NGHliN CUU
Thuc trang va mdt so ki^n nghi nham day manh phat trien cac doanh nghidp logistics tai Thanh pho Hai Phong
TS. Pham van Hfing Truong Cao dang Cong nghe Viettronics
Torn tdt: Dudi tde dOng eua qud trinh hOi nhdp sdu rOng cua ndn kinh td Wdt Nam vdo ndn kinh td thd gidi, nhu cdu vd linh vyc kinh doanh logistics dang tang nhanh. Tuy nhien, cdc doanh nghi$p kinh doanh hong linh vyc logistics dang edn gdp nhidu khd khan do ca ede didu kidn bdn ngodi vd cdc didu ki^n bdn trong doanh nghidp.
Mdi trudng phdp ly, cdc di^u kidn vd kdt cdu hg tdng giao thdng, cdng ngh^ thdng Un ehua dupe nhd nudc ddu tu kip thdi. Nang lye vd vdn, cOng nghd, con ngudi, trinh dd qudn iy...eOn nhidu hgn chd. Bai vidt ddnh gid tiiyc trang mdi trudng bdn trong cflng nhu mdi trudng bdn ngodi doanh nghidp kinh doanh trong linh vyc logistics, tfl dd, dd xudt mOt sd kidn nghj nhdm giflp cdc doanh nghidp logistics kinh doanh tdl hon trong thdi gian tdi.
Tukhda: doanh nghidp; dich vy logistics; mdi trudng thd chd; tidm lyc doanh ngfiidp
1. Moi tnrdng the che kinh doanh logistics u Viet Nam
l.f. Mdi Uudng phdp ly didu ctiinh thi hudng Ic^Ucs Hd thdng phdp ly didu chinh tfii trudng logistics cfla Vidt Nam da dupc chfl trpng bgn hanh tiong nhiing nam qua. Mdt sd van ban phap luat quan tipng Udn quan ddn kinh doanh logistics bao gdm:
Ludt Thuang mai Vl^t Nam 2005 da cd 8 didu (tu Dieu 233 ddn Didu 240) dua ra quy djnh ve khdi ni^m dich vy logistics, ed tinh ehdt nen tdng vd ed ti'nh he thdng vd logi hinh dieh vy nay. Cde quy djnh ve dieh vy logistics efla Luat da dupe quy djnh chi tidt trong Nghi dinh 140/2007/ND-CP ngay 5/9/2007. Cde dieu kidn kinh doanh dieh vu logistics ddi vdi cdc thuong nhan tgi Nghi dinh 140/CP da dupe chi tidt hda.
Luat Giao dich didn tfl ngdy 9/12/2005 dp dung ddi vdi CO quan, td chflc, ca nhan lua chpn giao dich bdng phuong Udn di^n tfl bao gdm cac logi chiing tfl didn tfl, ehiing thue ehu ky didn tu, eo sd du lidu, tiao ddi du lidu didn tu... Luat cd cde quy djnh vd gid tri phdp ly cfla chfl ky didn tfl, djch vy chiing Uiyc chfl ky didn tfl, giao kdt vd thue hidn hpp ddng diOn tii...
Ludt Hdi quan cd hidu lye tfl ngdy 1/1/2006 quy dinh qudn ly Nha nude vd Hai quan ddi vdi fidng hda dupe xudt khdu, nhdp khdu, qua eanh, phuong Udn van tdi xudt cdnh, nhdp cdnh, qud cdnh eua td ehue, cd nhan trong nudc vd nude ngoai trong ianh thd hdi quan; vd td chfle hogt dOng cfla Hai quan.
Bdn canh dd, edn ed cac dgo luat quan hpng khae didu ehinh cac hogt dOng giao thdng vdn tdi nhu Ludt hdng khdng ddn dyng Vidt Nam (2006), Ludt Dudng bd vd Giao thdng (2001), Lu^t Giao thdng dudng thfly ndi dja, Luat Hdng hdi (2005), Ludt Dudng Sat (2005), Ludt kinh doanh bdo hidm... vd hdng Ioat ede van ban dudi luat quy djnh cfii Udt vi^e thi hanh cdc dgo ludt nhu Nghi dinh 125/ND-CP 2003 vd vdn tdi da ptiuong thflc.
O U K I N H Tt C H A U A • T H A I B I H H DLTDHG ITHAMQ 4 / a o I e)
1.2. Hg tdng edng nghO logistics tai Hdi Phong - Ha tdng giao thong van tdi: Vdi vi tri la dau mdi giao thdng quan hgng. Id ciia ngd ra bidn efla loan mien Bdc, Hdi Phdng hpi dfl tat cd ede loai fiinh giao thdng Id dudng bO, dudng sdt, dudng thfly, dudng khdng vd hd thdng cdng bien. Co sd bg tang giao thdng van tdi dang id thd mgnh cua thanh phd Hdi Phdng dd phdt trien dich vy logistics.
- Ha tdng cdng bidn: Cdng Hdi Phdng Id cdng ldn nhdt midn Bdc, vdi luong vao cang dai 42 km, ed the ddn dupc tdu hpng ldi tdi da 40.000 BWY. Tmng binh moi ndm, cdng ed Ihd khai thdc khoang 469.000 con- tainer 20' (TEU), chidm hon 2/3 lupng container khai thdc mi^n Bdc va gdn 1/5 lugng container khai Uidc cua cd nudc.
- Ha tdng kho bdi vd cdng tiidng quan nOi dia: Hien nay, tgi Hdi Phdng cdn tfiidu nhflng kho ehuydn dung dd bdo qudn nhflng hang hda ddc bidt nhu fiang ddng lanh, hang cd ydu cdu ddc bidt vd kiem hda. Hidn ed khodng 13 kho hdng ddm bao ydu cdu vd ky Uiudt thuOc qudn ly cua chi cyc Hal quan Hdi Phdng. Tai Hdi Phdng, chua cd cde Cdng thdng quan npi dia chuydn bidt, tuy nhidn ed mdt sd kho bai ndi dja dupc su dyng nhu cdc
"Cdng thdng quan nOi dja thu nho". Hang hda thdng qua Cdng Hdi Phdng chu ydu Ui 03 cdng ndi dia la Ga Ldm (Ha NOD, Thyy Vdn (Phfl Thp) va Hdi Duong.
- Hg tdng cOng nghd thdng tin vd lidn lac (ICT): Hg tdng cdng ngh§ logistics Hdi Phdng tuy dd ldn manh ddn Idn chua hodn chinh, quy md nhd, chua dfl dap ling duoc ydu cdu ciia ngdnh tmdc xu thd phdt tridn vd hOi nhap. Hdi Phdng chua ed cdng nudc sau, cdng tmng ehuydn qudc td dd thu hflt tdu bidn cd trpng tdi ldn liner vd hdng hda tiung ehuydn gifla cde qude gia vdo edng. Vi Cdng Hal Phdng dang trong qud hinh con- tainer hda ndn cdn tiiidu kinh nghidm tiong dieu fianh xep dd container.
2. Thuc trang doanh nghiep logistic tai Hal Phong 2.1. Quymd lao dOng
Da sd cdc doanh nghiOp logistics tai Hdi Phdng cd quy md vfla va nhd vdi sd lupng nhdn Iuc hgn ehd, sd nhdn vien cfla cdc doanh nghidp thdng thudng ehi ed dudi 10 ngudi. Nhflng doanh nghiep cd so lupng nhdn vien tuong ddi ldn, khodng trdn 100 — 300 nhan vidn ddu la cdc doanh nghidp nhd nudc hoae edng ty cd phan cd bd ddy hogt dOng luong ddi nfiidu nam. So vdi nam 2010, nam 2014, sd doanh nghiep logistics tang, tuy nhidn, chu ydu Id cdc doanh nghidp logistics ed quy md nhd vd sidu nhd. Cd 838/1552 doanh ngfiidp logistics cd quy md dudi 10 ngudi; 581/1552 doanh nghiep cd quy md lao ddng tfl 10 den 50.
2.2. Tidm lye tdi ehinh
Theo so lidu thd'ng ke thi sd doanh nghidp ddng ky vdn tfl 1-10 ty Id ehfl ydu, nam 2010, ed 680/988 doanh nghiOp logistics, ndm 2014 cd 975/1552 doanh nghidp logistics cd quy md vdn dang ky nay. Trong thyc td', phdn ldn, vdn dang ky eua doanh nghiep kinh doanh dich vu nay Id khodng 800 trieu den 1,5 ty ddng.
J L I L I 'm l l •^l i z
Do tidm lyc tdi chinh khdng cao nen hien nay, da phan cdc doanh nghidp logistics tai Hdi Phdng ed quy md nhd, edp dd dgi ly giao nhan tmydn thd'ng hode ngudi gom hdng...ia chfl ydu, cd gid tri TSCD khdng Idn. Thuc td thi ddn trdn 70% doanh nghidp ndy thue TSCD cd gid tri cao nhu van phdng, kho bai, phuemg Uen van tai, md ehi ddu tu rat il TSCD eho cae thidt bi van phong.
2.3. Td chue quan Iy
Do vdn va nhan Iuc hgn ehe, nhdm lidt kidm ehi pfii ndn muc dp chuydn mdn hda trong td chiic dich vu logistics cdn chua eao, mdt can bd nhan vien phai kidm nhidm nhi^u mang cdng vide khdc nhau. Ngudi lao ddng dupc luan ehuydn vi tri thudng xuydn d^ cd
the dam tiaeh dupc nfiieu mdng cdng vide, ddp iing nhu cdu co ddn quy md doanh nghidp.
Hau hdt cdc doanh nghiep logistics Hdi Phdng ehua cd van phdng dai di^n d cac dia phuong khdc trong nude vd nudc ngoai, d$c bidt ddi vdi cae dgi ly giao nhdn tmydn thdng. Trong doanh nghidp, cOng tde edng dodn tgo dodn kdt va tao dOng lue lao dOng chua thye su dupc cde doanh nghidp nhd quan tam dung mflc. Doanh nghidp thudng chi ehfl y den nhflng uu dai vdt chdt, chua chfl tdm ddn ddi ngd phi tai efu'nh.
2.4. Khd nang ling dyng CNTT
Tren dia ban thanh phd Hdi Phdng, hidn cd khodng hon 80% doanh nghidp logistics ed website ridng.
Nhung hong so dd, chi cd khodng 14% doanh nghidp logistics cd nhdn vidn phu trdeh qudn hi mang. Hdu het cdc website Id tinh, khdng cd cac hogt ddng cdp nhat thdng tin lidn tyc (ehidm khodng 83%). Nhidu doanh nghiep sii dyng trang web don thudn dd gidi thidu cac hoat ddng djch vy efla minh md it quan tdm den cung edp cdc lidn ich khdc md khdch hdng cdn nhu edng ey theo ddi don hang (Track and haee), lieh tdu, dat chd qua mgng (e- booking), theo ddi ehiing tu, nhin thdy vd kiem sodt don hdng (visibility)...
2.5. Mang ludi quan hd cdng vide
Phdn ldn khdch hang efla doanh ngfiiep logistics Hdi Phdng Id do mdi quan he cua doi tde nudc ngodi.He thdng mang ludi md'i quan hd cdng vide efla lanh dao doanh nghidp ehfl ydu vdi cae co quan chflc nang efla Nha nude nhu cdng an, hai quan, thud vu, kidm dieh nham giup doanh nghidp mt ngan thdi gian Iam hang. Day la thd manh Idn nhdt cua doanh nghidp logistics Hdi Phdng dd khdc phyc nhung hgn chd v^
eae ngudn Iue, nang eao sflc cgnh tranh so vdi ddi thfl ndi dia d ede dia phuang khdc vd ed ddi thfl cgnh tranh nudc ngodi.
3. Nhung kho khan do! vol cac doanh nghiep logistics Hal Phong
Cdc doanh nghiep logistics dang phdi hogt dOng hong mdt mdi trudng thd chd ehua hodn thidn, vfla yeu, vfla thidu vua khdng tuong thieh vdi thdng Id qudc te. He thdng ket cau ha tdng edn nhieu yeu kem vd lgc hdu. He thd'ng cang bi^n dupc dau lu dan trai, chia cat, ddn ddn vide khdng cd cdc cdng bidn nudc sau phuc vu cde tdu ed trpng tdi Idn. He thdng giao thdng dudng bO khOng dap flng duoc yeu cdu van tdi vdi tdi hong ldn. He thdng kho vdn phan tan, xud'ng cap vd hdu het khdng dgt chuan...
Tiem lye cdc doanh nghidp logistics Hdi Phdng yeu ve tai chinh, thidu phuang tien kho van, yeu nhdn su, td chfle mgng ludi todn edu, hd thdng thdng Un va Unh lidn ket... Phan ldn cdc doanh nghidp Hdi Phdng cfii tdp tmng vd dfl khd nang khai thac nhung cdng doan nhd trong todn bd chudi cung flng logistics, md phd bien nhdt la dich vu giao nhdn van tdi, hinh thflc dich
<INH Tt C H A U
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NGHIEN CUU
RSSSARCH
vy nay chi Id mOt phdn nhd trong todn bO chuoi gid tri gia tang logistics.
Doanh nghiep logistics Hdi Phdng Ihieu kinh nghidm vd tinh ehuydn nghidp, chi cung cdp dich vy CO bdn, cgnh tranh vd gid Id chu ydu, it gia tri gia tang ndn cfii gia edng Igi eho ede cdng ty nudc ngodi.Do vdn va nhdn lye ban chd, nhdm tiet kiem chi phi ndn miic dd chuydn mdn hda hong td chue dich vy logis- tics edn ehua cao.
Pfu va chi phi dau vdo eao, dac biOt id nhiing chi phi khdng chinh thuc, nen khd cd dieu ki$n dd gidm cude. Bdn cgnh dd, ehi khodng 10% cdc doanh ngfiidp logistics Hdi Phdng cd phuong tidn kho v^n, ndn phdi thud lai. Didu nay la hd ngai rdt Idn cho kinh doanh logistics trong cgnh tianh vdi cde ddi thfl manh ve tdi chinh eiia nudc ngodi.
4. Mot SO khuyen nghi nhim day manh phat trien doanh nghiep logistics tai Hai Phong
4.1. Ddi vdi Nhd nudc va Thanh phd Hdi Phdng Thfl nhdt, hodn thidn h§ Uidng phdp ludt vd kinh doanh dich vy logistics trdn ianh thd Viet Nam nham giup cdc doanh ngfuep ndm vflng, hdnh sai sdt hong qua trinh vdn hanh doanh nghidp.
Thu hai, cdc quy hoach ha tang cdng nghd phdi dupe tidn hdnh ddng bd vd cd trpng tam, xdy dyng bO dfl lidu hodn chinh phyc vy cdng tde hoaeh dinh chidn lupc, quy hoach phdt hidn tdng the nganh, dia phuong va loan qude vd linh vuc logistics, hdn eo sd tham khao kinh nghidm quan ly cfla cae qude gia trong khu vyc va trdn thd gidi.
Thu ba, nhdm nang eao uy tin cho logistics ndi dia, dam bao eho hang hda su dyng dieh vu logistics, Nha nude edn ban hdnh vd thyc hidn ehien lupc an todn hdng hda trong logistics tren co sd cdc nghidn ciiu toan didn vd cdc logi rfli ro vd de dpa trong Unh vye logistics.
Thfl tu, Nhd nudc cdn tgo dyng mdi trudng kinh doanh thudn Icri cho Unh vye van tdi bidn vd van tdi DTND nhu: uu dai thud eho cac cdng ty tau bi^n quoc td, ede cdng ty eung cdp tin dyng eho vdn ehuydn vd thud tdu.
Lien doarUi, lien kel vdi cdc ddi lde cflng ngdnh hoac lien ngdnh dd cflng phat hien, khdc phyc ddn nhflng diem yeu ve ehat lupng nhdn lye, marketing vd ldi chinh. Tu dd, tid tiianh cac chuydn gia logistics ed ky nang ung dyng va tiidn khai cac thyc hanh quan trj logistics vd chudi cung iing theo kip ede nudc cdng nghiep phdt tridn.
Ddo tao nang cao chat lupng ngudn nhan lue mar- keting logistics mdl edeh bai bdn bdng tat cd cdc phuong phdp Iinh boat, hiOu qua, sao cho vua tiet kidm chi phi, vfla tiet kidm thdi gian nhu: bdt lay ehi vi§e, ludn chuydn cdng viec, lidn kdt, trao dOi nhdn sy vdi ede docinh ngfiidp uy tin...
Ddu tu phdt trien e-marketing theo xu hudng fu§n dgi, cap nhdt. Tgo ra nhiing website cd giao didn ehuydn nghidp vd hidu qud, thdn thidn vdi khdch hdng, ddp iing chudn myc vd thong 10 qude te.Cdp nhdt nhanh ehdng thOng Un don hang vd chue nang thanh toan hoan cfunh, ddp flng ydu edu da dgng cfla khdch hdng sfl dyng dich vy logistics.
5. Ket luan
Ngfudn cflu mdi trudng thd che kinh doanh dieh vu logistics vd ddnh gid thyc trgng hogt dOng kinh doanh cfla cde doanh nghidp logistics tgi Hdi Phdng cho thdy cde doanh nghidp-dang phdi dd'i m^t vdi nhidu kho khdn, thdch thfle. Dd thu hut dupe nfudu nguon lyc ddu lu vdo Unh vuc logistics trong thdi gian tdi, Cfiinh phu can tao lap mdt mdi hudng the chd hoan thien va cd Unh tuong thieh vdi thdng Id qud'c td eao hon nfla.
Bdn than cac doanh nghidp logistics cdn chu ddng ddu tu, ndng eao hidu qud kinh doanh, d§c bidt cdn ldn dyng eae co hOi kfii Vidt Nam ehinh thue tham gia TPP, AEC, cdc hidp dinh thuong mgi song phuang, da phuang khde.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Dgng Dinh Ddo. Vu Thi Minh Loan, Nguydn Minh Ngpc, Dang Thu Huong va Phgm Thi Minh Thao (2011), "Logistics: Nhflng vdn d^ ly ludn vd thyc tidn d Viet Nam" (sdch chuyen khdo), Nhd xudt bdn Dgi hpc Thfl nam, nhdm khac phyc va giup dd nhiing Kinh td qudc dan.
doanh nghidp logistics ydu kem vd tdi chinh nhung ed tidm ndng phdt trien, Nha nudc nen khuyen khich thdnh lap cdc Quy hdi tfl ede doanh nghiOp logistics dd hd tip Uiue mua tau bi^n va container; hO trp trong ddo tao nhdn lye vd phat tridn kinh doanh ...
4.2. Ddi vdi ede doanh nghiep logistics Doanh nghiep nen rd soat lgi chi phi logistics, phdt hiOn nhflng didm hgn chd cua chudi cung ung, tu dd kidm sodt vd gidm ehi phi. Ddng thdi, edi lidn va ndng cao ehdt lupng cdc tfildt bi xep dd, phuong tidn kho van de tang nang suat, tiet kiem cfu phi.
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2. Dang Dinh Dao, Nguydn Minh Son (2012), "Dich vu logistics d Viet Nam hong tidn trinh hdi nhap qudc Id, Nha xudt bdn Chinh tri qudc gia.
3. Dang Dinh Ddo, Nguydn Dinh Hidn (2013), Mdt sd van de vd phdt trien bdn vflng hd thdng logistics d nudc ta hong hOi nhgp qude td, Sach ehuydn khao, NXB Lao dOng- xa hOi.
4. D6 Thi Kim Dung (2014), "Nang eao hieu qua hogt ddng efla doanh nghidp logistics tgi Hai Phdng", Tgp chi Kinh td va Dy bao, sd 19 ttiang 10/2014.