Thuc day san xuat va tieu thu rau u'ng dung cong nghe cao
tren dja ban huyen Yen Dung^
tmh Bac Giang
v a TH! HANG NGA*
NGUYEN THI HCfdNG**
Tom tat
Nghien cffu nhdm ddnh gid thuc trgng sdn xudt vd tieu thu sdn phdm rau ffng dung cdng nghe cao cua cdc hg ndng ddn tren dia bdn huyen Yen Dung, tinh Bdc Giang. Thdng qua dieu tra 63 ndng hg sdn xudt rau ffng dung cdng nghe cao d dia phuang, ke't qud cho thdy, hieu qud tff sdn xudt rau ffng dung cdng nghe cao deu phu thugc nhieu vdo ndng sudt vd gid bdn. Tff do, nhdm tdc gid de xudt cdc gidi phdp nham thdc day hogt dgng sdn xudt vd tieu thu sdn phdm rau ffng dung cdng nghe cao tren dia bdn huyen Yen Dung.
Tvt khoa: sdn xudt rau, ffng dung cdng nghe cao, tieu thu rau, huyen Yen Dung, Bac Giang
Summary
The study aims to assess the current situation of production and consumption of hi-tech vegetables of farmer households in Yen Dung district, Bac Giang province. Through the survey of 63 local hi-tech vegetable producers, it is indicated that the efficiency of hi-tech vegetable production much depends on productivity and selling price. From this finding, the authors propose several solutions to promote the production and consumption of hi-tech vegetables in
Yen Dung district.
Keywords: vegetable production, hi-tech application, vegetable consumption. Yen Dung district, Bac Giang province
GI61 THIEU
Yen Dung la huyen mien niii nam d phia Ddng Nam tinh Bac Giang, phia Nam giap vdi tinh Bac Ninh, phia Ddng giap tinh Hai Dffdng, phia Bac giap huyen Luc Nam va phia Tay giap thanh phd Bae Giang, each thu do Ha Ndi 60km. Day la mdt trong nhffng thi trffdng tieu thu rau xanh rat thuan ldi va nhieu tiem nang, dae biet la rau an toan. De dap ffng nhu cau thi trffdng, nam 2016, huyen Yen Dung da trie'n khai De an "Xay dffng md hinh die'm viing san xua't rau chuyen canh tap trung ffng dung edng nghe cao tai huyen Yen DQng giai doan 2016-2020"
tffng bffdc hffdng tdi xay dffng md hinh san xua't rau phat trie'n ben vffng, mang lai hieu qua kinh te' eao. Tuy nhien, viee
phat trie'n san xua't va tieu thu rau ffng dung cdng nghe cao d Yen Dung cdn gap mdt sd' khd khan, thach thffc.
Vi vay, viee nghien effu va de xua't mdt so giai phap nham thiie day boat ddng san xua't va tieu thu san pham rau ffng dung edng nghe eao eua eae hd ndng dan tren dia ban huyen Yen Dung, tinh Bae Giang la can thie't.
PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CCU
Nghien cffu ke't hdp sff dung eae ngudn tai lieu thff cap dffde thu thap tff sach, bao, intemet. Cue Thd'ng ke tinh Bae Giang va tai lieu sd cap thdng qua qua tnnh khao sat 63 hp ndng dan tham gia san xua't va tieu thu rau ffng dung edng nghe eao tren dia ban eae xa Tie'n Dung, Tff Mai, Dffc Giang, Canh Thuy, Dong Viet cua huyen Yen Dung trong thdi gian tff thang 5 de'n thang 7/2018.
Nhdm tae gia sff dung cac phffdng phap thd'ng ke md ta, phffdng phap phan tich so sanh, tff dd danh gia hieu qua tinh hinh san xua't va tieu thu san pham rau
*ThS., ** Hoc vien Nong nghiep Viet Nam I Email: vunga0304@gmail.com Ngdy nhan bdi: 14/10/2018; Ngdy phdn bien: 22/10/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 23/10/2018
Ec
125
BANG 1: TONG HdP DIEN TICH CAC LOAI RAU T R 6 N G THEO HINH THCfC CANH T A C CGA CAC HO DIEG TRA TREN DjA B A N H G Y E N YEN DUNG
N A M 2018 TT
1
II
Chung loai rau Trong nha lUdri, nha mang Du'a le sieu ngot Han Quo'c Ca chua
Dtfa leo Ngoai trcfi - Khu so 1
Bap cai. Sup lO xanh Su hao
Rau an la ngan ngay - Khu so 2
Du'a chuot Ca chua trai vu Bau, bi - Khu so 3 Dau CO ve Dufa chuot Bap cai
Cong
Di^n tich san xu§'t (sao)
1 1 1
3 1 5
3 2 2
2 3 4
S6' vu/nam
(VU)
2 2 2
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
Tdng dien tich canh tac/nam (sao)
6 2 2 2 28
3 2 5
3 2 4
2 3 4 34
BANG 2: DIEN TJCH, SAN LdCJNG VA N A N G SUAT RAU CfNG DUNG CONG NGHE CAO CAC LOAI BINH Q U A N CUA MOT NONG HO TRONG NHOM
C A C NONG HO DIEU T R A T R E N DIA B A N H U Y E N Y E N D U N G N A M 2018
Chi tifeu Dien tich trung binh San Itfdng trung binh Nang suai trung binh
Dcfn vi Sao
Kg Kg/sao
Nhom ndng hd Cao
4,72 2.993,39 634,19
Trung binh 3,21 1.919,97 598,12
Thap 3,85 1.764,69 458,36
Binh qudn 3,93 2.226,02 563,56
BANG 3: CHI PHI SAN XUAT RAU CONG NGHE CAO CUA CAC NHOM HO DIEU TRA TREN DIA BAN HUYEN YEN DUNG NAM 2017
Chi tieu
1. May moc, trang thie't bj, he thong tiidi txi dong 2. Giong 3. Phan bon 4. Thuoc bao ve thtfc vat 5. Chi phi lam da't 6. Cong lao dong
7. Khac Tong cong
Cao Chi phi
(1.000 dong)
11.520,58
91,096 10.868,17 241,94
566,4
250,63 2.561,544 26.100,36
Co ca'u (%)
44,14
0,35 41,64 0,92
2,17
0,96 9,82 100
Trung binh Chi phi
(1.000 dong)
7.913,29
61,953 7.415,870 188,56
398,04
188,90 1.698,732 17.865,345
Cd ca'u (%)
44,29
0,34 41,50 1,06
2,23
1,06 9,52 100
Tha'p Chi phi
(1.000 dong)
9.848,69
74,305 8.977,43 216,49
473,55
214,40 2.203,74 22.008,605
Cd ca'u (%)
44,75
0,34 40,79 0,98
2,15
0,97 10,02 100
Binh qudn Chi phi
(1.000 dong)
9.777,96
75,784 9.087,159 215,66
479,33
217,97 2.154,672 22.008,535
Cd ca'u (%)
44,42
0,34 41,28 0,98
2,17
0,99 9,82 100 Nf uon: Ke't qua khao sat cua n h o m tac gia
ffng dung cdng nghe eao eiia cac hd ndng dan tren dia ban huyen Yen Dung.
KET QUA NGHIEN CLfU
Tinh hinh sdn xudt rau dng dung edng nghe eao cda cdc hg nong ddn tren dia bdn huy?n Yen Dung
Thdi gian san xua't rau eua eae ndng hd d huyen Yen Dung bat dau tff vu Thu Ddng, bd tri cay trdng dam bao rau dffde san xua't quanh nam tren ddn vi dien tieh.
Binh quan mdi hd cd tren 3 sao dien tieh gieo trdng rau ffng dung edng nghe eao, do dae tinh eua tirtig loai rau va nhu eau eiia thi trffdng cung nhff tinh chat mua vu, nen loai rau dffde nhieu hd trdng vdi dien tieh ldn nha't la: rau bap cai, rau an la, dffa chuot, ea chua va eae loai dau, dd (Bang 1).
Bang 2 eho tha'y, nhdm ndng hd tha'p ed dien tieh san xua't rau ldn thff hai la 3,85 sao/hd, nhffng san Iffdng rau lai d mffe tha'p nha't (1.764,69 kg), la do vdi dien tich san xua't ldn, nhffng ngudn nhan Iffc trong do tudi lao ddng d mdi ndng hd chi khoang 3-4 ngffdi, nen viec dau tff cdng cham sdc rau, thud'c, phan bdn chffa eao. Ben canh dd, nang sua't trung binh giffa eae nhdm hd cd sff khac nhau (nhdm ndng hd ed nang sua't trung binh eao nha't la 634,19 kg/sao; tha'p nha't la 458,36 kg/sao). Dd la do mffe do dau tff eho san xua't rau khdng ddng deu giffa eae ho, nhff: ky thuat cham bdn, quy tnnh va Iffa ebon ngudn gid'ng d nhffng ndi dang tin cay dan de'n nang sua't cd sff khac biet. Ngoai ra, edn nhieu ye'u to khae anh hffdng de'n nang sua't eua eac nhdm ndng hd, nhff: sff bie'n ddng cua thdi tie't mffa gid that thffdng, edng tae bao ve thffe vat edn nhieu ban ehe.
Ve chi phi dau tff san xua't, thdi gian qua huyen Yen Dung eiing da cd nhffng chinh sach de' hd trd eae hd ndng dan tham gia san xua't, nhff: Hd trd 30%
kinh phi xay dffng ed sd vat chat ha tang (dffdng true chinh giao thdng ndi ddng, h$ thd'ng kenh mffdng tffdi tieu ehinh) de pbuc vu san xua't; Ho trd gid'ng, vat tff phan bdn, thud'c bao ve thffc vat vdi mffe hd trd la 5 trieu ddng/ha/nam; Hd trd mua may mdc thie't bi vdi mffe hd trd la 50% gia tri may, nhffng khdng qua 130 trieu ddng nhff may lam da't phue vu san xua't rau; Hd trd dang ky sd hffu tri tue nhan hieu t | p the' "Rau sach Yen Dung"
vdi mffe hd trd 60 trieu ddng; Hd trd chffng nhan viing san xua't rau theo tieu ehuan VietGAP.
126
3ifbaoK i i i l i l .^ Drf I
^ Ban 3 cho tha'y, ehi phi san xua't rau cdng ng.,2 cao cua cae nhdm ndng hd cd sff chenh lech kha rd ret. Mffe do dau tff cua nhdm hd trung binh la tha'p nha't so vdi hai nhdm ho cdn lai, nhffng vin dat hieu qua eao hdn so vdi nhdm hd tha'p.
Tinh hinh tieu thu rau dng dung cong nghe eao cua ede hg nong ddn tren dia bdn huyen Yen Ddng trong thdi gian vita qua
Qua Sd dd eho tha'y, viee tieu thu rau cong nghe eao eua ndng hd thdng qua 2kenh:
Tieu thu theo kenh 1: La hinh thffe tieu thu thdng qua trung gian la cdng ty che bie'n, sieu thi...
Tieu thu theo kenh 2: La hdp tac xa bao tieu dau ra eua san pham va ban lai cho eae edng ty che' bie'n hoac sieu thi va sau dd san pham mdi tdi tay ngffdi tieu dung.
Bang 4 cho tha'y, trong so 63 hd dffde dieu tra thi cd de'n 45 hd tieu thu rau thdng qua hdp tae xa, chiem 71,4%. Cdn lai ban cho edng ty ndng san, edng ty ehe' bie'n, sieu thi. Do eac ho san xua't theo de an nen ehu ye'u van ban rau dffdi hinh thffc ky ket hdp ddng la ehii ye'u, chie'm 82,5%.
Gia ban binh quan cua nhdm ho eao la eao nhat, len tdi 15,5 nghin ddng/kg so vdi nhdm ho tha'p la 14,2 nghin ddng/
kg. Cd sff chenh lech gia khae nhau la do chat Iffdng san pham thu hoaeh dffdc qua cae hd san xua't. Cae hd nhdm trung binh Cling dat 14,8 nghin ddng/kg.
Do mffe dau tff va kinh nghiem san xua't rau ffng dung edng nghe eao cua eae ho khae nhau din de'n ke't qua va hieu qua san xua't rau cua eae nhdm hd cung khae nhau (Bang 5).
Hieu qua tff san xua't rau ffng dung cdng nghe cao deu phu thudc nhieu vao nang suat va gia ban. Theo ke't qua dieu tra, nang sua't binh quan giffa ba nhdm hd cd sff chenh lech rd rang. Trong khi nhdm ndng ho eao dat 663,3 kg/sao vu Ddng va 605,08 kg/sao vu Xuan, thi nhdm hd tha'p chi dat 480,2 kg/sao vao vu Ddng va 434,52 kg/sao vu Xuan vdi mffe gia ban chenh lech nhau khdng nhieu, nhffng tdng doanh thu eua nhdm hd eao ldn hdn nhieu so vdi nhdm ndng hd tha'p.
GIAI PHAP
De' thiic day boat ddng san xua't va tieu thu san pham rau ffng dung edng nghe cao tren dia ban huyen Yen Dung,
s d DO: KENH TIEU THU RAU CTNG DUNG CONG NGHE CAO
/
Congty che bien.
Sieu thi...
J
f \
Ngudi tieu dung
V J
B A N G 4: TINH HINH TIEU THU RAU CifNG DUNG CONG NGHE CAO N A M 2017 d CAC NHOM HO DIEU TRA
Chi tifiu 1. Do'i tufcfng thu mua:
- Hop tac xa
- Ngu'di ban buon, thu'dng lai - Ngifdi ban le
- Ngifdi thu gom
- Cong ty nong san, cong ty che bie'n, sieu thi
2. Hinh thuTc ban - Theo hdp dong - Khong theo hdp dong 3. Gia ban binh quan 4. Hinh thufc thanh toan - Tra ngay sau khi ban - Tra theo ky kei hdp dong 5. Quye't dinh lUa chon - Gia cao
- Gia dn dinh, quan he mua ban lau dai - Quan he ho hang
- Rang buoc bdi hdp dong
Dcfn vi tinh
1.000 dong/kg
Nhom n6ng ho (h6) Cao
15 11 0 0 0 4 13 2 15,5
2 13 2 3 0 10
Trung binh 23 16 0 0 0 7 20 3 14,8
3 20 3 6 0 14
ThSp 25 18 0 0 0 7 19 6 14,2
6 19 6 4 0 15 Nguon: Ket qua khao sat cua nhom tac gia
tinh Bac Giang, theo ehung tdi, can thffe hien ed hieu qua mot so'giai phap sau:
Thd nhdt, gidiphdp ve ehinh sdch
Can tang cffdng hd trd ba con ndng dan tie'p can ngudn vd'n gia re, thdi ban vay vd'n dai, lai sua't tha'p de' ho yen tam san xua't. Ben canh dd, can tang cffdng chinh sach hd trd ngffdi ndng dan khi mat mua hay ed ehinh sach phu hdp hdn khi trffdt gia tranh thiet thdi cho ngffdi ndng dan, dam bao cdng bang giffa eae ben tham gia kenh san xua't tieu thu.
Tie'p tue day manh edng tae hd trd thdng tin thi trffdng cho ngffdi ndng dan. Chinh quyen Huyen, eae xa nen td ehffe tim hie'u va tuyen truyen ve tinh hinh thi trffdng: gia ea, nhu eau, ed dinh hffdng san xua't ehinh xac thdng qua cae kenh phat thanh dia phffdng, qua cae nhdm trffdng tuyen truyen.
Ddng thdi, ed ehinh sach hd trd phii hdp khi ngffdi ndng dan thff ap dung eae gidng mdi vao san xua't dam bao dau ra, hd trd khi ke't qua san xua't tieu thu tha'p.
E t o ' imv and Forecast Review
127
BANG 5: KET QUA VA HIEU QUA SAN XUAT 1 SAO RAU CfNG DUNG CONG NGHE CAO CUA HO DIEU TRA
TREN DIA B A N HUYEN YEN DUNG NAM 2017
Clii tieu I. Vu Dong
1. Nang sua't trung binh 2. Gia ban
3. Tong doanh thu 4. Tong chi phi 5. Ldi nhuan
6. Doanh thu/Chi phi 7. Ldi nhuan/Cong lao dong II. Vu Xuan
1 .Nang sua't trung binh 2. Gia ban
3. Tong doanh thu 4. Tong chi phi 5. Ldi nhuan 6. Doanh thu/Chi phi 7. Ldi nhuan/Cong lao dong
Dcfn vi tinh
Kg/sao 1.000 dong 1.000 dong 1.000 dong 1.000 dong
Lan 1.000 dong
Kg/sao 1.000 dong 1.000 dong 1.000 dong 1.000 dong
Lan 1.000 dong
Nhom ndng ho Cao
2.993,39 663,3 15,8 47.295,56 26.100.36 21.195,2 2,231 84,567
605,08 15,2 45.499,52 26.100,36 19.399,16 1,743 77,401
Trung binh 1.919,97 599,2 15,2 29.183,54 17.865,345 11.318,195 1.633 59,916
597,04 14,4 27.647,57 17.865,345 9.782,225 1,547 51,785
Tha'p 1.764,69
480,2 14,3 25.235,067 22.008,605 3.226,462 1,146 15,048
434,52 14,1 24.882,13 22.008,605 2.873,525 1,130 13,402 Nguon; Ket qua khao sat cua nhom tac gia
Ngoai ra, ehinh quyen dia phffdng phai quan ly chat hdn viee tieu thu rau ffng dung edng nghe eao, dae biet la van de gia ea, quan tam giam sat eac ben thu gom, tranh de ngffdi thu gom ed ed hdi cung nhau ep gia ndng dan.
Thd hai, gidiphdp ve tdng cffdng phdt trien sdn xuat Tang cffdng edng tae khuye'n ndng, hffdng din quy trinh san xua't rau ffng dung edng nghe eao, ky thuat sff dung cae loai thud'c bao ve thffc vat, dae biet cac loai thud'c nhdm sinh hoe the he mdi. It ddc, cd kha nang phan giai nhanh. Thffdng xuyen cap nhat va td ehffe eae Idp hffdng dan chuye'n giao ky thuat sff dung edng nghe cao cho ndng dan va can bd.
Nghien effu, thff nghiem them eac gid'ng mdi ed kha nang chd'ng chiu sau benh, ban ban, nang sua't eao, chat Iffdng td't hdn. Lffa chon trdng eae gid'ng cdng nghe eao phii hdp vdi nhu eau thi trffdng, nang sua't eao...
Ddng thdi, can quy hoaeh viing san xua't rau edng nghe cao hdp ly, tranh tinh trang mdi ndi trdng mdt
loai rau se anh hffdng de'n chat Iffdng eua rau ffng dung cdng nghe eao d cae viing san xua't tap trung.
Ben canh dd, eae doanh nghiep can eung cap dau vao eho eae ho ndng dan, nhff: gid'ng, phan bdn, thud'c bao ve thffc vat..., thffc hien eac cam ke't da ky hdp ddng vdi eae hd dan de khi ed san pham thi eae edng ty de'n tan ndi thu mua.
Thd ba, gidi phdp ve kiem sodt chdt Iffdng rau edng nghe eao
Can phan dinh rd chffc nang, nhiem vu eua sd, ban, nganh de' kie'm tra ta't ca eae khau tff san xua't, van chuye'n, phan phd'i de ed ed sd vffng chae danh gia rui ro va tao long tin vdi ngffdi tieu diing.
Kie'm tra theo quy trinh san xua't, tieu ehuan rau ffng dung cdng nghe eao da dffde quy dinh.
Ddng thdi, eae hdp tac xa eff ngffdi ed trinh do, thffdng xuyen kie'm tra, giam sat ngffdi ndng dan trong quy trinh san xua't, dae biet la khau phun thud'c bao ve thffc vat.
Thd tff, gidi phdp trong tieu thu rau dng dung cong nghe eao
Ve mat tieu thu san pham, hien nay, viee san xua't rau ffng dung edng nghe eao ehu ye'u dung cho xua't khau, viee tieu dung trong nffdc edn rat ban ehe. Do dd cae hd ndng dan can san xua't them eae mat hang dap ffng nhu eau trong nffdc vi day la thi trffdng rat tiem nang, ne'u ehung ta phat trien dffde thi trffdng trong nffdc thi se giam dffde rat nhieu ehi phi cho viec xua't khau.
To ehffe phat trien kenh tieu thu hdp tac xa nham tang cffdng tim kie'm, lien ke't vdi cae tae nhan khae giup ndng dan tieu thu nhieu hdn. Ngffdi ndng dan nen chu ddng tang cffdng tim them md'i de tieu thu, tranh phu thudc nhieu vao mdt vai md'i tieu thu.
Ben canh dd, dau tff trang thie't bi bao quan, thie't bi van chuye'n dam bao san pham khdng bi dap nat, giam chatIffdng. •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Chinh phii (2010). Nghi dinh sd02/2010/ND-CP, ngdy 08/01/2010 ve Khuye'n ndng
2. Chinh phii (2013). Nghi dinh so 68/2013/ND-CP, ngdy 14/11/2013 ve chinh sdch hd tra nham gidm tdn thdt trong ndng nghiep
3. Cue Thd'ng ke tinh Bae Giang (2016-2018). Nien gidm Thdng ke cdc ndm 2015, 2016, 2017, Nxb Thd'ng ke
4. Phdng Ndng nghiep huyen Yen Dung (2017). De dn "Xdy dUng md hinh diem vung sdn xudt rau chuyen canh tap trung ffng dung cdng nghe cao tgi huyen Yen Dung "