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TRONG HE THONG KHAO CO HOC TIEN SlT KHANH HOA
Nguydn Khac Sir ', Phan Thanh Toan"
L J J i chi Vinh Yen.
1.1. Di chi Vrnh Yen d xa
Van Thanh, huydn Van Ninh (Khanh Hda), cd toa dp: 12° 42' 35" vi bic, 109° 23' 20" kinh ddng, rpng 2,01ia, cao ti'ung binh 3m so vdi mat nUdc bien.
Nam Ipt hong thung Iiing vinli bie'n Van Phong, di chi Vrnh Yen dudc bao bpc bdi cac day mii mang tdn: Hdn Chua, Hdn Tri va Hdn Chop Vung. Ta't ca tao nen biic binh phong thidn nhidn che chin cho khu di d n kin gid nhiing ngay ddng bao. Trong thung liing cd ngudn nudc ngpt ddi dao, sat liin vung bien nhidu hai san cho con ngudi kliai tiiac [Ban ve T).
Di ehi Vrnli Yen dudc can bd Vidn Khad ed hoc va Bao tang Khanh Hda phat hidn tiiang 7/2006 hong Chudng trinh hdp tac nghien
Cliu khad co hpe giiia Bad tang Khanh Hda va Vien Khao cd hoc (2006 - 2010). Ke't qua diiu ha cho biet, day la di tich cdn cat ven bidn, cd ve't tich cU hii ciia cu dan h l n sii, nidn dai vao khoang 3.000BP (Phan Tlianh Toan, nnk 2006; Chudng Nhiem 2007).
Thang 7/2007, Vidn Khad cd hpe va Sd Van hda Thdng tin Khanh Hda tid'n hanh khai quat di chi Vrnh Yen vdi dien tich 50m- (Nguyin Khic Sii, Phan Thanh Toan 2008).
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PGs.Ts. Vien Khiio cd hoc • ,
• . Giai (loan Tien Suf: 1. vinh Yen; 2. Bai Tre; .3. H'o sufi'i L(1n.
• . Giai doan Sd SiJ: 4. Doi Co Ddn; 5. Tran Ba Vai; 6. Khai LiJOng.
• Giai doan Lich Sii:: 7. Ba Tri; 8.Ba Bao; 9. Son Dinh;
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Bdn ve I. Cac dia diem khdo cd hoc d huyen Van Ninh (Khdnh Hod)
Cn. Vien Khao cd hoc
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Ban ve2. Dia tdng hd kliai qucit di chi Vinh Yen B C D t
1.2. Dia ting di chi Vinh Yen day 1,2m, dUde chia thanh 3 ldp (tit trdn xud'ng):
- Ldp canh tac day 20cm - 25cm, ca'u tao tir cat bidn, tim thay mot so manli sanli, su hidn dai,
- Ldp vin hda day trung binh 1,0m, dat cat bien min, mau xam den, cang xud'ng sau da't cang chuyen dan sang mau xam nhat.
Ldp van hda cd 2 miic: Miic trin, day 70cm, tim thay cdng cu da, dd gd'm min; md tang, bep, cum gdm va da tap hung. Miic dudi, day 30cm, hien vat da va gd'rn thd it hdn miic hen; khdng tha'y md tang.
- Sinh thd la cat bien min mau vang sang, khdng chiia hien vat khao cd {Ban ve2;Anh2).
1.3. Trong hd'khai quat tim
diay mdt sd di tich dang chu y. Dd la 2 cum rac bdp, chiia xUdng rang ddng vat ti'dn can va dudi nUdc, vd nliuyin the, manh ndi, manli da va than h o lidn quan de'n bdp.
Rai rac trong hd khai quat tim tha'y 10 cum gdm va da tap trung, cd thd lien quan deh ndi nung gd'm hoae Id luyen kim cd. Trong hd kliai quat cdn tim thay 8 mp, d i u la md ndi, chdn nghieng, mieng ndi khdng theo hudng cd dinli.
Ndi md hinh ciu, day trdn, mieng loe, dudng kinh 35cm - 40cm; hen than tiang tri van thiing; mat hong td thd hoang. H i u hd't cac md diu cd hidn vat chdn theo la riu ddng, cdng cu hoSc vdng tay bang da hoae ndi gdm. Trong hd khai quat cdn thu dudc di cdt hudu, nai, Idn rimg; xUdng cac ldai ca, mai riia, ba ba, vich; vd mdt sd
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loai nliuydn the bien n h u d'c tai tUdng... la tan tich h d a t d d n g san bat, d a n h ca ciia n g u d i cd Vihh Yen {Ban ve 3).
1.4. Hien vat h d n g h d khai quat thu dUdc 363 do da, 3 dd d d n g , 45 vien thd h o a n g va 31 dd da't n u n g . Dd la ehua ke 62 m a n h tudc, m a n h tach klidng cd da'u sU clung, h e n 300 cue da n g u y e n lieu va 127.067 manli g d m .
1.4.1. T r o n g 3 n h d m di vat da, tiii n h d m cdng cu lao d d n g chie'm da sd (83,4%), vdi cac loai:
3 edng cu ghe deo, 4 phae vat riu, 11 riu mai toan than, 6 m a n h riu, 1 ban n g h i i n , 38 h d n ke, 104 h d n ghe, 31 chay n g h i i n , 3 chi ludi, 59 ban mai, 2 miii diii va 1 k h u d n diic riu.
T r o n g cac loai h i n h ay, cd m d t sd di vat tieu bidu eho di ehi Vrnh Yen. Dd la riu bdn da h i n h h i giac, mai toan dian, m a t Idn g i n hinh thang, m a t c i t n g a n g tiian hinh t h a n g hoae g i n b i u due, d u d c lam tii da basalte, silic, cd vet ghe lai lu'di. Loai riu bdn nay p h d bie'n ti'ong van hda Xdm Cdn, cd mat trong cac di cin: Binh H u n g , Binli Ba, Bai Tru, Bich D i m , Van Tii Ddng (Khanh Hoa). T r o n g cli chi Vrnh Yen, loai riu b d n h i giac t a p h'ung cao d cac Idp d u d i va giam d i n d cac Idp trdn. Loai riu lam tii da basalte t h u d n g xuat hidn sd'm h d n loai lam t u d a silic; loai cd ehudi b a n g va ehudi nlion xua't hien eimg thdi, n g a y t u miic s d m {Ban ve 4, h 1 -2). Ban mai Vrnh Yen n h i l u v l so' ludng, da d a n g v l ldai hinh; trong dd cd 6 ban mai trong, 5 ban m a i r a n h va 48 b a n mai p h a n g {Ban
ve 4, h 3, 5). Kliudn diic riu 1 chie'e lam b a n g da va 1 tli dat n u n g . Vet khae riu h'ong k h u d n gidng riu d d n g xoe can, ed h o n g ti'a can tim t h a y d di ehi Vinli Yen {Baix ve 4, h 9). Dd trang siic b a n g da cd 2 m a n h vdng, 2 h a t ehudi, 16 tinh die thaeh anh
{Aidi 4). Dd d d n g cd 1 riu d d n g xde can, h p n g tra can h i n h b a u d u e d e p , k h d n g h o a van, bi n e n bep vti oxy hoa n a n g , ngoai ra d day cdn tim tiia'y 2 manli riu d d n g khac va m d t sd xi s i t d cac ldp h e n {Ban ve 4, h 10).
Ban ve4. Hien vdt dd, dong vd gom di chi Vinh Yen
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Bdn ve 5. Dd gdm di etu Vinh Yen
Nguyen Khdc Su, Phan Thanh Toan - Di c h i VTnh Yen, 15
A nh 1. Khong dnh khu vi/c huyen Van Ninh A nh 2. Dia tang ho khai quat di chi Vinh Yen
A nh 3. Cong cu da di chi Vinh Yen
A nil 4. Du trang siic di chi Vinh Yen
Anh .?. Khudn due riu \a riu ddng di chi Vinh Yen
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Anh 6. Do gom di chi Vinh Yen
Anh 7. Vd nhuyen the di chi Vinh Yen
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1.4.2. Dd gcVm phuc nguyen dudc cd 1 kliudn due riu, 3 ndi nau ddng, 1 bat td, 10 bat bdng, 11 ndi gci'm, 3 vdng tay va 1 hrp'ng dcing vat. Dang chii y la 127.067 manh gd'm thu ducic tiong h d kliai quat. Dd gdm d di chi Vinh Yen cd mat do rat cao: 2.540 m a n h / m " va la di chi cd mat dp gd'm cao nhat dUdc bie't hien nay d vimg bien Nam Trung Bd.
Gdm d day chii yeu la loai gcVm did (69,47"o), sau do la gcim mui (30,53%). Loai gd'm cd xucfng mau xam s i m phd bieh hoUi cac loai xam dd \'a xam tiang. Da sd geim cd dianh day 0,4cm - 0,7cm. Loai geim co hoa \-an nliieu hon gci'm klidng hoa \'an, gdm co hoa van ky diuat (\'an diUng, van chai) chie'm hiyet ddi so vdi geim van my diuat (\'an in mep sd, in hinh rang sdi, dap ndi va khic vach). Vc loai hinli co ndi, binh, vd, td, dia, ehen, bat bdng va cay den {Ban ve 5).
1.5. Di chi Vinh Yen mdi dupe khai quat dien tich rat nlio, mdt sd nhan xet sau day chi la gi.i thuye't cdng tac trong tud'ng lai.
1.5.1. Vinli Ydn la di ehi ed quy md Idn (gan 21ia), diucic loai hinli cdn eat, ven bidn; eo dia ban eu' tru ly tUdng, vu'a ti'anli du'de gid bao, vii'a ed tiid khai diae n g u d n ldi eua rimg, cua bien, dac biet la n g u d n n u d e n g p t sinli h o a t va eanli tac n d n g n g h i d p . Vdi dia t i n g day ti'dn I m , m a t dp dd gd'm rat cao, cac c u m rae be'p da)' dae, minli chiflig eho m d t lang cd dinli cU ven bien tUdng dd'i d d n g d u e va lau dai. Cdng cu da d dav nliieu ve sd lup'ng, nliu'ng loai hinli d d n dieu, ky tiiuat d i e ' t a o di xud'ng, b i t d i u nliud'ng ehd eho ky n g h e luyen kim, d u e d d n g tai chd.
Ky tiiuat ehe tao do g d m d d a y p h a t trien tdi dinli eao h'ong p h a e h d n g u y d n lieu, tao dang, n u n g chin va ti'ang ti'i. N d n kinli td clni d a o d da^' la san xua't n d n g n g h i d p , cimg h o a t d d n g tini edng did tao gd'm va luyen kim diie d d n g , ket hp'p vd'i danli ea va kliai tiiae eae lotii hai san kiltie. Ddi sd'ng tinli t h i n vti c a m q u a n my tiiuat khti p h o n g plni d u p e tiid hidn d o ti'ang sUe va etie m d h'p hoa v a n ti'dn dd gd'm; dac biet la sU xua't hien c l e tu'dng dcing vat m a n g h'nh nghe tiiuat. Vtin hoci ling xii' eua cu d a n Vinli Ydn ed dd'i vdi ngud'i da d i e t qua eae tang thu'e du'de de eao, nliulig clung di va ti'ang n g h i e m .
1.5.2. Vinli Yen Li meit di ehi cu tru ven bien cua cu dtin tiidi tiin sU, ed sU dien bie'n v a n hoti s d m va mucin, nliUng lien tuc. Su didn bie'n a'y du'de the hidn tiidng q u a di vat da vti gd'm tiieo dia -ting. Miic s d m (cac ld'p 4, 5, 6) riu bdn dti chiem da sd; dd gd'm ehu ydu la g d m thd, dianli dav, mtiu xtim meic, ti'ang ti'i van d a p tiiiflig did. Mii'e mucin (eae ld'p 1, 2, 3) cdng eu da rtit it, xuat hien dd d d n g vti xi sat; gd'm chu veu la g d m min, thcinh m d n g , e u n g , ti'ang ti'i Vein diLi'ng mill, tei thd h o a n g . Tai m u e dud'i edn ed nicit sd edng cu eupi ghe deo, ed eae m a n h geim Vein ehai mat h'ong v a n in m a t ngoai kieu g d m van hda Q u y n l i Van (cung da gtip d ld'p elu'cii di elii Van T u Ddng, Klitinli Hda); cdn d mii'e ti'dn cd m d t vai mtinli gd'm v a n in d v u d n g kieu hau Ddng Son.
7.5..1 C u d a n Vinh Ydn da ehein eho minli no'i eu hii kha t h u a n leii, vd'i dia the h'Ud'c bien sau nui, vii'a tranh gid, bao, vita diuan idn eho san xuat n d n g nghidp, dcinli btit hcii stin va giao didng tiiiu' be). Klidng chi cu tru, Vinli Yen cdn la no'i d i e ttio dci g d m , n l i i l u v l sd lUdng, dcit tdi d m h eao vd ky tliutit, ti'ang ti'i hoa Vein d e p , vd'i nhieu lotii hinli dcic d a o . C u d a n cd ndi dciv d d n g tiid'i Li n l n i n g ngu'di luyen kim Vci d i e tcio dd d d n g tai d i d . Su ed m a t eiia k h u d n due riu bting dci, being g d m , nliulig ehiee riu d d n g gidng h'oiig k h u d n , Ccie nicinli d d n g vti etie d u n g eu hu'dii d d n g tim tiiciv d dciy Li bting ehiing ve tiianli tUu ntiy. Vlnli Ydn edn Li khu md tting, nici dcie h'ulig ndi bcit Li mp ncii kieh tiiu'de nlio, chdn tiieo dd tiiy tcing, kd ea dd gci'm m i n h khi.
Vd'i nlnhig tiicinli tuu Vciii hda ndi ti'dn, ed tiid xac n h a n cU d a n Vinli Ydn d a b u d e vtio tiid'i dcii d d n g thau, cd nidn dtii kliOcing 3.000 BP., m u d n h d n di ehi Xdm C d n va s d m h d n Hda Diem (Kheinli Hoci).
2. Di chi Vinh Yen trong tien sii Khanh Hoa.
2.1. Tru'de iiciiii 1975, kliao ed hoe Klicinli Hoci ndi e h u n g v i n ngu ydn trong sU qudn Ling. Co dicing chi Li nliii'iig tiiu thcip \e te cua ngu'di Pheip. Neim 1925, H. M a n s u v ed n l i l c de'n 2 ndng eu lao d d n g (outils aratoires) being del tim thei'y d Bieh D i m , dcio H d n Tie, thueie hciu ky Da nidi (Mansuy 1925: 18). Khi edng bd ve idiulig mei e h u m d Heing G d n (Ddng Nai), F.Saurin eung iiheie den mot sd riu Vei g d m d dciy khi so Scinli \'di di \'cit eimg loai d g i n nha tho' My Ca,
Nguyen Khac SCf, Phan Thanh Toan - Di c h i VTnh Yen... 17
Cam Ranh (Saurin 1973: 352). Dd la tat ca nhiing gi m a c h u n g ta bie't d u p e ve tien sd su Klitbih Hoa h u d c n a m 1975.
T h a n g 4 / 1 9 7 5 , K h a n h H o a h o a n toan giai p h d n g . Khao cd hpe ndi day da sang ti'ang mdi. Nhiing bi m a t v l v a n h o a tiin sii ndi d a y bat d i u dUdc d a n h thiic. Mdt loat cudc d i i u ti'a va khai quat k h a o cd hpe d u d c tie'n h a n h .
TrUdc tien, n h i i n g cdng cu da d dao H d n Tre d u d c xac dinh lai la n d n g cu lam da't eua cu dan didi dai Kim khi, nien dai k h o a n g 2.500 BP ( N g u y i n K h i c Sii 1976: 61). L i n d i u tien U cudc d i i u tra khao cd hpe d C a m Ranh, tinh Khanh Hoa da p h a t hien md'i di d n Xdm Cdn, phudng C a m Lrnh va x e m d a y la di tich v a n hoa Sa Huynli. Cae l i n khao sat sau dd, da tim tha'y d day m d t Idp v a n h o a cd h d n Sa H u y n h , h'Ude Sa H u y n h va thudc van hda Xdm Cdn. Di chi Xdm Cdn dUdc khai q u a t vao eudi n a m 1980, cho tha'y day la di chi eu ti'ii ciia cu dan lam ndng nghiep, su d u n g riu h i n h h i giac b a n g da, chua xua't hien kim loai; nien dai d u doan vao khoang 4.000 BP (Vu Q u d c H i i n 1996:14).
N a m 1987, m o t cudc d i i u tra khao cd hpe vdi quy md Idn dup'c tid'n h a n h d Klicinli Hoa; cac di chi Binh Ba va Binh H u n g d u d c p h a t hien. N a m 1990, di chi Binli Ba dudc dcio tham sat 4m-, cdn Binh H u n g d u d c khai quat 50m-. Tai Binh Ba da phat hien 1 md, d i d n dieo do gd'm, hat ehudi b a n g da va k h u y e n tai b a n g vd d'c. Di cdt ngud'i Binh Ba thudc loai hinh Mongolo - Australoid, h o n g dd ye'u td v a n g d a m h d n (Nguydn Kim Thuy 1993:119). Tai Binli Hung thu d u d e riu tii giac b a n g da, cdng cu vd nliuydn the, dd xUdng va dd gd'm (Quang Van Cay 1991: 32).
N a m 1992, di chi Xdm C d n dUdc kliai quat l i n tini hai, vdi dien tich 90iii-, thu dUde 68 cdng cu da, 14 miii n h p n xUdng, 5 h d n ghe bang vd sd, 8 cdng cu b i n g vd de, 2 m a n h vdng da, mdt sd k h u y e n tai va ldi v d n g . Dd gd'm cd tren 33.000 m a n h , chii ye'u la gd'm tiid, che tao nan tay, ban d a p h d n kd hoae giai cudn; chai mid't lang va bdi n h u a thuc vat trdn mat gd'm. Thuc vat cd ndi day thudc loai n g a p m a n , chu ye'u la cay ho dau, nien dtii Holoeene giu'a; ddng vat cd ti'ai bien, de bidn, ca, rha, hUdu, nai, Idn, trau, bd rimg, eheo eheo, te giac va bd nlia.
Tliang 4/1999, di chi Hoa Diem, xa C a m Thuili Ddng (Cam Raiili) dude kliai quat 50m-; tim tha'y 6 dpi xe sdi lam h i xUdng, 7 vdng tay lam tir vd d'e tridacna, 1 vdng tay bang gd'm, 20 manli Idi v d n g t u vd d'c; trdn 30.000 m a n h gd'm. Day la di ehi cU tru, thudc van hoa Sa Huynh ( N g u y i n C d n g B i n g 2000: 724). N a m 2001, di chi Hoa Diem d u d c dad 8m- tham sat, hong do h d 1 va 2 cd ve't tich cu trii, cdn h d 3 la di tieh md tang. Nliihig di tich cu trii ed tirdi cd hdn mp tang, thudc didi dai Kim khi, m d t nhip c i u ndi Xdm Cdn vdi Sa H u y n h d Cam Ranli ( N g u y i n Kliic Sii, N g u y d n Cdng B i n g 2003:13).
Cudi n a m 2002, di d n Hoa Diem d u d c khai quat l i n tini hai vdi didn tich hdn lOOnr, diu dudc 94 dd da (riu h i giac, p h a e vat riu, chay, h d n ghe, h d n n g h i i n , ban mai); 3 m u i nhpn XUdng mai, 5 m a n h v d n g b i n g vd nliuydn tiid; ho'n 3 van m a n h gd'm. P h a m vi h d khai quat lan nay rdi vao khu m d tang (10 md h u y e t da't va 16 md chum). Dd tiiy tang cd riu, bein mcii, ban nghiin b i n g da; riu, due, hua, d a o sit; luc lac ddng; vdng tay xUdng; hat chudi tiiuy tinli, hat chudi vang, beit bdng, ndi, vd nlid b i n g g d m n h u n g d i u bi d a p vd. Trong hd kliai queit cdn tim
thay XUdng Idn, trau, bd; d o t sd'ng ca, n h i l u nha't la vd sd, d'c bien. Cd the H o a D i e m va Gidng Phdt la d d n g dai, d u d c p h a t trien len h i Xdm Cdn. H d a D i e m d u d c x e m la v i m g d e m giiia 2 t r u n g t a m v a n hoa Idn la D d n g Nai va Sa H u y n h ( N g u y i n C d n g B i n g 2005: 48).
T i l i n g 6/2006, di chi V a n Tii Ddng, xa C a m H o a (Cam Rtmli) dUp'c khai q u a t 75m-;
thu d u d e 4 be'p, 151 hidn vat da (54 riu, 10 m a n h riu, 47 b a n mai, 17 h d n ke - d a p , 13 m a n h v d n g , 2 tinh the' thach anh, 8 phae vat vdng), 84 hidn vat xUdng, 26 hidn vat gd'm (3 vdng, 17 gd'm ghe h d n va 6 ndi gdm) va h d n 2 v a n m a n h g d m . Day la di tich cdn sd d i e p h a y "ddng rac bd'p" (kjokkenmoddmg) dien h i n h d Khanh Hda m a dae h u n g ciia nd Li vide su d u n g p h d bien riu hinli b i u due, dd xUdng chie'm ti' Id cad, da sd la m u i n h p n hoae miii n h p n cd nganli. Dd g d m chii yd'u la gd'm tiid, v a n chai, hie'm v a n khac vach va v a n in an; x u a t hien g d m ti'ang ti'i hoa v a n hai m a t - v a n chai m a t trong, van in an m a t ngoai; nidn dai d u d o a n vao k h o a n g 3.500BP ( T r i n Q u y Thinh, N g u y d n Ngpc Quy, n n k 2006). T r o n g thdi gian nay, cdn p h a t hien d C a m Ranli di chi tien s u Cii Hin, mdt lang ed va kliu Id g d m cd eua n g u d i C h a m .
2.2. Tren cd sd khai q u a t Vrnh Yen 2007 va nhiing tU lieu vira trinli bay d tren, budc d a u cd the p h a e thao dien m a o buc ti'anh v a n hoa tiin sU Klitinli Hoti.
2.2.1. Cd tiie ndi, d i l n ti'inh p h a t h i e n van hoa tiin sii v i m g bien Khanli H o a g a n liln vdi s u d a o d d n g miic n u d e dai d u d n g . N a m 1962, n g h i e n ciiu cac m a u h i m tich d tram 60.237 ngoai khdi, E.Sam'in da xac n h a n cd m d t d u d n g bd bien cd n a m d d p sau 100m tren d a o H d n Ldn, cd tiie la d u d n g bd ti'Udc bien tieh; nghia la tdan bd vinh V a n P h d n g va C a m Ranh luc dd la m d t eiai d d n g b a n g h e p , v u d n xa ngoai kho'i (Saui-in 1962: 25).
Vao kliOeing 17.000 BP - 18.000 BP, bang tan, m u c nUde bidn d a n g va tran vao luc dia, liim cliim n g a p eae d d n g b a n g tiiap, tao d u d n g bd bien K h a n h H d a cd h i n h r a n g cUa, xen ke giiia cac miii nlid va eae v u n g vinh d a n g p h l u . Vad thdi diem nay, d Viet N a m la didi ky mUa nliilu, tdn tai ky n g h e N g u d n i va van hda Sdn Vi nidn dai h a u ky Da cii. C d n h'dn da't Khanh Hdei, d e h nay van chua p h a t hien mdt di d n nao cd tudi cd h d n 5.000 n a m . Trdng thdi diem nay, vinli Van Phdiig, vinh C a m Ranh tiep tuc h i n h t h a n h tU n g u d n luu c h u y e n va n g u d n sinh vat. Vat lieu c u n g cap d i d p h a n h o n g cua vinh chu yeu do cae sdng m a n g d e h , edn vat lieu luu c h u v e n d p h a n ngdai ehu ydu lai dd sU mai m d n cua sdng tad ra, dac bidt la su mai m d n cua cac clang san hd chet. Va, day cung ehinh la n g u y e n n h a n tao ndn h a m lucping cacbonat cao trong h ' l m tich v u n g bidn C a m Ranh (Pham Ngpc Tlidm, n n k 1979:115).
Muc nUd'c bien dat cue dai vao khoang 4.500 BP va d i m g lai d do mdt thdi gian. Nhiing vet ti'ch tich tu va mai m d n d dp cao 4m cdn tha'y d Hoa Tan, Ba Ngdi (vinh C a m Ranli) hoae H d n T i m , H d n Mieu, H d n M u n (vinh Nlia Trang), H d n Ldn (vinli Van Phong). N h u da bie't, phiin ldn b l m a t eliau did ven bien cac vinh nay d i u d dp cao 4 m - 5m, do vay, Veio didi chem 4.500 BP, b l m a t chau thd v a n cdn ehim trdng n u d e bien; cdn ngUdi chUa the' tdi d i n h cu dudc.
Va clh sau 4.500 BP, khi nUdc bidn bat d a u riit, con n g u d i mdi ddn cu trii d cac vinli bid'n nay.
Bien lui cho de'n 2.000 BP thi d i m g lai d m u e n u d e nliU ngtiy nay. D d n g b i n g ven bie'n Van Phong, C a m Ranh Id d a n ; p h a n luc dia ven bd m a n g ti'nh p h a n bac id rcing. Cac b l m a t du'di lOOm chii ye'u la d d n g b a n g tich tu n g u d n gdc aluvi. Nliihig miii da m a c m a va bie'n chat
N g u y i n Khac Su, Phan Thanh Toan - Di c h i VTnh Yen... 19
(granit, rhyolit, mierogranit, andezit, gnai...) d a m ra bie'n tiieo h u d n g tay b i c - ddng nam, tao dianh cac v u n g vinli n u d e sau, ed ndi sau tdi 40m - 50m (Nguydn Thanli Sdn, Nguvdn Tiet 1981:155).
Klii m u c n u d c cd sd ha tha'p, thi lUc xam thuc ciia he thd'ng sdng sudi ven bd lai tcing len; tdc dp mai m d n giam, cac t h I m mai m d n n a n g len, cac tich tu thu h e p d i n lai; cac am tieu san hd vdn p h a t trien khi bid'n tid'n, nay bi chet. Bie'n liii, nhiet dp tang len, anli h u d n g mdi h u d n g sdng eiia con n g u d i va d d n g vat. Chi sau 4.000 BP, nhiing cu d a n d i u hen mdi b i t dau khai pha viing bien C a m Ranh vdi cac di chi khao ed hpe tiin sii la Xdm Cdn, Hoci Diem, Binli Ba, Binh H u n g , Van Tii Ddng, Cu Hin va Vinh Yen.
2.2.2. Da'u a'n vin hoa cd nhi't hien bie't d Khanh Hda la di chi Van Tu Ddng, nien dai klieang 4.000 BP - 3.500 BP. C u d a n cd ndi day dinh cu tren mdt gd da't cao, ven bd bien, g i n klie n u d e ngpt; h'idn khai san bat, hai l u d m , d a n h bat ca va kliai thac cac loai n h u y e n the bien.
Nhiing phe' thai sau bua a n chii ye'u la vd sd diep bien, chat thanh cdn, tao nen d d n g rac bep.
Di chi Van Tii Ddng rdng gan 2.500m-. Trong dien tieh khai quat 75ni- da tim tiiay 4 bep, nidi be'p la m d t d d n vi h p gia dinli. Cd die xem Van Tii Ddng la m d t "lang" cd da tUdng ddi ddng ngudi. Ke't qua giam dinh di cdt d d n g vat va cac ldai n h u y d n thd cho diay, cu dan Van Tii Ddng da kliai thac n h i l u loai n h u y d n the bidn, d a n h bat ca, cua, riia va san bat cac ddng Vcit tren can. Dieu ntiy cho tiia'y, klidi d a u van hda kliai tiicie, cU dan tien sU Klicinli Hda dci trieii khai boat dcing kinli td'khai tiiae tiieo phd rdng (Nguyen Kliic Sii, Bui Q u a n g Nghi 2007).
C u d a n tidn sU Van Tii Dong tiep can va khai thtic Ceic loeii hai manh vo trong mdi ti'Udng bidn n d n g , sau khac nliau. Cd loai sdng tiong didu kien mUe nUde ndng, cac d a m pha, cac vimg cUa sdng hoae vui d u d i dtiy biin cat; lai cd loai sd'ng ti'ong cac bai tridu dudi mUc nudc sau vai ehue met vdi chiu kien n u d e tiong, tien cac ran dti, ddi klii Lii bam vao vo cac loai sinli vat khac. Dieu ntiy cho diay, cd mdi trudng liic bay gid la p h o n g plni Vei da deing, nliu'ng t u d n g ddi dn etinli h'ong meit tiidi gian dai, it bi d nliiem. N g u d i ed Vtin Tii Ddng khai thac cac lotii n h u y d n tiie bien la de Itim diUc p h a m , nudi sd'ng n g u d i . Ky tiiuat kliai tiiac ngudn ldi bien qua td h d p cdng cu Lid ctdng cdn lai ehd diay rat did sd, nliUng Itii dat hieu qua cao.
Diiu nay phtin anh ti'nli ling thieh linli hoat ciia con n g u d i trong mdi t r u d n g bien. Do d i d vo cac loai nliuydn the nay cd ca'u tao kliac nliau, hcim lu'cing dtim klitic nliau, chac b i n ngUdi xUa hcin phtii ed cac phUdng tiiiic d i e bieh cac m d n an khtie n h a u .
Dan ra m o t Veii tu' lieu iiliu vay de tiiay rang, ed mdi h u d n g bien xua phong plni va da dang. Trinli dp va hidu qua kliai tiiac n g u d n ldi h i bien ciia cu dan tiin sU Khanli Hda klia eao.
Cdn hidn nay, mdi h'Udng ay da tiiay ddi, klidi lup'ng nliuydn tiid bien d khu vUc vinh Cam Ranli klidng nhidu iiliU xu'a; htim l u d n g mud'i duili d u d n g trdng nUdc bidn khdng cao, cac ydu td gay nhidm bcin cho vinli do helm lu'dng kim loeii n a n g nliU kem, d d n g va hydrocarbon deu cao heyn mue eho phdp. Chi sd P e r m a n g a n a t d kliu vUe vinli kliti eao, illicit Li cac tilting klid ndng, dci gciv cinli hu'eing Xciu d e n nudi ti'dng tiiuy Sein (Phciin Vein Tlidm 1998: 54).
NgUdi cd v a n T u Ddng sii d u n g phd bie'n da basalte de c h d ' t i e riu hinh bau due, lay eta phidn (sehiste) Lim vcing deo tai, deo tay; nan dat set n u n g thanli kliuyen tai va tuyet nhien klidng sU d u n g vd nliuydn did Lim cdng cu hoeic dd trang sUc n h u eu d a n Xdm Cdn sau dd.
Ngudi cd Van Tii Ddng ua che' tao miii nhpn xUcftig ddng vat, lam ra ca loai mui nhpn xudng cd ngcinli vdi nliilu vet kliie ngang tren than (cd the' la da'u sd huti cdng cu). Nhiing cdng cu XUdng ay cd tiie la sudt dan ludi nhu dan chai ven bie'n hien v i n dang sii dung. Ludi vd thdi nay ban da xua't hien, bdi cd nhilu dpi ,xe sdi va sud't dan ludi vd tim tha'y d day. Trong di chi cdn tim tha'y nhilu xUdng ca, cd the' dd la ke't qua ciia hdat ddng chai ludi. Cu dan d day da bie't ti'dng va khai tiiac cay did sdi, sii dung sdi lam day cau, lam ludi vd, qua'n vao thanh gd lam ban dap in van da'u thiing hen mat phdi gd'm; sdi cdn dUdc dung ddt vai may quan ao.
Ngudi cd Van Tii Ddng nliao da't set nan ra ndi, bat, dia, binh, vd bing ky thuat ban dap - hdn kd tao phdi gdm, trang tri van thiing, van chai, ddi khi khac vach va van in an.
Ngay tir giai doan sdm, ngudi cd Khanh Hoa da dinh cU ven bien, khai tiiac hai san veil bd, sail bat ddng vat tren can; hai ludm cac loai thao mde xung quanli. Hp bidt dung nha de d, bie't lam tiiuyln mang ra long vao khdi, bie't dan ludi, det vai va canh tac ndng nghiep.
Dac biet hp cd quan he van hda vdi cac nhdm cu dan ven bien cac hrdi Trung bp va Ddng Bac bd Viet Nam. Cac nlia khao cd da nhan ra nhiing chie'e riu hinh bau due Van Tii Ddng gidng het di vat cimg loai tim tiia'y d Quat Ddng Nam (Quang Ninli) (Nguyin Khic Sii 2005: 592);
nliiiiig dd gd'm ti'ang tri hda van chai mat tirong, van in ah mai rha hoae van thiing mat ngoai gid'ng dd gd'm ciia cu dan van hoa Quynh Van (Nghe Tinh) (Nguyin Trung Chien 1998: 81); va sii dung khuyen tai bang da't nung gid'ng nhu cu dan van hda Hoa Ldc (Thanh Hoa) (Pham van Dti'u 1999: 81).
2.2.3. dai doan dip sau la cac di chi Xdm Cdn, Binli Ba, Binh Hung va Cii Hin, nien
dai 3.500 BP-3.000 BP.
Nudc bie'n hep tue riit, bd bien md rpng din, cU dan tiin sii bat d i u vUdn ra chie'm
liiili vimg da't mdi. NgUdi Xdm Cdn va Cd Hrn chie'm cu cac bai bdi ven bien, cdn ngUdi Binh
Ba vti Binli Hung vUdt bien chie'm cac dao gan bd. Nhiing cu dan thdi nay tie'n hanh hdng hpt
va ehan nudi, duy ti'i san bat, hai ludn cac ddng vat, thUc vat hen can va dudi bien. Hp khdng
dung loai riu da huih b i u due nhu giai doan trudc, ma diing riu hinh hi giac hoae riu ddc thu
hep bang da; sii eiung cdng cu chat va nao bang vd d'c Tridacna, vay dc Tubo, van su dung cac
miii nlipn xUdng, nhung nay sinh cdng xUdng che tad dd hang siic bang vd dc bien. Ngudi
giai doan Xdm Cdn van dung ndi, bat, binli va vd gd'm nhu giai doan hudc, song da xuat hien
btit vai gav, mieng tha'p nghieng vao hong, tren mat gd'm ti'ang tri van chai, van in, van d i p
ndi vii dac bidt la gdm mau (Nguyen Cdng Bang, Trinh Can mik 1993: 77). •;-'-
Ddn giai doan nay, con ngUdi da vUdn tdi cac bai bien mdi Ihnh thanh nhu Xdm Cdn,
Cu Hill, tiiam clh vUdt bien chie'm cu cac dao Binh Himg va Binh Ba. Nudc bien riit, mdi
ti'Udng bien tiiay ddi, mdi trudng sdng cua ddng vat bien ciing thay ddi, keo theo he qua khai
thac bien ciia cu dan tien su ciing thay ddi. Ngudi ta khdng cdn diay hong tang vSn hoa di chi
Xdm Cdn, Binh Hung va Binh Ba chat d i y vd nhuyen the bidn nhu giai doan trUdc niia, ma
tiiav Vcio dd Iti nliung cum vo sd diep mong, nhung thau kinh vd nhuydn thd ngin hong dia
tang. NhUng bu lai, viec san bat ddng vat hen can d giai doan nay cd hieu qua hdn. Viec khai
thac bien mang ti'nli dinli hudng vao mdt sd loai dc bien cd vd rat day nhu Tridacna, Tubo, dc
cdi dd Lay nguven lieu die teio vdng tay, khuyen tai d giai doan nay. Cdng xUdng xuat hidn.
Nguyen Khac SCf. Phan Thanh Toan - Dl chi VTnh Yen,,. 2T_
qua trinh phan cdng lao ddng mdi hong cdng ddng cu dan vimg bien da diln ra: cd ngudi chuydn bit cac loai dc bidn; cd ngUdi chuydn ghe deo, khoan tach Idi vdng vd dc, ed ngudi chuydn mai nhin, danh bdng, dd rdi cd nhiing ngudi dem san pham ay ra thi hudng hao ddi,
Ddn giai doan nay, bd cdng cu lao ddng ciing bieh ddi, khdng cdn gid'ng vdi giai doan trUdc niia, Ndu nhu d giai doan trudc, riu da riu hinh biu due chiem chii dao, thi deh nay, riu da rat it va loai hinh chinh la riu hinh hi giac, ddc thu nhd, Cu dan giai doan nay van duy ti'i cdng cu mQi nhpn xudng co nganh, yd'u td truyin thdng ciia ngu dan danh bat ca.
Cac nha khao c6 nhSn ra to hdp cdng cu lao ddng bang da, bang vd d'c bien va dd gd'm d cac dia didm hdn dao va da't liln kha gidng nhau. Dd cd diiu ay, phudng tien giao thdng bang be, mang hdn bidn ciing ra ddi. Vdi cu dan danh bit ca trdn bien, be mang la phudng tidn khdng thd thid'u dUdc. Cd le nhd phudng hen giao thdng dudc xac lap, nen ca meit vimg bid'n rdng ldn tii Xdm 6'c, Gidng Ddn (Phii Yen) vao tdi Cam Ranh (Khanh Hoa) cd mdt loat di tich khao cd cung cd cung mdt dac tnmg van hoa khao cd - van hoa Xdm Cdn. Tham ehi, Ceic chd' pham cdng cu va dd hang siic bing vd d'c Tridacna, Tubo kieu Xdm Cdn (Cam Ranh) cdn gap d hang Tabon (Philippines), quin dao Ryu Kiu (Nhat Ban), Dai Loan, cac dao Mtuia, Yap, Plau (miln tay Thai Binh Duong), gdi Idn sU hao ddi van hoa xa hdn bang dudng bien (Vu Qudc Hiin 1996: 20).
2.2.4. Giai doan phat biin cao ciia hln sii Khanh Hda dude xac lap cliinli Li giai ddcin
Viiih Yen, nam hong khung tiidi gian tit 3.000 BP - 2.500 BP. NliU h'en da hinli bay, cU dan giai doan nay cU hii hdn dia hinh cdn cat, hong vung bien kin Van Phong, cd quy md ldn, rdng hdn 2 ha. Su cd mat ciia cac di tich bd'p, dian ho, khu vuc Id nung, cimg sU phong phu etic loai hinli di vat, mat dd dd gdm ra't cao, mat dd cac cum rac be'p kha day dac, cho thtiy hiidi anli mdt lang cd ven bd bid'n vdi cu dan tUdng dd'i ddng diic.
Dd'n giai doan Viiili Ydn, con ngudi da chid'm cu diung liing ven bien. Nhung eU dcin thdi nay dinli cu hdng trpt va ehan nudi, duy tri san bit, heii ludn cac ddng vat, diuc vat t e n can va dudi bid'n. Cu dan thdi nay da bidt ddn ky nghe luydn kim, diic ddng tai ehd. Kha nliieu riu ddng va cac kliudn due bing da, bing gd'm tim tiia'y d day. Cdng cu ddng da tiiay tiie dd da. Cdng cu da tuy nhilu, nliung loai hinh ddn didu, ky tiiuat che tao di xudng. Hp sii dung riu hinh tii giac hoae riu ddc diu hep bing da, song tuyet nliien khdng dimg edng eu va dd hang siic bing bing vd dc Tridacna, Tubo nhU giai doan b-udc. Dd gd'm phat h'ie'n tdi dinh eao ky thuat chd' tao. Ngudi c6 Vuih Ydn chd' tao ndi, bat, binh, vd gdm vdi ky diuat cao, dae biet lAm nhilu cdng cu lao ddng, dd trang siic va hrdng nghe tiiuat bing da't nung hdn giai doan hUdc; dd gdm tii Idp dudi sang Idp hdn cd sU diay ddi hi gd'm did sang gd'm min, tii ti'ang tin van thuIn ky diuat sang my thuat la chinh.
Kinh td'chii dao ciia cu dan giai doan nay la san xua't ndng nghidp, cung boat ddng tini
cdng chd teio gdm va luydn kim diic ddng, kd't hdp vdi danh ca va khai tiiac cac loai hai sin
khac. Cu dan Vinh Ydn budc vao tiidi dai van minh, vdi ddi sdng tinh tiiin da dang, cam quan
my thuat phong phu..
NgUdi cd Vinh Yen cd m d t k i l u tang thiic d u y nha't la m p ndi vd, h p c h u y n h i l u d e h do tuy tang vdi cac dd q u y gia thdi dd n h u riu d d n g , n h u cac ndi g d m , bat b d n g bi d a p vd khi chdn, cdn cd dd t r a n g siic. Cd the ndi, v a n h o a ling xii ciia cU d a n cd V m h Yen vdi ngUdi da chdt q u a m d tang that s u d u d c d l cao, n h u n g d u n g di va h a n g n g h i d m .
2.2.5. Giai doan dinli cao trong tiin sii K h a n h H o a la cli chi H o a Diem, ed nidn dai k h o a n g 2.500 BP - 2.000 BP. Di chi cd dien tich r d n g tren 3.000m-, d u d e khai q u a t n l i i l u l i n , cd di tich va di vat p h o n g p h u , thuc sii tieu bieu cho m d t giai d o a n v a n h o a tiin sii K h a n h Hoa.
C u h'li d d d n g b a n g thap v e n b i i n , vad thdi didm mUc nUd'c bien liii t h a p n h a t va d i m g lai d dp cao n l i u hidn nay. M o t d d n g b a n g ven bien v u a m d i h r n h t h a n h , c u d a n H o a D i e m bat d a u cliiem linh, khai k h a n t h a n h cac r u d n g canh tac n d n g n g h i e p .
De'n giai d o a n n a y , bat d i u tach biet giu'a ndi cu h u va m p tang. H d khai q u a t n a m 1999 elii tiia'y di hch cu trii va xUdng lam dd h a n g siic b a n g vd dc, k h o n g tha'y m p . NhUng h'ong h d khai q u a t cudi n a m 2002 vdi dien tich 100m- da p h a t hien 26 c u m m p . Ro rang, sU p h a n chia k h u cu h'li va k h u m d tang la m o t h e n bd Idn trong nlian thiic va thuc tidn cua cU d a n n g u y e n t h u y d day.
Trdng cli ehi H o a Didm, riu da it va m a n g dac diem riu Xdm Cdn, riu Vinh Yen. Day la yeu td h ' u y i n tiid'ng m a cu d a n nay cdn giii lai, song ky t h u a t ehd tao riu eta d giai d d a n nay kem h d n cac giai d o a n ti'Udc. Cd die cu d a n giai doan n a y tap t r u n g vao dd d d n g , d a xua't hien dd sat va it q u a n tam d e n etd da. Day ciing la m d t su thay ddi m a n g tinli each tan h o n g t u d u y eua n g u d i cd Klianli H o a .
N g u d i cd H o a Diem cd md h u y e t dat, md ndi vd lip n h a u va m p c h u m ; cd cac kieu tang tinic: h u n g tang (chdn I i n d i u ) , cai tang va hoa tang. Trong m p c h u m lai ed md mdt c h u m , md hai hoae n h i l u e h u m diing eanh n h a u . C h u m m p d d a y d a s d h i n h c i u , mieng loe rcing, vai plhnli, b u n g nd, day h i n h chao; kich thUdc c h u m m d nlid. Dac chem nay la gan vdi c h u m m p Sudi C h d n (Ddng Nai) va khac vdi c h u m md h i n h tru, hinh h i i n g d Sa H u y n h .
Dd tiiy teing, ngoai ndi gd'm bi d a p vd, cdn cd riu, ban mai, chi ludi, vien eupi, dd trang siie b a n g da; riu, luc lac d d n g ; riu, d u e , bua, dao sat; v d n g tay xUdng va h a t chudi thuy tinh.
Riu d d n g d d a y gidng riu Ddc C h u a (Binh Dudng), edn dd sat lai g i n vdi dd sat v a n hoa Sa H u y n l i (Quang Ngai). N h u n g vet tich v a n hoa H o a Diem the hien ye'u to viing d e m giiia h'ung tam v a n hoa Sa H u y n h va luu vuc sdng Ddng Nai.
T r o n g so cac di ed't n g u d i h m tha'y d H d a Diem, theo N g u y d n Lan C u d n g cd 5 ca the' n a m tii' 30 de'n 50 tud'i, 2 ca the' nii tii 20 de'n 25 tudi, 5 ca the' khac la tre e m tif 4 dd'n 10 tudi. Cd 3 ca did n h u d m r a n g eten, 1 n g u d i cao 1,65m ( N g u y i n Lan C u d n g 2004: 129). Cac d i n lieu nay eho tiia'y, n g u d i cd Hoa Diem cd tudi tho kha cao, cd tuc n h u d m r a n g den; h p g i n vdi n g u d i d dia diem Binli Ba tiiupe loai liinli Mongolo - Australoid, h o n g dd dac did'm v a n g d a m net h d n ( N g u y i n Lcin C u d n g 2005:124).
Bd'n giai dotm p h a t tiien ciia v a n hoa h l n sii K h a n h H o a g a n l i l n vdi tieii trinli ehieni Hull, kliai pha va xac lap thd ctiing cua con n g u d i h e n v i m g bien va hai d a o cue n a m T r u n g IKJ eiia Td qude. Dd Li quti trinli ay thieh Ung cua eon ngUdi vdi mdi h'Udng bien, n h a t la sU giao
N g u y i n Kh6c Sa, Phan Thanh Toan - Dl c h i VTnh Yen... 23
d d n g cua m u c nUdc dai d u d n g , sU thay ddi ciia d d n g vat bien. Q u a ti'inli ay cdn g i n liln vdi su tien bd v l ky thuat che t i e cdng cu lao d d n g b a n g da, bang ddng, bang sit; ky tiiuat d i e tao dd gd'm va dac biet la ky t h u a t che tao t h u y i n m a n g va ky thuat kliai thae n g u d n Idi eiia bie'n. Vdi ket qua khai quat Viiih Yen, mdt nhjp c i u van hoa nd'i Xdm Cdn vdi Hoa Diem da duo'c diiet lap. Khao cd hpe t i i n sii K h a n h Hoa, m d t dien each m d i trong biic h'anli van hoa bien tien sii' Vidt N a m .
Rd rang, di ti'ch V m h Yen k h d n g the thie'u dUcJc trong n h a n tinic tie'n hinli phat h'ie'n van hoa bien K h a n h Hoa ndi rieng va n a m Trung bd ndi chung. Tuy nhien, kliu di clh na)' dang n a m h o n g qui hoach xay d u n g vinh Van Phong thanh tram c h u n g chuyen qud'c te. Tlieo d u an nay, k h u di chi Vinh Yen la ndi tai ctinh cu cho h a n g n g a n d a n h i D a m M d n va cac vimg khac chuyen deh. Tai dd n h i l u cdng trinh xay d u n g ha tang se d u p e khdi cdng vao iieim 2008.
Di chi Viiih Ydn cd n g u y cd bi x a m hai, xda sd. Viec khai quat toan bd va nghien eu'u tdng die di ehi Vinh Yen (Khanh Hda) la het siic ca'p thiet hien nay cua n g a n h khao ed hpe.
TAI LIEU D A N
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'VTNHYfiNSITE
IN THE SYSTEM OF PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY IN KHANH HOA '
NGUYSN KHAC sis, PHAN THANH TOAN
The VTnh Yen site of Van Thach commune (Van Ninh, Khanh Hoa) was found in July 2 0 0 6 and excavated (50m^) in July 2 0 0 7 by Viet Nam Institute of Archaeology. The cultural layer is 10m thick and divided into 2 levels with relics and artifacts showing the unceasing cultural process from the early to late stages, which date to 3 , 0 0 0 BP. It is a settlement - burial site in the context of 4 - s t a g e development of the prehistoric culture in Khanh Hoa. The VTnh Yen site belonged to a highly-developed stage, the cultural link between the Xom Con (the second stage) and Hoa Diem (the peak of the developed stage). Therefore, the VTnh Yen site is indispensable in the awareness of the development of the marine culture of Khanh Hoa in particular and in Central Viet Nam in general.