BI TIM C A M Q U A N DONG TINH TRONG
MOT SO S A N G TAC VAN XUOI VIET NAM TRU-aC CACH MANG Tir LY THUYET LECH PHA (QUEER THEORY)
Le Thi Thuy Khoa Ngir vdn - Dia ly Email: [email protected] Ngdy nhgn bdi-17/10/2018
NgdyPB danh gid: 13/11/2018 Ngdy duyet ddng: 17/12/2018
TOM TAT
Van xudi Viet Nam giai doan tiu-dc 1945 vilt v l ddng tinh luyin ai tiiy it v l sd lugng nhung thuc su da dat ra mdt tra vin nghiem tiic ve viec cd hay khong thu "cam quan ddng tinh" tdn tai ttong Idng nd. Vdi nhung bieu hien tam Iy phuc tap va da dang cua due cam biln di, cam quan ddng tinh trong van xudi Viet thdi ky nay can phai ciu vien den mdt ldi dpc dac biet v6n dugc khdi xudt tii ly thuylt lech pha de phat Id. Di tim cam quan ddng tinh qua mdt sd trudng hgp ca biet nhu Sdng mdn, Ngudi bdn nggc, Hon budm ma tiin... d l xac nhan v l mdt hinh thai dye tinh mang tu each thilu sd ttong bg phan van xudi trudc Cach mang la muc dich ciia bai viet.
Tir khda: cam quan ddng tinh, ly thuylt lech pha, trudc Cach mang, van xuoi.
EXPLORING HOMOEROTICISM IN VIETNAMESE PROSE OF THE PRE - AUGUST REVOLUTION FROM QUEER THEORY PERSPECTIVES ABSTRACT
Despite the limited numbers, the Vietnamese prose on homosexuality in the pre-August Revolution has raised a concern of whether homoeroticism exists. Due to the complexity of psychological moods and the diversity of sex senses, homoeroticism should be examined from the light of a special reading known as Queer Theory. The purpose of this article is to investigate homoeroticism embedded in such well-known literature works as Sdng mdn, Ngudi bdn nggc, and Hdn budm mo tiin to reveal the the sexual orientation of the small population in the Vietnamese prose of preAugust Revolution.
Keywords: homoeroticism. Queer Theory, pre-August Revolution, Viemamese prose.
20 TRlTCfNG D ^ HOC HAI PHONG
l . D A T V A N D E
Trong chieu dai lich sir van chuang, bdi nhung dieu kien xa hdi dac biet, bg phan van xudi viet ve hien tupng ddng tinh tai Viet Nam da di tren mdt Id ttinh quanh co va khd khan. Khdng gidng nhu nhirng dong van hpc pho bien va binh thudng khac dugc cpng ddng ddn nhan, van hpc ve ddng tinh ty nd da phai tim chd tni an de tdn tai - dudi dang thirc nay hoac khac. Nhin tten net dai the, cd the thiy, viec nhin nhan v l tinh ttang ddng tinh dupe cac nha van Viet Nam giai doan nua dau the ky XX den trudc Ddi mdi tiep can tten hai tten phuang dien:
hanh vi ddng tinh va tam ly, cam xiic ddng tinh. Vi dac diem ciia thdi dai, sd lupng tac pham de cap den ddng tinh tu gdc dp xa hdi hpc hanh vi khdng nhieu. Nhftng trudng hpp nhu phdng su Hd Ngi lam than ciia Trpng Lang (1937), tilu thuylt Hau Thdnh cua Long Chuong (1942), tmyen ngan Thu dogn cua Vii Trpng Phyng (1931) hay tieu thuylt Khung reu cua Nguyen Thi Thuy Vii (in nam 1969) cd the xem la nhinig vi du tieu bieu nhat.
Ngupc lai, nhdm thu hai, vi nhieu ly do, da khdng true tiep md ta cam quan ddng tinh bang thii tir duy tryc quan sinh ddng ma chgn ldi tiep can trung gian (nhftng "chuyen vi" theo chu dimg cua nha nghien ciiu Nguyin Qudc Vinh) de chuyen den ngudi dpc nhftng thdng tin mang y nghia ham ngdn - thii y nghTa can mdt su tinh te va ben nhay dl hieu. Cung vi chi noi bang uy8n ngu nen nhiing tae pham thudc nhdm nay da ttd thanh d l tai gay tranh cai ttong du luan nghien cuu nhieu nam. viec tiep can bang ly thuyet "queer" tr8n mdt sd vSn ban lien quan (Ngudi bdn nggc - Le Hoang Muu, Hon budm mo tien - Khai Hung, Sdng mdn - Nam Cao...) thuc sy ggi md cho chiing tdi
nhieu suy nghT ve khai ni?m cam quan ddng tinh - dau mdi ciia cac bat ddng.
Trong khuon khd cua bai bao, chiing tdi xin dupe ban den bd phan van xudi thudc nhdm hai (tam ly, cam xiic ddng tinh hay cdn dugc gpi bang khai niem "cam quan ddng tinh").
2. NQI DUNG NGHIEN ClTU 2.1. Do! net v l IJ thuyet lech pha, van hoc "queer" va cam quan dong tinh
Ly thuyet lech pha (Queer Theory - cdn dupe bilt den vdi ten ggi la "ddng tinh luan") xuat hien lan dau tien tai Anh, My vao dau thap nien 90 cua thi ky XX, sau dd nhanh chdng dupe ddn nhan va phd bien rdng rai, ttd thanh tam diem giang day ttong cac trudng dai hpc cung nhu chu de ndng ciia cac tap chi. Me de cua hpc thuyet - ba Teresa de Lauretis, dupe xem la trudng hpp dien hinh cho su chuyen tach tir chu nghTa nu quyen sang mgt pham vi nghien cuu hep han, lien quan den phong ttao dSu ttanh giai quyln luc nam gidi. Ban dau, thuyet lech pha chi gidi ban pham vi nghien ciiu cua nd trong hai ITnh vyc ddng tinh nam va ddng tinh nft (Gay/lesbian Studies), ve sau, cdn quan tam tdi ca chuyen gidi tinh hgc (Transgender Smdies).
Ndi tdi cac chuyen gia dau nganh trong ITnh vuc lech pha hoc, khdng the khdng ke den Annamarie Jagose - giang vien cao cap ciia Dai hpc Melbourne, tac gia ciia cdng trinh ndi tieng Ddn nhdp ly thuyit lich pha (Queer theory—An introduction). Cdng trinh nay da ttd thanh mdt tai lieu tham khao quan ttpng trong cdng tac nghien cim va tim hieu ve ddng tinh khdng chi trong pham vi nude My ma da lan anh hudng sang ca eae nude khu vuc A, Au. Nhu ten gpi ciia nd, cdng trinh dua ra each hieu khac ve tinh due ddng tinh ciing cae ban dang cua nd thdng TAP CHI KHOA HOC, s o 33, THANG 3/2019| 21
qua thuat ngu mang mdt npi ham da nghia
"queer", vdi quan niem gian di la "pham trii bao triim v l lien minh tii dinh danh tinh due ben ll van hda - mpt thir md hinh ly thuySt mdi ra ddi da ly khai khdi thuyet ddng tmh truyen thdng" [6;1].
Ban than khai niem "queer" theo nguyen gdc cd nghia chi su khac biet, ky quae (bao ham ca net nghTa ciia hai tii
"sttange" va "odd"), sau phai sinh diing de chi nhung ngudi ddng tinh nam (gay). Trong mpt sd trudng hgp, "queer" vin dupe diing song song vdi "gay" ma khdng cd sy khac bi8t. 6 Viet Nam, thuat ngft nay cdn kha xa la, chu yeu mdi dupe gidi thieu bdi sd it cac nha nghien ciiu li8n quan din ITnh vuc gidi va ddng tinh. Trong bai viet, chiing tdi su dyng cum tu "van hpc queer" tft gpi y cdng ttinh Vdn hoc queer d Viet Nam: hudng den mgt ddng vdn hoc thieu so ciia nha nghien ciru Trdn Ngoc Hieu (Trudng DH Su pham Ha Npi) vdi y nghTa chi bp phan van hpc vilt ve tinh ttang ma hd va lech chuan v l gidi tinh vd cimg da dang trong ddi sdng va ttong van chuong hien dai. Theo do, van chuang viet ve de tai ddng tinh khdng chi la thu van hgc dugc viet bdi cac tac gia thudc cpng ddng nhimg ngudi ddng tinh (LGBT), ve cac nhan vat ttong con mat cua sd ddng la nhftng ke bat toan ve ban sac gidi tinh ma can hieu la mgt ddng van hpc dac biet bao quat tdt ca nhftng bieu hien vl "tinh ttang ma hd va xu hudng lech chuan ve gidi tinh" [1; 53], co the cd vd van hinh thdc tdn tai, hoac ro ret nhu quan he tinh due dong gidi, hi8n tugng gia nam/ gia nft, hi8n tupng hi thien hoac chi don thuan la nhiing xiic cam ddng gidi nhan manh vao "tam ly va my quan thay vi vao hanh vi cua su kich thich, hap dan ciing phai" [9; 1]. Cac thuat ngu nhu "yeu td queer", "ldi dpc queer"
22 I TRirOfNG D^I HOC HAI PHONG
ciing nam ttong trudng nghTa nay, duge md rdng tft khai niSm "van hgc queer". Nhimg bai viet ve van hge "queer" cua tac gia Tran Nggc Hieu cd the xem nhu mpt ddng thai cua ngudi di khai son pha thach, da dua ra mdt each hieu cdi md khac vdi quan diem xua cii cd phan eung nhac ve khai niem van hpc ddng tinh va rdng han la van hpc
"queer".
Cam quan ddng tinh (Homoeroticism):
Day la khai niem ehiing tdi mugn Iai eua cac nha nghiSn cuu di trudc de mo ta nhiing trudng hop khdng cd ddu hieu ro rang ve luyin ai ddng gidi (nhit la d hanh vi tinh due), nhung lai cd bieu hien t&n ly eua due cam biln di. Thuat ngft nay dac bi8t td ra hiiu ich dl khoanh vimg mdt sd sang tac van xudi Viet Nam giai doan trudc Cach mang, vdn thudng an sau mgt ldp nguy ttang uyen udc do vay ttd nen map md, kho hieu khien ngudi xem bdi rdi.
2.2. Nhirng cam quan dong tinh trong van xuoi Viet Nam nua dau the Icy XX tir goc nhin "queer" (lech pha)
Neu chi nhin tten ndi dung de suy doan, ngay tir ddu viec di8m dien cac tac pham thugc hang kinh dien tten rat cd the se lam nhieu ngudi siing sd, va bdt binh. Nhdt la ddi vdi Sdng mdn. Tdt ca cac y kien danh gia tu trudc tdi nay vl gia tti cua tac pham nay la dieu khdng phai ban cai. Nhung bi kich ddi sdng, bi kich tinh tiidn eiia ting ldp tti thirc Viet Nam dem trudc Cach mang vdi day dii tinh chan thuc va khdc liet ciia nd da dupe ngdi biit thien tai ciia van hgc hien thyc thi he thii tu thdi ky 30-45 phan anh xuat sac. Chiing tdi khdng ed y dinh ndi tilp ve dieu nay, chi luu y ve m0t tinh tilt nhd van thudng bi bd qua, cd le vi ai cung nghT nd chang cd gia tri gi ttong toan bd cudc dai phdu tinh than ciia nhan vat. Dd la doan ta
canh hai dng giao Thii va San sau khi hoan thanh xong viec dgn dd dac din chd d mdi (nha dng Hpc) mdt each len liit "nhu mot cd gai chiia hoang di de" [3; 167], dpi eho anh ngudi lam Md va nhftng ngudi khac da ra ve, "Thii vdi vang dong cua ngay. Y va San cdi quan ao ngoai, thao giay, nga lung xudng giudng (...). Bdng San xoay nghieng ngudi, vdng tay dm nguc Thu. Thu chuc hat ra, nhung San cuong lai:
- Im! Tdi bao.. .Nam ttong cai budng kin dao nay, anh cd cam tudng gi khdng?
Thu tac ludi:
- Cung hai d l chiu.
- Da danh. Nhung tdi thi hoi tiic: tiic mdt cai la hai thang dye ca. Gia mpt thing la ttai, mdt thang la gai thi cd phai tuyet khdng. Cai phong nay vua cho mgt cap.
San ap ma sat tai Thir, xd ngudi lai, khe khe ren nhung tieng ren "hu...hu...
U...U...". Thii khdng thich the, nhung cung khdng cu lai. (...) Thay Thii nam ngay ra, mac ke cho minh vudt ve niing niu, San bao dan hon. Thu sue tinh, day manh y ra...
- Anh lam ttd gi the?
San nung niu:
- Lang im, nao!...Im, em bao...
"Thdidi!"[3;170].
Mdt doan van nlu khdng cd nhiing ddi thoai tiep tuc sau do, ma d day nhan vat San tu thanh minh sy bat binh thudng cd phan qua khich ttong hanh vi cua minh (bat chudc Dich llie dm Ganh) thi se khien ngudi dpc vd eung bdi rdi. Nhung neu dung ldi dgc "queer " de tiep can nhu mgt each gpi y, s6 thdy nhftng phftc cam dang sau hanh ddng cua San.
Thd nhdt, cu chi au yim va ldi ndi cd chieu lai la ma San danh cho Thu, kit
hpp vdi cau dua bdn chan that "Gia mdt thang la ttai, mot thang la gai thi cd phai tuyet khong" khi San ap sat than the vdi Thii cho phep ngudi ta cd the nghT den mpt bilu hien cua md thiic chuyen vi cua due cam ddng tinh theo tinh thdn ma nha nghien cuu Nguyen Qudc Vinh da dan ra. Tuy dya tten mgt boi canh lam thdi mang tinh cgt nha ve chuyen ai an ttai gai nhung nhiing udc ao cua San (cung tinh cd la y nghT cua Thft ve ngudi vg d que nha) da dugc chuyen vi vao ttong mdt khdng gian gpi su lien tudng v l ddi Ilia rieng tu (can phdng nhd vua van cho mdt cap) hudng d6n mdt khat khao ao vgng ve hanh phuc gia dinh bi nhftng ddn nen tam sinh ly thiic bach (d doan sau, San binh luan ve viec lam vd tinh ciia cap ddi Dich va Oanh khiln San but nit "Xa vg ludn may thang roi. Hp lam the thi cd chSt minh khdng." [2; 171]).
Hanh vi mang cam quan tinh due ddng gidi cua San ddi vdi Thii cang tien xa han khi San tilp tuc de cho con khoai lac tinh than (nilm vui duge ty do thoat khdi nhftng dung cham tun mun de hen hang ngay vdi Oanh luc cdn d chung tai trudng) din dat hanh ddng. "San bao dan hem".
Nhung nha van cung chi ta din the, de mac tri tudng tugng ciia ngudi dpc tha hd bay bdng. Cau ndi sang ciia Thu da cat dut niem de me khoan khoai, ldi San v l vdi thuc te phu phang cay dang ve tinh the khd khan va thieu thdn hoi dm gia dinh cua hai ngudi.
Phuc cam tinh due ddng gidi vi the cung cham diit nhung an tupng ve nd van luan quan ttong tam tri ngudi dpc.
6 mdt khia canh khac, hanh vi dyng cham day nhay cam mdt mat vua phan anh su cang thang ciia xac thit, mat khac lai mang tinh chat cua thii tinh ban "tri ky"
gifta hai ngudi dan dng da lau ngay gan bd, T^P c m KHOA HOC, S 6 33, THANG 3/2019| 23
chung dung an d, chia se vdi nhau hi nhiing udc mo Idn lao lin nhiing toan tinh nhd nhen ddi thudng. T?i sao ttong mpt cudn tilu thuylt hien tiiyc lam ngudi dpc hire bdi va ngpt ngat khi doi theo cuoc song le tiie dim bing chan nan, vd vpng ciia nhiing giao khd tiirdng tu lai "lln" vao vai doan gay hoang mang nhu vay? Chung tdi cho ring, nhiing gi ma hau the da ca ngpi Nam Cao nhu mgt thien tai sd mdt ve mieu ta tam ly cua van xudi hien dai Viet Nam hoan toan diing, nhung hin la ttong ldi khen ngpi dy khdng chic da bao ham mot hiiu biet tudng tan va sau xa ve nhung ttac tuyet den t8 vi cua ngdi biit Nam Cao, khi dng mudn phai ngd din tan ldp t l bao xiic cam ciia the gidi ndi tam con ngudi - vdn phuc tap va thudng khien ngudi ta hay ngo nhan.
Nhilu nha tam ly hi8n dai cho ring ban than hien tupng ddng tinh "khdng chi la viec hai ngudi ddng gidi chia se vdi nhau rihftng cam xiic sinh ly ma do cdn la su yeu thuang, chia se ca ve tam hdn, tinh each va nhirng gia tri tinh cam cho nhau" [7]. Quan diem nay ban se tao ra mpt tiln dl thich hpp de chiing ta xem xet lai mdt vai mdi quan he ddng gidi hoac co hinh thiic ben ngoai ddng gidi v6 cung dac biet ttong lich su van chuang thuc te va gia tudng.
Dugc xem la nha van dau tien khai md ddng van chuang due tinh mpt each thuc sy tai Viet Nam, cai ten Le Hoang Muu khiln ngudi ta nghT ngay den tac pham "gay nhilu tai tieng" Hd Huong phong nguyet (cdn cd ten la Truyen ndng Hd Huong - 1915) khiln cho tac gia ciia nd ttd thanh mgt hien tugng dac biet tten van dan thap nien ba muai thi ky XX: vua dupe hoan nghenh vira bi len an. Hoan nghenh bdi cdng chiing va len an bdi Tda an. Nhiing tudng sau viec tieu huy 750 cudn Hd Huong dang luu hanh, L6 24 I TRlTGfNG DAI HQC HAI PHONG
Hoing Muu se thdi khdng viet "dSm thu"
"cd h^i cho phong hda dan toe" nfta thi ban chuc nam sau, sy ra ddi ciia Ngudi bdn nggc (1931) khang dinh chu kien khdng de hi lung lac cua nha van khi van trung thanh vdi ehu d l tinh dye "xuit phat tir mdt sy hieu la trong d l tai han la mudn tim thay d dd mdt h^ gia tri mdi, mot diin ngdn mdi" [2; 266].
Bdng hinh thiic cua mdt tieu thuylt chucmg hdi cd dien, su dung phd bi8n loi van bien ngau, Ngudi bdn nggc thuat lai chuyan tinh "hoan hi ky oan" giiia chang thilu nien phong luu Td Thudng Hau va mdt menh phy tte tudi. Vd tinh giap mat trong mpt lin van canh ehiia, Td Thudng Hau ngay lap tiic bi dung mao doan trang ciia Hd phu nhan (vp Hd Qudc Thanh - de ddc Td Chau dang di dep loan cat dang) lam cho me mdn. Chang ttd v l lap k l tilp can bing duge Hd phu nhan. Nhd sy giiip da ciia my ban to, hp Td cai trang thanh ngudi phu nu ban nggc quy, dem ngpe vao dang cho Hd phu nhSn, kilm cd lam sd ngpe de d lai qua dem va bat dau mdt mdi tinh vyng ttpm keo dai hon hai nam vdi nang. Cudc tinh di ngupc lai giao huan cuong thudng cua hai con ngudi dam me sac dye Td Thudng Hau va Hd phu nhan ttong Ngudi bdn nggc vdi mdt ket thuc bi kich: ngudi chet, ke bi di luu day cd le ciing van nam ttong thdng diep canh thdc chung ma Le Hodng Muu muon gui den ngudi dpc, nhung vdi viec sir dyng md tip gia ttang khdng may xa la, nha van cimg mdt luc lam dugc may viee: viia tao cho nhan vat mdt vd boc, vua lay cd dh tilp tyc day cae tinh tiet truyen 18n hoi eao ttao, lai ddng thdi he Id nhftng bi mat v l cai gpi la
"mdi quan he ddng gidi giua nhung nu nhan thdi phong kien".
De hgp thirc hda chuyen di lai gifta minh va Hd phu nhan, Td Thudng Hjiu da
tinh toan timg dudng di nude budc that cdn than. Trong qua trinh theo sat cac budc di cua hp Td, nha van da pho bay mdt dinh cao cua nghe thuat mieu ta tam ly nhan vat ma d do cac Idp lang cua mdt muu ke tinh ai vd eung tinh vi dugc bdc md ddn din. Khdng chi ti mi ttong sap dat muu toan, hp To cdn kheo bia ra mdt lai lich than thi eo le dh chi8m nigm thuong h^i cua Hd phu nhSn (lay chdng tu Iiic tte, chua day hai nam, chdng chet, phai chiu than gda bua). Khi Hd phu nhan khuyen nen tai gia de hop y hda cong, hp Td lai trinh bay: "...Tienthilp gift tilt thd chdng, la tai ngan ngam su tinh (...) ludng sg ddi ddi chan gdi" bdi vi "phan te mi lam ndi dang cay" [4; 507].
Tuy nhien, ttong cau chuyen lam qua, Td Thudng Hau (liic nay dang cai trang lam gai) da thd Id vdi Hd nhan ve "ke mau diing de can ngan ai tinh, ngay dem deo dudi theo hoai, khuya sdm chan chan budc mai" [4; 509] cua cac tilt phy xua, ma theo do cai bi quyet "giai pha sau tinh, ma khdng that tiet" chinh la "coi ttong chi em ban gai ngudi nao dep de, thich tinh, dem ve lam ban gdi chan, sdm khuya chung cha.
Lau ngay quen thude net nhau rdi, thuang yeu nhau ban vg vdi chdng, ndng man bon tinh vdi nghTa" [4; 511].
Rd rang la, cau chuyen "lay nghTa chj em giai ndi tit tinh chan gdi" ma Td Thudng Hau dem ra dan du Hd phu nhan ttong ngu canh nay cd y nghia ciia mdt cai cd thda dang tao dilu kien thuan Ipi cho viec ket than gifta hai ngudi nhung an sau nd phai chang van la mpt lich su dai khuat lap co dinh dang den thu due cam ddng gidi ludn i n nap dau dd trong ddi sdng nhan loai, chi chd CO hdi la bung tda? Ban than Hd phu nhan chinh la mdt vi du ciia sy thuc hanh cac dye cam ddng tinh dy. Khdng biet Td
Thudng Hau gia gai, Hd phu nhan khi nghe ve ke mau nhiem "ngoai ciing cd ve mang vui, cudi cudi ndi ndi hai ma img dieu, coi y ngudi la ap yeu, nen ngoai cung cd chieu lai la" [4; 512], khong ne chap "nhung liic nim ngdi di diing, ca ve ke vai, cudi ndi la lai, vui gidn nhu tinh phu phu" [4; 514].
Cd the thay, nhung ttang vilt "ndng bdng" cua Le Hodng Muu ve van dl due tinh ttong hoan canh xa hdi Viet Nam budi giao thdi chua doan tuy8t hoan toan tu tudng khac ky, khac due Tdng Nho chinh la nguyen nhan ciia nhirng xdn xao ttong du luan. Tinh yeu di tinh (Td Thudng Hau - Hd phu nhan) vugt qua khuon khd 18 giao ttong trudng hpp Ngudi bdn nggc da phai mugn den hinh hai ciia tinh yeu ddng tinh nft (cau chuyen ve cac vi suongphu) de bieu 1$. Den lupt minh, tinh yeu ddng gidi khdng thi tu nd duong ddu vdi phan xet ciia du luan cung phai tim each dn niip ttong sy chinh danh ciia nhiing mdi quan he ban be giiia nhiing ngudi ciing gidi tinh (Hd phu nhan - ngudi ban ngpe). Mdt tinh tiet nhung chua dung y nghTa vl hai cdm ki tmh due: mdt phd biln (ngoai tmh), mdt thieu sd (ddng tinh) nhung deu la tieu diem ciia sy phe phan. Y nghia xa hpi ciia Ngudi bdn nggc vi the cd the ndi da rdng Idn hem cac tac pham timg co ciia Le Hoang Muu.
Co nha nghien cuu cho rang, xet ve ndi dung ciia tac pham ciing nhu hoan canh ra ddi ciia nd, hoan toan cd the nghi ngd Ngudi bdn nggc khdng phai la mgt sang tac ma la mpt tac pham phdng dich. Dilu nay neu dugc chumg minh se khien ngudi ta phai suy nghT nghiem tiic han ve nhiing tac dgng cua yeu td ngoai lai den nhiing tu sy ddng tinh hoac cam quan ddng tinh giai doan nda dau the ky XX d Viet Nam.
Lien quan den hien tuong dao trang (ttansvestism), cdng trinh nghien cuu thii vi TAP CHI KHOA HOC, s o 33, THANG 3/2019 25
cua hpc gia Nguyin Qudc Vmh ve nhirng nhyc the bien di vd cdc ddng thdi chuyen vi cua due cdm dong tinh dupe tim thdy trong van chuang Viet da tiep can tieu thuyet Hdn buom mo tien (Khai Hung) d khia canh su vi pham "cac can cudc gidi tinh va he hinh phai tinh nhi phan", tir do chi ra su ton tai cd thyc cua khai niem "dao vi gidi tinh" cd tmySn thdng tii thdi Quan Am Thi Kinh.
Di. chi ra ddi sau Ngudi bdn nggc mpt nam nhung Hdn budm mo tiin da lam dpc gia ducmg thdi bj chinh phyc hoan toan bdi Idi hanh van trong sang, gay ggn va rat trir tinh theo diing tdn chi ma nhdm Tu luc da de xuat. Mgt cdt tmyen dan so mang chd tinh thin lang man chii nghTa ve "thii tinh dudi bdng Tft bi" nhu Nhat Linh da nhan xet, da khiln duang thdi ludn phai bSn Idng ve "nhiing cau hdi khd khan va sau xa ve su tianh chap gifta tu va tuc, giua dao vk ddi, gifta tinh yeu va tdn gido" [8]. Chang thu sinh Ngpe vi duyen phan gap chii tieu Lan (thuc ra la nu nhi cai dang xuat gia) ttong khung canh nen tha thoat tyc d mpt ngdi chua cd vimg tnmg du Bic bp va nhanh chdng quyen luyen. Hinh dang ben ngoai cua tieu Lan ngay tft dau da khien Ngpe ban khoan "Quai la! Sao d vimg nha que lai co ngudi d?p ttai din thi, nuoc da tting mat, tieng ndi diu dang ttong treo nhu tieng con gai" [5; 14]. Nhung nghi ngd i y cgng vdi thien cam ban ddu da thdi thuc Ngpe tim mpi each gan Lan ngo hau du ep Lan phai bgc Id than phan la gai ma chang cd nhilu can cu khang dinh. Bja ra gidc chiem bao sudng sa ve Lan, cd y ve chan dung Lan nhu mpt my nhan dl ngdm td cho Lan bilt tinh y ciia minh, Nggc ttanh thii ca nhiing co hpi de dupe tiep can the xac (nam tay, nga vao Idng), tham chi khdng ngai gia bp tan tinh Van Thi Mdu de khai long ghen d Lan. Cudi ciing, ttong idn nghi lai chiia Long Van, 26 I TRirdNG DAI HQC HAI PHONG
khat khao thay chan tudng that ngudi tinh ttong mong ciia Ngpe cung toai nguyen, khi ma trong liic ea hai mai giang co, "ao dai, ao ngan cua Lan deu mOt ciie, tte vat ra" va Ngpe "thoang trdng thay ngyc Lan qudn vai nau" [5; 90]. Nhung tri td md chua kjp ha h6, chang lai ddi dien ngay vdi sy hoi han:
"Do, cd tim cho bi6t ban la gal, phdng cd ich Igi gi? D8 vay cdn thu, chii the nay thi khong biet chimg..." [5; 91], Cau ndi ciia Ngpe khien ngudi xem edn dang phan van cd hay khdng mpt cam quan ddng tinh tinh vi dudi lot dao trang thi ngay sau do, ldi trdn tinh ciia chang vdi Lan "Tdi xm thii that vdi ni cd ring tdi yeu ni cd, tdi yeu ngay tft luc cdn tudng ni cd la trai." [5; 92] da cho ddc gia nhieu sd cu ve su dieh chuyin nhue cam bien di d mot ai tinh ly tudng phi xac thit.
Mpt tieu thuyet tinh yeu mang am hudng hien dai ngan ngui, tam ttam ttang giay nhung lai khien cac nha phe binh ea duang thdi va sau nay tdn nhieu giay muc.
Sir dung mo tip quen thudc trong van chuang la su dao ttang, Khai Hung da khiln Hon budm mo tien vupt ra ngoai bilu bilt thdng thudng ve mpt diin ngdn tinh yeu bi thir thach bdi tdn giao, biln no ttd thanh "lich su ciia nhiing bi mat ngay ttong ban van, ddi llie tudng chimg nhu ven md tdt ca mpi dilu bi mat, ddi luc ngudi dpc tudng chimg kham pha ra het bi mat - dudng nhu bi mat cd do va khdng co d dd" [8]. Vdi nhiing chieu kich sau xa ay, Hdn budm mo tien khiln chiing tdi nghT den mdt dang cau thai, eau do ndi nhu each cua Bernard Eikhenbaum,
"mpt tieu thuyet khac khdng dugc vilt ra"
lien quan den nhiing dieu bi cim doan.
Nhung bieu hien ciia cam quan ddng tinh d mat tam ly mi quan qua mdt sd trudng hgp ca biet nhu Song mon, Ngudi bdn nggc, Hdn budm mo tien k l tten dii it di nhung
van gdp tieng ndi xac nhan v l nhiing diu hgc "queer" de hinh dung ve nd. Q do, xet hi8u cua mpt hinh thai dye tinh mang tu ve dai the, nhiing tac phdm kilu nay khdng each thieu sd. Cho du cdn kha mo hd, chimg chi it ve sd lugng ma cdn lam cho ngudi dpc tdi vdn cho ring, viec diing mdt each dpc nd phai bdi rdi, ban khoan vi nhung phftc
"queer" cd kha nang md ra mpt canh cua cam "queer" hoac rai rac hoac xuyen sudt khac de tiep can van chuang, nhat la nhihig npi dung tu tudng tac phdm. Mpt each tilp tac pham thudc ve qua khu. can linh dgng va mim deo dugc ggi y tii he 3. Ket luan thdng ly thuyet lech pha hpc chinh la ca sd Trudc Cach mang, hoan canh xa hdi ban diu cho chiing tdi manh dan hiln khai Viet Nam vdi nhihig thang ttim va biln nhimg suy nghT ciia minh. Viec di tim nhftng dpng dugc hiiu nhu mot bdi canh bdt lgi cam quan ddng tinh trong van chuang Viet cho viec phat Id cua cdng ddng LGBT, keo Nam trudc Doi mdi, hoac xa ban la trudc theo he qua tuong tu trong cac ITnh vyc lien Cach mang ciing nhu phac thao dien mao quan nhu van chuang ddng tinh. Bdi dac thu mang van xudi Viet Nam vilt v l de tai ddng mang tinh xa hdi hpc dy, van xudi d l tai ddng tinh ducmg nhien mdi chi la so khdi. Nghien tinh, ndi chinh xae han la lien quan den ddng ciiu ve de tai ddng tinh ttong van chuong tinh cang khien chiing tdi phai mugn each ndi chung, do do la mdt van de md, dang quan niem Idng va dpng cua thuat ngu van chd dpi nhieu gop ban, danh gia cdng tam.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Tran Ngoc Hieu (2014), 'Van hpc queer hudng den mdt ddng van hpc thieu sd d Viet Nam', Tap chi Tia sdng, sd 1, tt 53-55.
2. Tran Van Toan (2009), 'Dien ngdn tinh due ttong van xudi hu cau Viet Nam (tii ddu thi ky 20 den \9A,5)\ Nghien cicu vdn hgc Viet Nam nhirng khd ndng vd thdch ?/iu-c, Tu sach KHXH do vien Harvard Yenching tai trp, tt. 247-300.
3. Nam Cao (1997), Tuyin tap Nam Cao (tap 2), NXB Van hpc. Ha Ngi.
4. Nhieu tac gia (1999), Vdn xudi Nam Bd nua ddu the ky 20 (tap 1), Cao Xuan My suu tam, Mai Qudc Lien gidi tbiSu, NXB Van nghe TP. Hd Chi Minh va Tmng tam Nghien ciru Qudc hpc, TP Ho Chi Minh.
5. Khai Hung (2014), Hdn buom mo tiin, NXB Hdi nha van. Ha Ngi.
6. Jagose A.(2001), Queer theory An introduction. New York University Press, New York.
7. Giao phan Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh (2011), 'Ddng tinh dudi ba gdc nhin: y hpc, tam ly va ton giao', Toa dam Ddng tinh: tinh yiu, hdn nhdn vd nhimg trdn trd.
8. Dang Phiing Quan (2016), Khdi Hung tic Hdn budm ma tien din Bdn khoan, 5/2018, http://www.gio-o.com/Tet/Tet2016DangPhungQuan.htm.
9. Nguyen Quoc Vinh (1997), 'Deviant Bodies and Dynamics of Displacement of Homoerotic Desire in Vietnamese Literamre from and about the French Colonial Period (1858-1954)', (a/flwa5, 1/1/1990,
http://www.talawas.org/talaDB/showFile.php?res=1056&rb-0503.
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