien diing phai la mdt ke khdng nen hoac la rdt it kha nang dugc ngudi ddi biet den (dgc Tam Qudc co ngudi hdi neu Khdng Minh kia rdt cuoc rdng an Nam Trung thi thien ha ai ngudi bilt tiing. Ma ngugc lgi, ciing trong chon thdn eiing niii ving hay phd nho ngo con ed bao ke mai mai dS chi la "an si v6 danh"?). Trong thdi dgi Vuong, cdn gi ndi tiing hon la dugc nha vua ban chilu chi vdi ra lam quan va cang tiing tam hon khi vi tan quan sau dd cha bao lau vi thanh cao va bu6n chan chinh su ma cao quan vl in dgt. Trin thuat cua tilu thuylt cho thiy, trong trudng hgp Vuang Mien, dieu rd rang la trade liic sir gia ciia trilu dinh tim dugc tdi nha, Vuong da dao vong "mit tich" vao non xa rdi. Tilu thuydt ke hoang dl sai quan mang chilu thu di vdi Vuang Mien. Vien quan den cho dng lao hang xdm dl hdi tham nhi
Tgp chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Le Th&i Tan
Vuong: "Gia Tan mdi tra xong din vien quan den nha Vuong Mien. Md ciia vao thay nh?n giang day nha, rau dai mpe diy ldi di, biet ehii da di tu lau rdi".
Cho nen, nhai ldi nha tir su cudi hdi 1 tieu thuyet (xem doan ed chii thich 7), chiing ta cung cd the ndi - budn cu&i cdc nhd nghien ciru, cii' cd dip nhde den Vuang Mien Id nhdt dinh cu phdi ldm cho Vuang duac ndi tiing vi & dn la vi cd gi? Dudng nhu, am anh sir truyen va thdi quen nao dd trong ti6p nhgn Iran thuat da khiin cho cac nha nghien ciiu trong mot thdi gian rat dai khdng tiep can dupe vdi ve dep thyc su cua hinh tupng Vuong MiSn trong Nho ldm ngogi su. Dieu can thiit phai iam rd la, Vuong Mien trong tiiu thuyit Ngd Kinh Tir khdng phai la mpt ngudi li tudng chii nghia. Vuang khdng eoi khinh sinh hoat dan que, Vuong khdng dpc sach, di hpc de thay ddi than ph|ln (M? Vuang trude liic chit lr6i eiing Vuang: "Nha l&i di chuc: Idy va sinh con, gii^a lay md me, khdng duac ldm quan, ta chit m&i nhdm mdt xudi tay" - h6i 1, h-.12; ban dich tr.43). Hiing thil ddi vdi hpi hpa budi diu khdi tir viec xiic dpng trude canh sic than quen ben minh, cam thiy khdng ve vao tranh thi tiic cho nhiing ve dep dd (canh sen dudi hd sau can gidng ngoai ddng). Den liic ed y thiic ren luyfn ngdi biit, dgt den sir thira nh^n nhat dinh eua ngudi xem thi kiem sdng th6m bing nghe ve. Nhu tinh each cua Vuong ma suy, neu khdng ve dupe tranh ma cd ngudi md tieng hay chii mdi di dgy hpc, chic Vuong eiing chang chdi tir (nhu sau nay d cac hdi giira tieu thuyet ke chuy?n dng nghe Ngu Due Diic vgy.
Ngu trude liic hudng ddng luong quen eua mdt ehiic hpc quan chii yeu sdng nhd go dau tre, thao van bia, tim dat dgt md lay tien cdng nudi nha the thdi).' Ddi vdi Vuong, sach vd kien thirc, tranh hoa eung ed thi cang nen la nhiing thu de trau ddi eon ngudi, thda man sd thich tinh than.
Gia nhu khdng ed nhiing chuyen quan huyen Thdi phien nhieu, eu Idn Nguy hoanh hpe ddi ve tranh, bat phuc vu rieng;
khdng cd viec ban bd the che giao due thi cir bat ed tha hda eiia tan trieu; khdng cd chuyen chieu vdi ra "giiip nude" (vdi sudng the thdi khdng ed thuc ndi rd giao chiic gi), Vuong Mien chac van binh dj sdng cuoc sdng giiia rudng vudn que nha nhu cii.
Tu su ciia Ngd Kinh Tu trong hdi giao dau nay iam chiing ta bat giac nghT ring neu Vuong khdng biSt ve, tham ehi mil chii, vui kiip thdn phu vd tri bin cimg thi ddi anh ta cdn cd chuyen gi niia dau! Din day, thiit tudng ta da thiy dupe cai bi kich thuc su, dan gian den dp khdng thi don gian hon dupe niia eua Vuong Mien chinh la d chd chi tgi vi Vuong mudn sdng cudc sdng binh thu&ng cua mdt ke cd y thiec ma khdng cd the. Khdng phai la cai thd tue eua cudc sdng (chang hgn nhu li giai cua Ha Chi Thanh'**) - dieu khdng chip nhgn dupe ddi vdi mdt ke dgo dire li tudng tuyet ddi, ma chinh la cm phiin luy bit kha khang eua quyen luc mdi la can nguyen cua bi kich Vuong Mien.
Cho nen, ndi cho tning, Vuong Mien khdng phai la "trdn coi tuc" ma la chi mudn "tranh the quyen". Dd khdng phai la an dgt ma la dao vong. Theo quan
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Sd 46 nam 2013
diim cua chiing tdi, cau ehuyen Vuong Mien la chuyen lanh trdn chinh quyin chii khdng phai la chuyen in dat truydn thdng. Hdi truyen md diu tiiu thuyit nay khdng phai la bai ea nhiet thanh ddi song in dat ma la tiing than dai cho mdi quan he giira chinh quyen vd tri thuc - nhiing ke thudng vin dupe xem la tu giac hon dan chiing trong y thiie vi sd phan minh trong budi thay triiu ddi dgi, bai be nuong dau.
Quan diim nay chinh la kit qua cua viec phan biet each dpe tieu thuyit vdi each dpc sir truyen. Quan diem nay duong nhien cung la kit eua vifc phan biet each dpc Nho ldm ngogi sic vdi ngu
dai danh. tae ciia tiiu thuyet cd dien Trung Quoe, dgc biet la vdi Tam Qudc,., Tdy Du, Thuy Hu. Tiip can binh dj, can- nhdn tinh theo mdt nhan quan ndi theo thuat ngQ hien dgi la hi?n thyc chu nghia eiia tiiu thuyit gia ddi vdi ddi tuang tran thuat, da dua lgi nhiing ve dep mdi eho hinh tupng nhan vat trung tanf cua hdi truySn md diu cudn tiiu thuyet hien thirc nhit trong tiiu thuyit cd diin Trung Hoa.
Khdng hiiu dupe thuc chit ve dep mdi dd Ihi se khdng hiiu duac thuc chit tu tudng eiia hdi truyen ciing nhu chii de cua toan sach. Hi vpng se cd dip trinh bay true dien chii di cudn tieu thuyit nay theo each hiiu eua chiing tdi.
' Nho lam ngogi su ban dich tieng Vift Chuy?n lang Nho. Til ca cSc doan din tac ph^m trong bSi nay diu din djch til Nho ldm ngogi sir, Tan th^ gidi Xu4t ban xa, ban in 2001 g6m 56 hoi; S6 trang doi <mg ban djch 6 day th6ng nh^t din theo Chuyen lang Nho, Nxb Van hpc, ban in 2001. Nhan tien xin n6i rB ban dich tifing Vift chpn diing ban 55 h6i.
^ Nguyfin van cSu cu6i doan: "Tuy nhien nhit thir thuyit. Nguyen trieu mgt nien, da tang xuat lieu nhdt ca khdm ki ldi lac dich nhdn". Ban djch Chuy4n lang Nho kh6ng djch tir "kham kl". Tix nky ta d ^ g ve v6i voi, simg simg, thirimg dimg vi visi nh&ng ngu&i c6 nhan each trac vift, siSu quan. Chung toi tam dich ca cum
"khdm ki lot lac" thftnh "«v nghi loi Igc".
' Tinh ti^t nhu sau: Chi6u thir thong b4o "Bp LS nghi djnh phep tic thi cu tuyln hiSn: Ba nam mpt ki (ttrc hucmg, h$i, dinh thi - LTT), diing vSn bdt c6 thi Ngu Kinh, Tii' Thu. Vuong Mien chi cho giS Tin n6i: Phep thi nay khong hay roi' Tuang lai ke s7 chi co moi duang vinh than ndy, nhung la van hoa, phdm hgnh, lexual xu diu bi coi khinh" {hoi 1, tr.l5;bandich tr.46).
* Rifing nhan v|it Trang Thieu Quang (cic h6i 35-37) can phai dugc If giai tich cue hon nUa. Trudng hgp "an tai thi" ndy phai dugc phSn tich nhu \k mgt ca diln hinh ciia chu nghTa co h6i vk thoi "huong nguyfn" dau co ciia bp ph§n trf thiic sT nhan. Sach luge t^r sy tham trim, eao cudng hh ngoai nhu tu6ng nggi ca mk thfc chat ik mia ngam (irony) ciia tac gia tieu thuyet da ddnh lira dong dao cdc nhd nghien ciiu trong suit tnrdng ki nghien ciiu chu dS Nho ldm ngogi su n6i chung, cat nghTa hinh tugng nhd nho nay n6i rigng.
^ Tinh tiit nhu sau' Minh Thdi T6 Ifn ngoi ldp nien hifu moi. Mpt hom gid Tdn vao thanh quay ve elm tir bo cao chuyfn hodng de day phat vSng m^t iuu thin d6i Nguyen chi vi 6ng ndy !5 mSm vd chuyfn ban b6 the chi khoa cir mdi dua cho Vugng Mifn xem. T6i din hai ngudi ng6i u6ng rugu ngodi sdn, Vuong Mifn chi cho gid Tan thiy tugng ngoi sao tugng trung cho hinh ludt dang ph^im vdo sao tugng trung cho vdn hoa va cho rdng d6 Id diem bdo hieu "dc vdn" eiia tri thiic!
Duong thdi vdn bat c6 di thi cdn dugc gpi Id "kinh nghTa", "chi nghia", "chi nghf", "thdi vSn". Xem mdy tir do dii bilt miii vi hinh thiic chii nghTa ciia mpt quy chi van hoa! Tit nhien khong thi (f6 loi cho bdn than mpt thi vgn hay chi dp khoa cii. Van dl Id vif c quy djnh diing thi van d6 dl ldm bdi thi vilt di vilt l?i nhChig npi dung sin c6 trong hdng trdm ndm qud dd trd thdnh m5t tai hpa cho nen van minh Trung Hoa su6t hai trilu dai Minh Thanh. Tren m6t miic df ndo d6, cin phdi so sdnh khoa cii bdt c6 tai Trung Qu6e vdi dfim trudng Trung c6 d Au chdu. Trach nhif m duong nhien thu6c vl t6i cao th6ng tri. Bdi v! niu chinh quyin khdng vi
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Le Th&i Tan
dpi)g CO nhdt nguyen hda, sa vao kinh vifn vd giao dieu hoa hpc thuat thi ban thdn mdt th£ van lam sao ma ldm hdng dugc van hda cila ca mdt dan tpc.
^ Do^n ket hdi nay thi hifn budc chuySn tu su tii' hdi "giao dau" sang "chinh van" tieu thuyet.
* Giong giao luu true tilp dd trd lai mot lan cudi cung trong tieu thuyet vao cuoi hoi ap chdt liic sap gidi thieu mdn chdt cua sdn khau tu su Nho ldm ngogi sir. "Bgn dgc. IS ndo tie nay ve sau lgi khong co lay mot hien nhdn qudn tit ndo co the vdo duac Nho ldm ngogi sit hay sao? Nhung hiem hg chira timg Hit vdo trong dat bieu duang ndy cita trieu dmh, nen toi cung thoi khdng ndi thim niia. Rot cugc bieu duang kieu gi, hdng nghe hoi sau phdn bua" (hdi 55, tr.589; bdn djch tr.473).
' Cd nhung net tuong ddng giira nhan vat Vuong Mien d ddu sdch vd nhan v$t Ngu Dye Diic qudng giiia sach. Nhieu ngudi cho rang Dd Thieu Khanh la phan than cua Ngd Kinh Tir. Chiing tdi thi lai cho rang chinh Vuong Mifn, Ngu Due Dire mdi id nhdn vdt If tudng ciia nhd vdn. Khdc nhau giGa Vuong vd Ngu cd IS la d chd trudng hgp ciia Vuong cd tinh each dac biet hon (ddi loan, gap vua, trdn an) cdn trudng hgp ciia Ngu thi can nhdn tinh hem, phd thdng hon (nho nhdn nudi thdn bdng dgiy hpc, giiJ nhdn cdch, gdng dudng eii nghiep, dau ldm chiic quan nhan, day con chiJ nghTa va nghe thudc...).
' H a Chi Thanh ndi: "Hinh tugng Vuong Mien ma Ngd Kinh Tii mieu ta tu bdn chat da khdng thich cugc sSng nhdp the. Vuong chi sg tranh khdng kip nhiing cai thd tuc. The nhung, cudc sdng von khdng thi khdng bi ddy bdn bdi thd tuc (kilm sdng thdng qua each nay each kia vdn la cdc hinh thdc chdc nghifp ciia cudc sdng thi tuc) - mdt khi da vay thi nhan vat da mang tinh bi kich" (Hsia Chih-tsing, The Classic Chinese Novel. Chiing tdi ddn tir ban djch tiing Trung Trung Quoe cd dien lieu thuyet su lugn, Giang Tay nhan dan xudt ban xd, ban in nSm 2001, tr.220). Xin ndi rS, Ha Chi Thanh trude sau giO quan dilm cho rdng Ngd Kinh Tir trong hdi I tieu thuyet ehu ylu ca tyng ehu de In dat, gdng giii minh eao khiet. The nhung theo chiing tdi, thire t l tu su hdi I Nho ldm ngogi sir cho thdy cdn li giai bi kjch thyc sy ciia Vuong Mifn theo mOt each khdc.
TAI LIEU THAIVI KHAO
1. Chuyen Ldng Nho (2001), Phan Vd va Nhii Thanh dich, Nxb Van hpc.
2. Ngd Kinh Td (2001), Nho ldm ngogi sic. Tan thi gidi Xuat ban xS ( ^ ^ # , C # # ^ i > mi^^^m.^,2001).
3. Minh Su (1974), Trung Hoa thu cue xuit ban, ( im i ) ^WZ^, 1974).
4. Chu Nhat Huyin (2003), "Nho ldm ngogi su" Tu lieu hgi bien. Nam Khai Dai hpc Xuat ban x a , ( $ t ^ - ^ , { f l l W i . i ^ 3 ^ 5 M > ^Jf^^\^f^^,2003).
5. Ha Chi Thanh (2001), Trung QuSc cd diin tiiu thuyit sie lugn, Giang Tay NhSn dan Xuat ban xa,(W.^», < ( 4 ' a * ^ ' M M i i ^ > 3:MAKttiil5tt,2001).
(Ngky Ida soan nhSn diroc bdi: 18-02-2013; ngdy phdn bi$n ddnh gid: 16-4-2013;
ngdy ch6p nhdn dSng: 20-5-2013)