— _ ^ LUAT
TRACH NHIEM BOI THlTdNG THIET HAI NGOAI HOfP DONG CO YEU TO NlT^C NGOAI
THlTC TRANG VA HlTdNG HOAN THIEN
• PHAN PHI LONG - BUI THI MY Hl/dNG - N G U Y I N HUYNH ANH
TOM TAT:
Bdi thudng thi?t hgi ngoai hpp ddng la ehe dinh quan trpng trong phap lu^t dan sv eua Viet Nam nham hao v? quy^n va Ipi ich chinh dang eho cac chii the hi thiet hai tu hanh vi gay thiet hai CLia chii the khic. Vdi xu the toan cau hda hien nay, eae giao luu dan sy dien ra ngay eang da dgng va phtrc tap, van de bdi thudng thiet hai ngoai hpp ddng ed yeu td nude ngoiii da nd thanh mpt van de mang tinh chat phap ly quan trpng. can dupe dieu ehinh chat chg. Bai viel dua ra mpt sd bat cap va kien nghi nham hoan thien quy djnh ve trach nhi?m boi thudng thi?t hai ngoai hpp ddng cd yeu td nude ngoai tai Bp luat Dan sy n5m 2015.
TIT khoa: Bdi thudng thiet hai ngoai hpp ddng, yeu id nude ngoai. Bd luat Dan sy nam 2015.
I . Dat van de
Sau mpt thdi gian ap dung, quy dinh ve trach nhiem boi thirdng thiet hai ngoai hpp ddng cd yeu td nude ngoai theo Bd luat Dan sy nSm 2005 da hoc Id nhimg han ehe nhat djnh. Vi vay. Bp luat Dan sy nam 2015 ra ddi da sua ddi, hoan thien quy dinh ve irach nhiem boi thirdng thiet hai tren. cu the la da ghi nhan trach nhiem nay tai Dieu 687, khac phue nhilng han che quy djnh ciia Bo luat Dan sir nam 2005.
Sau khi dupe dua vao ap dung nham dieu ehinh cac quan he dan sy ndi chung, quan he ve trach nhiem boi thudny thiet hai ngoai hpp ddng cd yeu td nude ngoai ndi rieng. Bp luat Dan sy nam 2015 da dai dupe nhfmg thanh tyu dang ke nhu: Dieu chinh kip thdi \an de trach nhiem boi thudng thiet hai ngoai hpp dong cd yeu to nude ngoai phat sinh ngay cang phd bien; Dua nen Tu phap qude te Viet Nam bat kip vdi \u hudng the gidi: Gdp phan lam lanh manh cac quan he \a hpi; Ran de. giao due viee tuan thii phap luat \e van de ton trpng quyen va Ipi ich hpp phapcua chu the khac,.. TLI\ nhien, ben canh nhimg
thanh tyu tren thi quy dinh ve boi thudng thiet hai ngoai hop dong ed yeu to nude ngoai van cdn bpe 16 mpt vai bat cap. Bin viet phan tich va dua ra hudng hoan thien eu the.
2. Qu> dinh \e trach nhi^m boi thudng thiet hai ngoai hpp dong > a hudng hoan thien
2.1. Su tbda thugn cua cdc ben duffng su Theo khoan I Dieu 687 Bd luat Dan sy nam 2015 quy dinh \ e bdi thudng thiet hai ngoai hop ddng, phap luat eho phep cae ben thda thuan chpn luat ap dung ddi vdi \ ice bdi thudng thiet hai ngoai hpp dong de phu hpp vdi nguyen tac ton trpng quyen ty do thda thuan cua cac ben trong cac moi quan he dan sy. Tuy nhien, trong Bp luat Dan sy nam 2015 chua ed dieu khoan cu the nao quy dinh ve "sy thda thuan"
giiJa cac ben ma ehi ed quy dinh ve hop dong. Theo quan diem eua nhom tac gia, viec xay dyng "sy thda thuan" eo the can cu tren cac quy djnh \ e hop ddng.
bdi le ban chat eiia hpp dong eung la sy thda thuan giua cac ben ve viec \ac lap, thay doi hoae cham diit quyen, nghTa vu dan sy. Ben canh dd, hpp ddng hay
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"sy ihda thuan" deu xuat phat nr < ehi eiia cac ben hudng ve myc dieh nhal dmh va muc dich ciia "sy ihoa thu^n" trong trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai ngoai hpp ddng cd \ eu td nude ngoai la chpn ra dupe h? thdng phap luat ap dung de giai qu\ei
Kct qua phan tich ve "sy thda thuan" trong \an de bdi thudng ihi?t hai ngoai hop ddng cd yeu td nude ngoai, cho thay mpi \a! bat cap ma phap luat chua quy djnh cu the. Bai \iel dua ra hudng hoan thien nhu sau:
Thu nhdt. \ e dieu ki^n cd hieu lye cua ihoa thuan chpn phap lu^l ap dyng. Ddu lien, dieu ki?n \<} ehu the cua thoa thuan phai cd nang lyc phap lual dan sy, nang lye hanh \i dan su phii hpp vdi thda ihuan dupe xac lap. NLHTOI ni.it n.my luc hanh vi dan sy khi bi thiei h^i cung cd quyen dupe boi thudng \a nang lyc hanh \ i dan sy, nSng lyc phap luat dan sy dupe xac djnh theo nguyen tic luat quoc iicli. \Oii mpt ngudi khdng hpi dii nSng lyc phap luat dan sy va nang lyc hanh \ i dan sy thi sy thoa thuan nay khong the \:ie tgp. luc na\ hp co the tlinni; qua ngudi dai diijn hpp phdp dc \,ic lap thoa thuan. Chu the tham gia Ihoa thuan hoan loan ty nguy?n. iiie la \ chi xac kip thda thu^n khdng bj cp bupc hay de ilo;i Muc dich cua ihoa thuan khdng \ i pham d i k c;im cua lual, khdng trai \di dan ddc xa hpi \a khdng nham Ian tranh phap lual.
Thu hai. \ c hinh thirc cua thoa ihuan Bd lual Dan sy nam 2015 khdng quy djnh eu the \ L' hinh thuc cua thda thuan lya chpn phap luat ma chi quy dinh v^
hinh thuc ciia hpp ddng. Bai viet dua ra kien nghj hinh thirc eiia thoa ihuan nen lap thanh \an ban. \ lOc quy djnh hinh thirc cua thoa thuan phai lap thanh \ an ban ed y nghTa bao \c quyen \a Ipi ich cho cae ben.
tranh tinh trang nipi ben cdn lai phu nhan su thoa thuan ciia minh khi iham gia qua trinh td lyng tai Toa an CO tham quyen thu ly .\et \u.
Thu ba. thda thuan duac cac hen xac lap trude hay sau khi \ j \ ra thiel hai thye te. Win de dat ra.
thoa thuan lya chpn phap luat ap dung lai thdi diem nao dupe chap nhan? Truuc khi ihi^t hai \a\ ra hav sau khi cd thiei hai \.i\ ra? Tren ihyc le. ed trudng hpp \a\ ra hanh \ i ga\ ihi^i hai nhung chua xuat hien thiet hai \'a\ khi chua xuai hi?n thi?t hai. cac ben co th^ thda thuan lu|t ap dung cho \i^c giai qu\ei boi thudng hay khdng. hay sau khi xuat hien thict hai ihi cac ben mdi dupe thoa thuan. Theo quan diem cua
nhdm tac gia thi sau khi thiet hai xay ra tren thye le.
eac ben mdi dupe thoa thuan phap luat ap dung. Viec dida thuan vao thdi diem sau khi phat sinh thiet hai thye i^ nhu vay mdi phii hop \ di can cu phat sinh hdi thudng thiel hai ngoai hpp dong.
Thir nr van de dat ra la thda thuan lya chpn phap luat eiia cac ben ed the dupe cae ben thda thuan lai ha\ khdng? Viec cho phep hay khdng eho phep thda thuan lai phap luat ap dung dan den hai tinh than khac nhau eiia quy dinh phap luat. Neu eho phep Ihda ihuan lai se cho thay phap luat dan sy dang ton trpng iu\ei ddi quyen thda thuan de djnh doat van de eiia cac ben. Ngupc lai. neu khdng cho phep thda thuan lai phap luat thi nguyen tac ty do thda thuan vin dam bao nhung mang tinh tuong doi vi sd Ian thda thuan ciia eae ben bj han ehe. Tren co sd ton trpng quy6n ty do thoa thuan ciia eac ben mpt each tuyet ddi, van de na\ nen cho phep cac ben ed th8 thda thuan thay ddi phap luat ap dung doi vdi vSn d£ bdi thudng thiet hai ngoai hpp dong. Viee thay ddi do khdng dupe anh huong den quyen, Ipi ich hpp phap eiia ngudi thir ba dupe huong tnrdc khi thay ddi phap luat ap dung, trir trudng hpp ngudi thu ba ddng y
De tao dieu kien eho eac ben trong viec xac djnh phap lual diai ehnih quan he va da tdn trpng quyfin dinh doat ciia hp, co quan cd thSm quy6n ckn ban hanh van ban hudng dSn thdng nhat hoae xay dyng cac quy dinh c^i tha \'c sy thda thuan lya chpn phap luat cua cac ben. Viec xay dyng quy djnh d^ hoan thien cac bat cap neu tren se giiip cac ben trong quan he bdi thudng thiet hai ngoai hpp ddng cd yau to nude ngoai bao ve quy^n va loi ich hop phap tdt hon va tranh linh trang thda thuan irai vdi phap luat.
2.2. Ve phdp luat dp dung
Khoan I Dieu 687 Bp luat Dan su nam 2015 chi quy djnh cac ben dupe thda thuan lya chpn phap luat ap dung eho viec bdi thudng thiet hai ngoai hpp ddng. nhung lai khdng cho biet eae ben ed dupe lua chpn nhiau he thdng phap luat ap dung dio viee boi thudng thiat hai hay khdng. Tren thyc ic. co he thdng phap luat khi dupe dan chiau ed the yiai quyai iriet de van da bdi thudng thiet hai ngoai htrp ddng nhung cung cd tha cd he thdng phap luai duac dan chieu khdng giai quyat triel de \an de bdi iliuuny thiet hai ma chi gdp phan giai quyet mpi phan > ,j \^(
ihuong ihiet hai. Boi le. quan diem ve ini.l i,j^
bdi thudng ihiel hai a mdi qudc gia la kl ,, nhaii
14 So 12-Thang5/2020
LUAT
iu\ \ao cac dac diem \t chinh trj. van hda, kmh te,
\a hpi,... Diau na\ dat ra van de. neu cac ben thda thuan phap luat mpt qudc gia giai quyet \iee bdi thudng ma van chua the giai quyet thda dang, cae ben cd quyen thda thuan tiap phap luat cua mpt qude gia khac de giai quyet van da cdn dd dang khdng?
Noi each khac, phap luat Viet Nam cd edng nhan kha nang lya chpn nhiau he thdng phap luat de dieu chinh van de bdi thudng thiat hai ngoai hpp ddng khong? Viee cho phep cac ben lya chpn nhiau he thdng phap luat dupe eoi la ton trpng quyen nr do lya chpn. nhung giai phap nay dat ra nhieu khd khan tren thyc te ve viec ap dung bdi viec tim hieu, nam rd quy djnh eiia phap luat nude ngoai la van de khd khan va phue tap.
Dya vao nguyan lac ty do thda thuan nhimg ndi dung phap luat khdng cam, viec lya chpn nhieu he thdng phap luat ap dung eho \ lec bdi thudng ihiet h?i ngoai hpp dong la ed the Tuy nhien, khi eac ben thda thuan lya chpn phap luat, chi nan lya chpn mpt he thdng phap luat giai quyet. Neu eae ben lya chpn nhieu ha thdng phap luat giai qujei se dan dan van de tim kiam. giai thich va hieu ro quy dinh phap luat nude ngoai khd khan chdng them khd khan cho Tda an giai quyat Ian cae ben. Cd the quy dinh \e van de lya chpn phap luat giai quyet nhu sau: "Cae ben dupe thda thuan lya chpn phap luat ciia mpt nude da ap dyng cho \iec bdi thudng thiet hai ngoai hpp dong, neu phap luat eiia mrdc nay klidng dieu chinh hat noi dung bdi thirdng, cae ben cd quyen tiap tuc Ihoa thuan lya chpn liep he thdng phap luat mdt nude khac de dieu chinh cae \ :in da edn lai".
2.3. I 'e noi phdt sinh ligu qud cua sir kien gay ihift ftqi
Trude khi phan tich van de nay, cd the lay \ i dy: 6ng A mang qude tich Viet Nam, dng B mang quoc tich M\ Trong mot Ian ong B sang Viet Nam du lich. trong lue di qua dudng dng B bj dng A dieu khian \e ma\ vupt den tin hieu giao thdng va cham phai. Vu va cham khien dng B dap dau vao \ la he, ddng thdi bj gay mpt ben chan. Tu\ nhien. sau khi kham so bd lai Viet Nam. dng B dupe bae si eho biet la khdng co gi nguy hiam. ehi can bang bd chan la dn. Do ed viec gap. nan dng B trd \ e M\ \a ndi vdi dng A se quay ird lai Viet Nam da khoi kien dng
\ de >cu c4u bdi thudng. giira hai ngudi khdng cd thoa thuan lya chpn phap lual ap dung. Sau khi tro
\ e M> mot tuan. dng B hen luc bj dau d4u. khi dan
benh vien d M> kham lai. dng B phat hien mau bam ty trong nao do di chung cua tai nan giiJa .\ \a B.
can phai loai bd gap neu khdng se nguy hiem den tinh mang. Va\ khi quay lai Vici Nam. khi B khdi kian A ra Tda an \ let Nam nau khdng cd thda thuan lya chpn phap luat ap dung da giai quyet trach nhiem bdi thudng giua A va B thi phap lual nude nao se dupe ap dung giai quyat?
Trong tinh hudng tren, cd the thay ro hau qua phat sinh (chan dng B bj gay va mau bam xuat hien trong nao dng B) cua su kien gay thiel hai (A vupt den tin hieu va cham phai B) xuat hi?n d ca hai nude Viet Nam \a M\ Dieu nay cho thay mpt thyc ta, viee phat sinh hau qua cua sy ki^n gay thiet hai khdng phai nhat thiat la Iran eiing lanh tho mpt quoc gia ma cd tha xuat hien tren lanh tho nhieu nude, Diau nay eho thay quy djnh \a "phap luat eiia nude neri phat sinh hau qua cua su kien gay thiet hai dupe ap dung"
la cd tha vudng phai han che. khian Toa an khd xac djnh he thdng phap luat eiia nude nao se dupe ap dung giai quyet khi eae ban duong su khdng cd thoa thuan lua chpn phap luat da giai quyet ve van de bdi thudng thiet hai ngoai hpp ddng.
Bai Met de xuat can bd sung them vao quy dinh cu tha nhu sau. "Trudng hpp khdng cd thda thuan thi phap luat cua nude noi phat sinh hau qua ciia sy kien gay thiel hai dupe ap dung Trong trudng hop noi phat smh hau qua ciia sy kien gay thiet hai xay ra d nhiau nude thi phap luat eiia nude dau tien ma hau qua phat sinh eiia sy kien gay thiet hai xuat hien se dupe ap dung. Neu da ap dung phap luat eiia nude dau tien khdng dieu chinh het npi dung bdi thudng thi tiap mc ap dung phap luat ciia cac nude tiep theo theo thu ty phat sinh hau qua eiia su kien gay thiet hai".
3. Kit luan
Khi xa hdi ngay eang phat trien va phat sinh cac van de mdi irong cac quan he xa hdi ndi chung. trach nhiem boi thudng thiet hai ngoai hop ddng cd yeu td nude ngoai ndi rieng, eae quy dinh ve trach nhiem nay ngay eang bpe Id nhiau bat cap. Do do, viec khac phue nhimg bat cap va hoan thien hem n&a nhimg quy dinh \ e trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai ngoai hop ddng cd yau id nude ngoai la diau vd ciing quan trpng. Nhung da xuat ve hudng hoan thien ciia bai
\ let se gdp phanxay dung quy djnh phap tuai dan sy
\ e che dinh na>' ngay eang hoan thien hon*
So 12-Thang 5/2020 15
^A'UfUTHAMKHAO '• Muoc hoi Nutic Cn h •
Png hoa xa hoi chti nghia N'let X.im. CO 15). Bo luat Dan H' nam 2
J J s i y n h S n bai: 24/4/2020
* ^ " " P " ' ' 9 " « n g bai: 15/5/2020
ndng/inldcgia- 1-PHAN PHI LONG
ySn phong U a t sir Phan, D. ' i 2ThS.BUITH!,MVH'|V
Khoa Luat - Dai hoc C.
S-ThS.NCUYJNHl K h o a L u a t - O a i hoi !
NON-CONTRACTUAL RELATION INVOLVING FOREIGN ELEMENTS: CURRENT STATE AND SOLUTIONS
• LLM. BUI THI MY HUONG - LLM. PHAN PHI LONG
• LLM NGUYEN HUYNH ANH Faculty of Law, Can Tho University
ABSTRACT:
Non-contractual compensation liability is one of the important regulations under the c' I 1 of Vietnam to protect the legitimate rights and interests of entities who suffer losses or ri * Irom wrongiiil acts of other entities. Amid the current globalization, civil relations have h ^^^^
more complicated and diverse, thus the compensauon for non-contractual relation i l^"^^
foreign elements has emerged as an important legal issue that need to be governed bv co™ "'"^
rules. Therefore, this article points out some shortcomings of the current laws on this ' "'"'"^"' proposes recommendations to revise the relevant provisions in the 2015 Civil Code '^^"^ ""'^
Keywords: Non-contracUial compensanon liabilily, foreign element, 2015 Civil Cod
16 So 1 2 - T h a n g 5 / 2 0 2 0
