NGHIEN C O U L U U A N D
NHlN LAI QUA TRINH GAN 60 NAM PHAT TRIEN CHUaNG TRINH GIAO DUG PHd THONG TUT SAU CACH MANG THANG TAM
TRAN KIEU<
Vlfin Khoa hoc Giio due V i ^ Nam Email: [email protected]
Tdm tM: Bai viet tong ket gan 60 nam phat trien chi/ong trinh giao ducphS thong cOa Viet Nam tCfsau Cach mgng thang Tdm. Trong bai, tdcgidphan ti'ch va ddnh gid cac van de ve: 1/Muc tieu va chuan trong qud trinh phdt trien chuong tr'inh giao due pho thong; 2/Noi dung hoc tap; yPhuangphdp day hoc; 4/Bdnhgid ket qua gido due vddanhgidchuong trinh; 5/Tich hap vd phdn hda; 6/Tien trinh xdy dung chuang trinh va sdch gido khoa; J/ThUnghiem chUeJng trinh, sdch gido khoa; 8/Phdt trien chUong trinh gido ducpho thong theo dinh hudng phdt trien nang life. Theo tdc gid bdi viet, nhin tqica mot qud trinh gan 60 nam phdt trien chU0ng trinh gido due phSthong, CO the khangdjnh rang Chung ta da dgtdi/ac nhOng tten bo ro ret ca vi mat xdy di/ng ca sd khoa hoc va to ch(tc thi/c hien. D6 cung la qud trinh hinh thdnh vd phdt trien Ifludn chuong trinh gido due d Viit Nam, dong thcsi tick luy di/ac nhCfng kinh nghiem quy bdu. Tuy rat quan tdm den viic tham khao xu the, cdch iam cOa nijcic ngodi nhi/ng cdc chuang trinh gido due phS thong tif i 950 den nay van the hien nhQng dac diem rieng cOa Vi^t Nam. Mac dii edn nhieu hgn che song edc ehUOng trinh dd da hodn thdnh duoc vai trd quan trong trong viec ddm bdo thuc hien mue tieu gido due doi vdi tUng giai dogn.
Tif khoa: Chuang trinh; phdt trien chuang trinh; gido ducpho thong.
(Nhdn bdi ngdy 03/11/2016, Nhdn kit qud phan bien va chlnh sCfa ngdy 13/01/2017; Duyet dang ngay 25/01/2017).
1. Dat van de
Chuong trinh (CT) giao due pho thong (GDPT) la mot trong nhCmg yeu to c6 vi tri quan trong hang dau, true tiep ^nh hudng den chat laong GD. Ke X<i sau Cach mang thang Tam 1945 den nay, CT GDPT nudcta da trSi qua bon Ian thay do) Idn theo ba cupc cSi each GD va mot Ian doi mdi CT pho thong. Do la: CT cua cai each GD 1950 duoc ap dung trong vung tu do thdi khang chien chong Phap(goit^t laCT 1950);CTeCia cai each GD nam 1956 dUdc ap dung tren toan mien B3c (gpi tSt la CT 1956), CT eCia cai each GD nam 1981; CT dau tien dUoc ap dung tren pham vi toan quoc ke tif sau Cach mang thang Tam {goi t i t la CT 1981); CT dUdc thUc hien theo Nghi quyet 40 cua Qudc hoi khoa X, duoe trien khai vao nam 2002 va tong hdp, hoan thien vao nam 2006 (goi tat la CT 2002). De chuan bi cho viec phat trien CT GDPT trong tuong lai thi viec nhln lai mot qua trinh trong gan 60 nam noi tren doi v6i rat nhieu van de cua hoat dong ay la rat can thiet. Bai viet nay nhSm muc dich do song do khuon kho c6 han nen chi thu lai trong mot so van de dUOc chon loc nhu sau: Muc tieu va chuan trong qua trinh phat trien CT GDPT; Noi dung hoc tap; Phuong phap day hoc; Danh gia ket qua GD; Tich hdp va phan hoa; Tien trinh xay dUng CT va bien soan sach giao khoa (SGK); Ve thUc nghiem CT, SGK; Ve dinh hudng phat trien CT theo tiep can noi dung va tiep can nang luc.
1. flay la phan tong kel do tac gia viet trong tai lieu 'Tong ket cac deft xSy difng chi/ong trinh giao due pho thong tCr sau Cach mang thing Jam den nay°do mot nhom tac giS thuoc Trung tam Nghien cuu Giao dye Pho thong - Vien Khoa hoc Giao due Viet Nam bien soan nam 2014, (tac gia la chu bien).
2. Muc tieu va chuan trong q u i trinh phat trien chtTong trinh giao due pho thong
2.T. ^emucffeu
Muc tieu dUdc ghi trong cac van b^n CT tCf nam 1950 den nay thUc chat !a muc tieu dao tao con ngudi duoc neu trong cac cupc cai each GD dap ijfng y4u c3u phat trien cua xa hpi trong giai doan do. iVluc tieu nay thudng duoc trich ra \\i cac Nghi quyet cCia Dang, cac van ban phap quy cua Nha nUdc. Chang han, muc tieu dupe ghi trong van bSn CT 2002 la doan trich tif phan nay ciia Luat GD sCra doi. ChUa co edi goi Id muc tieu cda CT trong edcCTdd c6. Van de muc tieu cua CT cho den nay can dupe trao doi them khi xde dinh no vd dgt trong moi quan he vdi mue tieu GD.
Noi dung cua muc tieu trong cac CT tren thudng bao gom cac yeu cau chung dot vdi con ngUdi Viet Nam vdi t u each la ngudi cong dan, ngUdi lao dong tuong lai ve pham chat chinh tn, dao dCrc, tU each cong dan va eae thanh to khae nhau cua nhan each theo dinh hUdng phat trien toan dien (cung c6 CT trong do muc tieu con neu them cac yeu cau doi vdi mot ngudi can bp, ngudi chien sT. Rieng CT 2002, muc tieu dUdc trich ra tU Luat GD da xac djnh ro doi tUdng la HS vdi nhCfng yeu cau cu the ve nhan each, trong do c6 nang lUc ca nhan). Muc tieu dong vai trd het sUe quan trong trong qua trinh phat trien CT, do la diem xuat phat de xac dinh cac thanh phan khae cua CT, dong thdi cung la dich cuoi cung cho moi hoatdpngthUehienCTTuynhien, muc tieu duoc neu ra trong cac CT tren thudng c6 tinh khai quat, tinh li tUdng cao; dieu do gay kho khan cho viec xac dinh noi dung hoe tap cung nhu cac thanh phan khae cua CT Chang
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han, muc tieu trong CT 1981 danh cho HS tCf Idp 1 den Idp 9 la: "HJn/i thdnh cho HSnhGng casdban dau cua nhdn each xd hoi chu nghia, eo long yeu nUdc xd hoi chu nghia vd thegidi quan khoa hoc, c6 hoe van pho thong tuang doi hodn chinh, duge dao tao vi lao dong, ki thudt tong hap, hudng nghiep vd chuan bi nghi, co the lUc phdt trien phu hap vdi do tuSi, CO hieu biet vd yeu thich cdi dep, chuan bi cho the hi tri son sang tham gia xdy dung bdo ve to quae, tiip tuc nang cao hoc vdn va nghi nghiep".
2.2. Vechudn
Cac CT 1950, 1956, 1981 khong dat van de xay dung chuan theo dung nghia cua no cung nhU ehua the hien dupe nhOng quan niem hien dai ve chuan. NhCrng CT nay thUdng trinh bay chuan nhU la nhiJng yeu cau.
Do la cac yeu cau ve kien thure, ki nang, thai dp theo nam ITnh vUcsau (CT 1981): l/Thegldi quan, tutudng chinh tr|, phap luat, dao ddc va Ung xCf; 2/Van hda khoa hoe; 3/
Lao dong ki thuat tong hop, hUdng nghiep (doi vdi cap 3 CO them phan chuan bj nghe va day nghe); 4/The chat, ve sinh, qudc phdng; 5/Tham mi.
Viec xay dUng chuan cung dUoc xem nhU su cu the hoa, tieu chi hda muc tieu (ching han, quy djnh 305 va 329 ve muc tieu va ke hoach dao tao dUdc ban hanh trong cai each GD Ian thU 3). CT 2002 da cd bude tien mdi trong quan mem cung nhu each xay diing chuan.
Co the goi do la chuan kien thdc va ki nang; hieu theo nghia la nhCrng yeu c3u can dat dUdc khi hoc xong mot chu de cu the. Chuan duoc xem la can cd de bien soan SGK, bieu thj mUe dp can dat trong qua trinh gi^ng day.
Chuan la mot thanh phan duoc quy djnh trong van b^n CT. dnUdc ta, cho den nay van can cd mot quan niem todn dien han, cap nhdt han vi chuan vd ede logi chuan trong qud trinh phdt trien CT GDPT cung nhu each thUe, kithudt xay dung tUng logi chuan.
3. Npidung hoc tap
Noi dung hoc tap la phan chu yeu cua mot CT du dupe xay dUng theo bat ki mot each tiep can nao. Bat ki ai khi tim hieu CT GDPT cua mot nude thi cung rat quan tam den viec CT do quy dinh nhQng dieu can hoe theo dinh hudng nao, cu the la nhCrng gi va dupe sap xep ra sao. CTdung trong cac trUdng trudc 1950 dupc xay dung tren cd sd sCr dung CT do giao sU Hoang Xuan Han xay dung; vdi nhdng thay doi, dieu chinh can thiet de xoa bo ndi dung mang tinh no dich cija GD thuc dan, dong thdi CO bd sung them cac van de can thiet de dao tao eon ngudi Viet Nam eiJa mot dat nuoc doc lap, tham gia tieh cue vao sU nghiep khang chien, kien quoe. Doi vdi CT 1950 va dac biet la CT 1956 thi chiu ^nh hudng sau sac ciia CT pho thong Lien X6; nhat la mon Toan va cac mon khoa hoc tU nhien.Tuy vay, nhQng CT nay van cd gang giCr lai dupe mot so yeu to truyen thong (dieu dd cd lien quan tdi nhQng anh hudng sau she cua CT Phap von dupe sQdung trong gan lOOnam trUded6).CT 1950 tuy dupe ban hanh song vi hoan c5nh chien tranh vdi nhieu kho khan nen chi bien soan dupe mot so tai lieu giao khoa cho cap Tieu hpe Cac GV phai tU tim kiem tai lieu va ho tro Ian nhau khi day hoc.
Khi xay dung mot CT noi chung, cac tac gia dua chu
yeu v^o CT hien hanh, tren nen t^ng do hole them, bdt mot so van de hoac han che mijrc dp ndng, sau cua tri thdc khi day, hoc. Chinh vi vgy. it co nhCeng thay doi Idn ve ke hogch dgy hoc, tieu chuan chon li/a tri thCc, so mon hoc... Cd the noi, cho den nay, ke hogch dgy hoe eua nude ta, dac biet Id hi thong edc mon hoc gan nhuSn dinh trong hanSO nam.
Xet tQ goe do noi dung hoc tap cua cac CT da xay dung thi cd mot so van de can luu y nhU sau:
- So mon hpe nhieu so vdi nhieu nude tren the gidi, dac biet la capTrung hoc. Cang ve sau cang c6 xu hUdng long ghep vao CT rat nhieu van de song ket q u i thu dupe lai khong dupc danh gia mot each can than, hieu q u i cd the khong cao. Doi vdi capTrung hoc thi do hpe mdt buoi/ngay nen thdi lupng hoc cung tao nen sucang thSng cho HS.
- Chua khic phuc dupc khuynh hudng han lam hda CT, con thien ve coi trpng tinh he thong, sU phat trien logic chat che cua tri thQc eon ngheo nan ve ufng dung vao cupc song thUc. Thdc trang noi tren eo the cd nguyen nhan la chju Inh hudng manh me td nhQng t^c dong true tiep eua yeu cau va cd che sang loc trong tuyen sinh dai hoc. Khuyet diem nay ton tai trong c l qua trinh phat trien 4 CT va cac bien phap kh^c phye van to ra kern hieu qua.
- Hoat dong GD hudng nghiep, gilng day cac mon kl thuat dat hieu quci thap, mac du da cd rat nhieu co gSng trong bien soan tai lieu, to chQe hoat dong, dac biet la trong giai doan trien khai CT 1981. Tuynhien, co the thay rdng, GD hudng nghiep vd day nghi trong trUdng pho thong d nUdc ta dang the hien nhiiuyeu kim. bat cap.
Kit qud GD dgt dugc khong nhumong dgi. Co the xem do la mot trong edc nguyin nhdn cho viec chUa gidi quyet dugc bdi todn phdn luong, dqe biet Id sau THCS d nUdc ta.
4. Phamig phap day hoc (vdi tucdeh Id mot thdnh to trong cau tao van bdn CT)
-Tuy khong cd nhiJIng dinh hudng ve phUdng phip day hoc trong CT song trong muc tieu dao tao hole trong phan giai thich eua cac CT 1950,1956, 1981 deu cd de d p tdi cac phuong cham, nguyen li, phUong phap GD, phuong phap day hoe va thUdng tap trung vao cac yeu cau sau:
- ThUc hien phUdng cham GD (li luan g i n vdi thUe tien, hoc di doi vdi hanh, nha trudng ket hop vdi gia dinh va xa hoi)
-Tang eUdng thuc hanh, ket hop vdi lao dong san xuat.
- Chu y nhieu den Ung dung kien thdc vao cupc song.
Rieng doi vdi CT 2002 thi doi mdi phUPng phap day hoe dUdc xem la trpng tam eua doi mdi GDPT theo djnh hudng tich cue hda hoat dong hpe tap cua HS qua viec to chQc, hudng dan ngudi hoc tu kham pha, tU phat hien nham dat dUdc cac muc tieu da quy dmh.
Lien quan tdi phUdng phap day hoc la viec sQ dung thiet bi day hoc. ThUc tien trien khai CT 2002 cho thay sd dung thiel bi day hoc cd chuyen bien tot hon, thudng xuyen hdn va cd hieu q u i hon do dau tU cho thiet bi rat 2 • KHOA HOC GIAO D
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duoc quan tam. Cong nghe thong tin dupc nhieu GV sis dung va da thuc sU phit buy tac dung tot trong vai trd phUdng tien. Mot so hinh thQc to chQc hoc tap dUdc thUe hien pho bien hon nhu hoc tap theo nhdm, hoc trong phong bo mon, hoc d thuc dja.., Tuy vay, viec chuyen bien trong tinh vUc phucmg phap day hoc chUa dat duoc do sau can thiet, thieu b i n vQng, con nhijfng bieu ht#n hinh thijfc. Bay la van de rat quan trpng doi vdi viec phat trien CT trong tUdng tai do y nghia va vai trd cua phuong phap; tim cho dUpc hudng di phCi hop de gill quyet van de doi mdi phuong phip day hpe trong giai doan tdi vdi hieu q u i van rat can dupc quan tam gili quyit-Dieuddng chuyldngaytdthdng lOndm 1945, Bo GD da ra tuyen bo nhdn manh phuang phap cOa nen GD mdi Id x6a bd loi hoc nhoiso, loi hoc hinh thdcmdphdichu trong phan thuc hoe.
Hetsiiedi cao tinh than khoa hoe, nham trau doi cho HS loi nhdn thdc co quy cu, phuang phdp tu duy khoa hoc, phdt trien 6c phi binh, de phdn tich va tong hap, tinh thdn sdng tao va gan lien vdi thuc te. Tuyin b6 ndy dugc dua ra ngay sau khi Chu tich Ho ChiMinh khSng dinh: "Nen GD mdi eua Viet Nam Id nen GD lam phdt trien hoan toan nhOng ndng lue sdn CO cua HS'. Gia tri va y nghia thdi su cCia nhutig y kien tren day van cdn nguyen ven doi vdfi GD nUdc nha trong giai doan hien nay.
5. Danh gia itet q u i giao due va ddnh gia chU<Aig trinh
- Dinh gia ket q u i GD dUOc quan t i m trong tat c l ele CTthe hien qua viec dUa ra nhi3ng quy dinh ve kiem tra, ve thang diem, each tinh diem trung binh, each xep loai hanh kiem, hpe tue; vecle ki thi t d tieu hoc cho den het THPT (dieu dang chu y la trong qua trinh thUc hifn cli each GD Ian thU nhat T 950 do hoan cinh khang chien nen cac ki thi cuoi cap deu dupc bai bd, trQ viec to chQc thi k i t thuc doi vdi Idp9, nhung sau ddtUnam 1956 lai dupc khoi phuc; nhUng tir sau 2002 thi chi edn giQ lai ki thi THPT tren pham vi toan qudc),
Dinh hudng dinh gia kit q u i GD dUpc neu rd d CT 2002 da cd cd ging tiep can vdi xu the chung, cap nhat vdi mot so thanh tOu trong llnh vUc nay. Tuy vdy, ddnh gid kit qud GD d nUdc ta van Id mot linh vUc con lac hdu, gan nhu tren tat cd ede mat: lilugn vd hoat ddng thUc tien, ddc biet Id doi vdi mgtnin GD con mang tinh chat Ung thi, qud thien vichU nghia nhuGDnUdc ta.
- TQ khi trien khai CT 1950 cho den nay, mot hoat ddng ludn dUpc quan tam thuc hien la danh g i l CT, SGK nh§m sQa chQa nhQng cho chUa hpp li, tham chi sai sot hoac dieu chinh nhQng thay doi cho phu hpp vdi hoan canh.TQchd dinh gia con thien ve kinh nghiem thi cang ve sau cac van de nhu tieu chi, quy trinh, ki thuat, cong cu cang dupc quan tam nghien cdu va dUdc van dung cd ket q u i trong thuc tien. Life iQpng tham gia danh gia cung trd nen ddng dao va da dang ve thanh phan.
Cle loai hinh va each thQc danh gia cung phong phu hdn: Dinh gia "tren ban" va danh gia "thuc dia" danh gia trong va danh gia ngoai, danh gia thudng xuyen va danh gia sau moi giai doan. Chi rieng CT 2002, khi trien khai da dupc danh gia 3 Ian tren quy md Idn gom cac luc lUdng trong va ngoai nganh cd ke hoach rd rang, tieu
chi day du. Cac k i t luan la nhCfng cd sd quan trpng de Bd GD&Dao tao dUa vao do ma t i l n hanh cac d i l u chinh can thilt.
Xdy dung dugc mot quy trinh ddnh gia hap li, mot he tiiu chi day dO, mgtbg cong cu ddm bdo do gid tri vd do tin edy, to ehdc ddnh gid mdt cdch khoa hoc nhdt thiet phdl Id mot cong viec md ngdnh GD phai rat quan tam di trdnh mot thuc trgng Id ton tai nhOng quan niem vi ddnh gid, cdch thdc ddnh gid khdc nhau trong edc gidi xd hoi di di den nhdng kit lugn thUdng c6 sukhdc biet.
6. Tich hdp va phan hoa 6.1. Vi tich hep
CIc CT 1950,1956,1981 hau nhU khong tiep can van de tich hdp theo quan diem hien dai, chi tap trung gili quyet yeu cau d i m bao tinh li^n mon (mon hoc nay h6 trp cho viec hpe tap mon hoc khic do cd cac moi lien he ve ndi dung). Riing CT 2002 cd dat van de tich hdp ngay tQ khi bien soan CT song do gap mot sd kho khan (cle trucmg sU pham chua chuan b| dao tao GV day tich hop, cle nha khoa hpe lo ngai ve viec d i m b i o tinh he thong va dp sau can thilt eua kien thQc dang hoc, chua cd t i e gil biet bien soan SGK tieh hpp cung mpt sd van d l Men quan khae). Chinh vi vay, yeu cau tich hpp trong qua trinh xay dung CT chi dat duoc d mQc dp thap (doi vdi mon NgiJfvandTHCS, mon Nghe thuat dTilu hpcvlTHCS}.Cd/7 nhdc lai rdng, nhC^g hgn che trong quan niem, trong tuduy vi mdn hoe cung nhU nhCtng doi hdi qud cao vi ddm bdo tinh he thong, tinh logic, do sdu vi kien thUc van si Id nhufig thdeh thUe cho viec to chUe tich hep noi dung.
6.2. Ve phdn hda
TrUdc nam 1981, nguyen tic phan hda dUOC t h i hien ehu y l u theo yeu cau cua Bp GD&DT khi tien hanh day hpe dele Idp {dim bio cho cle doi tupng vdi su khae biet ve trinh dp deu dat dUoc muc dich hpe tap - mdt bieu hien cua phan hda vi md). Ngoai ra, tQ nlml965 d l xuat hien mot sd trudng chuyen, nang khieu, danh cho doi tupng dac biet. Thuc hien Nghi quyet 14 cua Bp Chinh trj - Ding Cong sin Viet Nam nam 1979 v l cli each GD Ian thQ 3, Bd GD&DT da tien hanh thuc hien phan ban trong cac trUdng THPT cd k i t hpp vdi tU chon.
PhUdng an phan ban dau tien de thi diem la: HS dupe chon 1 trong 3 ban. khoa hoc tU nhien (A); khoa hpe xa hdi (C); khoa hpe ki thuat (B). Ngoai ra, cdn cd mot sd t i l t danh cho HS tu chpn. Phuong I n nay sau dd dupe dilu chinh thanh 2 ban: khoa hpe tU nhien va khoa hoc xa hpi, theo Chi thi 30 cua Thu tUdng Chinh phu. Lan dieu chinh cuoi cung la theo each to chUe thanh 2 ban: eo b i n va nang cao, cd kit hpp vdi mot sd t i l t tU chpn. CIc kieu phan hda tren day da khong dat dupe nhQng yeu cau nhu mong mudn ban dau. Nguyen nhan chu y l u cd t h i la: chua ludng h i t nhQng thQ thach cua ki thi dai hpe doi vdi each thQc phan hda; quan niem cdn chua day du ve phan loai nang luc, nguyen vong, thien hudng cua HS...Phuong th&ephdn hda dugc dukiin trong duthao CT GDPT sau 2015 Id tu chon, tuy nhiin tinh kho thi cua nd can dugc xem xet rat ki vi ehae chan se co nhdng thdeh thdc khong nho.
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7.Tien trinh xay di/ng chuung trinh va sach giao khoa
7.7. Ve cac bUdc xay dUng chUang trinh Sau may thap ki moi hinh thanh duoc mdt he thong cac budc xay dUng CT GDPT Ke tQ khi xay dung CT 1981 thi quy trinh xay dung da duoc hinh thanh va dUdc bo sung nhieu, Chang han, khi xay dung CT 2002, cac bUdc sau day da dUdc thuc hien:
- Phan tich muc tieu dao tao.
- Oua ra cac dmh hUdng mdi va tU do xem xet CT hien hanh
-Tham khao kinh nghiem the gidi - Xac dmh cac linh vUc tri thQc can thiet.
- Xac dmh he thong cac mon hoe, hoat ddng va xay dung CT mdn hoc, hoat dong theo cap va thdi lUong tuong Ung
- Xac dinh muc tieu mon hoc, cac tieu chi chung ve tri thuc can duoc dua vao CT mon hoc, hoat ddng
• Chon lua va sap xep tn thQc vao CT mdn, Idp, cap - Dinh chuan kien thQc, kl nang
7.2. Ve dgi ngu bien soan
d nUdc ta, cho den nay chUa co mot doi ngu chuyen nghiep de thuc hien viec xay dung CT, bien soan SGK trQ mdt bd phan 6 Vien Khoa hoc Giao due Viet Nam chuyen nghien ciJ'u ve CT GD, ddng thdi giup Bd GD&DT to chUc dieu hanh viec phat trien CT (chuyen nghiep d day duoc hieu la, duoc dao tao co ban theo nhiing yeu cau can thiet doi vdi ngUdi tien hanh cong viec dd). Cd the noi, trong may chuc nam qua thi da sd ngUdi xay dUng CT, Viet SGK, tham dmh deu lam cong tac nghien cQu ve CT, SGK cua Vien Khoa hoc Giao due Viet Nam hoac day hoc 6 cac trudng dai hoc, dac biet la Truong Dai hoc Su pham, d cac trudng pho thong Cac can bd quan li c6 trinh do chuyen mdn tot va mot bo phan nhd lam viec d cac nganh khae Cac tieu chi ve ngUdi xay dung CT, ve tac gi^ SGK, ve cac thanh vien tham dmh, ve cac chu bien, tong chii bien sach deu da duoc xay dUng va sd dung
7.3. Ve cdch thdc to chUc viet sdch gido khoa Co nhQng each khae nhau doi vdi tCfng CT khae nhau. Hoac la viet lan luot SGK dung cho tQng nam (CT 1981), hoac viet SGK bat dau ti/cac lop dau cap (CT 2002) hay Viet dong thoi toan bd SGK (CT 1956) Cho den nay, van chua the ket luan phuong an nao Id toi Uu trong viec to chUc Viet SGK
7.4. Viqudn lichUOng trinh
CT GDPT a nuoc ta co tinh phap li, dUdc sQ dung thong nhat trong ca nuoc do Bo trudng Bo GO &DT ban hcinh va chi dao thuc hien Chi co mdt CT duy nhat va mot bo SGK duy nhat duoc sCf dung trong ca nuoc SGK la tai lieu hoe tap chu yeu cua HS.sachGVIa tai lieu tham khao quan trong. Ngoai CT chung do Bd GD &DT ban hanh, cac Sd GD &0T xay dung va chi dao phan CT danh cho dia phuong Ngoai ra, con co huong dan thuc hien CT va SGK cho cac vung, mien Mo hinh quan iHren dUOc goi !a mo hinh tap quyen tuyetdoi a cap trung aong, /thong cdn p/tu hap voi xu the cua the giai noi chung cung nhu thuc tien GD cua nuoc ta noi neng.
8. ThiT nghiem chUOng trinh, sach giao khoa ThQ nghiem CT SGK la cong viec can thiet de dam bao do tin cay, tinh kha thi khi trien khai rdng. Cac CT 1950, 1956 hau nhU khong thQ nghiem. CT 1981 chi thu nghiem qua viec day nhQng phan kho hoac mdi eua noi dung day hoc thudc mdt sd mdn, Viec thQ nghiem do cac nhom tac gia chu ddng lien he vdi cac trUdng hoe de thuc hien ThQc nghiem chUa phli la mdt khau dUOc to chQc can than va dam bao cac yeu cau can thiet Rieng ddi vdi CT 2002, Bd GD&DT da thu nghiem toan bd SGK cho mpi nam hoe doi vdi moi Idp hoc theo trat tu cac Idp thudc moi cap tren mdt mau dai dien vdi day du quy trinh va thu tuc nhU khi trien khai dai tra. Cong viec nay cd the phan nao lam yen tam cac cap quan If GD khi then khai rong, tuy nhien each thU nghiem dd cd han che la lam mat nhieu thdi gian va cd phan nang ne trong to chQc thuc hien. Cdch thUc thuc nghiem (ke cd CT va SGK) van chua tim duac phuang an toi Uu, ddc biet se co nhdng thdeh thUc Idn khi thUc hien mot CT nhieu bo SGK _
9. Phat trien chUotig trinh giao due pho thong theo dinh hudng phat trien nang lUc
Tiieo thuat ngd cua li thuyet CT thi cac CT GDPT d nUdc ta duoc xay dung tQ sau Cach mang thang Tam den nay deu duoc dmh hUdng tiep can ndi dung (can cU vao muc tieu dao tao con ngUdi nhSm dap Ung yeu cau phat trien kinh te xa hdi, nhiem vu chinh tn cua mdi giai doan de xac dmh mdt he thong tn thQc, ki nang ma HS can ITnh hdi va phat trien, Tuy vay, mac du khong chi ra duoc mdt each ro rang trong muc tieu song cac CT deu nhan manh den vai trd, y nghia cua ki nang, nang lUc dong thdi neu rd cac nang lUc ma ngudi hoc can duoc phat trien (mac dii khong day du) nhu nang luc tu duy khoa hoc, nang lUc tu duy phe phan va sang tao, nang luc tu hoe, nang lUc hop tac, nang lue giao tiep, nang luc giai quyet van de, nang lUc Qng dung vao thuc tien CT 2002 da quan tam hon den yeu cau hinh thanh va phat trien nang luc, dac biet la da neu rd cac nang lUc can phat trien cho HS trong muc tieu dao tao Tuy vay nang lUc chua bao gid ddng vai trd la yeu to trung tam trong ca qua trinh xay dUng CT Trong tuong lai, khi xay dung CT theo dmh hudng phat trien nang lUc thi can quan tam den mdi quan he chat che giQa CT theo Hep can ndi dung vdi CTtheo tiep can nang lUc. Mdt CT theo tiep can ndi dung se la dieu kien can theo dinh hudng phat trien nang lue Kien thQc duoc trang bi, duoc linh hdi tot, duoc tich luy day du va phong phu van la chUa du ma can phai biet dung va dung dUOc mdt each hieu qua trong hoc tap va trong cude song.
10. Ket luan va khuyen nghj
Nhin lai ca mdt qua trinh gan 60 nam phat trien CT GDPT, cd the khang dmh rang chung ta da dat duoc nhQng ticn bd rd ret Ca ve mat xay dung ca ^d lehoa hoc, cd ve mdt to chdc thUc hien Do cung la qud tnnh hinh thanh va phdt trien li ludn CTGDo Viet Nam, dong thai tich luy duac nhdng kinh nghiem quy. Tuy rat quan tam den viec tham khao xu the, each lam cua niioc ngoai nhUng cac CT GDPT tU 1950 den nay van the hien nhung dac diem neng cua Viet Nam va du con co nhUng han che, 4 • KHOA HOC 6IA0 DUC
NGHliNCOUULUAN
Q
ele CT do da hoan thanh dQpc vai trd quan trpng eua chung trong viec d i m b i o thuc hien muc tieu GD doi vd\
tQng giai doan. DUdi day, xin neu mot vai khuyen nghj nhu sau:
ThU nhdt. phIt trien CT GD ndi chung va CT GDPT ndi rieng la hoat dong phai dua vao li luan (li luan day hpe va li luan phIt trien CT GD) khong t h i ehi thUe hien bSng kinh nghiem. Muon phat trien dupc mot CT tot can phli ed CO sd khoa hpe diing dan cung vdi mot he tieu chi day du, d i m bio dp gia trj va dd tin cay. V\ vly, can eot trpng hoat ddng nghien cifu ve CT va SGK, coi trpng cac k i t q u i da dat duoe trong ITnh vQc nay cua cac eo sd nghien cQu, trong ddcdVien Khoa hoe Gilo due Viet Nam, don vj cd truyen thong lau nam ddi vdi viec thuc hien mdt trong nhQng chdc nang chinh la nghien cQu vICTvaSGK.
ThUhai, mdt trong nhQng yeu to quylt djnh chat lUdng eOa CT va SGK II trinh dp, nang luc eua dpi ngu bien soan. BIy cung la kho khan Idn nhit trong linh vUc nay ddi vdi nude ta trong thdi gian qua (dao tao, chpn Ipc, to chdc hoat ddng eua dpi ngu xay dUng CT, SGK).
Theo kinh nghiem truyen thong, de xay dUng CT va bien soan SGK can ed sU ket hop eOa nhieu thanh phan (can bp nghien cQu CT, can bd gilng day, cae trQdng sU pham va mot sd trudng dai hpe khae, cae can bd chi dao va GV gidi). Tuy vay, Bo GD&DT can cd ke hoach khdn truang ddo tao, boi dudng trong nude vd nude ngodi mot doi ngu de dam nhiem vai trd ndng cot cho cong viec do.
ThCrba, nhu da neu d tren, phai thay ddi tU duy quan li CT theo kilu tap quyin tuyel ddi d cap trung uong (thuoc vao Bd GD&DT) vdi thuc t l ta chi cd mdt bo SGK duy nhat dung eho c l nUdc do Bd GD &0T to chQe bien soan tren CO sd mdt CT do Bo GD&DT ban hanh.
Tuy nhien, khi dua ra ehu truong mdt CT nhieu bo saeh thi can phli tinh d i n ele khd khan nly sinh. Kho khan de nhan thay nhat la nude ta hau nhu khong ed kinh
nghiem gi v l to chQc thUe hien mdt phuong thdc nhU vay (tQ to chUc bien soan cho den thi ^ e m , tham dinh va quin li khi triln khai rdng d dia phUdng). Mdthoithdo td dau nam nay do Hoi Khoa hoe Tdm liGD Viet Nam to chdc de thao ludn chd de tren da cho thay mac dii chO truang Id dung, rat ddng hoan nghenh, song tuy ehua bdt tay thdc hien nhung ed thiniu tin dugc rat nhiiu trd nggi d nhieu mat khdng di vugt qua.
ThdtU, phai chuan bi mot elch ddng bp cac y l u to cd t i e ddng true t i l p tdi chat luong xay dung, trien khai CT, SGK ngay tQ dau nhd: dao tao trong trUdng su pham va bdi dudng GV, cin bp quIn li, tang eudng ca sd vat chat, t h i l t bi day hoc, kinh phican thiet (rieng khi phi thi do la mdt kholn tien khi \dn, khdng the khdng dU kien mot elch cu the ngay til dau)... Cdng t i e tuyen truyen v l thu thap y kiln can dupe tien hanh ngay tir nhQng hoat ddng md dau cQa q u i trinh phIt triln CT va d i m bio tinh lien tuc de nang cao ti'nh ddng thuan eiia xa hpi. Thuc ti triin khai CT GDPT d nUdc ta dd chdng to cd nhiiu quan niim, td do CO nhieu luong ^ kien, thihiin cdch hiiu, each ddnh gid khdc nhau doi vdi CT, SGK, tham chitrdi ngugc nhau vd vi vdy khong phdi khdng co anh hudng tieu cUc den hogt dong dgy hoc trong nhd trUdng.
TAI Lieu THAM KHAO
II]. Do Dinh Hoan, Nghiin cdu phdt trien Chuang trinh Gido due pho thong trong bdicdnh mdi, Tap chi Khoa hoc Gilo due, Sd 7 thing 4 nim 2006, trang 10,11,15.
[2]. Do Ngoc Thong, Xdy dUng chuang trinh gido due pho thong theo dinh hudng dip cdn ndng luc, Tap chi Khoa hpe Gilo due, Sd 68 thing 5 nam 2011, trang 20-26.
[3]. Colin J.Mareh, (1997), Perspective key concepts for understanding curriculum, London, Palmer Press.
[4]. NIER, (1999), An International Comparative Study of School Curriculum, Tokyo.
OVERVIEW OF NEARLY 60 YEARS OF GENERAL EDUCATION CURRICULUM DEVELOPIVIENT IN VIETNAM SINCE THE AUGUST REVOLUTION
Tran Kieu The Vietnam Institute of Educational Sciences
Email: [email protected] Abstract: The article summarized nearly 60 years of general education curriculum development in Vietnam since the August Revolution. In the article, the author analyzed and evaluated issues of-1/objectives and standards in development process of general education curriculum; 2/learning contents; 3/teaching method; 4/Evaluation of curriculum and education outcome; 5/ Integration and differentiation; 6/ development process of curriculum and textbooks; 7/Piloting programs, textbooks, 8 / Developing curriculum towards competence development. According to the author, after 60 years of general education curriculum development, we have achieved significant progress both in developing scientific basis and implementation. That was also a process of shaping and developing educational theory in Vietnam, and accumulating valuable experience Besides lesson-learnt from international trends and implementation, Vietnamese general education curriculum from 1950 to present still expressed its specific characteristics. In spite of its limitation, the curriculum has accomplished its important role in ensuring the implementation of educational objectives in each stage
Keywords: Curriculum; curriculum development; general education.
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