THOI GIDN PHI LV rnONG KJCH CHdMl GODOTtm S. BCCKCn

KHONG GinN - THOI GIDN PHI LV rnONG KJCH CHdMl GODOTtm S. BCCKCn

Pham NgocHien * Tdm tat: Chd dgi Godot cua S. Beckett Id tdc pham rdt tieu biiu cho kich phi Ii trong vdn hoc phuang Tay hien dai. Phdn tich vd kich nay, chung tdi nham muc dich lam sdng to nhimg bieu hien cua chd nghTa phi It tren cdc phuang dien: khong gian, thdi gian; qua do gop phdn thdy dugc nhimg quan niem cua tdc gid ve con ngudi trong xa hoi hien dai.

TCr khoa: khdnggian, thdi gian, kich hien dgi, vdn hoc phi Ii, thi phdp, ChddgiGodot Abstract: Waiting for Godot ofS. Beckett is the quintessence of irrationalistic drama in modern Western literature. Through analyzing this play, we aim at highlighting the expressions of irrationalism in terms of space and time, as well as recognizing the author's perception of human beings in the modern society.

Key words: space, time, modern plays, irrationalistic literature, literary techniques

Trong the ky XX, nghe thuat chau Au cd sy phan chia thanh rat nhieu khuynh hudng, trudng phai. Mdt trong nhirng su kien gay nhieu chu y ciia du luan la sy xuat hien cua dong van hgc phi ly. Sy ra ddi ciia nd gdp phln lam dao Idn cac quan niem truyen thdng vi tinh chinh xac ciia khdng gian, thdi gian. Trong kjch phi ly, khdng gian va thdi gian dugc khiic xa qua cai nhin chii quan cua con ngudi. Nhan vat dudng nhu mat cam giac chan thye ve khdng gian va thdi gian. Bdi vay, mgi quan niem ve thdi gian, khdng gian chi diing mdt each... tuong

* TS, Dai hgc Sai Gon Nhan bdi ngdy: 28/9/2018 Phdn bien xong 20/1/2019 Chdp nhdn ddng 30/1/2019

ddi. Chiing ta co the thay ro dieu do trong vd kich Chd dgi Godot cua S. Beckett.

1. Vai net ve van hoc phi ly va nha van S. Beckett

Van hpc phi ly la mdt trao luu van nghe noi len manh me d chau Au giira the ky XX.

Nd bat ngudn tir nhiing mau thuan, phi ly trong cuoc Chien tranh the gidi thu Hai.

Them vao do, sy phat trien ciia khoa hpc ky thuat va nen kinh te tu ban da lam nay sinh nhieu bat cdng xa hgi. Con ngudi roi vao trang thai khiing hoang tinh than, mat niem tin vao le phai, cdng bang... Nhieu nha triet hgc phan iing lai tu duy giao dieu eua thdi trung cd, phe phan chu nghTa duy ly. Cac van nghe sT bdc Id su chan chuong va hoai nghi ve tat ca nhiing cai gpi la chan ly trong cuoc sdng ty nhien va xa hdi.

56 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES K£VUfe«^ f^ i ; i : ^ * w — ; ,

Trong boi canh do, dong van hgc phi ly ra ddi. Van hgc phi ly thudng ndi ve su tha hoa cita xa hgi, sy cd don cua con ngudi, su hoai nghi ve cdng ly... Dudi mat cac nha van phi ly, xa hgi la mdt khdi hon ddn, khdng CO sy an khdp giiia cac thanh td. Mdi nha van cd mdt sd trudng khac nhau trong viec khai tbac cai phi ly ciia cuoc sdng.

Kafka thudng mieu ta sy vang bong cua cdng ly, lam cho con ngudi lac vao me cung luan quan khdng cd Idi thoat (Vu dn, Ldu ddi...). Camus mieu ta hanh vi vd cam, lac loai ciia con ngudi trong xa hgi hien dai (Ke xa la). Nhung nha scan kjch nhu S. Beckett, lonesco... lai thien ve khai tbac cai nghjch di phi ly trong ty nhien va xa hgi. lonesco de cho con ngudi bien thanh "con te gidc", the gidi dd dac lan at the gidi con ngudi (Nhung chiec ghe, Ngudi thue nhd mdi)...

S. Beckett (1906 - 1989) la nha van gdc Ireland, djnh cu d Phap, doat giai Nobel nam 1969. Ong viet nhieu the loai: tho, truyen, kjch, tieu luan... S. Beckett la mgt trong nhirng try cot cua ddng kich phi ly chau Au.

Vd kjch ndi tieng nhat ciia dng la Chd dgi Godot. Tac pham dugc sang tac vao khoang nam 1949, in lan dau nam 1952 va cdng diSn tren san khau nam 1953. Vd kjch Chd dgi Godot trd thanh mdt hien tugng san khdu tam qudc te. Tac pham nay rat tieu biiu cho cac dac diem ciia kjch phi ly. Thanh cdng ndi bat nhat ciia vd kjch la nghe thuat xay dyng khdng gian va thdi gian phi ly. Qua viec mieu ta sy ky ao ciia thdi gian va khdng

gian, tac gia da dua ra nliieu triet ly nhan sinh ve sy tdn tai ciia con ngudi.

2. Khong gian phi ly

Tren san khau ciia vd kjch Chd dai Godot\ ngudi ta xay dyng mgt khdng gian bdi canh rat don dieu. Chi cd mdt con dudng hoang vang d ndng thdn va nipt cai cay, "Co le Id cay lieu". 6 hdi 1, cai cay trui la: '"Co the nd da chet rdr. Nhung sang hdi 2, cai cay da mpc them vai chiec la. 0 day, tac gia dimg thu phap lay khdng gian de chi thoi gian. Y noi, thdi gian su kien ciia hai hdi rat xa nhau. Nhung ky thuc, dieu nay rat vd ly.

Hay nghe doan ddi thoai ciia cac nhan vat:

Vladimir: "O, hdm qua nd den ngdm va gay gudc I Hdm nay nd xum xue". Estragon: "Co Id !". Vladimir: "C/j/ trong cd mot dem !".

Estragon: "Cd le Id da sang xuan". Vladimir:

''''Nhung chi trong vong cd mot dem !". That rat khd tin la chi trong mgt dem, trdi da chuyen tu ddng sang xuan va cai cay gay gudc da xum xue canh la. Cai cay day sire sdng ay nhu mgt thdng diep giri den hai nhan vat: hay chju khd chd dgi, su sdng van cdn a phia trudc. Nhung sy thye thi khdng han vay ddi vdi hai ke vd gia cu.

Cac nhan vat thudng xac djnh thdi gian bang each dya vao khdng gian. Thinh thoang hg lai nhin len bau trdl de xem vj tri mat troi.

Nhung hp khong xac dinh dugc phuang hudng nen khdng biet ro mat trdl lan hay mpc. Pozzo: "Chieu tdi a ?". Estragon: "Mat trdi cu nhu lai mgc len". Vladimir: "Khdng

' S. Beckett (2013), Waiting for Godot, Nxb Tdn- hop TP.H6 Chi Minh. , .

^ChUitg. gloMi - ihM^ gian.... 57

the co". Estragon: "Nha la binh minh thi sao

?". Vladimir: "Dimg ndi vd vdn. Phia dd la hudng Tdy". Estragon: "Sao cdu biit ?".

Pozzo: "Chung ta da ve chieu ?". Vladimir:

" Vd chdng, mat trdi khdng he ddng".

Estragon: "Td bdo cdu Id nd mgc md". Cac nhan vat tranh cai vdi nhau ve viec mat trdi dang lan hay mpc. Hg mat y thiic vi khdng gian, khdng phan bl?t dugc hudng Ddng hay Tay. Tir do, cung mat y thuc ve thdi gian, khdng biet dugc binh minh hay hoang hdn.

Theo Vladimir, co ve nhu mat trdi diing yen, khdng gian bat dpng, thdi gian ngirng trdi.

Cac nhan vat ciing mat y thiic ve viing dat minh dang dimg. Hg diing dgi Godot d cho cai cay nhung cung khdng biet cd diing chinh xac hay khdng. Estragon: "Cau cd chdc la a tai day khdng ?" (...) Vladimir:

"Cdu muon dm thi dieu gi ? Rang chung ta nhdm dia diem a ?". Ngay hdm sau, hg trd lai chd cu nhung Estragon khdng nhan ra vj tri minh dang diing hdm qua. Vladimir: "Cdi cay, td da bdo, hay nhin dr. Estragon nhin cay: "Hdm qua nd khdng a ddy phdi khdng

?". Vladimir: "Cd chu. Cdu khdng nhd".

Ciing mgt nhan vat, nhung each xac djnh vj tri ciing mau thuln. Ban dau, Vladimir khang djnh day diing la dja diem hg da gap hdm qua. Nhung rdi anh ta lai nghi ngd dieu do.

Vladimir: "Vay chieu qua chung minh a dau, theo cdu ?". Estragon: "Td khdng biet. O chd khdc. Trong mgt cdi leu khdc. Thieu gi chd trdng". Vladimir: "Thdi dugc. Hdm qua chung minh khdng d day. Vgy chiing minh da lam gi chieu horn qua ?". Trong khdng gian

hoang vang tro trul do, chi cd cai cay la dau hieu xac dinh vi tri dgi Godot. Nhung cai cay thay ddi hinh dang. Dieu do lam cho cac nhan vat nghi ngd ve tinh chinh xac ciia dja diem ddn dgi.

Vimg dat ma hg dang dung dugc xem la lanh thd cua Pozzo. Ong ta khang djnh: "Tai ddy ? Tren lanh thd cua ta ?". "'Cdc ngudi khdng phdi ngudi vung nay". Nhung chinh Pozzo cung khdng ro ve viing dat ciia minh.

C) hdi 2, dng ta quay lai chd cii nhung chinli dng ta ciing khdng hieu minh dang dung d dau: Pozzo: '''Chiing ta dang d dau T\

Vladimir: "Tdi khdng biet". Pozzo: "The chiing ta khdng phdi Id a nai cd ten gpi Id Planche ?". Vladimir: "Tdi khong biet".

Pozzo: "Mi giong nai ndo ?". Vladimir:

(Nhin quanh quan) Khdng the md td No chdng gidng cdi gi cd. Chdng cd gi. Chi cd mot cdi cay". Pozzo: "The thi khong phdi Id d Planche". Liic nay, Pozzo da mil. Ddi vdi ngudi mil thi vimg dat nao ciing gidng nhau.

Dat dai d dau ciing the, t^n ggi cua nd chi la mdt thuat ngii chung chung, mo hd. Mdi ngudi cd mgt each ggi rieng. Pozzo gpi viing dat nay la Planche nhung Estragon ggi la Merdecluse. Ban dau, Estragon ndi rang minh khdng phai la ngudi viing nay. Nhung sau do, anh ta ndi rang minh da trai qua ca cuoc ddi d viing nay: Estragon: "Ai ndi vdi cau ve Vaucluse ?". Vladimir: "The cdu da chdng timg d vung Vaucluse ?". Estragon:

"Dau cd, td chica bao gid d Vaucluse I Td dd trdi qua cd kiep song khdn ngn cua td a day, td ndi cho cdu biet I O day ! O cdi chSn nay.

56

NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN S.ULii£S KtVSE

Trong boi canh do, ddng van hpc phi ly ra ddi. Van bpc phi ly thudng ndi ve sy tha hoa ciia xa hpi, sy cd don ciia con ngudi, su hoai nghi vi cdng ly... Dudi mat cac nha van phi ly, xa hdi la mgt khdi hdn ddn, khdng CO sy an khdp gliJa cac thanh td. Mdi nha van ed mot sd trudng khac nhau trong viec khai tliac cai phi ly ciia cuoc sdng.

Kafka thudng mieu ta su vang bong cua cdng ly, lam cho con ngudi lac vao me cung lu§n quan khdng cd Idi thoat (Vu dn, Ldu ddi...). Camus mieu ta hanh vi vd cam, lac loai ciia con ngudi trong xa hdi hien dai (Ke xa la). Nhirng nha soan kich nhu S. Beckett, lonesco... lai thien ve khai tbac cai nghjch dj phi ly trong tu nhien va xa hgi. lonesco de cho con ngudi bien thanh "con te gidc", the gidi dd dac lan at the gidi con ngudi (Nhung chiec ghe, Ngudi thue nhd mdi)...

S. Beckett (1906 - 1989) la nha van gdc Ireland, dinh cu d Phap, doat giai Nobel nam 1969. Ong viet nhieu the loai: tho, truyen, kich, tieu luan... S. Beckett la mdt trong nhiing tru cot ciia ddng kich phi ly chau Au.

Vd kjch ndi tieng nhat ciia dng la Chd dgi Godot. Tac pham dugc sang tac vao khoang nam 1949, in lan dau nam 1952 va cdng dien tren san khau nam 1953. Vd kich Chd dgi Godot trd thanh mdt hien tugng san khau tam qudc te. Tac pham nay rat tieu bieu cho cac dac diem cua kich phi ly. Thanh cdng ndi bat nhat cua vd kich la nghe thuat xay dung khdng gian va thdi gian phi ly. Qua viec mieu ta su ky ao cua thdi gian va khdng

gian, tac gia da dua ra nhieu triet ly nhati sinh ve sy tdn tai cua con ngudi.

2. Khdng gian phi ly

Tren san kh^u ciia vd kich Chd dai Godot^, ngudi ta xay dung mot khdng gian bdi canh rdt dan dieu. Chi cd mdt con dudng hoang vang d ndng thdn va mdt cai cay, "Co le la cdy lieu". 6 hdi 1, cai cay trul la: "Co thi nd da chet rdt". Nhung sang hdi 2, cai cay da mgc them vai chiec la. d day, tac gia diing thu phap lay khdng gian de chi thai gian. Y noi, thdi gian sy kien ciia hai hdi rat xa nhau. Nhung ky thuc, dieu nay rat vo ly.

Hay nghe doan ddi thoai ciia cac nhan vat:

Vladimir: "O, hdm qua nd den ngdm vd gay gudc I Hdm nay nd xum xue". Estragon: "Co la !"- Vladimir: "Chi trong cd mot dem !".

Estragon: "Cd le la dd sang xuan". Vladimir:

"Nhung chi trong vdng cd mot dem !". That rat khd tin la chi trong mdt dem, trdi da chuyen tu ddng sang xuan va cai cay gay gudc da xum xue canh la. Cai cay day siic sdng ay nhu mgt thdng diep gui den hai nhan vat: hay chiu khd chd dgi, sy sdng van con a phia trudc. Nhung su thye thi khdng han vay ddi vdi hai ke vd gia cu.

Cac nhan vat thudng xac djnh thdi gian bang each dya vao khdng gian. Thinh thoang hg lai nhin len bau trdi de xem vj tri mat trdi.

Nhung hg khdng xac djnh dugc phuong hudng nen khdng biet ro mat trdl lan hay mgc. Pozzo: "Chieu tdi d ?". Estragon: "Mai trdi cir nhu lai moc len". Vladimir: "Khong

' S. Beckett (2013), Waiting for Godot, Nxb T6ng hop TP,H6ChfMinh.

fXJtiiiuf, gioMv - ihed ghur... 57

the cd". Estragon: "Nha la binh minh thi sao

?". Vladimir: "Dimg ndi vd vdn. Phia dd la hudng Tdy". Estragon: "Sao cdu bih ?".

Pozzo: "Chung ta da ve chieu ?" Vladimir:

"Vd chdng, mat trdi khdng he ddng".

Estragon: "Td bdo cau Id nd moc md". Cac nhan vat tranh cai vdi nhau ve viec mat trdi dang lan hay mgc. Hg mat y thiic vi khdng gian, khdng phan biet dugc hudng Ddng hay Tay. Tir do, ciing mat y thtic ve thdi gian, khdng biet dugc binh minh hay hoang hdn.

Theo Vladimir, cd ve nhu mat trdi diing yen, khdng gian bat ddng, thdi gian ngirng trdi.

Cac nhan vat ciing mat y thiic ve viing dat minh dang dung. Hg diing dgi Godot d cho cai cay nhung cung khdng biet cd diing chinh xac hay khong. Estragon: "Cau cd chdc Id d tai day khdng ?" (...) Vladimir:

"Cdu muon dm thi dieu gi ? Rang chiing ta nhdm dia diem a ?". Ngay hdm sau, hg trd lai cho cu nhimg Estragon khdng nhan ra vi tri minh dang diing hdm qua. Vladimir: "Cdi cdy, td da bdo, hay nhin dr. Estragon nhin cay: "Hdm qua nd khdng a day phdi khdng

?". Vladimir: "Cd chu. Cau khdng nha".

Ciing mdt nhan vat, nhung each xac djnh vj tri cung mau thuan. Ban dau, Vladimir khang djnh day diing la dja diem hg da gap hdm qua. Nhung rdi anh ta lai nghi ngd dieu dd.

Vladimir: " Vdy chieu qua chung minh a dau, theo cdu ?". Estragon: "Td khdng biit. O chd khdc. Trong mot cdi leu khdc. Thieu gi chd trong". Vladimir: "Thdi dugc. Hdm qua chung minh khong a day. Vdy chung minh da lam gi chieu hdm qua ?". Trong khdng gian

hoang vang tra trui dd, chi cd cai cay la dau hieu xac djnh vj tri dgi Godot. Nhung cai cay thay ddi hinh dang. Dieu do lam cho cac nhan vat nghi ngd vi tinh chinh xac ciia dja diem ddn dgi.

Vimg dat ma hg dang dung dugc xem la lanh thd ciia Pozzo. Ong ta khang djnh: "Tai ddy ? Tren lanh thd cita ta ?", "Cdc ngudi khdng phdi ngirdi vimg ndy". Nhung chinh Pozzo ciing khdng ro ve viing dat cua minli.

O hdi 2, dng ta quay lai chd cu nhung chinh dng ta ciing khdng hieu minh dang du^ng d dau: Pozzo: "Chung ta dang a ddn ?".

Vladimir: "Tdi khdng biet". Pozzo: "The chung ta khdng phdi la a nai cd ten goi id Planche 7". Vladimir: "Toi khong biet".

Pozzo; "Nd gidng nai ndo ?". Vladimir:

(Nhin quanh quan) Khdng the mo td. Nd chdng giong cdi gi cd. Chdng cd gi. Chi cd mdt cdi cdy". Pozzo: "The thi khdng phdi Id a Planche". Liic nay, Pozzo da mil. Ddi vdi ngudi mil thi viing dat nao ciing gidng nhau.

Dat dai d dau ciing the, t^n ggi ciia nd chi la mgt thuat ngii chung chung, mo hd. Mdi ngudi ed mgt each ggi rieng. Pozzo ggi vimg dat nay la Planche nhung Estragon gpi la Merdecluse. Ban dau, Estragon noi rhng minh khdng phai la ngudi viing nay. Nhung sau do, anh ta ndi rang minh da tiii qua ca cugc ddi d viing nay: Estragon; "Ai ndi vdi cdu ve Vaucluse ?". Vladimir: "The cdu da chdng timg d vung Vaucluse ?". Estragon:

"Bau cd, td chua bao gid a Vaucluse I Td dd trdi qua cd kiip sdng khdn ngn ciia td d ddy, td ndi cho cdu biit I Oddy ! 6 cdi chdn ndy

58 NGHIEN CUU CHAU AU - EUROPEA.. .

Merdecluse ndy !" Vladimir: "Ddu sao chung minh ciing da ciing d Vaucluse".

Estragon: "CUng cd the. Ta khdng di y".

Vladimir cho rang hai ngudi da timg d vimg Vaucluse. Estragon phan ddi nhung rdi lai cd ve thira nhan diiu dd. Nhu vay, ta thdy rang, dja danh cac vimg dat la thuat ngii khdng chinh xac, khdng dang tin cay. Ban than nhirng ngudi sdng tren viing dat ay ciing khdng biet rid ten gi. Ngudi ta timg d dd nhung ciing cd the coi nhu chua timg d do, Tlie la hg sdng kiep tha phuang ngay tren que huang minh. Nhirng y niem ve khdng gian bj pha huy, nhung ten ggi ve dja danh bi xda bd trong dau dc con ngudi. Mat dat chi la vung trang, mang y nghTa khai quat, trim tugng.

Trong van chuong phi ly, nhan vat thudng khdng bang long vdi cugc sdng thye tai. Hg khdng thich sdng trong mgt khdng gian til tiing, chat hep, don dieu, ngheo khd, bat cdng. Hai nhan vat Estragon va Vladimir cimg khdng thich song trong mdt khdng gian hoang vang, nham chan. Nhung hg giam chan het ngay nay den ngay khac ben cai cay ma khi nhin thay nd, hg chi mudn treo cd.

Th4t vpng trong viec chd dgi Godot, hg mudn bd di nhung lai khdng nhiic nhich;

"Estragon: "Vdy chiing minh di chii- ?"- Vladimir: "Ndo di !". Chung khdng nhiic nhich". Cudi cung, hp van giam chan tai chd, chap nhan cuoc sdng trong cai khdng gian chat hep va dan dieu. Estragon mudn thoat khdi thye tai bang each ma tdi mdt vimg dat khac: "Td cdn nhd nhitng tdm bdn do Dat

Thdnh. Mau sac rdt dep. Bien Chet man xanh nhgt. Chi nhin thdi, td da cdm thdy khat rdi. Td da tu nhu, chinh d day chiing td sS hudng tuan trdng mat. Chiing td se bai loi.

Chiing td se tran ddy hanh phiic". Nhung do chi la mdt thien dudng hoang tudng vi khong ai tdi dugc. Hien tai, hg van bj giam cam tren cai manh dat dang ghet nay. Dd la bi kjch ve khdng gian.

Tac gia mieu ta khdng gian phi ly thdng qua canh tri tren san khau va ngdn ngir cac nhan vat. Chang ban, de mieu ta khdng gian bau trdi liic chuyen dan tir ngay sang dem, ngudi ta trang tri san khau nhu sau: "Anh sdng dgt nhien giam xudng. Trong khoanh khdc, dem buong xudng. Mat trdng moc, a phia trong, len trdi cao, bdt ddng, tod day sdn khau mot mau sdng bgc". Tiic la tac gia da lay khdng gian san khau de mieu ta khdng gian thien nhien - vu try. Thdng thudng, hinli anh khdng gian dugc mieu ta qua ngdn ngir cac nhan vat. Sau day la each dien ta bau trai qua ngdn ngii va diem nhin ciia Pozzo: 'Wo nhgt nhgt vd lap Idnh, nhu tdt cd moi bau trdi vao gid ndy trong ngdy (...) Khoang cdch day mot gia, sau khi dd tudn xudng cho chung ta tic... cu cho Id tic mudi gid buoi sdng nhimg sudi dnh sdng do vd trdng manh me, nd bdt ddu mdt ddn ve rgng ra cua no, nd nhgt ddn, cu the ddn ddn, ddn ddn cho tai khi dgp mot cdi I The la hit I Nd khong chuyen dgng nua I Nhung sau tdm mdn em diu vd yen tmh, dem phi nude dgi vd se trd lai chup len chung ta". Bau trdl dugc mieu ta nhu mdt nhan vat trong thSn thoai. Cd khi

OChon^. gian - ilw'i (jlati... 59

no bat ddng, cd khi chay phi nude dai. Biit phap ky ao ciing gdp phan tao nen khdng gian phi ly.

3. Thai gian phi ly

Trong khi chd dgi Godot, cac nhan vat ludn quan tam tdi thdi gian. Hg mong thdi gian trdi qua mau chdng. Nhung thdi gian thien nhien khdng chieu theo y mudn con ngudi. Vladimir ludn nhin len trdi lo lang:

"Dem se khdng bao gid tdi nica d 7", "Thdi gian da dimg Igi rdr, "Thdi gian da trdi di mgt cdch khdc rdr. Thdi gian dugc nhan hda, cd tam tinh nhu con ngudi. Cd the trdi nhanh hay cham, hay ngimg lai... Cach tinh gid cdn tiiy theo miia. Pozzo: "Dd may gid roi ?" Estragon: (Nhin len trdi) "Xem ndo...". Vladimir: "Bay gid ?... Tdm gid

?...". Estragon: "Cdn tuy theo miia". De khac phuc su khdng chinh xac cua thdi gian thien nhien, nhan vat Pozzo da mang theo cai ddng hd vat ly: "Mot chiec ddng hd qud quyt hai vd chinh hieu, thua cdc dng, cd cd kim giay naa". Thinh thoang, dng lay ddng hd ra xem.

Nhung sau do, bdng nhien khdng tim thay cai ddng hd nita. Estragon: "Cd the dong hd da chit" (...) Pozzo: "Cd the ta de quen a ldu ddi nhd ta". Estragon: "Vdy, xin vinh bief\ Cd thi hieu, do la loi vTnh biet vdi loai thdi gian vat ly chinh xac. Tir day, chi cdn lai lo^i thdi gian phi ly, hu ao.

Thdi gian xa hgi ciing hu ao, khdng xac dinh ro rang. Cac nhan vat khdng biit chinh xac Godot se den vao ngay thii may.

Vladimir: "Ong dy dd ndi Id ngdy thu bdy.

Hinh nhu thi" (...) Estragon: "Nhung Id thic

bdy ndo 7 Hdm nay cd la thic bdy khdng ? The khdng phdi Id chu nhdt a ? Hoac thic hai

? Hoac thu sdu ?". Vladimir: "Khdng cd ly".

Estragon: "Hoac thu nam chdng ?". Mac dii khdng xac djnh dugc Godot se den ngay thu may nhung hg van cii dgi. Va dng Godot van biet hai ngudi vd gia cu dang dgi minh d chd cai cay nen cho mdt can thieu nien tdi gap. Budi chieu ngay thu nhat, cau thieu nien tdi bao: "Ong Godot sai chdu thua vdi cdc dng rang, chieu tdi nay ong dy khdng den, nhung ngdy mai thi chdc chan". Hai ngudi nay lai dgi. Chieu hdm sau, cau thieu nien lai den bao la Godot ban. Vladimir hdi:

"Chieu nay dng dy khdng tdi ?". Thieu nien:

"Khdng, thua dng". Vladimir; "Nhung ngay mai dng dy se den ?". Thieu nien; "Vdng.

thua dng". Ong Godot da khdng giii Idi hua.

Cai thdi gian ma dng hen da trd nen vd nghTa ly, khdng dang tin cay. Tac gia da su dung thu phap nghjch dj de mieu ta nhiing cam giac trai ngugc ve thdi gian giiia cac nhan vat. Dieu do gdp phan tao nen su phi ly cua thdi gian.

Thdi gian chd dgi thudng dai le the va r^t dang ghet. Tac gia da diing loai thdi gian nay de the hien sy phan ung ciia cac nhan vat. Ndi nhu M. Exlanh; "Chinh qua hanh ddng dgi chd ma chimg ta the nghiem thdi gian trong hinh thiic tinh tuy nhit ciia nd"^.

Trong khi chd dgi Godot, cac nhan vat da tim mgi each "giet bdt thdi gian" theo nhung each rieng cua minh. Estragon loay hoay vdi

^ Nhigu tdc gia (1997), Vdn hoc phuong Toy, Nxb Gidodyc, HdNOi.tr. 787.

60 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEA..

ddi giay. Vladhnir lien tuc bd mii xudng, dap giii rdi lai dgi len dau. Hg lam du trd de giai tri va thu gian co the. Hp di vdng quanh san khau, diing Im, nhin len trdi. Va hanh dpng dd cu lap lai nhu the mgt each te nhat. Hg ndi nhung cau vd van, vd nghia ly, Idn xdn, khdng dAu khdng dudi. Ngoai Estragon va Vladimir, ciing may la cd them hai ngudi nira tdi de tro chuyen. Pozzo da giiip hg tieu khien: "De cho thdi gian da ddi ddi vdi hg?

Ta da cho hg nhimg mdu xuang, ta dd ndi vdi hg dieu ndy dieu khdc, ta da gidi thich cho hg ve hodng hdn". Thinh thoang, hg Im lang. Dd ciing la hinh thiic de giet chet thdi gian vd tich sy, phi trgng lugng. "Ngimg l^ng. Vladimir: "Nhu thi da lam cho thdi gian trdi di". Estragon: "Nd cd the trdi md khdng cdn nhu the". Vladimir: "Dd danh.

Nhimg cham hon". "Chiing dm nhau. Ngimg lang. Vladimir; "Thdi gian trdi nhanh biet bao khi ngudi ta vui diia". Ngimg lang".

Thdi gian troi qua nhanh hay cham cdn tuy thugc vao cam tinh con ngudi. Trong van chuong phi ly, thdi gian dugc do bang cam tinh chu khdng dugc do bang ly tinh.

Nhan vat trong van chuong phi ly thudng khdng cd xuat than, lai Ijch ro rang.

Ta khdng rd hg tir dau din va sip tdi se di dau. Cac nhan vat ciing khdng biet dugc hdm qua minh lam gi, d dau. Estragon: "Hdm qua chung ta cung da den ddy rdr. Vladimir; "O khdng, dieu dy thi cdu Idm rdf (...) Vladimir: "Nhung cdu ndi chung minh da den day chieu qua ca md". Estragon: "Td cd the nhd lam". Ban diu, nhan vat Estragon cho rang minh da den day chieu hdm qua.

Nhung sau dd, anh ta lai phii nhan dieu nay.

Pozzo Cling bj mki tri nhd ve qua khir:

Vladimir: "Chieu qua chung ta da gap nhau.

Ong khdng nhd a ?". Pozzo: "Ta khdng nho hdm qua da gdp ai. Vd ngdy mai ta cimg se khdng nhd horn nay da gap ai nua". Nhan vat thieu nien da gap Estragon va Vladimir chieu hdm trudc d hdi 1. Nhung d hoi 2, cau ta phii nhan dieu nay: Vladimir: "Chinh chau hdm qua da tdi ddy phdi khong ?". Thieu nien: "Khong, thua dng". Vladimir: "Day (a Idn ddu tien chdu tdi 7". Thieu nien: "Vdng, thua dng" (...) Vladimir: "Chdu noi vdi ong dy. Chdu thua Igi la chdu da gap ta vd da gap ta. Chdu ndi di, chdu chdc rang chdu da gap ta, ngdy mai chdu se khdng noi vdi la la chdu chua bao gid gap ta chic ?". Qua dd, ta thay rang, cac nhan vat deu mudn phii nhan qua khii cua minh. Ndi each khac, lai Ijch eua hg da bj tay xda.

4. Thong diep tir khong gian va thdi gian phi ly

Ddng van chuong phi ly khdng dat ra nhiem vu phan anh chan thye cuoc sdng ma no chi dua ra nhiing suy ngam ve cugc sdng.

Nhting triet ly dd dugc cai dat trong cac hinh tugng va Idi ndi nhan vat. Nhirng thdng diep ve cugc sdng hien dai cung dugc S. Beckett gui gam qua cac hinh tugng khdng gian, thai gian va nhan vat trong kich Chd dai Godot.

v i n di thdi gian trong vd kjch nay da dugc md ra tir nhan de tac pham: Chd dgi Godot. Nguyen ban tieng Anh la "Waiting for Godot", hie la "dang chd Godof. Chu Godot gin am vdi tir God, tire la Chiia. Nhan vat Godot khdng xuit hien trong tac phini.

3Umn£$, (jiaiL - thdi tjiait... 61

Dd chi la mdt hinh tugng mang tinh bieu trung, chi Dang ciiu the. Theo Idi nhan vat Vladimir, ngudi dd cd the cho nhiing ngudi vd gia cu "dugc ngu tai nhd dng ta, dm, khd rao, bung no, tren ram. The cdng bo cdng chd dgi". Nhung hg chd mai ma van khdng thay ong ta xuat hien. Thdi gian chd dgi la thdi gian rdng. Hai nhan vat Vladimir va Estragon da bay du trd de giet thdi gian.

Nhung nhihig hanh ddng nay vd nghTa ly, khdng thiet thye. Cd le vi the ma dng Godot da khdng den giiip nhirng ke ludi bieng.

Ciing cd the vi dng ta da chet rdi. Vladimir;

"Lieu ngudi ta cd dugc biet la ngdi dd qua dem a ddu khdng ?". Estragon: "(f dudi huyet dy". Khdng gian danh cho dng Godot la nghia dia va dng ay khdng sdng trong thdi dai cua chiing ta. Ndi nhu Alain Robbe- Grillet: "Lien ket giira khdng gian vd thdi gian chi mang lai cho chu de cita mdt nhdn vdt thu ba cd the cd mgt dieu chac chdn:

"Niu nd tdn tai, nd se den ddy"^. Khi Dang cuu the khdng cdn tdn tai trong thdi dai ky tri niia thi mpi vat deu phai ty than van ddng.

Cai cay khdng chd dgi ai, nd ty than van dpng nen ngay cang xanh tdt. Cdn con ngudi mdn mdi chd dgi rdi chang dugc tich sy gi.

Nhiing ke ngheo khdng nen y lai, ma phai tu than van ddng, ty ciiu lay minh.

Theo quy luat ty nhien, thdi gian se hiiy diet mgi thu, con ngudi se di tdi cho "Tdn cugc" (ten mdt vd kich khac cua S. Beckett).

Diiu dd khdng tranh khdi dCi con ngudi cd mo udc va cau nguyen. Cd the thay su tan ta

^ Alain Robbe-Grillet (1997), Vi rngt tieu thuyet mai, Nxb V-' "'-' ' • ' ' ^ ' " ' ^^'' -

nay qua hai nhan vat Pozzo va Lucky. Hdm trudc, Lucky khdng diec nhung hdm sau, anh ta da diec. Hdm trudc, Pozzo sang mat nhung hdm sau, dng ta da mii. Pozzo triet ly:

"Cdc ngudi vdn khdng ngicng ddu doc ta vdi nhirng chuyen ve thdi gian d ? That ngd ngdn I (...) Mdt ngdy ciing gidng nhu nhung ngdy khdc, hdn trd thdnh cdm, mdt ngdy ta trd thdnh mii, mgt ngdy chiing ta trd thdnh diec, mdt ngdy chung ta sinh ra ddi, mdt ngdy chung ta chet di, cung mgt ngdy, cung mot khoanh khdc". Sy sdng va cai chet di Hen vdi nhau. Con ngudi di tren hai dudng thang thdi gian song song nhung trai chieu.

Kheo bam thi tdn tai, so hd thi roi xudng nam mo. Nhan vat Vladimir quan niem:

"Cudi tren mgt ndm md vd mdt cuoc sinh nd khd khdn. Tic day Id, mdt cdch ma mang, phu ddo huyet nep sat lai. Ngudi ta cdn thai gian de lao hod. Khdng trung day nhung tieng keu la". NghTa la con ngudi dugc sinh nd tren mdt nam md. Hg dang sdng nhung thuc sy da chet Thdi gian dang hiiy dan cai xac ciia hp. Khdng gian bao la day nhimg nam md, con ngudi d dau ciing khd. Ddi la be khd, dimg mo udc thoat khdi nd. Estragon da timg mo udc tdi Dat Thanh. Anh ta ciing mo mdt cugc sdng no dii, vui tuai: "Td da ma thdy td hanh phiic". Nhung dd cung chi la mo udc de "lam trdi bdt thdi gian". Thye sy hg vIn ngheo khd. Dimg mo mong ve thien dudng xa xdi niia. Hay quay ve vdi thye tai va lam nhiing cdng viec thiet thye cua minh.

Trong bi kjch cd dien, cac nhan vat thudng coi trgng ly tri. Hg phai tuan thii theo nhirng quy udc dugc coi la dung dan, bat di

62 NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUD

bat dich. Ngudi ta chi cd viec hgc bdi va lam theo chii khdng dugc nghi ngd. Nhung trong kjch phi ly, mgi thii deu cd the sai. Cac nhan vat ludn cai nhau ve dja diem, thdi diem ma hp trai qua. Cudi cimg, hp ciing khdng biet nd diing hay sai. Ngay ca cai dng Godot dang kinh kia ciing hen sai gid giac. Vay thi cdn biet tin vao ai ? Con ngudi khdng nhan biet dugc qua khir, khong doan dugc tuong lai. Tham chi, hg ciing khdng nhan thuc dugc nhiing viec xay ra vdi minh trong mdt khoang thdi gian rat gan, giiia hdm qua va hdm nay. Pozzo khdng nhd rd thdi diem minh bj mii: "Mgt hdm ndo do, ta thue day, mil lod nhu sd phan. Thinh thodng ta tu hdi phdi chdng ta vdn cdn dang ngu". Vladimir:

"Tic bao gid 7". Pozzo: "Ta khdng biet".

Vladimir: "Nhimg khdng muon hon ngdy hdm qua chu ?". Pozzo: "Dimg hdi ta. Ngudi mu khdng cd khdi niem ve thdi gian. Nhimg s\c viec cua thai gian, hg cUng khdng nhin thdy nua". Con ngudi nhu mil Ida khi diing trudc cac sy vat hien tugng. Hp khdng cd kha nang nhan thuc chinh xac vi the gidi.

Dimg nghT con ngudi la vi dai. Con ngudi chi la mdt sinh vat nhd be dang thuang, day nhihig sai lam, tdi Idi trudc khdng gian bao la va thdi gian vd tan.

Trong kich Chd dgi Godot, S. Beckett da xay dyng thanh cdng mdt khdng gian, thdi gian phi ly mang tinh biiu tugng. Thdng diep ciia nd la: cac trat ty, gia tri ma ding Tao hda da sap xep va loai ngudi da tin tudng sudt may ngan nam da khdng cdn thich hgp trong thdi dai ngay nay. Chiing ta

cin phai xac djnh lai cac gia trj ciia ty niiien va xa bdi. Viec do giao cho Con Ngudi.

Nhung mdi ngudi lai cd mdt cam nhan va toan tinh khac nhau, dan den su hdn ddn, phan ra. Chiing ta can phai chap nhan sdng chung vdi nhimg cai phi ly. Ndi nhu nhan vat Ivan Karamazov trong tieu thuyet Anh em nhd Karamazov (Dostoevsky): "The gidi duac dua tren nhitng dieu phi ly, vd khong biet dieu gi se xay ra neu khdng cd nhung dieu phi ly dd " .

Tai li^u tham khao 1. Alain Robbe-Grillet (1997), Vi mgt tieu thuyet mdi, NXB Hgi nha van. Ha Ndi.

2. Nguyen Van Dan (1999), Nghien cint vdn hgc, ly ludn vd ung dung, Nxb Giao due, Ha Ndi.

3. Nguyen Van Dan (khao luan va dich) (2002), Vdn hgc phi Ii, Nxb Van hoa Thdng tin. Ha Ndi.

4. Nhieu tac gia (1997), Vdn hoc phuang Tdy, Nxb Giao due. Ha Ndi.

5. S. Beckett (2006), Chd dgi Godo (Dinh Quang djch), Nxb San kliau. Ha Ndi.

6. S. Beckett (2013), Waiting for Godot, Nxb Tdng hgp TP. Hd Chi Minh.

^ Nguyin van Ddn (1999), Nghien cuu van hgc. ly luan va irng dung, Nxb Gido due, Hd N6i, tr.234.