THOA THUAN VE CHE £>6 TAI SAN CUA VO CHONG VO HIEU - MOT SO BAT CAP VA KIEN NGHj HOAN THIEN
.V^(i Thanh Huang' Tom lit: Su vo hieu cua thod thudn ve chi dp tdi sdn cua va chdng Id mot chi dinh quan trong tmng che do tdi sdn cita va chong theo thod thuan. Day la ca s&phdp ly cdn thiit di vg. chdng. cdc Ihanh vien gia dinh vd ngucri thu ba duac ddm bdo quyen vd lai ich hgp phdp bj xdm phgm do co Ihod Ihudn ye chi dg Idi sdn vg chong. Hien nay, phdp ludt Viet Sdm dd xdy dung mot khung phdp ty luang doi hodn chinh ve vdn de vo hieu cua Ihod Ihudn ve che do tdi sdn cua vg chdng nhung vdn con tin Igi nhiing bat cap. Do do. bdi viet tap trung jjhdn lich nhiing vdn di phdp ly co lien quan.
til do lam sdng Id nhiing bdt cap yd dua ra mot so Icien nght.
Tir khoa: Thod thudn ve che do Idi sdn cua vg chong vd hieu. chi do Idi sdn theo Ihod ihugn.
Ihod ihudn ve che do tdi sdn cua vg chdng
Nhdn bdi: 14/04/2020; Hoan thien bien tap: 24/04/2020; Duyet dang: 12/06/2020 Abstract: The nullity of agreement of marital properly regime is an important institution of matrimonial property regime under agreement. This is a legal basic for spouse.-,, family members and third parlies to be ensured their legal rights and interests which are violated by Ihe agreement of marital property regime. Currently, Vietnamese law has regulated a relatively complete legal framework on Ihe nullity of agreement of marital properly regime but inadequacies are still found.
Therefore, the article focuses on analyzing the revelani legal issues, thereby clarifying inadequacies and giving some opinions.
Keywords: Nullity of agreement of marital property regime, matrimonial property regime under agreement, marital properly agreement.
Dale of receipt: 14/04/2020; Dale of revision: 24/04/2020; Date of Approval: 12/06/2020 1. Xic dinh (hoa thuan ve che d9 tai san Thoa thuan vi chi dp tai san ciia vg ching c<5 ciia vy chong hi vo hieu ban chit phap ly la giao dich dan su. Do vay, ly Thoa thu$n vi chi do tai san cua vg ch6ng thuyit ve dieu kien co hieu lyc ciia giao djch dan hay con ggi la "hfin ugc" co y nghia r^t quan su dugc ap dyng doi vcri thoa thuan ve che dg tdi tnjng tiong chi dinh v i c h i do tai san cua vg san ciia vg chong. Theo E)iiu 117 Bg luat dan sy ching, Hon uoc quy dinh cac quyin va ngHa vy nam 2015, de giao dich dan sy c6 hi|u lyc thi ciia vg ching lien quan d i n tai san hay san nguoi tham gia giao dich phai co nang lyc phap nghigj cua hg trong suit thoi ky hon nhan. Khi luat, nang lyc hanh vi dan su phii hgp vcri giao xfc lap hon uoc, vg ching bugc phai tuan thii cac dich dan su dugc xac lap, chu the tham gia giao diiu iden do lu^t dinh v i ngi dung va hinh thuc. djch dan sy hoan toan ty nguyen, muc dich va ngi Sy vi pham cac diiu kien co hieu luc ciia hon uoc dung khong vi pham diiu cam ciia luat, trii dao lam cho hon uoc bi vo hieu. Phap luat Viet Nam dire xa hgi. Ngoai nhiing dieu kien nay thi giao hi?n hanh quy dinh hon ucrc hay thoa thuan ve
che dp tai san cua vg ching bi vo hieu neu xay ra mpt trong cac can cii nhu sau:
Tha nhdt, khong tuan thu dieu kien co hieu luc ciia giao dich dan sy dugc quy dinh tai Bg luat dan svvacac luat chuyen nganh khac co lien quan.
J Ti^n sy, Khoa Luat, Dai hoc Qu6c gia Ha Noi.
'Dieu 117 Bo lujl dan sy nam 2015.
dich dan sy con phai Wan thii dieu kien ve hinh tliuc trong truong hgp luat co quy dinhl Nhu vay, thoa thuan vi che do tai san ciia vg chong co hiey lyc khi va chi khi dam bao cac dieu kien sau:
- Vg, ching phai co nSng luc hanh vi dan sy phii hgp tai thoi diim xac lap thoa thuan ve che
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dg lai san cua \ g chong. Cd nghia la. cac ben xac lap thoa thuan \ e che dg lai san ciia vg chdng phai Iir dii 18 nadi u d len \ a khdng thugc trudng hgp mdl ndng lire hanh \T dan su. Mac dii. muc dich cua thoa thuan \ e che do lai san ciia vg chdng Id xdc lap cac qu>'en \ a nghia \"u ve tai san cho hai ngudi Id \gchdng \ a phdp luat Viet Nam quv dinh, dg tudi ket hdn ddi vdi nii Id tu du 18 mdi u d len va ddi vdi nam Id ni dii 20 tudi trd len (Diiu 8 Ludt hdn nhdn vd ^ia dinh nam 2014). Tuy nhien. cac ben khdng can phai dat do tudi kit hdn khi xac lap thoa thuan \ e che do lai sdn cua vg chdng vi phap luat quy dinh phai xac l^p thod thuan trudc khi ket hdn.
- Vg. chdng hoan loan tu nguyen trong viec xac lap thod thuan ve chi dg tai san ciia vg chdng mgl cdch tv do. sang sudt va khdng bi bat k>' mdl dp luc nao. Vi \ a\. neu vg, chdng hoac ca hai v g chdng bi cudng ep, lira ddi hodc nham ldn thi thoa thuan ve che do tdi sdn ciia vg chdng khdng cd hi?u l\rc. Dudi jzdc dg so sanh phap luat, nhdm dam bao yeu Id ve sir tu nguyen, Bd nguyen tac lu^t gia dinh Chau Au quy dinh, khi xac lap thoa thudn ve che do lai sdn ciia vg chdng thi vg, chdng cd nghia VTJ cung cap thdng tin ve tai san vd cdc khoan ng ciia hp cho ngudi cdn 1^\
- Muc dich vd ngi dung ciia thoa Ihuan \ e che dg tai san ciia vg chdng khdng vi pham dieu cdm cua lu^l. khdng trai dao dire xa hgi. Theo quy djnh ciia phap lual Viet Nam thi muc dich va ndi dung cua thoa thuan ve che do tdi sdn ciia vg chdng khdng dugc \ i pham cac quy dinh vl nguven tdc chung ciia che do lai san ciia vg chdng: cac quyen vd nghia vu ciia vg chdng trong viec ddp ling cac nhu cdu thiet yeu cua gia dinh;
cdc quy dinh v e giao dich lien quan den nha d la noi d duy nhdt ciia vg chdng hodc quy dinh lien quan den giao djch vdi ngucri thti ba ngay tinh.
Ngoai ra. theo nguv en tdc chung thi thod thuan
VI chi do tai san ciia \ g chdng khdng dugc irai thudn phong my luc, d^o diic xd hgi.
- Thoa thuan v l chi dd tai sdn cua vg chong phai dugc lap thdnh van ban va duoc cong chimtj. chung thirc\ Thoa thuan che do tai san vg chdng cd tinh chdt trgng thuc. \ i v ?>• phap lupt viet Nam qu\ dinh thoa thuan nav phai dugc l|p thdnh van ban va cd ngay kv kei ro rang. Hon udc bang mieng khdng the dugc chap nhan, ke ca khi cd hai vg chdng thira nhan. Ngoai ra, thoa thuan nay phai dugc cdng chiing hoac chung thuc theo diing qu>; dinh ciia phap luat. Ddn§
thdi, mgi viec siia ddi, bd sung thod thuan ve che do tdi sdn cua vg chdng ciing phai dugc cdng chimg hodc chung thuc thi mdi cd hieu lire.
So sanh vdi phdp luat nude ngoai, Bd nguyen tdc Luat gia dinh Chau Au quy dinh, thod thuan chi do lai san cua vg chdng phdi dugc xac nhan bdi CO quan cdng chimg hodc cdc td chirc cd chirc nang phu hgp, ghi ro ngay lap vd phdi cd chir ky ciia ca hai vg chdng*. Ngoai ra, ca quan cdng chimg va td chiic cd chirc ndng phu hgp phai tu van mdt each cdng tam, vd tu cho mdi ben vg chdng; dam bao cac ben hieu ro cac hau quit phap ly cua viec ky ket thoa thuan ve che do lai san ciia vg chdng va dam bdo cac ben hoan todn tu nguyen^.
- Thoa thuan ve che do tai san ciia vg chdng phai dugc lap trudc khi ket hdn. Luat hdn nhan va gia dinh Viet Nam tai Diiu 47 quy dinh:'TroMg trudng hgp hai ben kit hdn lira chgn che do tdi sdn theo thod thudn thi thod Ihuan ndy phdi dirge lap trudc khi kit hon ". Diiu kien xac lap hdn udc trudc khi kit hdn chi la hau qua ciia nguyen tdc "bdt di bdt dich" ciia chi dg hdn san'. Theo nguyen tdc nay, n i u chdp nhan viec lap hdn udc sau khi lam hdn thu (sau khi kit hon). tat nhien se dua din su xao u-dn v l phuang
^'^" tam ly vd tai sdn trong gia dmh. Sir xao trdn ' Pnnciple -1 12. Principles of European Family Lm^- Regarding Property Relations Between snn,.... « „ h i i . h . ^ v, the Otsanising Comminee ofthe Commission on European Fmaily Law. p.! 23. ^pouses, published by 'Di^u 47 Lu$t hon nhan va gia dinh nim 2014
'Principle4 U. Principles of European Family Lw-v Regarding Properly Relalions Ber^eent^n ui i. _.
the Organising Comminee ofthe Commission on European Fmaily Law. p.l 19. '"Pouses, pubhshed by
° Pnnciple 4 13. Principles of European Family la^' Regarding Properly Relations Between son
the Organising Comminee ofthe Commission on European Fmaily Law. p 126. P'^''ses, published by
" Dirong Ki^n, Gidi thich Ludl Gid ihu ~ Tu he vd idi san c(>ng ddng. Nha sich Khai Tri nam 1964
^
do khong phdi chi cd hau qua tai hai ddi v di gia dinh ma con ddi vdi ngudi de tam nua, cho nen hon udc bao gid cung phai lam &udc hdn thii"*
Tdm lai, thoa thuan ve che do tai san vg chdng bi vd hieu neu vi pham mgt Uong cdc diiu ki?n cd hi?u luc ciia giao dich dan sir.
Thirhai, thod thuan ve che do tai san cua vo chong bj vd hieu neu vi pham nguyen tdc chung trong che dg tai san vg chdng; cjuyen dugc dam bao vl cho d cua vg chong; quyen vd lgi ich hgp phap ngudi thii ba ngay tinh.
Trudc tien, thod thuan ve che do tai sdn cua
\g chong phai dugc xac lap dua Uen ca sd tuan thii cac nguyen tdc chung ciia che do tai san vg chdng. Theo do, thoa thu$n ve che do tdi san cita vg chdng bi vd hi?u neu khdng ddm bdo quyen binh ddng cua vg chdng lien quan den vi?c tao t|ip, chiem hihi, sii dyng, dinh doat tdi sdn chung ho$c vi pham nghia vu ciia vg, chdng trong viec ddp im^ nhu cau thiet yeu cho gia 6mh hoac vi p h ^ den quyen, lgi ich hgp phap cua ngudi thti ba ngay tinh.
Theo dd, phap luat Viet Nam quy dinh vg.
ching phai cd nghia vu cung cap thdng tin lien quan den thoa thuan ve che do tdi sdn ciia vg ching khi xac lap, thuc hien giao dich vdi ngudi Ihii ba'. Trong cdc giao dich vdi mgt ben vg hoac chong, ngudi thii ba thudng d vdo vi tri yeu the vi khdng cd thdng tin ddy dii vd hdu het phap luat khdng bupc cac ben phai biet ve tinh trang hdn nhan ciia nhau. Vi vdy, thod thuan ve che do tai san vg chdng chi cd hieu luc ddi khdng vdi ngudi thiJ ba neu vg, chdng thuc hien nghTa vu cun§
cap cdc thdng tin lien quan den thoa thuan ve che dp lai san cua vg chdng. Ngoai r ^ hien nay phap lu|l khdng cd quy dinh cu the ve hinh thirc cung cap cac thdng tin lien quan den thoa thuan ve che dp tai san ciia vg chdng cho ngudi thii ba nen suy ra no co the dugc thuc hien bang Idi ndi, vdn bdn ho$c cac hinh thuc khac. N I U vg, chdng vi pham nghia vu "cung cap thdng tm" thi ngudi thir ba (lupc coi Id ngay tinh va dugc bao ve quyen Igi
theo quy dinh cua Bg luat dan sg. Tuy nhien. ddi vdi cac giao dich lien quan din tai khodn ngdn hdng. lai khoan chiing khoan. dgng san khdc ma theo quy dinh cua phap ludt khdng phai ddng ky quyen sd hiiu v a v g. chdng da cung cdp thdng tin lien quan den thod thuan ve chi do tai san cua vg chdng nhung ben thii ba van xdc lap, thuc hien giao dich Uai vdi thdng tin dd; hodc vg, chdng da cdng khai thoa thuan theo quy djnh ciia phdp luat cd lien quan den viec chiem hiiu, sir dyng, dinh doat tdi sdn va ngirdi ihii ba bill nhung van xac lap giao dich uai vdi thoa thuan ciia vg chdng thi ngudi thii ba khdng dugc coi la ngay tinh va khdng dugc bao v|,
Ngodi ra, theo quv djnh cua phdp lual Vi?l Nam thi viec xdc lap, thuc hi?n, cham diil cdc giao dich lien quan den nha la noi d duy nhdt cua vg chdn^ budc phdi cd su thoa thu^n ciia vg chdng. Neu nha d thugc sd hOxi rieng ciia vg ho$c chong thi chu sd hihi cd quyen xdc lap, thuc hi?n, cham diit giao dich lien quan den tdi san dd nhung phai bao dam cho d cho vg chdng. Vi vdy, neu ndi dung ciia thod thuan ve che dg lai sdn ciia vg chdng cho phep mgt ben dugc djnh do^t nha d la nai d duy nhdt ciia vg chdng dan den vg, chdng khdng cd chd d hodc khdng dam Ijdo cho d tdi thieu ve dien tich, dieu kien sinh hoat, an loan, ve sinh mdi trudng theo quy djnh ciia phap ludl ve nhd d thi thoa thudn nay bi vd hieu.
Thuba, ndi dung thod thudn vi pham nghiem trgng quyen dugc cap dudng, quyen dugc thira ke; quyen, lgi ich hgp phdp khac ciia cha m? con va dianh vien khdc ciia gia dmh. Thod Uiudn ve che do tai sdn cua \ g chdng bi vd hi?u neu thoa thudn do nhdm udn trdnh nghia vu cap duong hodc dk tudc bd quyen thira ke cua nhihig ngudi thira kl khdng phu thugc vao ndi dung cua di chiic hodc vi pham cac quyen, lgi ich hgp phap cua cha me con vd cdc thanh vien khac trong gia dinh dugc phap luat quy dinh.
2. Quyen yeu cau tuyen bo thoa thuan ve che do tai san vg chong vd hieu
' Vii van Hifin, Chi dq idi sdn trong gia dinh l^?i Nam - Tap /, Nxb Bg Quoc gia Giao due nam 1960. tr 30.
'Dilii 16 Nghj djnh s i 126/2014/ND-CP ngay 31/12/2014 quy djnh chi tiet mpt so dieu v i bien phip thi hanh lu^t Wn nhan vi gia dinh.
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Phap luai Vi^ Nam quv dinh ngucri o3 quv en yeu cau tuven bd thoa thudn v c che do tai san ciia vgchi!>ngbaogdm: (i)vg, chong hodc (ii) ngudi bi xam pham, ngudi giam hg cua ngucri cd quven va kti ich bi xam pham do cd thoa thuan v e che do lai sancuavgchdng'". Ddng thdi. luyen bd thoa thuan ve chi do tai san cua vg chdng bj v d hieu frfiai ducc thuc hien dudi su giam sat tu phdp. tiic la Toa an la CO quan gidi quyel v eu cdu tuyen bd thoa thudn V e che dg tai san ciia vg chdng bi vd hieu.
Thod thudn ve che do tai sdn cua vg chdng do chinh vg chdng xac lap nen vdi tu each la cac ben trong thoa thuan thi theo yeu cau cua mdt ben vg.
chdng hodc cd hai vg chdng. Tod an gidi qu>'el yeu cau tuyen bd thod thudn ve che dg tdi sdn ciia vg chdng vd hieu. Mdl khac, hieu luc ciia thod thuan ve che dg lai sdn ciia vg chdng khdng chi dnh hudng tdi vg, chdng ma cdn anh hudng den cac thdnh vien gia dinh vd ngudi thti ba. Vi vay, nhdm bao ve liTi ich cua cac thdnh vien gia dinh va lgi ich ciia ngudi thii ba do hieu luc ciia thoa thuan v l che dg tai sdn ciia vg chdng gdy ra thi chinh ngudi bj xdm [^lam hodc ngudi gidm hd ciia hg cd quyen yeu cau Tod dn tuyen bd thoa thuan vl chi do tai sdn ciia vg chdng bj vd hieu. Thod thuan v I chi do lai san ciia vg chdng vi pham cac quy dinh ciia phdp ludl thi ihoa thudn dd bi tuyen bd vd hieu.
Tuy thugc vao hmg nguyen nhan md thod Ihuan ve che dg lai san ciia vg, chdng cd thi bi vd hieu mdl phdn hodc loan bg.
3. Hau qua phap ty cua thoa thuan ve che d9 tai san vg chong v6 hieu
Khi xem xet hau qua phap ly ciia thoa thuan ve che dg tai san ciia vg chdng vd hieu chung ta cdn xem xet nhimg hdu qua ve cdc phucmg dien nhu sau: (1) Hi?u luc ciia thod thuan vl chi do lai sdn ciia vg chdng vd hieu va hieu lire ciia hdn nhan; (2) Quan he tdi sdn ciia vg chdng k l tir khi ket hdn tdi thdi diem Toa dn myen thoa thuan vl che dg lai san ciia vg chdng bi vd hieu, (3) Quyin hra chgn lai che dg lai san ciia v g chdi^.
.ifgt Id, V c hieu lire ciia hdn nhan khi Tod an luyen bd thoa thudn ve che do tdi san cua vg chdnc vd hieu.
Thod thuan v c chi dg tai san ciia vg chdng dugc lap d^ quy dinh hdu qua cua hdn nhan ve phuang dien tdi sdn. Do dd, hi^u luc ciia thoa thudn ve che do tai san cua vg chdng phu thugc vao hieu luc cita hdn nhdn. Luat hdn nhan vd gia dinh viel Nam ndm 20I-J quy dinh: •Thod thugn vi' che do tdi sdn ciia vg chdng cd hiiu lire ki tif khi kit hdn " Trai lai, hdu qua ciia thoa thuan ve che dp lai sdn bi vd hi^u thi khdng Idm cho hdn nhan vd hieu. ke cd trong trudng hgp neu vg chdng Uudc khi ket hdn cd y dinh coi thoa thuan ve che do tdi sdn eua vg chdng la dieu kien de xac lap quan he hdn nhan. Bdi le, thod thuan ve che dp tai san vg chdng khdng phai la dieu kien ket hdn ciing nhu can cii huy ket hdn trai phap ludt theo phap luat Viet Nam.
Hai Id, ve quan he tai sdn cua vg chdng k l tir khi ket hdn den thdi diem thoa thuan v l chi dg tdi sdn ciia vg chdng bi Toa an tuyen bd vd hieu.
Ve ly thuyel, su vi pham cac dieu kien cd hieu luc dan tdi hau qua Id thoa thuan v l chi dp lai san ciia vg chdng bj tuyen bd vd hieu. Hieu luc ciia su vd hieu hdi td den qua khu. Tiic la, vg chdng dugc coi nhu chua xac lap thoa thuan v l che do tai sdn ciia vg chdng. Tuy nhien, cd sir phan biet giura thoa thuan v l chi dp tai san ciia vg chdng bi tuyen bd vd hieu toan bg vdi vd hieu mpt phan. Neu thoa thuan vl che do tai san cua vg chdng bi vd hieu loan bg thi vg chdng rai vao tinh trang lay nhau ma khdng lap thod thuan v l che do tai sdn cua vg chdng. Vi vay, chi dd tai sdn ciia vg chdng theo lual dinh se duoc dp dune cho quan he tai san ciia vg chdng k l tir khi ket hon den khi bj Toa an tuyen bd thoa thuan v l chi dp tai san ciia vg chdng vd hieu. Ndi each khac, viec xac dinh tai san chung, tai san rieng ciia va chong hay cac quyen va nghTa vu vl tai san ciia vg chong dugc dua Uen cac quy dinh cua c h i dd t^ san theo luat dinh. Mat khdc, niu thoa Ihuan lLrw\^' ^ "^ ^^ ^"^^"8 b' ™ hieu mdt phan Ihl chi phan ndi dung vd hieu mdi dp dung cac quy dinh tuong cua ehe dp tdi san theo l l djnh va cac ndi dung khdi
hieu luc. ng bi vd hieu v
'" Khoan I Dieu 5 Thong tu hen tjch so 01 '20i6TTLT-TAND"rC-VKSNDTC-BTP
thi hanh mpt so quy d|nh cua Luat hon nhan v a gia dinh. "Eay06'0l;Ml6hL,<tagdl„
Ba la. ve quyen lira chgn lai che dp tai san cua vo chong.
Theo phdp luat Viet Nam thi vg chdng cd quyin Igra chgn dp dung che do tai san theo ludt diiih hodc che do tdi sdn theo thoa thuan". Tuy nhien. neu thod thudn ve che do tai san ciia vg ching bj Tod an tuyen bd vd hieu toan bd thi vg chdng khdng cdn quyen lira chpn lai chi do tai san cua vg chdng. Dieu dd cd nghTa, du mong mudn hay khdng mong mudn thi vg chdng budc phai theo vd dp dung che do tai san theo ludt dinh kl tir khi Tod an tuyen bd thoa ihuan ve che dp tai san ciia vg chdng vd hieu den khi cham dirt quan h? hdn nhan. Nguyen nhdn bdi, theo luat Viet Nam thi neu vg chdng lua chgn che do tai san theo thoa thudn thi thod thuan nay phai dugc lap tmdc khi ket hdn. Dieu kien lap trudc khi ket hdn la dicu ki?n cd hieu luc cua thoa thuan vc che do lai san cua vg chdng. Nhu vay. mac dii trudc khi ket hon y chi ciia vg chdng la lira chgn che do tai san theo thod thuan nhung do thoa thudn ve che d? tai san ciia vg chdng bi vd hieu nen vg chdng khdng the xac lap lai che dp tdi sdn theo thod thuan ke cd khi hai vg chdng ciuig ddng y.
Mdt khac, neu thoa thuan ve che dp tdi san ciia vg chdng bj vd hieu mdt phan thi khdng lam thay ddi che dp tai sdn ciia vg chdng. Che do tai san dugc dp dung cho vg chdng vdn la che do tai san theo thoa thuan. Theo phap luat Viet Nam.
ve nguyen tac thi vg chdng khdng the thoa thuan de chuyen tir che dp tai san Iheo luat dinh sang che dp tai san theo thoa thuan do thoa thuan ve che dp tai san cita vg chdng phai dirge lap trudc khi ket hdn. Tuy nhien. trong Irudng hgp che do tai san ciia vg chdng theo thoa thuan dugc dp d\ing thi trong thdi ky hdn nhan. vg chdng co quyen sita ddi, bd sung mgt phan hodc toan bg nOi dung ciia che do tai san do hoac dp dung che
"Ip tai sdn theo luat djnh (diim b Khoan 1 Dieu 6 Thong Ur sd 01/20i6/TTLT ngay 06/01/2016 huong dan thi hanh mdl sd quy djnh cua Lual hon nhdn va gia dinh). Suy diln ra. thod thuan ye che dp lai san ciia vg chdng bi vd hieu mdt phan Ihi vg chdng cd the thoa thuan de ap dung che do tai san theo luat dinh hoac giir nguyen che dp tdi
" Khoan I Digu 28 Luat hon nhan va sia dinh nam 2014.
san theo thoa thuan. Tuy nhien. ddi vdi phdn ngi dung ciia thoa thudn ve chi dg lai san cua vg chdng bi Tod an tuyen bd vd hieu thi m^c i ^ e n se bj ap dung cdc quv dinh ciia ehi dp lai san ihco luat dinh sau khi Toa an luven bd vd hieu.
4. Mot so bat cap cua phap luat v l thoa thuan che dp tai san cua vg chong vd hicu va kien nghi
So vdi Lual hdn nhan v a gia dinh nam 1959, nam 1986 va nam 2000 thi thoa thudn vl chi dg tdi sdn ciia vg chdng la mdl chi djnh mdi cita Luat hdn nhan va gia dinh ndm 2014 thi hi?n su lien bd ve l|p phap ciia >Jha nude ta. Tuy nhien, phap luat ve thod thuan v e che dg tdi sdn cua vg chdng vd hieu cdn ldn lai mdt so bdt cap. Chime tdi se phan tich nhimg bdt cap va dua ra mpt sd kien nghi nhu sau:
Mgt la. ve cdn cir vd hi?u thod thuan vl che dp tdi san cua vg chdng tai Diiu 50 ciia Ludl hdn nhan va gia dinh khdng quy dinh Uudng hgp vd hieu do huy ket hdn trai phap ludl Id chua hgp Iy.
Thoa thuan ve che dp lai sdn cua vg chong dugc xdc lap de quy dinh hdu qud ciia hdn nhan V c phuong dien tdi sdn. Do dd. hi^u lire ciia thod thuan ve che do lai sdn cua vg chdng phy thugc vao hieu luc cua hdn nhan. Neu hdn nhdn vd hieu thi duong nhien thod thudn ve che dp tai sdn cua vg chdng ciing bi vd hieu. Su vo hi?u ndy Id vd hieu loan bd.
Theo phap ludl Viet Nam, hau qua ciia vi pham dieu kien ket hdn lam cho hdn nhdn bi vd hieu va bi tuyen huy ket hdn trdi phap luat. Tuy nhien. Dieu 50 Luat hdn nhan va gia dinh ndm 2014 quy djnh cdc can cii vd hieu ciia thod thuan che do tai sdn ciia vg chdng lai khdng de cap tdi vd hieu do viec huy ket hdn trai phap ludl. Mdt khac, Khoan 3 Dieu 12 Luat hdn nhdn va gia dinh nam 2014 quy dinh hdu qud ve tdi sdn giiia cac ben bi huy ket hdn trdi phap ludt dugc gidi quylt nhu trudng hgp nam, nii chung sdng vdi nhau nhu vg chdng ma khdng ddng ky kit hdn.
Tire la. quan he tai sdn ciia cac ben ket hdn irai phdp lual duoc giai quyet theo thoa thuan cua cac ben. N I U cac ben khdng thoa thuan dugc thi giai quylt theo quy dinh ciia Bd luat dan sir va cac
o
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quy dinh khdc ciia p h ^ luat cd lien quan. Ddng thdi V iec giai qu> et quan he tdi san phai dam bdo quv en. lgi ich hgp phap cua phu nii v a com cdng viec ngi trg va cong viec khac cd lien quan de du\' tri ddi sdng chung dugc coi nhu lao ddng cd thu nhap.
Cd the thdy, quy dinh cua Viei Nam ve hau qud ve Idi san ciia huv- ket hdn trdi phdp luat chua cd su phdn biel giua uudng hgp huy ket hdn trdi phdp luat cd thoa thuan ve che do tai sdn cua v g chdng vdi Uudng hgp khdng cd thoa thuan v e che dp tdi sdn cua vg chdng. E)dng thdi. khdng cd su phdn biet giira hau qud v e tai sdn cua huy ket hdn trai phdp luat do cac ben ngay tinh vdi khdng ngay tinh.
Lien quan den hau qua phdp ly cua vd hieu do hdn nhdn vd hieu (huy ket hdn trdi p h ^ luat), phap ludt Phdp cd su phan bi?t giiia tnrdng hgp hdn nhan v 6 hi?u do mdt hodc ca hai ben ket hdn ngay linh vdi Uudng hgp khdng ngay tmh. Diiu 201 Bp luat dan su Phap quy dinh: "Hdn nhdn bi tuyen bd yd hieu vdn phdt sinh hiiu luc ddi vdi vg chong neu hdn nhdn dd chn^ xdc lap ngay tinh
\cu chi mgt trong hai vg chdng ngay tinh thi viic kit hdn chi phdt sinh hi?u luc ddi vdi ngudi dy "'i Nhu v^v', neu vi?e huy hdn nhan do loi ciia ca hai ben ket hdn thi s\r huy bd nay cd hieu luc hdi Id, neu cdc ben cd xac lap hdn udc tlu hdn udc khdng cd gid trj phap ly. Ngugc lai, niu mdt hoac cd hai ben deu ngay Unh Ihi hdn udc cd hieu luc tir tiidi diem kei bdn den thdi diem hdn nhdn bi huy bd.
Tire Id, mgt hodc cd hai ben ngay tinh dugc hudng cac l(;ri ich dugc quy dmh trong hdn udc cho tdi khi hdn nhdn bj huy. Mdt khac, chiing ta ciirm tiidy hudng giai quyet hrong ur nhu uen lai E)ieu 36, Luat hdn nhan vd gia dinh dudi thdi ky chinh qu> en Ngd E)inh Diem: "Su thanh todn tdi sdn cua i-g chdng md hdn thu bi tuyin bd vd hiiu lam nhu vg chdng khdng hi bao gid cd kit hon vdi nhau.
Tuy nhien hdn thu bi tuyin bd vd Hiu, vdn cd hieu lire vi ddn su ddi -vdi con vd ddi -vdi ngudi vg hay ngudi chdng hogc cd hai niu hg ngay tinh "'I
Tir nhihig phan tich tren cho thdv. cdn bd sung them lai Dieu 50 Lual hdn nhdn \ a gia dinh
ndm 20 i 4 cdn cir \ d hieu thoa thuan ve che dg tai san ciia vg chdng do v iec buy kit hdn trai phap luat. Ngoai ra. Tod an nhdn dan tdi cao can cd hudng dan cu the Hen quan den hau qua v e tai san do huy kit hdn trai phdp lugt ma mdl ho^c ca hai ben ngay tinh theo hudng cdng nhan hieu lyc cua thod thuan v l chi dp lai san cua vg chdng din thdi diim hdn nhan bi huv ddi vdi ben ngay tinh nhdm dam bdo quyen va Icri ich hgp phdp cua hg.
Hai la ve hieu luc cua thoa thudn ve che dg tai sdn ctia vg chdng do vi pham dieu kien cdng chirng, chiing thuc cdn bat cap.
Theo quy djnh tai Dieu 129 Bd luat dan sir nam 2015 ve giao dich dan sir dugc xac lap bdng van ban nhung vi pham quy dinh bdt bupc ve cdng chimg, chung thuc ma mgt ben hodc ca hai ben da thuc hien 2/3 nghTa vu trong giao djch thi tiieo yeu cdu ciia mdt ben hodc cac ben, Tod an ra quyet dinh cdng nhan hieu lire cua giao dich dd.
Van de dat ra, neu vg chdng da khdng cdng chiing, chimg thuc thod thuan v l c h i do t ^ san cita vg chdng nhung cac ben da thuc hi?n 2/3 nghia vu till CO cdng nhan hieu lire ciia thoa thuan ve che dp tai sdn cua vg chdng. Hien nay cd cac cdch tiep can kliac nhau Hen quan den vdn d l ndy. Cdch tilp can thii nhdt cho ring, v l ly tiiuyet, ban chat ciia thoa thuan v l c h i do tai san cua vg chdng la mdt giao dich dan su nen cd thi dp dung quy dinh tai Diiu 129 Bd luat dan su ndm 2015 ddi vdi tiiod thuan v l c h i dd tai san ctia vg chdng. Cach tilp can ngugc lai, n i u tiiod thuan ve che do tai san ciia va chdng vi pham dieu kien cdng chiing, chiing thuc thi cdn hiyen bo tiioa thuan dd vd hieu. Viec chua cd hudng dan cu tiie ve hieu luc ciia thoa thuan v l chi do ta. san vg chdng do vi pham diiu kien cdng Chung, Chung thuc cd tiie ddn tdi su thilu thdng nhal trong giaic^uyet tranh chdp phdt sinh.
Nhu vdy, de trdnh
khdng ddng nhdt thi i viec dp dung phap luat , . . , can cd hudng ddn ddi vdi
'- Dieu 201 Bp lu^t dan su Phap.
' O i ^ 36 Lual hon nhin va gia dinh ngay 02/01'1959.
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dyng quy dinh tai Dieu 129 Bd lual dan su ndm 2015 vl cdng nhan hi^u luc ciia giao dich dan sir m$c dii cd vi pham dieu kien cdng chiing, chimg ihiic niu cdc ben da thuc hien 2/3 nghTa vu ddi
\di thoa thuan ve che do tai sdn ciia vg chdng.
Bdi 12. quy djnh tai Dieu 129 cua Bd luat dan su ndra 2015 dua ra ngoai le vdi muc dich bdo ve ben ylu tiie trong cdc giao dich (md chii yeu la cac giao djch chuyen nhugng bdt dgng san).
Trcmg khi dd, tiioa thuan ve che dp tai san cua vg ching vd hieu chi dan tdi he qua vg chdng dp d\ing che dp tai sdn theo luat dinh. Viec khdng cdng nhan hi$u luc dam bao tinh chat rdn de, gido due doi vdi vg chdng trong viec phdi tuan thii diiu ki?n hinh thiic khi xac lap thod thuan ve che dp lai san ciia vg chdng ciia Luat hdn nhdn va gia dinh. Hon niia, thuc te de chung minh dieu kien thyc hi?n 2/3 nghTa vu trong thoa tiiudn ve che dp lai sdn cua vg chdng la dieu khd cd the xac djnh dugc. Vi vay, theo chiing tdi, Toa an nhdn dan toi cao ciing can cd hudng ddn cu the ve vdn de nay de hdnh cac quan diem khac nhau khi gidi quyel tranh chap phat sinh.
Ba Id, quy dinh thod thuan ve che do tai sdn ciia vg chdng phai dugc lap trudc khi ket hdn va neu vg chdng xac lap thoa thuan ve che do tai san cua vg chong sau khi kei hdn thi thoa thuan do vd hifu la khdng phu hgp.
Thuc te phat sinh cdc trudng hgp thod thuari ve che dg tdi san cua vg chdng bi Toa an tuyen bd vo hi?u nhung vg chdng van mong mudn xac lap l?i thoa thudn. Tuy nhien, vi phap ludl quy dinh vi?c lap thod thuan ve che do tai san ciia vg chong phai dugc thuc hien trudc khi ket hdn nen vg chdng khdng the xdc lap lai thoa thudn ve che dp lai sdn ciia vg chdng.
So s ^ vdi phdp lual nude ngoai, theo Bd nguyen tdc Luat gia dinh Chdu Au lien quan den lai san vg chdng thi trong thdi ky hdn nhan vg ching cd the siia ddi che do tai san vg chdng ho§c th^m chi thay ddi nd bang mgt che dd Uiac'*. Dieu nay cd nghia, sau khi ket hdn thi vg
chdng cd quyen thod tiiuan d l lua chgn !^ mdl che do tai san phii hgp de duv' Ui vd bao dam tiiirc hien Uong sudt tiidi ky hdn nhan. Trong khi dd theo phap luat \ i e i Nam. uong tiidi ky hdn nhdn vg chdng chi cd quyen sua ddi. bd sung tiioa tiiuan ve che dp tdi san vg chdng (Diiu 49 Lu^t hdn nhan va gia dmh ndm 2014). Viec tiiay ddi che dp tai san cita \ a chdng khdng dugc chdp nhan bdi phap luat quy dinh tiioa tiiudn vl chi dp tai san ciia V g chdng phai dugc lap trudc khi ket hdn.
Theo quan diem ciia chiing tdi. quy djnh cua Bd nguyen tic Ludl gia iinh Chau Au hgp ly hon so vdi quy dinh ciia Viet Nam bdi nhiJng ly do sau:
Thu nhdt, urcmg tu nhu Uong quan h? hgp ddng thi cac ben trong hgp ddng phdi cd tu cdch chii the. Cd the hieu rdng viec ghi nhgn thod thudn ve lira chgn che dp tai san Uudc khi kit hdn chi cd y nghia cdng nhdn cho cac ben sdp ket hdn (chua thuc su cd lu each vg chdng) dugc xdc lap thod thuan ve che dg tai sdn cua hai ngudi la vg chdng. Dieu nay cd y nghTa Uong mgt sd hodn canh cu the nhu san nghiep ciia vg, chdng qua ]6n va hg khdng mong mudn nhimg hdu qud ve phuang dien tai san do hieu luc ciia hdn nhan gay ra; vg, chdng mudn bdo todn tdi sdn md nhihig tdi sdn ndy dang dugc su dyng phyc vy cho hoat ddng lao ddng. sdn xudl vd nghe nghiep cua hg hoac vg, chdng dang thuc hien cac nghia vy ve tai sdn'^ Trai lai. thdng thudng chi sau khi ket hdn. chinh tiiiic budc vdo cugc sdng chung Ihi vg chdng mdi cd nhdn tiiirc day dii va cd nhu cau xac lap che do tai sdn ciia vg chdng phii hgp vdi tinh Uang, hodn canh ciia vg chdng.
Thu hai, xuat phdt hi quyen ciia chii sd hihi tai san thi phap ludl phai cdng nhdn hieu luc cua thod thudn ve che do lai sdn ciia vg chdng ke cd trudc vd sau khi ket hdn. Vi vdy, Uong trudng hgp tiiod tiiudn ve che dp tai san ciia vg chdng bi tuyen bd vd hieu thi trudc khi kit hdn y chi ciia vg chdng chinh la lua chpn che dg lai san theo thoa thuan.
" Principle 4:10, Principles of European Family La^- Regarding Properly Relalions Bet^^een spouses, published fly the Organising Committee of the Commission on European Fmaily Law. p.99.
'' Ngo Thanh Huong, Ch^ do hdn sdn phdp dinh: Mdi sd bdt cap vd kien nghi hoan ihi?n. T^p ch i Nghien cuu lap phip. %6 9 {385)/Ky I, thang 5/2019. tr 56.
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:^^i\^:mviij:rv^Thtr ba, thod thudn ve che dp tai san ciia vg chdng phai dugc lap uudc khi ket hdn chu yeu dugc lap luan vdi ly do rang viec cho phep lap thoa tiiuan v e chi dp tai sdn ciia vg chdng sau khi ket hdn se cd hai ddi vdi vg. chdng vd ngudi thii ba. Tuy nhiea cd ihl de dang bdo ve quyen. Igi ich hpp phap cua nhimg ngudi ndy bdng chinh che tai huy hay tu>en bd hdn udc (thod thuan ve che do tai sdn cua vg chdng) bj vd hieu.
Nhu vay. phdp lual Viet Nam can thiet phai bd sung quy dinh tai Dieu 49 Luat hdn nhdn va gia dinh ndm 2014 nhu sau: "Irong thdi ky hdn nhan vg chdng cd quyen sira ddi, bd sung hoac thay ddi chi dp tai sdn ciia vg chdng". Tir do. viec lap thoa thuan ve che dp lai san ciia vg chdng sau khi ket hdn khdng cdn la cdn cii vd hieu cua thoa thuan ve che dd tai sdn cua vo chdng./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Principle 4:12, Principles of European Family Lou' Regarding Property Relations Between spouses, published by the Ot^anising Committee of the Commission on European Fmaily Law, p.l23.
2. Principle 4:11. Principles of European
Family Lmv Regarding Property RdaUons Bei\\een spouses, published by tiie Organising Committee of the Conmiission on European Fmaily Law. p. II9.
3. Principle 4:13. Principles of European Family Law Regarding Piopcrty Relations Between spouses, published by the Organising Committee of the Commission on European Fmaily Law, p. 126.
4. Duong Kiln, Gidi thich Ludt Gid thu - Tu hi vd tdi sdn cdng ddng, Nha sach Khai Tri ndm 1964.
5. Vii Vdn Hien, Chi do tdi sdn trong gia dinh Viet Nam - Tap I, Nha xuat bdn Bd Qudc gia Gido due ndm 1960, tr.30.
6. Principle 4:10, Principles of European Family Law Regarding Property Relations Between spouses, published by the Organising Committee of the Commission on European Fmaily Law, p.99.
7. Ngd Thanh Hucmg, Chi do hon sdn phdp djnh: Mgt so bdt cap vd kiin n^hi hodn thien.
Tap chi Nghien ciiu lap phdp, sd 9 (385)/Ky I, thang 5/2019, tr.56.
GIAI THE DOANH NGHIEP 6 VIET NAM -
THlTC TRANG PHAP LUAT VA GIAI PHAP NANG CAO HIEU QUA THlTC THI Giip theo trang 24)
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO
1. TS. Nguven Thi Dung, Thuc trgng phdp lugt vi gidi thi doanh nghiep mdt sd ddnh gid vd kiin nghi hodn thin Tap chi Ludl hoc sd 10/2012.
2. Linh Hdng, Ng bdo hiem xa hgi xir ly sao niu doanh nghiep gidi the?. Bao Tudi tre Online.
hnps://tuoitre.vn/no-bao-hiem-xa-hoi-xu-ly- sao-neu-doanh-nghiep-giai-tiie-1314954.hmi
3. Nguven Thi Diem Huong. Phdp ludt vi giai thi doanh nghiip: Thuc trgng vd kien nghi.
Tap chi cdng thirong thang 07/2016.
4. Kieu Linh, H sao sd lugng doanh nghiep giai thi 09 thdng nam 2018 tdng manh?. Thdi bao Kinh te Mel Nam dien tir.
htlp://vneconomv.va'vi-sao-so-Iuong-doanh-
nghiep-giai-the-9-thang-2018-tang-manh- 20181012151450821.hUn.
5. Phdng Cdng nghiep tiiuong mai Viet Nam (VCCI), Bdo cdo ddng chdy phdp ludt kinh doanh 2018. ^ i^ y K . - 1 ^w-^^ ^°^^^ '^^^ ^ T^anh phd Hd Chi Minh, Mau Quyet djnh gidi thi doanh nghi$p
H';^DonfS.^^-^'^^-^-^^^^^^^^^
7. Trung tdm tiidng tin va du bao kinh t l - xa hgi quoc gta, Tmh hinh doanh nghiip 7ktihd nganh Quy 1/2019 h l l p : / / n c i f . g o L n ^ " ^ NewsDelail.aspx?newid=2l435
8 Website cdng bd Ludl c i i a W Ban hllp://www.japaneselawtranslationon^
tail/?id-3206&vm=04&r^2 "•®°-JP^'^^^'^^
