NGHIEN ciru - TRAO DOI
PHAP LUATCUAWTO,HOAI(YVAEUVETHIJTVC)(EM XET LUIHUECHdNGBA^
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huc tien chong bdn phd gid (BPG) Irong thucmg mgi quoe ll cho Ihay, trong s6 cdc bi^n phdp chong BPG (gdm bi?n phdp tgm thdi, cam kci vc gid vd thue chong BPG), thul chong BPG Id bi§n phap dugc dp dyng phd bidn nhat. Sir dT nhu v§y bdi bi?n phdp tgm thdi chua phdi Id bi?n phdp chong BPG ehinh thiic va cam kdt ve gid chi dugc dp dung trong li Id rat nhd cdc vy ki^n ch6ng BPG ndn sy quan tam vd thii tuc xem xdt Igi ihudng dugc hudng vd thud chdng BPG md khdng phai la hai hinh thirc cdn Igi.Phdp ludl ciia WTO, Hoa Ky vd EU diu quy dinh miic thud chdng BPG cd thd hi xem xet Igi qua ba logi thii tuc dugc lidn hanh d nude nhap khdu, dd Id: khieu kien tu phdp (judicial review); rd sodt hdnh chinh giiia ki (interim review); rd soat cudi ki (expiry review). Ngoai ba loai thii tuc ndy, thud chdng BPG ndi rigng vd viee dp dyng bien phdp chdng BPG ndi chung ciia nude nhdp khdu cdn cd the bi khilu ki?n vd dugc gidi quydt theo co chi gidi quydt tranh ch^p ciia WTO.
1. Khieu kifn tu* phdp
Khieu kien tu phdp Id Ihii tyc xem xet Igi quyet dinh cudi ciing cua ca quan cd thdm quyen ciia nude nhdp khau ngay sau khi quygt dinh dugc dua ra. Vdn dl cd thd bi khieu kidn tu phap khdng chi gidi hgn trong phgm vi thud chdng BPG va cac bidn phdp
TS. VU TH! PHUONG LAN * ch6ng BPG md cdn cd ihl Id quydt dinh hdnh chinh khdc ciia co quan c6 tham quyln trong qud trinh gidi quydl vy vide chdng BPG. Cac bdn cd Igi ich lign quan tdi vu ki^n ch6ng BPG nhu doanh nghi?p xudt khau, nhgp khdu, doanh nghi?p trong ngdnh sdn xudt ngi dia ciia nude nhdp khdu v.v., ddu cd quyln khieu kien tu phdp khi hp khdng thod mdn vdi quydt dinh cudi cung ciia CO quan cd thdm quydn.
WTO quy dinh mgi qudc gia thdnh vien diu phdi quy djnh trong phdp lugt qudc ngi cdc Ihii tyc hodc thidt chd nhat dinh dS thyc hi$n viec xem xet Igi quydt dinh cuoi ciing vl chdng BPG khi cac bdn lidn quan thyc hidn quydn khidu kidn tu phdp eua minh. Tiiy didu kien md cdc qudc gia co thg lya chgn mgt trong cac md hinh sau ddy: I) Thu tyc va thidt chd tu phdp; 2) Thii lyc va Ihidt chd tai phan hdnh chinh; 3) Thu lyc va thilt chd trgng tdi; 4) Thii tuc khieu ngi hdnh chinh (dogn 1 Didu 13 Hi?p dinh chdng BPG - Anti-Dumping Agreement - ADA ndm 1994). Theo quy dinh cua WTO, eho dii thugc md hinh nao thi thidt chd gidi quyet khidu kidn chong BPG cung phdi ddc Igp vdi CO quan cd quyet dinh vd chdng BPG bi khieu ngi (doan 2 Dilu 13 - ADA nam 1994). Ddy
* Gidng vifin chlnh Khoa phdp luat qu6c t l Trudng Dgi hpc Lual Hd Ndi
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dugc xem la lieu ehi bit di bdt dich bdi nd bao ddm cho vide gidi quygt khidu ki?n dugc khdeh quan, cdng bdng.
C) Hoa Ky, bdi cir bdn lign quan ndo ciing cd quygn khidu kidn quydl dinh hanh chinh cua Bg thuang mgi Hoa Ky (US Department of Commerce - DOC) vd Uy ban thuang mgi qudc td Hoa Ky (US International Trade Commission - ITC). Vide khidu ki?n ndy phdi dugc Ihyc hi?n trong vdng 30 ngdy kd tir ngdy quydt dinh bi ki?n dd dugc ddng trdn edng bdo. Co quan cd thdm quyen giai quygt khigu kien quydl dinh hanh chinh vd chdng BPG eua Hoa Ky la Toa an thuang mgi qudc td (The United Stales Court of International Trade - CIT). Tod an ndy boat dgng gidng nhu toa an hanh chinh chir khdng phdi la tod dn tu phdp. Khi nhdn dugc don khidu kien quygt dinh hanh chinh vg chdng BPG, toa dn se tign hanh xel xii dua trdn hd sa do cdc bdn nop chii khdng id chirc phign xet xii bang Idi ndi nhu thu luc xet xir tu phap thdng thudng (Didu I5I6a(a).2 The US Code - USC 19). Khi xel xii, CIT ehi xem xel Hdu quydt dinh bi khidu Itidn cd dugc ban hdnh trdn co sd cdc
"chiing Cli quan trgng" vd cd "ludn ihii phdp ludt hay khdng", nghTa Id chi xem xel ddn van dd phdp li chii khdng xem xet Igi ndi dung vu vide. Neu phat hien thdy quyet dinh bi kien ban hdnh khdng du can cii hoac vi pham phap lugt thi CIT cd quydn bai bd quydt dinh dd va chuyen vu viec ehdng BPG trd Igi eho co quan hdnh chinh cd Ihdm quyln xem xet vd quygt dinh Igi trgn CO sd luan Ihu phan quygt cua toa an (Didu
1516a (a).3 USC 19). Phdn quyel cua CIT cd hidu lyc ngay sau khi dugc tuydn va cd thi bi kidn ldn Tod dn phuc thdm Hat Lign bang (The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit) de dugc xem xdt lai.
0 EU, cdc bdn lidn quan irong vy kidn chdng BPG cd the khilu ki?n quyll dinh hdnh chinh eua Uy ban chdu Au (UBCA) vd Hgi ddng chdu Au (HDCA) ldn Tod dn so thim chdu Au (The Court of First Instance).
Thdi hieu khdi ki?n Id 2 thang kg tir khi quydl dinh hanh chinh dugc thdng bdo cho ben khdi kien hoac kd tii khi quyel dinh dd dugc cdng khai. Toa dn so thdm chdu Au chi xem xel vdn de phap Ii cua quygt dinh bi kidn ma khdng xem xdt ngi dung cu thd cua vu viec. Tod dn so tham chdu Au cd thd ra phdn quydt giii nguygn hodc huy bd quygt dinh hi kien. Cae bdn khdng hdi long vdi quygt dinh nay cd thg khang an theo thii tuc phiic thdm Idn Toa an cdng Ii chau Au (The European Court of Justice - ECJ).
Phdn quygt eua Tod an cong Ii chdu Au cd gia tri chung tham.
2. Ra soat hanh chinh giii-a ki (interim review)
Rd sodt hanh chinh giura ki Id bien phdp xem xet Igi thug chdng BPG da dugc dp dat ddi vdi sdn phdm bi kien BPG. Vl ban chdt, day Id thii tyc hdnh chinh do bdn thdn co quan hdnh chinh cd thdm quyln chdng BPG eua nude nhdp khau ly thyc hi?n.
Theo quy dinh eiia WTO, bidn phdp chdng BPG chi dugc phep sii dung vd cd hieu luc chimg ndo nd cdn cdn thilt dl logi trir BPG gdy thiet hai (Didu ll.l ADA nam
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1994). Chinh vi vgy, rd sodt hdnh ehinh gi&a ki dugc CO quan cd thdm quyln thyc hi?n sau khoang thdi gian nhit djnh dd dp dyng bi?n phdp chong BPG vd vdi myc lidu xdc dinh xem liic ndy vi^c I3PG gdy thi?l hgi dd dugc loai trir hay ehua. Hai bidn phdp ch6ng BPG cd ihc dugc tien hdnh rd sodt gitia ki Id thud chdng BPG vd cam kit ve gid. Bi§n phdp tgm thdi khdng thugc dii-n rd sodt giiia ki. Ra sodt hdnh chinh giO'a ki dugc liln hdnh tren co sd de xuit cua cdc ben lidn quan. Bdn ydu cau rd sodt cd the ydu cau ca quan cd tham quyen cua nude nhap khau xem xdt vd tra Idi hai van dd:
Moi la vide tidp luc ap dung bi?n phdp dd cd edn edn thidt dg logi trir thuc tien BPG cd lidn quan nua khdng?
Hai Id ndu nhu thay ddi bidn phdp chong BPG (bao gdm cd vide thay ddi mire thud chdng BPG) hodc dd bd bidn phap chdng BPG thi lieu thidt hai cd cdn xdy ra niia khdng? (Dilu 11.2 ADA ndm 1994). NIU qua qua trinh rd sodl, co quan cd tham quyen thdy rang viec dp dyng thud chdng BPG hodc cam kgt vg gid khdng edn cdn thilt thi bidn phdp chdng BPG tuong ling phai dugc dd bd ngay lap tiic.
C) Hoa Ky, ra sodl giiia ki dugc ggi Id "rd sodt do thay ddi hodn cdnh" (Review based on changed circumstance); dugc quy djnh tgi Dilu 1675(b) USC 19. Vi$e rd sodl ndy dugc liln hanh bdi ITC sau 24 thdng kl lir khi ban hanh lenh dp thug chdng BPG va theo ydu cdu rd sodt eiia mgt trong cdc bgn. Trong dd, bgn cd ygu cdu phdi ndu li Id chiing minh tinh hinh lidn quan tdi vu vide chdng BPG va
hdng hod dd cd sy thay d6i cdn thilt phdi dugc rd sodt nlu Ii 16 thuylt phyc dugc ITC thi ca quan ndy sd tidn hdnh vide ra sodt. Npi dung rd sodl vd nhQng van de ra sodt vl co bdn gi6ng quy dinh ciia WTO.
Trgn thyc tl, rd sodt do thay ddi hodn cdnh Id thii lyc khdng qud quan trgng dli vdi cdc bdn lien quan ldi vu ki?n chdng BPG tgi Hoa Ky. L( do Id Hoa Ky dp dung bifn phdp tinh thul sau tren ca sd thyc tien chong BPG trong Ihdi gian ap thul. Vi^c tfnh thue sau dugc tiln hdnh theo yeu ciu cua cdc bdn lidn quan, ihudng Id nhd xuat khiu bi ddnh thul BPG theo Irinh ty ggi Id rd sodt dinh ki (periodic review) hay rd scat hdnh chinh (administrative re\ iew). Khi rd sodt dinh ki, DOC sd tiln hdnh xac dinh gia tri thdng thudng, gid xuat khdu vd bidn dO phd gid Ihyc Id ciia san pham da nhap khdu BPG trong giai dogn bi dp thud, qua d6 DOC quylt dinh miic thud chdng BPG phu hgp cho giai dogn ndy. Chinh thii tyc rd soat dinh ki ndy chii khong phdi la thii tuc rd sodl giiia ki, mdi dugc cdc bdn quan tam nhidu han. Tuy nhien, cung cdn luu y Id khi lien hdnh rd sodt dinh ki, DOC sg khdng xem xel tdi vide lieu nen tigp tuc ddnh thue BPG hay ndn dd bd thud chdng BPG. Cu quan ndy chi dan gian thuc hidn cdng doan kl thudt tinh todn miic thul chdng BPG cho diing vdi thyc td BPG.
Doi vdi EU, vi?c tiln hanh rd soat giiia ki cd vai trd hit sire quan trgng ddi vdi nha nhdp khau hi ddnh thud chdng BPG d thi trudng ndy. Bdi le EU ap dung cdch tinh thul chong BPG theo each thirc tinh trudc,
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tire Id dn dinh miic thul cd dinh tir trudc vd dp dung ddi vdi tdt cd cac Id hang nhap khdu sau dd cho dii khi dd sdn pham dugc bdn vdi miic gid ndo. Chinh vi vdy ma ra sodt giiia ki Id co hdi dd doanh nghiep xuit khdu, nhap khau ydu cdu UBCA dilu chinh miic thud chdng BPG cho phu hgp vdi thyc lien thuang mgi ciia minh.
Theo quy dinh ciia EU, rd sodt giua ki cd thg dugc tidn hanh theo ydu cdu ciia doanh nghiep cd lidn quan hodc do Uy ban chdu Au (UBCA) Ihay can thidt phdi lien hanh. Trong mgi trudng hgp, rd sodl giiia ki chi cd the dugc thyc hien sau it nhdt I ndm kg tir thdi digm dp dyng thug chdng BPG.
EU ydu cdu doanh nghigp dg nghi rd sodt phdi dua ra dugc bdng chirng thuygt phuc cho thay vide dp dung bi?n phdp chdng BPG Id khdng cdn Ihidl hodc ndu dd bd bien phap ehdng BPG thi thiet hgi vdn se khdng xay ra. Cdc doanh nghiep thugc nganh sdn xuat ngi dia ciia EU eiing cd thg sii dyng rd sodt giiia ki nhu eo hgi de nang them miic thud chdng BPG ndu hg chiing minh dugc mire thud chdng BPG hidn tgi khdng dii dd logi trii viee BPG gay hgi (Digu 11.3 Quy dinh ciia Hgi ddng chdu Au - European Council - EC 384/96).
Khi nhdn dugc don dd nghi rd sodt giiia ki, UBCA se liln hdnh qud trinh didu tra luang lu nhu khi didu tra ban dau. Kgt ludn cua UBCA sau khi kit thiic didu tra se dugc trinh Idn Hdi ddng chdu Au (HDCA) dd dua ra mgt trong ba logi quyll dinh: 1) huy bd bien phap chdng BPG; 2) giii nguygn bien phap chdng BPG; 3) siia ddi bien phdp
chdng BPG md Ihudng Id sira ddi miic thug chdng BPG.
3. Ra soat cuoi ki (expiry review) hay rd soM hoang hdn (sunset review)
Rd sodt cudi ki Id vide ca quan cd thdm quyln xem xet lai bien phdp chdng BPG trudc khi bidn phap nay hdt hieu lue dg xac dinh xem cd tilp tyc dp dung bidn phdp chdng BPG dd niia hay khdng.
WTO quy djnh vl ra sodt cudi ki nhu sau: "Bdt ki ihui chdng BPG [hodc cam ket ve gid] ndo ciing phdi bi het hieu luc vdo ngdy khong mudn han 5 ndm ke lir khi dugc dp dung, irif khi ca quan cd thdm quyen quyel dinh.. rang viec chdm dut dp dung thue chong BPG [hoac cam ket ve gid] cd the ddn ldi su tdn tgi tiep tuc cua linh trgng BPG va thiet hgi do no gdy ra" (Didu 11.3 ADA nam 1994). Nhu vdy, sau tdi da 5 ndm kg tir khi dp dung, coi nhu viec BPG va thidt hgi da dugc logi bd va do do bidn phap chdng BPG, trudc tien la thud chdng BPG se duong nhidn bet hieu lye. Tuy nhidn, ngu qua rd sodl trudc thdi digm hgt hieu lyc md phat hign ra rang thue td vdn tdn tgi BPG bode ndu cham diit hieu luc cua bidn phdp chdng BPG thi hien lugng BPG vdn tidp tuc tai dien, khi dd bidn phdp chdng BPG ndy van cd thd dugc duy tri. Didu dd cho thdy, ra sodt cudi ki ludn dugc tidn hdnh vdi gia dinh rang thyc tidn BPG vd tac dgng gdy hai ciia Ihyc lidn dd da cham diit vd do dd, bidn phap ehdng BPG phdi dugc chim dirt trii khi Ihyc le rd sodl chiing minh dilu ngugc lai. Vi vay, ra sodt cudi ki chi cd thg dugc tidn hdnh nlu nhu cd dd nghi cua nganh sdn xuit ngi dia
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NGHIEN Ci/U-TRAO 0 6 l
cua nude nhdp khdu - bdn "ngn nhdn" ciia thye tien chdng BPG. Bdn cgnh dd, co quan cd thdm quyen cua nude nhgp kbrm cung cd the ly minh quylt dinh tiln hdnh rd sodt cudi ki. Tuy nhidn. day khdng phdi Id trudng hgp phd biln vd trong mgi trudng hgp, rd soat cudi ki khdng bao gid dugc xem Id m^t Ihi.
lyc ty dgng moi khi bidn phdp chong BPG sdp hit hieu lyc.
Phdp lugl Hoa Ky vg van dg ndy cd sy thay ddi dang kd so vdi WTO. Theo phdp lugl Hoa K>. 5 ndm sau khi dp dyng bidn phdp chdng BPG, IIC vd DOC "phdi lijn hanh rd sodl Jc quyci dinh, ..., li?u viC'c dd bo thue chdng BPG co ddn Idi linh trgng Hep tuc cd BPG vd ihiel hai ddng ke hay khdng".
(Didu 1675(e) USC 19). Thu luc rd sodt cudi ki d Hoa Ky dugc xem nhu Ihu tyc lu dgng ma DOC va ITC phdi tidn hdnh moi khi sdp ldi hgn chdm dirt hieu lyc cua thud chdng BPG. Tinh thdn dp dung bien phdp rd sodl cudi ki nay d Hoa Ky thd hidn tinh bdo hg rat cao. Cd Id vi thg ma thudt ngii: "rd sodt hodng hdn" dugc su dung nhu tdn ggi ihir hai eiia ihii tue rd sodt cudi ki da xudt phdt lir ddt nude nay. Cung Iim y la co quan cd iham quydn eiia Hoa Ky chua bao gid sir dung thuat ngCr "ra sodt cudi ki" (expiry review) trong cae ldi li?u chlnh thiic. Thay vdo do, hg sir dyng thudt ngii "rd soat 5 nam" (five-year review).
Quy trinh lien hdnh rd sodl hodng hdn ciia Hoa Ky eung cd thd dem Igi nhidu bit Igi eho nhd xudt khdu vdo thi trudng nay. 30 ngdy trudc ngay hit thdi han 5 ndm ciia thul chdng BPG (md phdp lugt Hoa Ky ggi Id
"ngay ki ni?m 5 ndm dp dung thud chong BPG"), DOC sd Ihdng bdo trdn Cdng bdo lidn bang ve vi?c sdp ddn ban 5 ndm vd sg lien hdnh rd sodt hodng hon. Ciing vdi thdng bdo Id ydu ciu bdn cd lien quan phdi cung cap quan diem eiia minh ve vi?c cd tham gia thu lyc rd sodt hay khdng, ndn de hay bd thue chAng BPG vd tdc dgng cua nd, cung nhu thdng tin can thidt khdc do DOC hay ITC ydu ciu (Didu 1675(c)(2) USC 19).
Trong thdi hgn 30 ngdy, ngu ede bdn lien quan khdng hdi am hodc hdi am vdi Ihdng tin khdng dii nhu yeu cau thi DOC vd ITC van lidn hdnh rd sodl hodng hdn dya lien thdng tin ma hg sdn cd (Didu 1675(c)(3) USC 19). Cd thi ndi, thdi ban ndy Id qud ngdn dd cdc bdn lidn quan, ddc biet la doanh nghiep xudt khdu bdn ngodi Idnh thd Hoa Ky, chuan hi ddy dii h6 so vd thdng tin theo ydu cau cua co quan ed tham quyen.
Doanh nghi?p cung khdng the ehudn bi tit trudc bdi phdp ludt Hoa Ky da quy dinh rd rang la cd nhiing thdng tin chi din khi phia Hoa K> dua ra trong ihdng bdo 3D ngay Irudc thdi hgn 5 ndm mdi dugc cdng bo (Dilu 1675(c)(2)(C). USC 19).
Sau thii lye ra sodl hodng hdn ndu mpt trong hai co quan Id DOC vd ITC ra kgt lugn phii djnh, tiic Id vide chdm dirt thud chdng BPG khdng lam tai xudt hi?n vi?c BPG va thidt hgi thi DOC ra quyet dinh nit lai (cham din hi?u luc) l?nh dp ddt thul chdng BPG.
Neu ca hai eo quan ndy cd kit lugn khdng dinh thi quyel dinh dp dgt thul chdng BPG vdn dugc duy tri thdm 5 ndm niia.
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Phdp ludl BU sii dung thugl ngii "ra soat cudi ki" thay cho "rd sodt hodng hdn" dl thd hien bdn chat ciia binh Ihire rd sodl hanh chinh nay mgt each chuan xac han. Thii luc rd sodt cudi ki ciing khdng dugc xem la thii tuc lu dgng ma chi cd Ihg dugc tiln hdnh khi cd dg nghi ciia nganh sdn xuat ngi dia ciia EU hoac bdn than UBCA Ihay can thiet phdi tign hanh. Phap lugl EU quy dinh rdng sau thdi hgn 5 nam Ihi bien phdp chdng BPG se duong rihien hdt hieu lyc trir khi viec rd soat dua tdi quygt dinh rang vide hdt hieu lye ciia bien phap chdng BPG cd khd ndng tigp dien tinh trang BPG vd thiet hai (doan 1 Dieu 11.2 Quy dinh EC 384/96). NIU khd ndng BPG van tigp tyc xdy ra thi thdi ban dp thud chdng BPG ed thd se dugc keo ddi.
EU ciing quy dinh thdng bdo ve viec sap hgt thdi hgn 5 nam phai dugc dang trgn Cdng bdo eiia Cong dong chau Au (Official Journal of the European Communities) it nhat 3 thang, trude khi din thdi han 5 nam do. EU ygu cau trong khoang thdi gian nay, nganh san xuat ndi dia tuong ling cua minh ciing phai nop dl nghi ra sodt cudi ki (neu cd), it nhat ba thang trudc thdi han trdn. Nhu vgy, thdng bao vl vide sdp din thdi hgn 5 nam phdi dugc dang sdm ban rat nhidu, tren thyc tg thudng la 6 thang trudc khi ddn thdi han 5 nam. Didu nay cho phep cdc bgn lign quan, dac biet Id doanh nghiep xuat khau cd nhigu thdi gian va digu kidn dd ehudn bi hd so phuc vy rd soat cudi ki ciia minh. Ngodi ra, EU cdn quy dinh nha xudi khau, nhap khau, dai didn eua nude xuat khau lien quan ciing nhu nha san xuit ngi dia phai dugc tgo co
hgi trinh bay, binh luan va dua ra y kidn vd vin dd dugc ndu Irong ydu cau rd sodl cudi ki (Didu 11 Quy dinh EC 384/96).
Tit cd nhihig phan tich Irdn ddy cho thdy doanh nghiep xuit khdu sd d vdo thd bat Igi rit ldn khi co quan cd tham quyln cua Hoa Ky tiln hdnh Ihu tyc ra sodt hodng hdn.
Nguygn nhdn ddn din bit Igi don thuin lir nhiing yeu ciu kT thudt vd Ii. Hoa Ky ciing da timg khdng dudi mgt iin bi chi trieh vi pham quy dinh cua WTO vi khi tign hanh ra sodl hodng hdn hg ludn cd edeh tigp can Ihg hien dinh kiln cho rdng ndu nhu dd bd thud chdng BPG thi chdc chdn se tidp tuc xdy ra vin dd BPG. Cd le day la li do ddn ddn tinh trang ti Id ra soat cudi ki ddn ldi vide keo dai thdi hgn ap dung thud ehdng BPG eua Hoa Ky cao hon rat nhigu so vdi ty le tuong img d EU (thudng gap tir 1,5 dgn 2 Ian).
4. Khieu kien theo thu tuc giai quyet tranh chap cua WTO
Vg thuc chat, co chg giai quydt trarih chap chdng BPG Irong khudn khd WTO ehinh Id co chd gidi quydt tranh chap thuong mgi qudc td ndi chung ciia td chtrc nay, trdn ea sd thod thudn vd quy tac va thii tyc didu ehinh vide gidi quydt tranh chap (DSU) dugc cac nude thanh vien thdng qua cimg vdi Hidp dinh Marrakesh thanh lap WTO.
WTO quy dinh he Ihdng co quan gidi quydt tranh chdp tir cao din thip bao gdm:
- Co quan giai quydt tranh chip (Disputes Settlement Body - DSB): Ddy Id ca quan giai quydl tranh chip ciia WTO. DSB bao gom dgi didn ciia tat ca cac qudc gia thanh vidn ndn thuc chit DSB chinh la Dai hdi
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ddng WTO. Co quan ndy gidi quyet Iranh chip trong WTO bdng each thdng qua cdc bdo cao (ihyc chat Id dd xuat giai quyel tranh chap do Ban hgi iham vd Co quan phiic ihdm trinh ten) chir khdng ly minh gidi quyll tranh chap vc mdi ngi dung. Cdc quyel dinh ciia DSB dugc thdng qua Iheo nguyen lac ddng Ihugn ngugc (reverse consensus). Theo nguyen lde ndy Ihi nh&ng dg xudi gidi quyel vu vi^c do Co quan phiic Iham hay Ban hgi Iham ciia WTO trinh Idn se duong nhidn dugc thdng qua trCi trudng hgp tat ca cdc thdnh vign ciia DSB nhat tri khdng Ihdng qua dd xudt dd. Ndi cdch khdc.
thii luc tgi DSB thay vi thii lyc ihdng qua sd Id thii tyc khdng thdng qua vd vi?c khdng thdng qua chi cd hieu lue khi cd sy nhdl tri eua lat ca cdc thdnh vien. Cung chinh vi vdy md nguygn tac nay cdn cd tdn ggi khdc Id
"ddng thudn phii quydt" hay "ddng thugn chdng lai" hay "ddng Ihugn nghich" (consensus against). Vide dp dung nguygn tdc nay lam cho cdc bao cdo eiia Co quan phuc thdm bode Ban hgi thdm trinh Ign DSB chdc chdn se dugc thdng qua. Didu dd eung cd nghia la chinh Co quan phuc thdm ho$c Ban hdi thim ciia WTO mdi ihuc su Id co quan dua ra phdn quyel gidi quyel Iranh chap vg mdt ngi dung. Vdi viec dp dyng nguydn lde ndy, phdn quylt gidi quydl Iranh chip ciia WTO dugc dua ra mgt cdch de ddng hem nhilu so vdi trudc ddy, qua dd thuc diy sy phdt triln ciia he thdng lugl le ciia id chiic thuong mgi Idn nhat the gidi nay.
- Co quan phue Ihdm (Appellate Body):
Thill chg nay gdm 7 Ihdnh vidn do DSB bd
nhi§m. Day ciing Id mgt trong so eac thiet chi thudng tryc ciia WTO. Thanh vidn ciia ca quan ndy Id nhiing chuydn gia cd kien thirc uygn iham ve phdp lugt thuong mgi qudc ll va cdc ITnh vyc ciia WTO. Moi ihdnh vidn dugc bd nhi^m cho nhi?m ki 4 ndm vd chi cd thg dugc bd nhi?m Igi mpt lan. Ca quan nry cd iham quydn xem xet khfa cgnh phdp li vd gidi thich phdp luat trong bdo cdo ciia Ban hgi Ihdm chii khdng didu Ira Igi vu vide hay chap nhgn thgm chirng cir mdi. Kel ludn cua Co quan phiic tham cd thd Id gi& nguygn, siia ddi hodc bdi bd kit ludn ciia Ban hgi tham. Sau khi d3 dugc Ihdng qua bdi DSB, bdo cdo ciia Co quan phiic thdm khdng thg hi phdn ddi hay khigu ngi tidp.
- Ban hgi thdm (Panel): Ddy chinh Id co' quan xet xir so tham vy khidu ki?n trong khudn khd WTO, trong dd cd vu vide ve ehdng BPG. Ban hgi thdm do DSB thdnh Igp ridng cho ihoi vy ki^n. Didu dd ciing c6 nghTa ddy Id ca quan lam Ihdi dugc Ihanh lap dd Ihyc hi?n nhi?m vy cu the theo dieu khodn di kdm vdi vi?e thanh igp. Thdnh vien eiia Ban hgi tham gdm tir 3 den 5 ngudi la nhCing chuydn gia phdp lugt gidi ddn lii khoi chinh phu hodc lu nhdn. Vdi tu cdch la co quan xet xu, Ban hgi tham sd tidn hdnh thdm tra vd xet xii theo thu tyc hit siic chdt che eiia WTO. Kdt qua cdng vi^c cua Ban hpi tham se Id bdn bdo cdo trong dd ndu nhgn dinh cua minh vd dd xuat xii li vu viec. Bao cdo ndy dugc gui ldn DSB thdng qua thdnh phdn quydl chinh thiic.
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NGHIEN CCrU-TRAO DOI
Van dd cd the bi kidn theo Ihu tyc gidi quyel Iranh chap trong khudn khd WTO chi cd thd la:
- Cac bien phdp chdng BPG, bao gdm:
thud chdng BPG; cam kdt vd gid; bien phdp tam thdi, vdi didu kien la bidn phdp tgm thdi cd dnh hudng dang kd ldi nen kinh te nude xuat khau va qudc gia nguydn don cho rdng bien phap nay khdng tuan thii quy dinh ciia WTO vd viec dp dung bien phdp lam thdi.
- Quy dinh ciia phdp ludt cae nude thdnh vign vg chdng BPG ma qudc gia nguydn don cho rang cd vi pham phdp ludl WTO.
Khdc biel ca ban giiia viee gidi quygt khigu kien BPG trong khudn khd WTO vdi cdc loai thii tuc ciia Hoa Ky va EU phan tich trdn day Id d ehd tranh chap dua ra gidi quygt d WTO la Iranh chap giiia ede qude gia thanh vien WTO. Vi vgy, chi cd cdc nude ihdnh vign dai didn bdi chinh phii ciia hg mdi cd quydn khdi kidn tgi WTO. Tuy nhidn, Igi ich tryc tidp trong vu kien chdng BPG thudng Id Igi ich ciia doanh nghiep ngn cdc doanh nghigp thudng tac ddng tdi chinh phii nude minh dg lien hdnh viec khdi kign. Cae qudc gia cung ihudng tham gia Irong vu tranh chdp ve chdng BPG tgi WTO thdng qua doan dgi didn vd doanh nghiep hay ngdnh sdn xuat, xuat khau cd Igi ich true lidp cd Ihl cd dai dien ciia minh trong thdnh phan doan dai dien eiia Chinh phii.
Nhu vdy, qua nhiing phan tich tren day cd thg nhdn thdy thii tyc xem xet Igi thud ehdng BPG la thii tue tuong ddi phirc tgp, mang tinh kT thudt cao. Ngoai trir thu tuc khilu kidn tu phap cd Ihd khdng lidn quan
nhilu ldi linh loan tdi chinh vd kinh td ddi vdi hdng hod nhdp khdu cung nhu gia Iri ciia hdng hod nhap khdu, cdc thu luc ra sodl giiia ki vd cudi ki lap lai phdn Idn hodc hdu nhu lodn bg Ihii tuc tinh todn nhu khi ddnh thud ehdng BPG ban dau. Thu tuc xem xet lai thue chdng BPG dudi hinh thirc khidu ki?n tu phdp ciia Hoa Ky vd EU ed su gidng nhau gdn nhu hodn todn. Tuy gidi quydl khidu kien lu phap dugc ihyc hien bdi cac logi tod dn khdc nhau song vc bdn chat, Ihti tuc dd mang tinh chdi id tung hanh chinh.
Ngugc Igi, thu luc rd sodt giO'a ki va cudi ki ciia Hoa Ky vd EU lai cd su khdc nhau dang kg. Khi ra sodt giOa kl, EU cd thg xem xet viee buy bd thug chdng BPG, trong khi dd Hoa Ky khdng xem xet dieu nay. Khi ra sodl cudi ki, each tidp can cua Hoa Ky ludn theo hudng coi vide lidp luc danh thug chdng BPG Id mac nhidn eho dgn khi chiing minh dugc didu dd Id khdng can ihidl.
Trong khi dd, tinh than rd soat cudi ki ciia EU sdi hgp vdi eac quy dinh cua WTO ban, tiic theo hudng coi thud chdng BPG mde nhidn hdt hidu lye cho ddn khi chiing minh dugc rang viee tigp tyc ddnh thug Id can thiet. Thdi hgn md EU cho phdp duang su chuan bi cung rdng rai hon so vdi Hoa Ky.
Chinh vi vay, nhin chung gidi lugt su ciing nhu doanh nghidp ddu kdt ludn rang he thdng xem xet Igi thug ciia Hoa Ky mang linh bdo hd eao ban vd gdy nhidu bat Igi hon cho doanh nghiep xudt khau, trong khi dd he Ihdng ciia EU dugc xem Id edng bang vd hgp li ban./.
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