TAP CHi KHOA HQC TRUONG D.\l HOC HONG BlTC - SO 41.2018
MO THlTC TAM LI TRONG TIEU THUYET CUA VU TRONG PHUNG
Nguyin M^nh Quynh' TOM T A T
Trong tdc phdm tu su, cd hai logi md thicc: logi hinh tdm li tap trung vdo md td trang thdi tdm li vd nhung xuc cdm thi nghiem cda nhdn vat. Logi hinh phi tdm li tap trung vdo md td hdnh ddng cua nhdn vdt. Bdi viet tim hiiu cdu true cda md thuc tdm li trong tieu thuyet cua Vu Trpng Phung theo quan diem ndy, qua viec phdn tich nhung biiu hiin cda no nhu cdi ghen, tinh tudi vd tdm li ich ky, vu Ipi, tdm li quy tdc qudi di...
Tix khda: Tieu thuyit, mo thuc tdm li, trdn thudt, nhdn vdt. Vd Trpng Phung.
I.DATVANDE
Khai niem tbiic tu su (narrative mood) do nha tu su hpc dua ra cd rat nhieu ndi dung nhu khoang each (distance), gde nhin hay phdi canh (perspective), tu diem (focalization)...
trong do, cd van de md thiic tu sir (narrative mode). Theo Genette, mdt van ban, hoac la trdn thudt cdc su kien (ke nhiing gi ma nhan vat lam) hoac la trdn thudt ngdn tic (ke nhiing gi nhan vat ndi hoac nghi)- Quan diem nay ve mat nao dd cung triing vdi y kien cua Todorov khi dng cho rang trong mdt tac pham van hpc tu su, cd hai loai md thiic la lay tinh tiet lam trung tam va lay nhan vat lam trung tam. Loai hinh lay nhan vat lam trung tam (gpi la loai hinh tam li) tap trung vao md ta trang thai tam li va nhimg xiic cam the nghiem cua nhan vat. Loai hinh lay tinh tilt lam ttung tam (gpi la loai hinh phi tam ly) tap trung vao hanh ddng cua nhan vat [2; tt. 498]. Bai viet nay tim hieu cau true eua md thuc tdm li trong tilu thuylt cua Vii Trpng Phung theo quan diem tren.
2. N O I DUNG
N I U nhu cac tac gia Tu luc vdn dodn "uu tien cho nhiing cam giac em ai, ngpt ngao, tuoi dep, ddy tha mdng" (Trdn Dinh Su), thi Vii Trpng Phung lai ehii tam den nhung "tan trd ddi" cua long ngudi, nhiing trang thai tam li day kich tinh, trd treu, ngang trai. Cai ghen, tinh tu ai, tinh ich ky bep hdi va nhiing ham mudn due vpng khdng the kim nen ndi cimg vdi tam li quy tdc quai di la nhimg yeu td tieu bleu cau thanh md thiie tam li trong cac tilu thuylt ciia Vii Trpng Phung. Md tbiic nay da chi phdi ngdi biit mieu ta ndi tam nhan vat trong cac sang tac ciia dng.
2.1. Cai ghen
Co thi nhan thdy rdng, trong cac tieu thuyet - tam li cua Vu Trpng Phung, dng hay nhdc din su ghen tudng va cac bien the cua nd nhu ghen ghet. nghi ngd, nghi hoac. Xet ' Pho Hieti tntang Truong Dgi hoc Hoa Lu, tinh Ninh Binh
TAP CHi KHOA HOC TRI/CING BAI HQC HONG BUC - S 6 41.2018
rieng d cdp dp tin hieu ngdn tii, tan sd lap lai cda cac tir ghen la kha nhieu: Dui tinh: 12 ldn, Ldy nhau vi tinh: 61 ldn. Lam di: 38 ldn. Dilu nay chiing td ghen tudng da ttd thanh mdt ndi dm dnh trong cam thuc cua nha van cung nhu ttong tam li cdc nhan vat cua dng.
Theo Vii Trpng Phung, ghen la trang thai tam li tdt ylu ciia ke dang yeu va ciing tat yeu ddn din long thii ban. Hinh nhu tdt ca cac tac phdm cua nha van viet ve chuyen tinh ai deu di theo cai md hinh nhan thiic dy. Vi yeu Tilt Hdng, ghen vdi Dao Quan ma Viet Anh ldy oan tta an, ddp lai su thinh tinh cua ban cu bang viec bd mac ban ttong liic nguy nan. Ket qua la Dao Quan chet tham trudc khi kip nhan ra bd mat that ciia Viet Anh (Dirt tinh).
Trong tieu thuyet Ldy nhau vi tinh Vu Trpng Phung ke lai mdt eau chuyen gan tuong tir nhu mdt truyen ngdn cua dng (ttuyen Cdi ghen dan dng). Liem yeu Quynh, hai ngudi thanh vp chdng theo kieu "tien dam hau thii". Ghen da ttd thdnh ban tinh gde cua Liem.
Anh ta nghi ngd vp mdt cdch qud dang, si nhuc Quynh den dieu. Hau qua la Quynh phai t\r vdn de td "tdm Idng trinh bach". Neu coi tac pham la tieu thuyet tam li - luan de thi luan de d day chinh la ludn de vi tinh ghen ttong tinh yeu va tinh vp chdng. Khi mdi bat ddu yeu nhau, ttong Idng Liem da ed "ttam nghin mdi ghen tudng chua cd nghia li". Ban dau la nhiing "moi ghen tudng bdng gio" cii am i rdi "tang den cue dp", cbo den liie gap biic thu nac danh thi cai gben "dupe liic phat phi ra" thanh nhung ldi le thd tuc va ac ddc khien cd vp mdi cudi dupe sau ngay khdng chju dyng ndi phai nhay xudng Hd Tay! Ca tdc pham hau nhu chi la sy ddc dien nhung man ghen tudng vd ly ciia Liem. Ngudi ke chuydn thuylt minh cho cdi ghen cua Liem. Liem thi bien hd cho su nghi ngd ciia minh: "Anh biet anh cd ldi lam, nhung ma chinh la vi qua yeu em, qua ghen em". Quynh thi bupc phai thet len cdng phan: "Gben dau lai cd the ghen nhu the!"
Cung cd y kien cho rang Ldy nhau vi tinh thyc chdt la ldi thuyet minh cho luan de dupe dat vao cira mieng dng chii cua Quynh khi dng nay thuyet ly cho chdu re: "Trong viec nay, neu anh da ghen, da gian den bac ndi nhiing ldi can dd ay chi la vp anh da yeu anh trudc khi dang duge phep yeu, ay chi bdi hai anh chi da ldy nhau vi tinh. dil thdi. Yeu tinh than rdi lay nhau thi cdn ghen it. Neu yeu... vat chdt rdi mdi ldy nhau, su ghen tudng mdi de ra nhiing cii chi bi di dang xau bd la thudng". Y kiln nay thuc ra chi dimg cd mdt nira. Y nghia khach quan ciia tac pham da chiing td bdt hanh cua vp chdng Liem khdng phai la hp da lay nhau vi tinh (doan cudi cua tac phdm da chiing minh dilu ndy) nhung ndi
"sy ghen tudng mdi de ra nhiing cu chi bi di dang xdu hd la thudng" thi lai hoan toan diing vdi y nghia ciia tdc phdm, ma khdng ebi d rieng tilu thuylt nay. Cai ghen lam cho con ngudi ta bdng nhien tdi te di, hoa thanh ac khdu, cay nghiet ban, thd bi han. Chinh nd mdi de ra ttong dau mdt "gido su" nhu Liem nhihig suy nghT qudi gd kilu nhu: " N I U nd da ngii dupe vdi minh thi nd cung ngii vdi thdng khac dupe idm", "Phai ldy, cii ldy. Ldy thi mdi c6 the hanh ha, xi va eho bo edi dau bi lira ddi (...) Minh phai ldy nd thi tha minh cho nd sdng nd duac sdng, minh bat nd chit nd phai chit". Chinh long ghen mil quang da dat vao cua mieng Liem nhtmg cau ehiri bdi, si nhuc vp tham te nhu: " Dd khon nan! Dd ^ ! " .
Cd mdt dieu la trong cac tieu thuylt ciia Vii Trpng Phung nhan vat nu hdu nhu khdng ghen, cai ghen hinh nhu la ddc quyln cua nhiing ke dan dng. Trong khi dd dan gian
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TAP CHi KHOA HQC TRU'CfNG P ^ l HQC HONG PUC - SO 41.2018
lai eho rang dan bd mdi la ngudi hay ghen nhat: "Ot ndo md dt chdng cay. Gdi ndo md gdi chdng hay ghen chdng" (Ca dao). Nhan vat cua Vii Trpng Phung lai khdng the. Trong Gidng to, Nghi Hach "hiep thien ha vang te", lai cd ca chuc nang hau sdn sdng phuc vu dng chu ma khdng thay ba Nghi cd bieu hien ghen tudng gi ngoai mdt cau ndi thodng qua cda Nghi Hach "ba Nghi dudi cang ghen lam". Vay ma chi can bat gap bd nghi an nam vdi thang cung van, Nghi Hdch da Idng ldn len nhu dien nhu dai. Cdn ttong Ldy nhau vi tinh, nhan vat Quynh ciing khdng ghen cho dii Liem cd bd nha di, cd an ndm hdn vdi mdt cd gai diem ca trudc vd sau khi cudi! Ddo Quan thi nhu ldi Viet Anh: "Vp nd la ngudi cho nd ty do mudn bat nhan tinh vdi ai thi cii viec ... chd khdng cd ghen tudng gi..." (Dirt tinh).
Cai ghen ttong tieu thuyet ciia Vu Trpng Phung dudng nhu da ttd thanh mot su kien.
mpt biin cd tdm ly nam trong he thdng nhihig bien cd ttd treu, ngang trai mdt each phi li, vdn la dac trung cho tieu thuyet ciia Vu Trpng Phung, lam dao dien, nao loan long ngudi.
Cai ghen pha buy nhan tinh, lam bang hoai nhan each, bao mdn tinh ngudi. Bdi the ma cai ghen ludn song hdnh vdi cdc nhan vat tha hda va ke tha hod lai Id nhimg ke hay ghen nhat!
Khdng phai ngau nhien nhiing ttang phan tich tam li dat nhdt cua Vu Trpng Phung lai thudng dupe danh cho cdc nhan vat hay ghen. Kham pha khia canh tam li ghen tudng ttong quan he ngudi, dac biet la quan he luyen ai, ndi nhu Vuang Tri Nhan, tac pham ciia Vu Trpng Phung cdn cd y nghia cdnh tinh, tiic la nd "giiip cho con ngudi tu soi lai minh ma thodt ra khdi nhung gi la ich ky, nhd nhen, cd chap, de ma nhan di hon, dai lupng ban, cd ttach nhiem ban trong cudc sdng" [4; tr.354].
2.2. Tinh t u ai va tam If I'ch ky, vu Ipi
Trong xa hdi cd ddi khang giai cap, nhat la khi ddng tiln dupe dua len dia vi ngai vang, thi ben canh cai tdt dep, sdn lan, tich eye se phat trien nhieu cdi xau, cdi tieu cue.
Theo X.M. Petardp, Mdc da chi ra rang, ngay ttong thdi ki da man cua sy phat ttien ciia loai ngudi, ttong nhan dan da bat dau phat trien nhiing thudc tinh ddi lap nhau: "Nhiing mat tdt ciia nhan each, tai himg bien, cam xiic tdn giao, Idng ngay thang diing cam bay gid ttd thanh nhiing net tinh each chung, nhung ddng thdi ciing xuat hien tinh tdn bao, phan phuc va do tudng" [5; tr.214]. Y kien cua Mac gpi cho ta nghT den su tha hod ciia cai da timg dupe coi la tdt, la tich cue trudc su tac dpng cua hoan canh phi nhan. Long thucmg minh, xdt minh den mdt liic nao do bdng boa thanh tinh vi ky, ich ky, tinh tu trpng thai qua thanh ti/ di, y thiic chdm lo vun ven cho hanh phiic cd nhan vap phai su chdng chenh, bdp benh ciia mdt cudc sdng lam xuat hien tinh vu Ipi, tham lam. Ld ngudi nhay cam vdi cac vdn d l xa hdi, Vii Trpng Phung sdm nhan ra dieu nay va da the hien vao ttong edc tdc phdm ciia minh nhu mdt ndi am anh khdng ngudi ve thyc trang tam li - xa hdi cua thdi dai.
Tilu thuyet cua Vii Trpng Phung cho thay nha van khdng it lan de cap den long ty ai cua con ngudi: ban tu di vdi ban, ngudi yeu ty di vdi ngudi yeu, chdng ty ai vdi vp, anh em tu ai vdi nhau, con ty di vdi cha me bang nhiing cai cd rat phi li. Tham chi cdn co ngudi tu ai ca vdi ddi! Thanh ttong Ldy nhau vi tinh tu ai den miie khinh bi Quynh "cd 16 chi vi Quynh khdng hu hdng nhu Thanh. Khi mdt ngudi hu hdng thay mdt ngudi khac
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T^P CHi KHOA HQC T R U 6 N G PAI HOC HONG DUC - SO 41.2018
diing ddn bao gid cai ghen tiic cung lam cho ngudi ay phai mong udc su bu hdng d ngudi kia dl can nhau". Tinh yeu dupe dap din 1dm cbo Liem (Ldy nhau vi tinh) "sung sudng din eye dilm", tu hao din ngap ttan. Ay vay ma "y nghT ty hao ay lai sinh thanh ra mdt tinh ciia Idng ngudi: tinh ty di". Liem ty di ehi vi "Chang thay minh to lam: cd hpc tbiic, cd nhan each cao, ed chiic nghiep, du ca". VI vay anh ta cho rang "Quynh yeu vung dau tham minh chi la mdt sy rdt thudng ma thdi". Cai mdm ghen cua Liem da dupe gieo cdy bi dd chang? Ong ba Phan trong Trung sd dpc ddc coi cai su ngheo ddi rdch rudi dng anh hp la
"su nhuc nha vdi td tien, vdi lang nude" nen be ngoai thi vdn va , nhung ben trong thi khinh bi tdt dp. Ong bd cua Liem (Lay nhau vi tinh) "vdn la ngudi hien lanh, de dang, thi nao ciing xong"; vay ma mdt ngay kia, dng cu nay bdng nhan ra "da bao lau nay, nhiing viec he trpng ttong gia dinh hinh nhu thudc v l ba vp ca (..) n l u minh cii de cho vp chiem doat mdt cd quyln hanh nhu thi mai thi hdng to! Cdi Idng tu ai cua eu da lien luy vao viec nay" (Tiic la viee ty y di hdi vp cho eon ma khdng them dem xia den y cu ba). Ong chii bao Trdn Hpc Hdi vilt thu cho Phiic phai ndi toac ra: "Ong Id ngudi ciing bilt vilt lach qua loa day nhung dng nhieu long tu ai qua" (Trdng so dpc ddc). Cir Tan (Ldy nhau vi tinh) Cling la mdt kilu tu ai vdi ddi khi anh ta thd ra edi gipng chan nan: "Cdi diia sdng thi chdng chung tinh, cdi diia chung tinh vdi minh lai chang sdng. Tir day, tao coi ddi la tan hai kich ma tao da ddng hoi thii nam".
Di sau vdo tim hieu tam H con ngudi trong cac tieu thuyet cua Vu Trpng Phung, ta de nhan ra mgt nghich li nay: con ngudi d day giau long tu di nhirag lai rat ngheo ty ttgng.
Cac nhan vat trong Sd do khdng cd long ty trgng bdi chiing la nhirng hinh nhdn he logn thi con khd de hieu, chii giau co den miic "phii gia djch qudc", lai la "Bac ki nhan dan dai bieu" nhu Nghi Hach ndi chuyen vdi con ttai ve viec hiep dam cua minh ma "cai mat van ttan ttan", gipng ndi van thd la: " 6 hay! Sao may dd boi the! Thi tao mua con be ay lam hau la ciing chii gi?" thi khdng the hieu ndi ! Dien hinh cho nhiing ke mat Idng tu ttpng la cac nhan vat trong Trdng sd ddc ddc. Tam ve sd mudi van bien dng bd vdn dir nhu hung than ludn khinh bi, nat no con ttai thanh ke "ninh than", "khiim niim", "cd lam ra ve vat vd, kinh can va cd le udc tham dai tgi lap edng vdi con trai bdng dang dieu dy". Ke lam bd trudc mdi ldi ndi cua con trai deu phat ra d mieng nhiing tieng "Nhia, vang!","Da, vang"!
Ca gia dinh ay trudc kia coi thudng, khinh ghet Phuc, gid day xiim lai njnh not, bg dd, tang boc nha trieu pbu bat chap ca ngdi thir. Ngay din dng chu Tay cua hang xe hai trudc mat Phiic cung ty nhan minh la "ngu ngdc" vi trudc day da tir ehdi don xin viec cua anh ta va cam thay rat "ban hanh vi dupe mdt nha trieu phu trimg phat". Chung quy lai cung chi vi bat ngudn bi tinh vi ky, ich ky va tam li vu Ipi ciia eon ngudi.
Tam 11 vu Ipi, ich ky cdn len ldi vao tan gde sau ciia mdi gia dinh, li tan tinh yeu cua con ngudi. Tilt Hdng yeu Viet Anb va hp thuan tinh ldy nhau bdng ldi thi thdt: "Sau nay tat chiing minh phdi lay dupe nhau". Nhung khi nang ngd y rieng vdi me, thi ba me da ti te mdt each lanh liing: "Con nhdm. Khi nao thdy con lai cd thi thuan ga con cho Viet Anh dupe! vdn biet hai ben xua kia cd di lai vdi nhau, dng ba dy ciing ddng ddi thi gia quy- tdc, nhimg phdi cai tdi ngheo. Thdi budi nay khdng cd tiln thi lam gi dupe?" Ldi ba me da gay
T ^ P CHi KHOA HQC TRU'CTNG PAI HQC HONG BLTC - SO 41.2018
ra "mdt vet thuang cd the lam ngimg dap trai tim cd be ngay tha". Mde eho nang khdc ldc vat va, ngudi ta van eii ga nang cho Dao Quan, "vi le bd Dao Quan la mdt nha tu ban dai doanh nghiep, chu may cai md kem va cai gia tai dd se ve phan Ddo Quan". Dieu kien
"mdn dang hd ddi" gid day khdng cdn y nghTa gi niia trudc quyen uy ciia ddng tien va tam li vu loi eua con ngudi.
2.3. T3m M "tinh d y e "
Day la mdt van de rat "nhay cam" vdi gidi phe binh khi danh gia cac tdc pham cua Vu Trpng Phung. Ngay liic sinh thdi, nha van da hi nhidu ngudi phan nan vi dng ndi nhilu tdi cai dam, edi due. Tham ehi cd ngudi cdn xem tac gid Gidng td "la mdt dd de ciia Freud".
Khi nhan xet ve Phan tam hpc cua Freud, Phrilende cho riing: "Sigmund Freud chi mudn chimg minh ttong tiem tbiie cua nhiing con ngudi tu san ciing tbdi vdi dng cd bdn tinh dc, nd da din dat con ngudi den nhung due vpng ich ki vo hgn dp va siing bdi phien dien nguyen tdc hudng lgc. Ong toan xay dyng mdt con de ngan chan nhiing ldi thodt cua nhirng tinh cam vd cimg tdc h^i ddi vdi con ngudi va xa bdi" [1; tr.201]. Cd le day la gpi y quan ttgng de tim hieu va danh gid dimg ve van de "tam H tinh dye" trong tieu thuyet eua Vu Trpng Phung. Neu chiing ta tan ddng vdi y kien tten cua Phrilende, thi cd the thay, Vii Trpng Phung ciing thudng gan cai "ban nang tinh due" vdi nhimg vdn de xa hdi ndng bdng cua thdi dai dng dang sdng. Cac nhan vat tieu thuyet md chimg ta thudng dan ra de minh hoa cho nhiing "an lie sinh li" theo Phan tam hpc ciia Freud la thi Mich (Gidng td), cau Phudc "em cha", bd Phd Doan (So do) va dac biet Id Huyen trong Lam di. Qua la nhiing nhan vat nay deu cd nhung bilu hien ciia ban nang tinh due nhung khdng ai gidng ai va Vu Trpng Phung cung xay dung mdi nhan vat vdi cde dung y khac nhau de td cdo, vach ttan bd mat that ciia cai "xa hdi khdn nan", "nhan loai ue tap", chii khdng ban la de thuc chiing cho hpc thuyet eua Freud. O thi Mjch thi do la cai rao rye, them khat ciia mdt cd gdi que vdn that tha, chat phac bi xd day vao hoan canh sdng cd chdng ma "mdt thdng ddi lan cd ciing khdng", bi kich thich din cue dp ma khdng thi thod man (canh dem tan hdn vdi nghi Hdch); sau do lai bi bd roi mdt each phu phang. Ngudi dan ba ay phdi ngoai tmh bang tinh than thi ciing chang khac gi tinh canh nhung ndng cung nii tdi nghiep khi xua ttong Cung odn ngdm khdc ciia Nguyin Gia Thieu! Nhan vat ba Pho Doan thi dung la minh chiing cbo nhiing due vong ich ki vd hgn dp va viec sung bdi phien dien nguyen tdc hudng lgc nhu Phrilende da ndi. Xin duge dimg lai lau ban vl nhan vat Huyln. That ra, con dudng dan Huyen den budc lam di khdng phai chi cd chuyen sinh H dn ire ma cdn cd cd nguyen nhan xa hgi; md cai nguyen nhan nay mdi chiem nhieu dung cdng nhat ciia Vii Trpng Phyng. Cd gdi non ndt nay tudi day thi da cd vd van nhirng ban khoan, thac mac ve gidi tinh cd le la dieu khdng khd hieu. Cam giac "rao rue xac thit", nhu cd ludng dien ehay qua ngudi khi tiep xuc vdi ngudi khdc gidi cung gan tuang tu. Nhung dd dau phai la nguyen nhan chinh dan Huyen den tha hod? Diing nhu nhan vat nhan xet: "Tudi day thi, cai hoan canh xau, nhiing ban hiiu xau, mdt nen gido due sai lam, ngdn dy nhiing cdi da lam cho em den ndng ndi nay". Vii Trgng Phung dat nhan vat ttong hoan eanh day nhimg yeu td "kich dam" de li giai sy sa nga ca d ttong tri nghT va hanh ddng
TAP CHJ KHOA HQC TRU'^WG PAI HQC HONG PLTC - SO 41.2018
cua mdt ngudi con gai dang thuang hem la dang gian. Cdn nhd, Huyen da phai chiing kien canh ngudi bd ddn nhan tinh vl nhd lam tinh ngay ttudc mat. Ldn len cbiit it, cd gai nay gap canh "Bdo gidi day ray nhimg muc ban luan cdch tim khodi lac cho xac thit (...) van chuang va mi thuat da bi dem ra Ipi dung, chi edt de tan duang cudc phung su Ddm than", "nhiing tiem khieu vii pha tan hanh phiic gia dinh, lam cho dan bd boa dT, lam cho dan dng mpc simg", "nhiing mdt y phuc nam nir lam cho dan ba mdi ngdy phd them mdt it diii, mdt it di't, mdt it vii... Ci nhiing nai thanh thi, chd nao ciing cd tieng gpi xac tbjt, cung cd sire cam dd cua Dam than". Hoan canh ay anh hudng den tu chat ciia mpt cd gai tre vdn "thdng minh tinh bam", bam hieu biet, nhung lai thieu su chi bao, day dd dung dan, da day cd truat dai tten con dudng sa nga. Cam hiing cua tac pham, vi the nghieng ve td cdo, phe phdn hon la
"hd bao nha dao diic va cac bac lam cha me lo cham den hanh phiic cua con cdi" nhu tac gia da viet ttong Thay ldi tua cho cudn tieu thuyet nay.
Tam ly "tinh due" da lam xuat hien mdt kieu con ngudi dac biet la con ngudi tdm - sinh li, cho phep cat nghTa tdt cimg tinh chua ndi bet, tinh map md vdn la mdt thudc tinh ttong tieng ndi ndi tam ciia nhan vat. 0 nhiing con ngudi nay, tinh each cua nd vua cd mat yeu td tam li - xa hdi vira chiu su chi phdi ciia yeu td ban nang - sinh li. Khi hai ylu td nay
"dan xen" vdi nhau thi se dan den bai kha nang: 1/Cd sy hod hop, dieu tiet de con ngudi ty thich ling. 2/ Khi "ddi ngbjch" nhau, chimg se soi chilu, td cdo nhau, phoi bay nhung phi ly, qudi gd, va nhan vat se ttd thanh nhiing con ngudi mang bd mat rat ngd ngdn va nuc cudi.
Vii Trpng Phung da kit hpp ca hai mat nay d l kham phd tam li con ngudi ttong cac tac phdm cua dng. Ban chat dam dang ciia ba phd Doan chilu img, soi rpi eho cai gpi la "phong ttao Au hod, vui ve, tte ttung" ma thuc chat la dam d, truy lac va ngupc lai, cho nen ba ta chdng can che day cai dam cua minh. Thay ndi chuyen hilp dam thi nhudn cd len hdi ddn: "Ai? Ai the?", nghe bac si True Ngdn thuyet li ve tinh due thi ba hdt hai, vd tay, cho rdng cai sy dam ciia minh "dii cd tai vach mach rung chi niia thi cung khdng sao vi ba da Idng la theo diing nghia li sdch vd cua thanh hien, nghTa la ba dupe mimg thdm rdng minh da ttdt hu hdng mpt each CO tinh chat khoa hpc". Tuyet tbi lai khdc, cdi libido himg hue ttong cd gai "cdn tan mdt nira" nay lai dupe khodc do lich su. lang man, ngdy tho ddng mdt, hap thdi trang cho nen liic nao cd ta ciing cd che day tinh due cua minh ttong edi vd mT milu. Kit qua la ttong ddm tang dng ndi ciia minh, Tuyet phai mac bp canh Ngdy tha "bd ca nach va nira vii", "dl cho thien ha phai bilt rang minh chua ddnh mdt ca ehu Trinh"! Liem yeu Quynh bdng "mdt tinh cam ndng nan", nhilu liic eung "vi then ma khdng dam nhin thdng vao mdt Quynh" nhung chi qua vai ngay tilp xuc vdi cir Tan, vdi thude phien, vdi nhihig cd ddm lai, gai dilm, hie la "hu than mpt each thupng luu tti thiic", anh chang "gido su" nay da "ngay cung nhu dem, ma mdng ve nhiing su am thi ciia tinh due" (Ldy nhau vi tinh).
Quan niem con ngudi tam - sinh li cho phep tac gia kit hop ca hai dilm nhin Ah md ta con ngudi: diem nhin tam li - xa hdi va dilm nhin ban nang - sinh li. Con ngudi dupe Vu Trong Phung nhin nhan vira nhu la nan nhan eua hoan canh, vira nhu la nan nhan ciia
"chu nghTa dinh menh sinh li". Vdi quan niem nay, Vu Trpng Phung da md rdng gde nhin ve con ngudi, do do viec mieu ta tam li nhan vat da dupe nang len mdt chdt lupng mdi.
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TAP CHJ KHOA HOC T R U ^ 6 N G PAI HOC HONG PUC - SO 41.2018
Cd le khdng ndn chi can cir vdo nhirng cau van triet li v l "can tinh dam cua loai ngudi" cua Vu Trpng Phung ma trach cii dng qud de cao, qua nhan manh vai trd eiia bdn nang, tinh due trong ddi sdng tam li nhan vat. Bdi vi, nhutig cau van nhu the phan nhieu dupe tung ra bang chdt gipng hai budc che gieu, bang bd ban Id nghiem tiic.
Chang ban nhu nhirng ldi "rao giang" nay cua dng ddc td True Ngdn: "Thua cac ngdi, loai ngudi chi ldi thdi vi mdt cai dam ma thdi. Diia be mdi de, mieng bu me, mpt tay man me mpt cai vii, ay ciing la dam rdi"; hoac "Phdi chang ve gia hay sap ve gia, ngudi ddi het giay phep thoa man tinh due? Khdng! Khdng! Vi dilu dy thudc quyln tao vat, chii khdng cdn thudc cai y cbi cua bgn pham tran chimg ta". Ngay ca khi tdc gia triet li that nghiem tiic, ngudi ta vdn nhdn ra cai gipng cpt nhao nhu the: "Tinh due can cho xdc tbit ciing nhu sy an udng, thi di tinh cao thupng chi la mdt thii ai tinh ma trong do su ham mudn cua xdc thit khdng dupe thoa man, nghia la, ndi tdm lai, do ehi la thii ai tinh that vpng ma thdi" (Tua Lam di).
Tuy the, cung phai cdng nhan rang, ngdi biit ciia Vu Trgng Phung khdng phai khdng cd luc limg tiing khi chpn diem nhin de cam nhan vd md ta con ngudi. Cd liic, dng dimg tren diem nhin dao dire - xa hgi de len an eai ma dng ggi Id ddm td va iing hd cho ddm chinh, nhung cung cd luc, dng qua nghieng ve gde nhin sinh li de li giai cai "can tinh dam", thanh thir, cd ngudi da nghT, dng diing ra cha> tdi cho cai xa hgi dam dang ma dng dang ra siic phu nhan quyet liet. Lam dt la tac pham mang su liing tiing ay rat rd net.
6 tieu thuyet nay, mdt mat nha van cd cdng qui tdi cho hodn cdnh day con ngudi sa nga vao chdn truy lac, mat khac, do qud say me vdi vdi li thuyet Phan tam hgc ve mdi xung dot giiia "ban nga" (id) - vd thiic va "tu nga" (ego) - y thirc, ve sy "am anh" va "xam tran" ciia khoai lac vao cdi y thicc de tu thoa man, Vu Trgng Phung da say sua phan tich nhung cam giac de me cua nhuc due nhu la mdt nhan td quan trpng xd day con ngudi vdo chdn hoang dam. Va khi qua da, dieu nay da lan dt mi cdm van chuang. Ong quen mat rang, hoac khdng biet rdng, ti thuyet Phan tam hpc cdn cd mdt khdi niem niia ben canh "ban nga" va "tu nga" la "sieu nga" (superego), "la mdt siic manh rang budc vdi y thiic ca nhan bang nhung quan nidm luan li va chuan mue dao diic dupe hinh thanh trong bdi eanh xa hdi va tien trinh lich sir theo nguyen tac li tudng". "Ba ITnh vyc nay ludn ludn tham nhap, chuyen hod lan nhau tao nen mdt ddng thai ddn dap nhiing de nen, khang cy, tu tap, khulch tdn..." [1; tr.I99]. Khdng tinh den cdi "sieu nga" nay, viec mieu ta tdm li nhdn vat cd the se rai vao chuech choac, khdng nhat quan, thieu chieu sau va mdt di it nhilu sire thuyet phuc. Ndi Vii Trpng Phung khdng cd nhieu thanh cdng d phuong dien tham nhap ndi tdm cua nhan vat cung la vi the, mac du phuang thiic tiep can tam Ii con ngudi cua dng la rdt mdi me trong van hgc duang thdi.
Khi khdo sat tam li ghen tudng, ich ki, ty ai, vu Ipi, bi quan cua con ngudi, Vii Trpng Phung lai chu yeu dung tren binh dien tarn li xd hdi. Con ngudi d day la con ngudi tdm li theo diing nghTa ciia nd.
Trdng sd ddc ddc la tac pham cudi ciing cua Via Trgng Phung vd nha van da dat nhilu ki vpng vdo tac pham ndy. Nha phe binh Hoang Thieu San nhan dinh: "Tac pham
TAP CHi KHOA HQC TRir6NG P:»l HQC HONG PUC - SO 41.2018
cudi ddi eua Vu Trpng Phung, tdc phdm tuyet menh ay, qua la mdt tuyet tac tten nhieu phuang dien" [4; tt.508]. Cd that tae phdm la "mdt tuyet tac tten nhieu phuang dien" hay khdng thi eung cdn phai suy nghT them. Nhung nhan dinh nay ciia nha nghien ciiu thi td ra rdt xac dang: "Vilt Trung so dpc ddc, Vii Trpng Phung da tap trung tdt ca biit lye de theo doi, phan tich, md ta nhiing thay ddi trong ddi va trong long eua mgt nhan vat, nhdt la trong long [1; tr.504]. Phuc - nhan vdt chinh ciia cudn tieu thuyet - ciing dupe xay dyng theo md hinh con ngudi tam li cua Vu Trgng Phung. Thdt nghiep, ngheo tiing, bi khinh ghet tdi miic la "an hai, dai nat, vd tich su, gan dd, khdng dang bung bat com len ma dn", Phuc ludn ludn cdm thdy phln udt vd nhuc nha. Tam ve sd ddc dac da lam thay ddi, lam ddo ngupc khdng nhiing cd cudc ddi ma ca nhiing suy nghT, toan tinh, mo udc... ciia anh ta.
Thdi do cung kinh, ninh hdt, bp dd cua cha me, vg con, cdc em, ban be, bdo chi, nha budn... chung quanh mudi van ddng ve sd da khien anh cay dang nhan ra sy vd nghTa Ii cua con ngudi trudc the luc ciia kim tien. Nhung le ra y thiic dupe dieu dd Phiic phai chdng lai nd; dang nay anh ta lai bat dau cudc sdng trudng gia, ttac tang, hu hdng. Cai ttiet li ngay nao khinh cua cai, sdng nhan ai, giup dd ngudi ngheo gid day bdng nhien bien mat qua mdt con ac mdng. Anb ta "chu tam ma khinh vp ra mat", "nghT ra nhiing y tudng xd xien... rdc xuong cho ehd can nhau" rdi "gid ndt cdi deu ra" vdi bd vd anh, "chi mudn ac them niia neu cd the, cbo nd bd vdi mgi sy khinh bi cua the nhan". Anh ta bi^n hd cho su bien chat cua minh la vi ddng tien: "Xua kia tdi dao diic vi chua du tien de hu", rang "Ddi thi cd dira nao hi te gi vdi minh, va minh can gi nhan diic vdi diia nao". Khdng phai Phiic khdng nhdn ra cdi vd li ay, nhung chinh cai vd nghTa li cita con ngudi, cua cudc sdng xung quanh cbi vi tien da xd day anh khien anh khdng chdng dd ndi. Cau chuyen ket thiic vdi sir
"bimg ngd" mudn mang day chua chat va bi quan, chan nan cua Phiic: "Minh lac dao vong ban thi ai cung khinh bi la an hai ngudi, la gan dd, cho ddu la ban than, eho ddu vp, cho dau bd me. Den khi an hai ddi that sy te ra ai cung quy hoa, sp hai minh (...) tdi da hgc dupe bdi hpc ttpng dai cua ddi Id loai ngudi khdng ai tdt ca"...
Nhan vat ciia Nam Cao ciing cd nhiing phut giay bimg ngd nhu thi. Dd la khi Hd (Ddi thira), Thir (Sdng mdn) nhdn ra cudc song cua minh Id sdng thira, mdc ra, mdn di mdt cdch vd nghia vi mieng com, manh do ghi sat ddt. Nhung dii sao, nhan vat ciia Nam Cao ttong hodn canh be tdc nhat, khdn ciing nhat vdn cd vuon len giii viing le sdng nhan dao.
Cdn nhan vat cua Vu Trpng Phung thi trupt ddi tren con dudng tha boa ma khdng gi cudng lai duge. Xet cho eiing, la xuat phat tii nhiing quan niem khac nhau v l cuge ddi va con ngudi. Va nhu vdy, tac phdm ciia hai nha van ham chiia chilu sau y nghTa khac nhau, chii khdng phai Vu Trpng Phung thilu mdt trdi tim nhan dao. Bdi le, td cdo mdt trang thai phi nhan tinh, td cdo cai "vd nghTa li" cua cudc ddi Id d l ddi hdi cd mdt ttang thdi ed nhdn tinh, la khac khoai di tim cdi nghia li ciia cudc ddi - mdt khia canh khac cua gia tti nhan bdn.
2.4. Tam li quy toe quai dan "vd nghTa ly"
Ngudi ta da ndi nhilu din 3 tir "vd nghTa ly" xudt hien day dac ttong cae tdc phdm cua Vii Trpng Phung. Nhung nhu cd dip chiing tdi da trinh bay, day chinh la viec ddnh
TAP CHI KHOA HOC TRUCfNG B ^ l HOC HONG BlTC - SO 41.2018
trao y nghTa tdn tai cua su vat, sy viec cho nhau [3; tr.324]. He qua ciia sy ddnh ttao ndy la con ngudi trd nen cpc each, khdp khenh. bi triet tieu cdc gid tri de trd thdnh nhung trdng rdng, nhicng qudi thai cua thdi dgi. Dd la nhiing "eon ngudi" dpi lot con ngudi nen chiing chi la nhiing hinh nhdn nghich di khdng hon khdng kem! Vdi Sd do, ta gap cac nhan vat khdng chi vdi nhung hanh vi miia may, quay cudng mdt each Id bich, nhiing cau ndi vd nghTa, vd duyen, ma cdn la nhirng suy tudng, lap luan ddy xuan ngdc ciia nhiing con ngudi van vd nguc la "vdn minh", "Au hod". Xuan Tdc Dd la thdng ngudi dien rat dat, rat sinh ddng nhiing hdnh vi quai gd, may mdc, bat chdp hodn cdnh, vdi bat ki ai, bat ki liic nao va, cai ddng cudi khdng phai chi d do, md cdn d dieu dang ngac nhien Id, cdi vd li, vd nghia dd lai nghilm nhidn dupe xem la cd li, la "hop thdi"! Bdi van van quang cdo "nhiic dau giai cam" cua nd lam cho chang thi sT lang man phai xoa tay bdi phuc, do mat hd then rdi chudn mat, lam cd Tuylt tdn thdi phdi trdm trd Id "bac ki tai", "xudt khdu thdnh chuong". Cau ndi vd duyen: "Thua ngai, ngdi la mdt ngudi chdng mpc simg!" dupe chinh dng Phan mpc sirng thue ndi, trong bat cii hoan cdnh nao ma nd budng ra, ciing dupe tan thudng. Nhiing phdt ngdn tuc tTu noi cua mieng nhu " Me kilp I Nude me gi!" dupe ngudi ta coi Id su sang tao va xin ghi vao tu dien cua Hpi Khai tri tien diic! "Sy ngu ddn cda nd dupe cho Id nhiin nhan, la sy khiem tdn, nen nd lai cdng dupe yeu men ban". Cac nhan vat khac nhu ba phd Doan ldi nhai Au bod "bdm bung tbd tiet vdi hai ddi chdng" bang nhiing hanh vi dam dang ; su cu Tang Phii hung hdn lang xe cho tdi kien cao lam "hoc mdu mdm" ddi thu... ciing la nhiing vi du tieu bieu. Ddy cdn Id tam li quy tde quai dan den thdnh nyc cudi cua dng "eu cd Hdng" 1dm nham Biet rdi!
Khd lam! Ndi mdi! ttong dang ve ngu nga, dan thdn, ddt ndt, mudn cd ai dd "dam vao mat minh" de dupe venh vdo Id bd vp cua "vi nhdn" Xuan Tdc Dd theo diing nhu cau thanh ngii "venh vao nhu bd vp phai dam"(!), tam li "dai cac" qudi di cda Tuyet khi
"mac chiec do ngdy tho de thien ha biet rang, minh ehua ddnh mat ca chii trinh" ttong dam tang dng ndi. Ong bd, ba me cua Phiic ttong Trung sd doc ddc eiing ed nhimg net tam li tuang ty nhu da phan tich d tren.
3. KET LUAN
Khao sat md hinh tam li trong cac tieu thuyet cua Vu Trpng Phung giiip chung ta hieu rd hem ve tam li con ngudi trong thdi dai dng dang sdng, mdt thdi dai an chira rat nhieu xung dot: xung dot giiia ca nhdn va due vpng, cd nhan va ban nang, ca nhan vdi djnh menh, phan anh cudc ddi vdi vd vdn nhiing "eii sde" bat ngd. Ciing vdi md thiic hanh ddng (md chiing tdi se trd lai trong dip khdc), ddy la hinh anh ciia mdt the gidi dao diSn dang ben bd vuc tham ciia su phd san, con ngudi bi quay cudng, ehdi vdi trong cai thi gidi dy d l rdi phai bien dang, thay ddi den tdt ciing. Ndi each khdc, ddy la md binh v l tbi gidi thyc tai da bi "ddc ngupc", bi "ldn trai", "boc tran va vach ttan" mdt each khdng thuang tiee, phdn dnh xu hudng dm trpn cdi "toan t h i " trong cdc tilu thuylt ciia Vu Trpng Phung.
TAP CHi KHOA HQC TRUCWG Bjil HOC HONG BlTC - SO 41.2018
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1] Phucmg Luu (1995), Tim hiiu li ludn vdn hgc phuang Tdy hien dgi, Nxb. Van hpc, HaNoi.
[2] Phucmg Luu (200 \), Li ludn phe binh vdn hgc phucmg Tdy the ky XX, Nxb. Van hoc, HaNoi.
[3] Nguyin Manh Quynh (2003), Cdi nghich iy vd cdu true cua md hinh xd hgi trong tiiu thuyit - phdng su cua Vd Trong Phung (trong sach Bdn sdc hien dgi trong cdc tdc phdm cua VS Trgng Phung, Nxb.Van hpc, H a N o i .
[4] Nguyen Ngpc Thien, Ha Cong Tai (Tuyjn chon va giai thieu) (2000), Vd Trgng Phung vi tdc gia vd tdc phdm (G6m 79 bai nghien ciiu va phe binh tac ph&n ciia Vu Trpng Phung tii 1939 - 2000), Nxb. Giao due. Ha Npi.
[5] X.M. Petar5p (1986), Chu nghia hien thuc phe phdn (nguoi dich: Nguyin Diic Nam, Pham Van Trgng, Anh Dao), Nxb. Dai hpc va Trung hpc chuyen nghiep, Ha Npi.
T H E P S Y C H O L O G I C A L M O D E I N V U T R O N G P H U N G ' S N O V E L S
Nguyen Manh Quynh ABSTRACT
In a narrative work, there are two narrative modes: the psychological mode which concentrates on representing characters' psychological state and the non-psychological mode that demonstrates characters' experience emotion and actions. This article studies the structure of the psychological mode in Vu Trong Phung's novels according to the mode through analyzing its identities such as Jealousy in love, self-love, selfishness, self esteem, opportunism, absurd aristocracy.
Keywords: Novel, psychological made, narrative, character. Vu Trong Phung.
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