S64{A5)-20V5-Lylu$nt^ung
MY THUAT TRUYEN THONG GIAI DOAN DAU THOlI TlT CHU
QUA DI SAN VAN H O A DAN TOC 1
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iet Nam ndm d gde Ddng Nam cffa Chdu A, vffa dffa vdo lue dia vffa trdng ra bien ed, la nai nghi chan trgn ede chuyen dudng dai giira An Dp Dffdng vd Thai Blnh Dffang. Ciing vdi eae nffde khae d Odng Nam A, Viet Nam lal tiep gidp vdi hai khu viie ed nen van hda cd dai rffe rd, tifng Id qug hffdng cua nhieu tdn gido Idn, la An Dp va Trung Hoa. VI vay, tuy nudc ta khdng sdn sinh ra mdt tdn giao ldn nao, nhffng, Iff rat sdm, nffde ta da la nai gap gd eua nhigu tdn gido khae nhau:Phdt gido, Dao glao, Nho gido... Trong qud trinh phat trien cOa lich sff Viet Nam, ba tdn giao tren khdng tham nhap d mdt mffe dp nhff nhau, ma tuy tffng liie va tifng noi, ed tdn gido ndy manh hdn tdn gido kia, vd ngay trong mdt tdn gido cung cd yeu td nay chiem ffu the hdn yeu td kia. Dieu dang ehu y la cdc ton giao khae nhau l y ehang nhffng khdng tigu digt lan nhau, ma cdn tham nhap vao nhau, tao ra tinh the pha tap va mau sac phong phii trong tdn glao 6 dat Vigt.
Trffdc khi nhd Han xam Iffdc thi cd phia Bde Viet dd ehju sff dnh hffdng ciia van hda An Dd. Tuy khdng cdn d i u tt'ch van hda vat chat 3$ khSng dinh dieu dd nhffng van edn nhieu sdch vd ghi lal. Cu the la: Thuy Kinh chu do ngUdiTrung Hoa dffdi thdi nha Dffdng da viet rd: "Vdo the ki thff 3 trffdc cdng nguygn, vua /Vxdea dd eho di/ng tren dat Viet mpt thdp Phdt d nui Lg - Ng"- ma chiing ta ngd rdng it nhieu ed gdn den thap Sanci cita An Dp. Cd gido sff Trdn Qudc VUdng va mdt vai nha nghien effu my thudt d nhffng nam 70 eua thg ky XX khdng eho rdng thap dd ndm d Kien An - Hdi Phdng, md la d ehan niii Tam ddo, nhin vg phia chau thd vung ddng
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b l n g (cdch ddy xap xi 2.300 nam, ngffdi Viet da sdng tdp trung d chdn mil Tam Ddo). Sau ndy, sang dau the ki XXI, nha Phat hpc Lg Manh Thdt cho rang thap Le - Ne la dTam Dao. Mpt vai nha ddn tdc hpc my thuat khde edn tim t h i y dffpc ed dau vet gan vdi van hda An nhff ehiia Dja Ngue - dii ehiia nay eho den nay cting khdng cdn nffa song nhOng ngffdi ddn edeh day 20 nam edn nhd rd chtia ndm d vi trf den thd Tran Hffng Dao ngay nay.
Khoang dau thign nien kJ thff nhit, mdt ddng Phit gido thoang cd yeu td Mat tdng cd le di Iff phia Tay Bac ldi, vc^ sff ed mat eiia nha sff Khau Da La (ehiia Dau) da tao lien de cho tin ngffdng thdTff Phdp (mpt hg Phat gido dan da dung hpi giffa Phdt gido, Ba la mdn giao vdi tin ngffdng van hda dan gian eau mffa, eau miia da sinh ra tin ngffdng ndy).
Trong dd cd sff xuat hign eua nhiing than linh ndng nghiep nhff May, Mffa, Sam, Gid (sau ndy Id may, mffa, sam, ehdp) la mot bieu hien ciia sffdung hdi dd. Tdn glao tin ngffdng da nhoe trong nhau de ehiing ta ed dffdc nhffng san pham i l thay ddi Id nhffng pho tffpng tffong ffng: d i u eo tdc xoan dc va nhue khau/nhue khao (mdt trong nhffng net dien hinh cua tffong Phat giao), Iffdng cdi tran de bieu hien sff bpc Id mdt caeh iff nhien trffdc b l u trdi, mdu tffdng la mdu gu t h i m , hdi bdi mau dd vd den (khdng den kjt) - ma nhff mdt sd nha nghign cffu coi dd nhff dnh hffdng cita Ba la mdn gido. Dieu ndy rat khde vdi tfn ngffdng gde cita ngffdi Viet l l y viec thd Nff than lam trpng, khdi nguyen la Bd me rifng, rdi den Ba me sff sd, den vimg giap ranh giffa mien nui va ddng bang la thdTff Phdp (Phdp Van - Phap Vu - Phap Ldi - Phap Dien).... Vd, nhff cd gido sff Tff Chi da eho rang: ngffdi Viet nguygn thtiy ehffa ed khd nang phan lieh, bdi vay viee phat trlgn tff mdt
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Nguyan Hflng Ngpc: A^ thu^ Ovyan thdng...
vj Nff than thdnh bdn, nam vj la ed sff dnh hffdng tff duy phan tfch ciia Trung Hoa.
Nhin lai ve pho tffang chtia Phat tich (cho den nay, tffpng nay chi cdn than va be Id mang tfnh gde, d i u va dai sen dffde sffa lai vg sau), ehiing ta t h i y cac nep do ed sa eiia Iffdng Phat la nhffng dudng gdn nffa dng trdn - do la sdn pham eiia ddng nghe thuat Gandhara - mdt ddng nghe thuat dung hda giffa my thuat Hi - La va my thuat dja phffdng d vimg Pec - xa - oa (nay thude Pak- istan). Ddng nghe thudt nay da anh hudng den my thuat An Dp ma hien nay ehung ta van edn t h i y nhffng dien hinh eiia nd d tffdng Phat va Bd Tat d Bdo tang Calcutta - An Dd.
Tuy nhign, Phdt gido khi du nhdp vdo Vigt Nam da 6\iac eff ddn ndng nghiep lua nffde d Viet Nam
"bdn dja hoa", va tifng budc dung hpp vdi tin ngffdng simg bai tff nhien ciia van hda ndng nghigp. Vdi ngffdi Viet, sff g i n bd vdi tti nhign Id sff ffng xff lau dal va ben chat ngffdi Viet thd Tff phap (may, mffa, sam, chdp) va nhffng "Iffc Iffpng sieu nhien" dd dffpc gan vdi ede nff than (ba Dau, ba Dau, ba Tffdng, ba Dan). Phan nao dd cd the ndi, tfn ngffdng thd Nff than da tac ddng ddn tinh than Phat gido d Viet Nam ndi chung, d my thuat thdi Ly ndi rieng thdng qua net dep dju dang nff tinh ciia cdc pho t f f ^ g Phat, trd thdnh mpt tieu chf tham my ciia My thuat Phdt gido Viet Nam. Cung d pho tffpng Phat ciia ehiia Phat Tfeh (the ky thff XI), ngodi nhffng net chung trong bd cue va each tao tffpng it nhieu tff phong each An Dp, pho tffpng nay lal ed nhuhg sle thai rigng cDa Viet Nam la d dffdng net mem mai, trdn trja, khudn mat thanh khiet vdi vdng Iran deu dan, Idng may mdnh va cong, ddi mat md mang hoi etji xudng, migng thodng mot nu cffdl kin ddo, gffdng mat cua dffe Phat toat Ign ve dep ddn hdu, dju ddng. Nen tdng ciia tin ngffdng thd Nff t h i n Viet ay Id tren ed sd cua tff duy nong nghigp.
Thc^ Ly, Trin va Lg sd, my thudt eiia ngffdi Viet chit ygu gan vcri "tang Idp trgn"! Gpi Id "tang Idp trgn"
d nffde ta cung ehi mang tfnh tffdng ddi bdi khdng ndy sinh van dg kinh te tff nhan nhff d eae nffde khde. Chlnh vi vay, ft nhieu trong ed mdt thign nien k^ thff II, tinh than dan ehii, dac biet la tinh ddn ehii lang xa dd bao trtim dac trung xa hdi dffong thdi, Trgn tinh than dd, nhin vdo My thuat Ly, ehung ta de dang nhan t h i y nhffng de tai gan vdi van hda An Dp la ehiJ yeu. Dd eung Id nhffng dnh hffdng mang tfnh chit khu vffe bdi r i t nhigu nffde dDdng
Nam A da tiep thu nen van hda An Dp de phat nen nghe thuat tao hinh ciia minh. Bang cac chi tich ciia khdo cd hpc tff cae eupc dien da, chiini da tim dffpc nhffng Apsaras (nhffng vu nff than), Gandharvas (nhffng nhae edng thien thi Kinaras- Khan na ra (nhurng hinh tffdng nffa ngj tren mang hinh ngffdi, nffa ngffdi dffdi mang ml ehim); hay hinh tffpng Garuda (mdt loai than cd sff manh vd song), than tffdng va khi.
Phdt thoai An Do nhdm de eao Phat gido, troi each la thien than miia hat de ddng hoa chiic va xffng tdn dffe Phat. Nhffng Apsaras ed ci thffdng cd tinh phoi bay chiec hdng Idn, quai bd sat ngffdi khien cac dffdng cong ndi len rp trong dieu miia vii try, ndy sinh Iff than Siva hien sff sinh sdi nay nd ciia trdi d i t , gan vdi nl nghiep). Ddng tac eiia n h i n v l t thffdng mdl^
CO gap, mdt ehdn dudi thang, nga ngffdi v l w trffdc Id mpt nguygn tae gan nhff chung cho cde, saras cua cac cff dan quanh viing (Apsaras tac tren bde da cffa thdp Chffdng San - V Yen, Nam Djnh; d ehdn thap t h d bang dat nung, chan thap men, hay ehan cac cdt hoa day cCia eay thap Idn Long Dpi - Ha Nam Ninh... Dac biet la hinh tffpng con rdng Ly vdi mang nd banh, mat Idl ldn, m6t chige mui ddi nhuvdi voi, mdm iudn ha md, khong ed sffng, miii va tai nhff d cdc giai doan sau, tuy khdng hoan loan gidng vdi ran Vasuki va Naga 6 van hda An nhffng nd la sff hdi ty cda nhffng linll vat mang tinh than thanh ma nhigu ngffdi gpi \i nhCmg con vdt vu try, chi rieng eai dau nhff sff hpi t£E bdi ede thanh phan: cOa Voi, eiia bieu tffdng sam ehdp, vd mang bdng ddng thiiy quai Makara eiia An Dp. Tat nhien, rdng Ly qua sff lien tffdng ciia ngifcri Viet edn hdi vao dd ed nhffng bieu tffpng khae nfla nhff mdt thffe the tdng hda eua ed am dffdng, l i mpt con vdt vu try, mdt ddi tffpng de eau phdn thifi?
ciia ngffdi Viet vdi nhifrig van sd ba ngffa, van d ^ hdi, nhffng rau va tde chai (tffpng trffng sffc mann eua sam ehdp, mdy mffa...), diem xuyet quanh rdng la vai hat trdn cd kieu tdc chdi bay ra hai, ba phia nhff bieu hien ve sff chuyen ddng etia tinh tii, nen eiia rdng la van xoan vd hoa la thieng... Con rdng LJ da eho ehiing ta thay dffdc tam thffc ngffdi Viet van gan bd ehat ehe vdi tam thffc eua cdc eff dan trong eiing khu vffe Ddng A, Dong Nam A d dffdi trieu If.
Trong nhffng hien vat dd fim thay thudc trieu Ly eon ed hinh tupng Hd Phii (bieu tffpng tffpng tnmg cho sff no dii - mpt bieu tuong xuat hien nhigu trong tin
'5 4 (45) - 2013 - Ly luan chung
Nhang an chiia Ngpc Pinh, Thanh Oai. Hi N^i. da (1375] - Anh: Qudc Vy
ngUdng va nghe thuat tao hinh ciia cff dan ede nffde Ddng Nam A, dae bigt Id trong nghe thuat ed truyen Chdm) song d hinh thffe it dff ddi hon, nhff Hd Phff d vai tffpng ehua Long Dpi - Nam Ha.
d ITnh vffe cita kien tnic, nhff Giao sff Ngo Van Doanh da ndi thi ehinh chita Mdt Cdt la mdt bieu tupng ciia Mandala (Mandhara) - hinh tffdng bdng
^loa sen thanh khiet cao quy, sang trpng, mdt bleu trffng cffa Phdt giao An Dp. Gan day hdn, cac nha ighien cffu ddn tdc hpc my thuat cdn tim thay dffpc Jau lich con qu^ dau sdi dffdc tac thanh dai d dffdi De dai sen eiia 10 con thii d chua Phat Tich, tuy bd :ye khdng khde nghg thudt Cham la miy, song each Dilu hign cd mgm mai hdn.
Mat khae, nhieu kien tnic chua thdi Ly cdn de lai ihffng cay cdt da ma dien hinh Id cdt chiia Giam
;BIC Ninh), edt rdng d Hd Ndi, edt trdn d ehiia Bd rim, ept ehiia Unh Xffng. Tap trung vdo ept ehOa jiam, chung la thay dd la mdt cdy cdt vu try Idn. Ve Tiat hinh thffc, cdt nay gan gidng nhff Linga Mukha liia ngffdi Cham (cung la ti'n ngffdng thd ngudn idng vTnh cffu Silva cita nhieu cu ddn Ddng Nam A fuanh vimg) song to hon nhieu, dffpc dat ed djnh ihff mpt kign true.
Qua nhuhg ddi sanh, neu chi diia vdo hinh hffc bieu hign vd de tai, rd rdng giiira van hda An ] d vd vdn hda Viet da cd sff dnh hudng rat gan gui.
Anh hudng nay cdn mang tfnh ehat ehii ddng han bdi sau khi danh t h i n g qudn Tdng va lap kinh do tai Thang Long, trieu dinh nha Ly mudn giffdng eao ngon cd dan tdc, k h l n g djnh qudc gia Viet bang nghg thudt. Dieu nay eung da dffpc sff saeh ghi lai nhff "khdng mae g l m Tdng ma mac g l m Viet"...thi tinh t h i n "gidi" Hoa (khdng phdi "bai"
Hoa) la rat rd ret. Dd Id mpt y thffc de van hda Viet trd ve vdi "gia dinh"Ddng Nam A , lay nen tdng cd sdlavanhda AnDd.
Tuy nhien, cho dti my thudt eita ngudi Viet cd dnh hudng An Op hay cae nffde phffong Nam thi van mang mot sac thai rigng. Ngu d nhffng vting gan gui An nhu Cham Pa vdi gde la Malayd/Nam dao thffdng hpp vdl dac tinh vdn hda bien cd thi ngudi Viet lai hpp vdi van hda ndng nghiep. Bdi vay, neu nhff tinh chat manh mg khoang dat dffpc bde Id r l l rd ret trong ngh§ thuat lao hinh ciia ngffdi Chdm, thi tinh chat gm di, uyen chuyen, nhjp nhang, lap di lap lai day ehit trff tinh lai phd bien ddffdng net tao hinh cita ngffdi Viet. Sff khae biet nay de dang nhan thay trgn ede hien vat eua van hda Cham, Viet. Chang han nhu d nguygn mau ciia my thuat Cham Pa, con quy dau sdi dffdc bd euc hodnh trang, ddng tac xoay minh dfft khoat, tay chdn dang manh, ehdn dap thang, thi dtrong my thudt ngudi Viet the ddng ehan tay diiac chuyen hda co lai, gap
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NguySn Hdng Ngpc My tftuJl t n ^ thSng...
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nhjp tao sff mem mai, ddi khi edn diem xuyet tren thdn bang nhffng dai lya/dai dao bde len cang lam pha vd di sii ciJhg cdi cita nhffng cff dan ven bien an sdng ndi gid. Cung nhff the, mpt sd nha dan tpe hpe my thuat dd nhin nhdn va cho rang nhiJng pho tffdng cua Cham Pa ed mdt sffe tda manh ra ngoai, mang tinh hffdng ngoai, cdn tffpng eua ngffdi Viet nhff ed sffc htit vao bgn trong, mang linh chat hffdng ndi...
Nhff vay, vdo thdi Ly, tuy trffe tiep dnh hffdng vdn hda, tdn giao tin ngffdng tff An Dp va ciia nhffng khu vffe gan gui, song my thuat truyen thdng Viet van cd nhffng tfnh ehat rieng biet, tinh than Viet trgn nen tdng Iff duy ndng nghiep van la tinh than mudn thua eho dgn tdn ngay nay.
Trd lai vdi Ijch sff, chung ta nhan thay dao Phat vdi tinh c h i t vd t h i n tff bi hi xd vd thodt tue ngn dii nhigu nhd sff dd tham gia vdo ehfnh sff, song dae ttnh "Tff bi" va "Thoat tyc" ay khdng the tao ngn nen tdng i d chffc xa hdi lot, khd xdy dung dupe mdt chinh quyen vffng manh de bao ve dat nffde.
\fi thg ma ngay dgiai doan dau cita thdi Ly, bd mdy chinh quyen ft nhieu da cd xu hffdng nhin ve cd elu td chffc xa hdi cita Trung Hoa vdl he tff tffdng Nho giao de hpc tap. Dii cho nha Ly dugc sff img hp eiia Phdt phdiTi ni da lffu chi ma dtfng nen trieu dinh, song van phdi chuyen hda dao Phat dg tao nen 1 be d d tinh than cho xa hdi dffang thdi. Hp lap nen phai Thdo dffdng vdi ban ehat la sff dung hpi Phat gido va Nho gido, nham mue dfeh dffa tff tffdng Nho giao vao td chffc xa hpi. He qud la ngay vdo nam 1070, nha Ly da cho xdy dffng Van migu Qude Tff Gidm. Tff dd, vai trd ciia Nho sT ngay mpt phdt trien manh, vai trd eua cdc nha sff d i n bj day vg ehdn Thien mdn.
Chinh Iff nhffng yeu eau thffe te do eua hch sff, hg tff tffdng Nho giao va tang Idp Nho sT ngay cdng phat trien va chigm ffu the dffdi thdi Tran da dnh hffdng trffe tigp den My thudt giai doan nay Nhiing hien vat cdn lai eua my thuat thdiTran cho thay: tuy giai doan ndy van cdn sffdung hinh tffpng Khan na
la (nhffdehtiaThai Lac-Hffng Ygn) song mdti'pffl xa dan vdi bdn gde, hinh nhffng nhae si thign thin i l nhigu da dnh hffdng cita Trung Hoa (each b i ^ hien gffdng mat bgo tdt day dan hdn) ddng thdico nhffng bleu hien dot ngpt trong tao hinh (nhff tay tien nff dang hoa mpc ra tff mdt ben vai mdt cadi ngau hijmg...) bde Id su phi An, phi Hoa, song nhifng hinh Iffpng dd da ngd dan sang dnh hffdng van hoi Trung Hoa rat rd.
Vao ndm 1262, vdi chtia Phd Minh, ngffdi tathay xuat hign nhieu con rdng vd thu ndy sffng nai hai chae, ed Idng dudi. Dae biet la vdi eay thdp Pho Minh nign dai 1310, d t r a n Idng thap da cdrong Iffng vdng udn iiing ngffa, mang dang dap ctia eon rdng Trung Hoa. NhU vay, ngay tff dau thdi Tr^
ehiing ta da thay sff dnh hffdng eua Iff tffdng Nra gido eung vdi sff phat t r i l n eua Nho gido va tang Idp Nho sT nhff la mpt be d d eho van hda Trung Hoa xdm nhdp vao xd hdi Viet dffdng thdi.
He qud nit ra ddi vdi nhffng hpc gid nghign cdn ve My thuat truyen thdng Viet la: Khdng cd cai goi
"Phat giao la qudc gido d nffde ta vdo thdi L^va thdi Tran". Ma my thuat Ly dffpc gidi han tap trung vao khodng giai doan chdng Tdng, binh Chiem vdi nign dai phd bien eu the ehi tff nffa cudi the ki thil XI sang 30 nam dau eita the ki thff XII. Ddng thc^
my thuat thdi Trin sdm nhat biet dffpe hien nn eoi nhu gan vdi chua Phd Minh ed nign dai nam 1262. Phan chia nhff vdy eung eho ehiing ta thay rd: ed mdt khoang khuyet thieu ciia my thuat giiTa thdi Ly va thdi Tran dai den tren mdt the kl. Nhu thg ed the tam bac bd nhdn thffe gdp my thuat cfla hai thdi kl nay vao lam mdt - nghTa Id khdng ct nen my thuat Ly - Tran ma my thudt I)/ rieng, my thuat Tran rigng./.
(Ky sau ddng tiip^
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(Ngay niton bai: 05/10/2013; Ngay piidn bien adnli giS 29/10/20]3:Ngdyduyetdangbdi:2S/J1/2011].
Nguyen Hong Nggc: TraditiotialFme Arts In Early Independence Age through Cultural Heritage The paper argues on the historical flow and based on Vietnamese Buddhist fine arts to conclude some basic characteristics of these arts under feudal ages. Thus it says much about the De-Chinesization in tiie ideological aspect in Ly dynasty, and then in formal exchange in later dynasties, and some other coi»
ments.