J CO CHE, CHINH SACH DOl VOfI C 6 N G TY LAM NGHIEP DANG QUAN LY RUKG SAN XUAT LA RITNG TV* NHIEN
THVC TRANG VA DENH HlTdNG
Nguyen Van Hop', Vu Ngoc Chuan^
'TS. Truang Dgi hgc Ldm nghiep
^ThS Trudng Dgi hgc Ldm nghiep
T O M T A T
Khi budc vao sjp xep, dot mdi cac lam trudng quoc doanh theo Nghi dinh sd 200/2004/ND-CP ngay 03/12/2004 ciia Chi'nh jrfiii ve sap xep, doi mdi va phat trien lam trudng qudc doanh tren toan qudc, cd 170 cong ty lam nghiep dugc trai rdng chii yeu tren 5 vung sinh thai. Nha nudc da ban hanh nhieu co che, chinh sach de cai thien hieu qua hoat dong cho cac cdng ty lam nghiep, mdi nhat la quyet dinh sd 118/2014-ND-CP ngay 17/12/2014. Tuy nhiai, cac cache, chinh sach nay cdn nhieu bat cap va vudng mic dac biet la ddi vdi cac cong ty lam nghiep dugrc giao giii rimg tu nhien. Do vay, de quan ly, bao ve va phat trien rimg dn dinh nhAm nang cao hieu qua hoat dgng cho cac cdng ty lam nghiep thi nhimg bat cap, vudng mac vS co che, chi'nh sach ndi tren can dugc sua doi, bd sung dieu chinh kip thdi, ddng bp./.
Tiir khoa: Chinh sdch, cong ly ldm nghiep, ar che, rimg sdn xuat tu nhien.
I. D ^ T VAN DE
Khi budc vao sap xdp, ddi mdi cdc Idm trudng qudc doanh theo Nghi dinh so 200/2004/ND-CP ngay 03/12/2004 cua Chinh phu vd sdp xep, ddi mdi va phdt trien Iam trudng qudc doanh tren todn qudc, cd 170 cdng ty Iam nghiep dugc trai rgng chii ydu tren 5 viing smh thai. Trong qua trinh boat dgng, nhidu cdng ty da tidn hanh chuydn ddi, sat nhdp vd giai thd, ddn nam 2014 hien cdn 139 cdng ty. Nha nudc dd ban hanh cdc co che, chinh sach de cdi thidn, thay ddi tinh hinh, dac bidt la nghi sd lI8/20I4/Ne-CPngay 11 thang 12 nam 2014 dugc ky vgng. Tuy nhidn, theo danh gia cua Bg Ndng nghi?p va Phat tridn ndng thdn thi den nay phan Idn cac cdng ty lam nghiep do nhd nudc mdi chi qua cdc ldn doi tdn; cdc ydu td ca ban cua san xuat, kinh doanh la ddt dai, rimg cdc Ioai, vdn va Iao ddng deu chua dugc xac lap lai phu hgp vdi md hinh chuyen ddi. Trong cdc cdng ty Iam nghifp nhd nudc hidn nay thi cdc cdng ty dang qudn Iy rimg san xuat tu nhidn, chii yeu la rirng tu nhidn ngheo kiet dang gap khd khdn nhdt, cd thd ndi Id be tdc loi ra.
H. PHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN CUtJ Bai vidt dugc thuc hidn thdng qua ngudn tai lieu thiJT cdp dugc thu thdp tir cac bao cao cd lien quan ciia Tdng cue Lam nghidp, cac doanh nghidp ldm nghidp. Nguon dir lieu so cdp dugc thu thdp thdng qua cac dot khao sat thuc td tai mgt sd cdng ty Idm nghidp thudc cdc tinh Son La, Qudng Bmh, Gia Lai, Kon-Tum bdng phuang phdp phdng van true tidp ban lanh dao cac cdng ty trong thdi gian tu nam 2012 - 2014.
HL KET QUA NGHIEN CUtJ
3.1. Thirc trang quan Iy cac cdng ty ISm n g h i ^ Theo Qnyit djnh sd 3322/(5D-BNN-TCLN ngay 28/7/2014 cua Bg Ndng nghi?p va Phat tridn ndng thdn ve viec cdng bd hien trgng rimg toan qudc nam 2013 thi tdng dien tfch rimg todn qudc ddn 31/12/2013 Id 13.954.445ha/33.12I.I59ha tdng di?n tich tu nhien (chiem 40,42% tdng didn tich tu nhidn), trong dd dien tich rimg tu nhidn la 10.398.I60ha chidm sip xi 70% tdng dien tfch riing todn qudc.
Doi vdi cdng ty ldm n ^ d p nha nudc: Theo so heu tdng hgp tir Tdng cue Lam nghiep vao thdi didm thdng 8/2011 dugc phdn bo nhu sau:
106 TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 2-2015
Kinh te & Chinh sdch Theo difn tich:
- Cac cdng ty lam nghiep nha nudc dang dugc giao qudn ly I.077.743ha riing t\r nhidn sdn xuat/4.097.041ha rilmg tu nhidn san xudt (chidm 26%); rimg tu nhidn la rung phdng hg 278.562ha/4.231.93Iha rimg tu nhidn Id rung phdng hg (chidm 6,58%) va rirag tu nhidn Id rung dac dung 9.077ha/1.922.465ha rimg tu nhien la rimg d^c dung (chidm 0,5%). Dien tich riing cd phuong an dieu che khai thac giai doan 2011 - 2015 Id 54.819ha/1.077.743ha, chiem 5,1%.
- Theo sd li^u hidn trang rung toan quoc Bang 3.1. Ddc diem
ndm 2010 tbi t ^ bidu difn tich rung toan quoc theo loai chu qudn Iy thi rung tu nhidn khdng dugc phan theo 3 Ioai rimg. Day Id khd khan dd xac dinh ngoai cdng ty ldm nghidp dang qudn Iy didn tich rung sdn xuat tu nhidn ndu tren thi didn tich rimg sdn xudt tu nhien cdn lai dang thudc ddi tugng nao quan Iy. Qua khao sat thay rang so didn tich khdng nhd la thudc UBND xa (chua giao), Ioai nay hdu hdt la rimg ngheo kiet (Ydn Bdi), ngoai ra cdn cd cdng ddng thdn, ban (trang thai riing cdn giii dugc) vd sd it giao cho hg gia dinh ca nhan (Ioai nay thudng khdng cdn rimg) (Son La).
ede edng ty ldm nghigp
TT
/
2
Chi so cff hdn Doanh nghiep hgch todn doc lap Doanh nghiep hach todn phu thuoc
Scm vi tinh
Cty Cty
xang
so151 19
Cong ty thuoc tinh, TP tru-c thuScTW
141 Chia ra Tong Cflng ty
Lam nghiep Viet Nam
8
Tong Cong ty Giiy Vi|t Nam
2 19 Dien tich ddt duac
giao, thue a Dat rung san xuat b Dat rimg phong hg
Dat rimg dac dung Ha Ha Ha
1.693.882 340.043 57.974
1.886.402 345.945 7.998
80.205 11.966
68.607 10.466 2.377 4
a b c
Dien tich rieng Rimg san xuat - T\r nhien - Trong Rimg phong ho - Ty nhien - Trong Rimg dac dung -T\rnhien - Trong
Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha
l.m.396
i.vA.an
1.077.743 356.929 312.349 278.562 33.787 10.375 9.077 1.298
1 636.326 1.335.523 1.057.806 277.m 292.805 263.794 29.011 7.998 6.711 1.287
61.760 52.437 16.964 35.473 9.323 5.636 3.687
-
59.310 46.712 2.973 43.739 10.221 9.132 1.089 2.377 2.366 11 Khai thdc chinh go
rimg tu nhien Tong (hen tich co Phuong an dieu che S ^ luong khai thac b/q nam theo PA Ket qua khai thac go 2010
Ha
236.657 175.483
236.657 175.483 6
7 8
Kit gud khod thdc gd rimg trong nam 2010 Von sdn xudi, kinh doanh Lao dgng
M' Trieu VNB Nguai
1.454.935 3.375.386.782
.554 17.133
974.499 2 072.659.667.
856 13 774
285.996 360.705.000.0
00 1.309
194440 942.022114.
698 2.050 Nguon: Tong aic Ldm nghiep TAP CHI KHOA H Q C VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 2-2015 107
Theo viing sinh thai
- Tdy Bac: Trdn dia ban 4 tinh chi cd 5 cdng ty thugc Son La quan Iy 3.678ha rung tu nhidn sdn xudt/1.429.235ha rimg tu nhidn cac Ioai todn viing (binh quan 735ha/Cty), trong dd di?n tich dua vao didu chd khai thac la 659ha (chiem 18% didn tich rimg tu nhidn san xudt dugc giao); sdn lugng khai thac, tidu thu gd riing trdng chua cd. Qua sd hdu thay rang vai trd ciia cdng ty lam nghidp ddi \m rirag tu nhidn sdn xuat trong vimg Id rdt nhd, ngudn thu tir khai thdc gd khdng dang ke, ngudn thu ttr riing trdng khdng cd, thyc td khao sat tai Son La da chiing minh didu dd.
- Ddng Bac: Cd 13 tinh thupc dia bdn, tren dja ban cd 28 cdng ty Iam nghiep, rirag sdn xuat tu nhidn giao cho cdc cdng ty la 64.149ha (binh quan 2.291Iia/Cty), trong dd didn tich dua vao didu che khai thdc la 1.046ha (chiem 1,63% di?n tich riing ty nhidn sdn xudt dugc giao); san lugng khai thdc, tidu thy go rimg tr^ng nam 2010: 264.693ha (binh quan 9.453m^/cty). Qua so lieu thay rang khu vyc nay, cac cdng ty Iam nghiep dang dugc giao qudn Iy dien tich rimg sdn xuat la rimg ty nhien kha Idn, nhimg dien tich dugc khai thdc go rdt nhd, chi tap trung d 2 tinh la Lao Cai va Bdc Kan. Cdng ty cd san lugng khai thdc gd rimg ty nhidn; nhiing cdng ty cd sdn lugng khai thdc, tidu thy gd rirag trong dang dn dinh va phdt tridn, mdt so cdng ty da dieu hda ngudn thu tu khai thdc rimg trdng de chi cho vide qudn Iy, bao ve rirag ty nhien dugc gjao.
- Vimg Bdc Trung Bd: Cd 6 tinh trong vimg, tren dia ban cd 21 cdng ty lam nghidp, rirag sdn xuat ty nhien giao cho cdc cdng ty la I64.788ha (binh quan 7.847hayCty), Cdng ty Lam nghidp Long Dai quan Iy dien tich rimg ty nhien san xuat Idn nhat ca nudc: 61.473 ha vd 10.328ha rirag ty nhidn phdng hg, trong do dien tich dua vdo dieu chd khai thdc la 15.698ha (chidm 9,5% didn tfch rirag tu nhidn
sdn xuat dugc giao); sdn lugng khai thac, tieu thy go rimg trdng nam 2010: 223.882m^ (buih quan I0.66ImVcty). Qua sd Udu thdy rdng khu vyc nay, cdc cdng ty Iam nghidp dang dugc giao qudn ly dien tich rimg san xudt la riing tu nhien Idn, nhung dien tich dugc khai thdc go theo phuong an dieu chd nhd. Cdng ty cd san lugng khai thac go rirag ty nhidn; nhiing cdng ty cd san lugng khai thac, tieu thy go rimg trdng dang dn dinh vd phdt tridn, mgt sd cdng ty da didu hda ngudn thu tir khai thac riing trdng dd chi cho vide quan ly, bao vd riing ty nhidn dugc giao.
Viing Duydn Hai Trung Bd: Cd 8 tinh trong viing, trdn dia ban cd 16 cdng ty ldm nghidp, rirag sdn xudt tu nhien giao cho cdc cdng ty Id 92.645ha (bmh quan 5.790ha/Cty), trong dd dien tich dira vdo dieu chd khai thdc la 8.021ha (chidm 8,65% didn tich rimg ty nhien sdn xuat dugc giao); san lugng khai thdc, tieu thu gd rirag trdng nam 2010: 223.882m^ (bmh quan 13.992m^/cty). Qaa sd lieu thdy rdng khu vuc nay, cac cdng ty ldm nghiep dang dugc giao quan ly didn tich rimg sdn xudt la rirng ty nhien Idn, nhung didn tich dugc khai thac gd theo phuang dn didu chd nhd. Cdng ty cd sdn lugng khai thac gd riing ty nhidn; nhiing cdng ty cd sdn lugng khai thac, tieu thy go riing trdng dang dn dinh va phdt trien, mgt sd cdng ty dd didu hda ngudn thu tii khai thac riing trdng de chi cho vide qudn ly, bdo ve rimg ty nhidn dugc giao.
- Vimg Tdy Nguydn: Cd 5 tinh trong vimg, tren dia bdn cd 56 cdng ty Iam nghidp, rung sdn xuat ty nhidn giao cho cdc cdng ty Id 674.004ha (binh qudn I2.035ha/Cty), tmh Lam ddng cd dien tich binh qudn giao cho cdng ty Iam nghiep cao: 19.436ha/cty, don vi dugc giao rimg tu nhidn sdn xudt cao nhdt d Tay Nguydn la Cdng ty Ldm nghi?p Kon PIdng:
46.343ha, trong do didn tich dua vao didu che khai thac Id 29.393ha (chiem 4,36% dien tich 108 TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 2-2015
Kinh ti & Chinh sdch rimg ty nhidn sdn xudt dugc gjao); san lugng
kliai thac, tidu thy gd rung trdng ndm 2010:
59.269m Iai chu ydu thudc 5 cdng ty (3 cua Gia Lai va 2 ciia Ddk iJik chidm 58.281m^.
Qua so heu thdy rdng khu vyc nay, cac cdng ty Iam nghidp dang dugc gjao quan ly dien n'ch rimg sdn xuat la rimg ty nhien rdt ldn, nhung didn tich dugc khai thac gd theo phuong dn didu chd nhd. Cd 51/56 cdng ty (chidm 91%) khdng cd nguon thu tir rimg trdng. Ddy Id khu vuc ddn nay ngudn thu chu ydu van la tir khai thdc tieu thy gd riing ty nhien, khi ca che khai thdc thdt chat thi day la khu vyc khd khan nhdt.
3.2. Nhihig t^n t^i, khd khan chu y^u 3.2.1. Sap xep, chuyin doi vd th^c hign quyen tvr chu sdn xudt kinh doanh
Vi$c thyc hidn sap xdp, chuydn ddi cac ldm trudng quoc doanh dien ra liing tung va hinh thirc, thyc chat ddn nay cdc ldm trudng qua cdc Ian chuyen ddi mdi chi la ddi ten doanh nghidp, nhimg ton tai trudc khi chuyen ddi phdn ldn van chua dugc giai quydt. Cac cdng ty ldm nghidp, tren thyc te, chua dugc thyc hidn quydn ty chii san xuat kinh doanh, dugc Nha nudc giao quan Iy didn tich rimg vd ddt ldm nghi?p ldn, nhung quyen sii dyng rimg va dat rirag bi han che nhidu m^t, ndn cdng ty khdng thyc hidn dugc quyen vd nghia vy ciia mgt chii rirag va mdt doanh nghidp theo quy dinh ciia phap Iuat.
3.2.2. Vi ddt rung xudi ndi chung vd ddt rirng tu nhiin sdn xudt ndi riing
- Qua cdc Ian chuyen ddi dat dai vd tdi sdn rimg trdn dat, hdu hdt chua dugc rd sodt, do dac, cam moc va lap ban dd dia chinh, chua dugc cdp giiy chung nhdn quyen sii dung ddt.
Tinh trang tranh chdp, ldn chiem, xdm hai rirag vdn xay ra nhung chua dugc giai quydt. Quyen sii dung ddt dai khdng ro rang ddn ddn quyen va nghTa vu ciia cac cdng ty doi vdi dat dai thugc phgm vi qudn ly khdng ro rang, khdng tao dgng hrc phat tridn. Vide rd sodt va xac
dinh r5 didn tich, ranh gidi, trang thai cac loai rimg trdn ban dd va thuc dia; xac dinh gia tri quyen sii dung ddi vdi rimg sdn xuat ty nhidn vd gia trj quyen sd hihi rirag trdng dd lam co sd xay dung phuang an sdp xdp, ddi mdi va phat trien chua dugc thuc hidn dan ddn Iiing tung, vudng mdc. Dien tich dat quy hoach giao cho cac cdng ty thudng xuydn bi dp Iyc thu hdi vi cdc ly do nhu trdng cao su vd cdy cdng nghidp, djnh canh dinh cu va cdc nhu cau dan sinh - kinh td - xd hgi khdc cua dia phuang.
- Chua thuc hidn giao ddt cd thu tien sir dung ddt hoac thu tidn thud dat ddi vdi didn tfch ddt rimg sdn xuat da giao cho cac cdng ty Iam nghidp theo quy dinh cua Ludt Ddt dai;
chua thuc hien giao rimg cd thu tidn sii dyng rirag hodc thu tien thud rung ddi vdi di^n tich rimg sdn xudt da gjao cho cdc cdng ty Iam nghidp theo quy dinh ciia Luat Bao ve va Phat tridn rimg.
3.2.3. Doi vdi rirng ttr nhien Id rirng sdn xuat cd sdn ltrgng Ichai thdc dirg^c xdc dinh trong phmmg dn diiu chi rirng hogc qudn ly rirng bin vdng duffc duyit
- Chi tidu khai thdc phy thudc vao tdng han miic khai thac hang nam ciia Chinh phii. Khi dd dugc gjao chi tidu khai thac hang nam trdn CO sd tdng ban miic dugc Chfnh phti giao, mgt sd tinh cdn quy dinh phdi thdng qua Hgi ddng nhdn ddn tinh rdi mdi dugc Uy ban nhan ddn tinh giao kd hogch khai thac (Ddk Ldk, Dak Ndng, Son La). Hdng nam, Bd Ndng nghiep vd Phdt tridn ndng thdu thdng bdo phdn bd chi tidu khai thdc trdn ca sd dd xuat cua dia phuong, trong tong hgn miic dugc Chinh phii giao vao cudi ndm; nhidu dia phuong do trien khai khdng kip thdi, gap thdi tiet bat lgi ndn chl tidu khai thac it nhung ciing khdng hoan thanh cd nai khdng thuc hien;
- Vide to chiic khai thac, tidu thy vd su dung tidn ban gd thu dugc hidn dang cd hai phuang thiic sau:
TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 2-2015 109
+ Phuang thiic thu nhdt: Cong ty lam nghidp (Chit rimg) to chiic khai thac rimg theo thidt kd dugc duyet; bdn gd theo hinh thiic dau gid trdn co sd mtic gia san do tinh quy dinh;
tidn thu dugc sau khi trii cac khoan chi phi hgp ly va thu nop theo quy dinh, cdn lai dugc dd Iai cdng ty dd su dyng vao vide qudn Iy, bao ve vd phdt tridn rimg theo dy todn dugc cap cd tham quyen phd duydt. Day la hinh thiic phd bien hidn nay (Khanh Hda, Ddk Ldk, Ddk Ndng, Son La, Nghe An, Ldo Cai, (Juang Binh, Binh Dinh, Binh Thugn...).
+ Phuang thuc thir hai: Tren co sd hd so thidt kd, tinh lya chgn dan vi khai thac cd dii dieu ki?n thdng qua dau thdu khai thac; gd khai thac dugc tinh td chiic ban dau gid; tien ban g5 thu dugc sau khi trir chi phi khai thac va phuc vu khai thac, nop thud tai nguyen, cdn lai ngp vao ngdn sach tinh, vide sii dung do tmh quyet djnh (Lam Ddng). Ca biet cd dia phuong nhu tinh Gia Lai: Tinh duyet gia theo san lugng thiet ke va td chiic dku thdu cdy diing, don vi tning thdu to chiic khai thac, tidu thy va nop tidn cho ngdn sach tinh theo gid tning thdu.
Vdi phuang thiic thii hai, cac cdng ty Iam nghi?p hau nhu khdng cd quyen lgi tryc tiep gan vdi trach nhiem dugc giao, nen vide sii dung rimg gan vdi trach nhidm qudn Iy rimg kem hidu qua.
- Phdn ldn cac cdng ty Idm nghiep cd rirag san xudt ty nhien thudc ddi tugng khai thde dd xay dyng phuong an dieu che rimg, chua xdy dyng dy an dau tu, phuong an qudn Iy, bdo v^
vd sdn xuat, kinh doanh rirag ty nhidn trinh cdp cd tham quyen phd duydt theo quy dinh ciia phap luat.
- Hdu nhu cac cdng ty Idm nghiep dugc giao qudn Iy rimg ty nhidn td chiic tu bao vd rirag thdng qua vi^c thanh ldp cac tram bao vd rirng trong Idm phdn hode phan cdng Iuc lugng lao dgng trong cdng ty chiu trach nhiem tudn tra bdo ve mgt di?n tich rimg nhdt dinh, didn tich
rirag ty nhien giao khodn cho cgng ddng, hg ddn trdn dia ban bao v? chidm ty Id rat nhd do khdng cd kinh phi.
- Rirag n ^ e o kiet cdn khoanh nudi bao vd khdng cd ngudn kinh phi dam bdo; rung phdng hd dan xen dugc cip kinh phi khdng dap iing yeu cdu qudn ly bdo vd.
Thyc hien chi thi sd 3609/BNN-TCLN ngay 07/12/2011 ciia Bd trudng Bd ndng nghiep va Phdt trien ndng thdn vd viec trien khai cdng tdc bdo vd rimg ndm 2012 thi nam 2012 chi cap phep khai thac chlnh rimg sdn xudt ty nhidn cho nhung don vi cd phuang an quan Iy rirag ben virng dugc duy?t. Hidn nay, viing Tay Nguyen chi cd 7/56 cdng ty Idm nghidp dugc cdp phep khai thdc ndm 2012, nhu vdy tinh hinh khd khan ciia cac edng ty Iai cang gay gat hon.
3.2.4. Tuih binh boat ddng san xuat, kinh doanh - Hogt ddng sdn xuat kinh doanh cua nhieu cdng ty Idm nghidp hdu nhu chi tap trung vao cdng tac qudn Iy, bdo vd rimg nhu mdt don vj su nghiep, mgt sd cdng ty dugc giao chi tidu khai thac chinh, tan thu, tan dyng gd tai cac cdng trinh chuyen doi muc dfch su dung dat trdn dia ban.
- Tinh hinh tai chinh gap rat nhidu khd khdn, khdng dau tu md rdng, phat tridn dugc san xuat, thieu von Iuu dgng, nguon thu de chi cho cac boat ddng hdng nam chii ydu dua vdo khai thdc t^n thu, tan dyng gd rirng ty nhidn va ngudn kinh phi hd h-g cua UBND tinh d^ thyc hidn cdng tac bdo vd rimg. Viec chuydn doi hoac md rgng nganh nghe kinh doanh sang linh vyc khac cung rat khd khan (nhu xay dyng dan dung, khai thdc khoang sdn,..) vi lidn quan den nhilu ydu td nhan luc, qudn trj, vdn, cdng nghd... va nhdt Id khdng ke thira dugc m^t manh trudc day ciia cdng ty. M^t khdc, cdc cdng ty Iam nghiep nam tren dia bdn vimg sau, vimg xa, viing dac bi?t khd khdn, kinh te chua phat tridn nen rat khd dd don vi md rdng nganh nghe kinh doanh.
110 TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 2-2015
Kinh te <fe Chinh sdch 3.2.5, Chinh sdch hudng lgi tir rimg
- Thieu chinh sdch quy dinh cy the vd hudng Igi tir rimg tu nhien ddi vdi td chiic dugc giao qudn Iy logi rirag nay la cdng ty ldm nghiep (Chinh sdch hudng Igi tir rirag dugc quy dinh tai Quydt dinh sd 178/2001/QD-TTg ngdy 12/11/2001 ciia Thu tudng Chinh phu chi dp dung doi vdi hd gia dinh, ca nhan).
- Ngudi nhan khodn bao vd rung ty nhien vdi thdi gian khdc nhau, nhung co chd chia se lgi ich tir rimg lai chua ro, chua cy thd, chu ydu quy dinh trong trudng hgp ngudi nhdn khodn dn djnh lau dai. Neu ngudi nhan khoan rimg trong cac cdng ty Idm nghiep vi phgm ve rirag thi xii ly nhu thd nao ciing chua cd quy dinh ro.
3.2.6. Tdi chinh vd ddu tir
- Cac cdng ty Iam nghi?p chii yeu thugc doanh nghidp nhd, xet ca vd tidu chi lao dgng va vdn (dudi 200 ngudi, tdng ngudn vdn dudi 20 tyddng) theo Nghi dinh so 56/2009/ND-CP ngay 30/6/2009 cua Chinh phii vd trg gjiip phat tridn doanh nghiep nhd va vira. Phdn ldn cac Cdng ty Idm nghiep sau chuyen ddi ed sd vdn rat thdp, chi ddp iing 40-50% vdn didu Id theo quy dinh (toi thidu 30 ty VND) trong khi dd ty Id vdn cap tir chu sd hiiu Id Nhd nudc khdng dugc bd sung.
- Ddu tu chd bien gan vdi ngudn nguyen lieu tai cho quy md nhd, cdng nghd lac hau;
tbam gia thi trudng don didu (chu ydu la dam, gd xe vd nguyen li?u gidy); tham gia thi trudng xuat khiu cdn han chd;
- Hdu nhu cdc cdng ty ldm nghiep khdng dugc vay vdn tfn dyng uu dai dd trdng rimg, vi khdng ddp irng dugc mgt sd didu kien khat khe de vay vdn, nhu phai xay dyng dy an trdng rirag, didn tich ddt trdng rirng phdi dugc cdp sd dd, the chdp tai san, tra tidn lai hang ndm mac dil chua cd san pham... Mdt so cdng ty vdn ddu tu trdng rimg dya vao ngudn vdn vay tir ngan hang dau tu phat tridn Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, do chu ky ddu tu ddi, nii ro cao nen ngan hang
TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG
cho vay rat khdt khe, ban miic cho vay thdp, tra lai ngay sau khi vay va phai cd phan von ddi ling. Vi vgy, tdc do phat trien rimg trdng kinh doanh cl^m (dgc biet la Tay Bdc va Tdy nguyen) da lam anh hudng den tinh hinh san xuat kinh doanh chung cua cdc cdng ty Iam nghiep.
- Riing phdng hd, ddc dyng ngan sach Nhd nudc khdng ddm bao va dap iing kinh phi dd ddu tu va qudn ly bao vd theo quy dinh. Rimg sdn xudt Id rimg ty nhien ngheo kiet, rimg dang trong thdi ky nudi duang, phyc hdi chua dugc phep khai thdc gd, khdng dugc Nha nudc hd trg kinh phi de quan Iy, bdo ve theo co che nhu ddi vdi rirag phdng hg.
Tinh hinh tai chfnh vd ddu tu neu trdn ddt nhieu edng ty lam nghifp vdo tinh the khd khdn, lung tiing keo ddi, tham chi cd mgt sd cdng ty phai tinh den viec pha san.
3.2.7. Chinh sdch thui tdi nguyin - Thue suat sdn phdm khai thdc chinh go tir rung ty nhien d miic tir 10-35% la qud cao, khdng hgp Iy, bdi vi rirng la tai nguyen cd tdi tao, phai cd ddu tu duy tri va bao vd thudng xuydn (trong khi dd cac Ioai tdi nguyen khoang sdn khac d miic tir 5-25%, hai san ty nhidn tir 1-10%). Tinh hinh nay da day gia gd tren thi trudng ldn rat cao dan den khai thac vd vdn chuydn lam san bat hgp phap de tron, ldu thud tang, lam cho tinh hinh quan ly bao ve rimg rdt phiic tap, sdn xuat kinh doanh cua cdc cdng ty ldm nghidp g^p rat nhieu khd khan. Mat khac, do chua cd chinh sach quy dinh thue tdi nguydn rimg dugc ddu tu lai rimg, ndn vide su dyng tien thue tdi nguyen khdng thdng nhat, nhidu dia phuong sii dyng vao myc dich khac ma khdng dau tu vao bao vd va phat tridn rimg.
3.2.8. T6 chuc, bd mdy vd ngudn nhan luc - Phan Idn cdc cdng ty ldm nghiep dang ton tai bd may quan ly cua thdi ky ddu chuyen ddi, chua thich iing vdi co che thi trudng. Thieu co che, chfnh sdch ve uu tidn, dai ngg va ho trg ddi vdi dgi ngu nhung ngudi ldm Iam nghiep, nhat Id d ca sd.
NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 2-2015 H I
Kinh ti& Chink sdch
- Do ap Iyc ve bdo hidm xa hgi cho ngudi Iao dgng va phuong an san xuat kinh doanh khdng rd rang. Cdc cdng ty Idm nghiep da gidm ddn miic tdi da ve lao dgng quan Iy va hgp ddng khdng xac dinh thdi hgn (binh quan I don vi hidn nay cd 24 Iao ddng). Viec tuydn dung bd sung rdt ban chd, cdng tdc bdi duang dao tao ngudn nhan lyc it dugc quan tam. Tir thyc trgng dd ddn ddn tmh hinh la ngudn nhan lyc tai cac cdng ty hien nay vira yeu, viia thieu.
Vi|c chuydn ddi hodc md rdng ngdnh, nghd kinh doanh sang Imh vyc khac ciing rdt khd khan (nhu xdy dyng dan dung, khai thdc khoang san, dich vy...) vi lien quan den nhieu yeu td nhdn lyc, qudn tri, vdn, cdng nghd.. vd nhat Id khdng ke thira dugc mat manh trudc ddy ciia cdng ty. Mat khac, cac cdng ty lam nghiep nam trdn dia bdn vung sdu, viing xa, vimg dgc bi?t khd khan, kinh te chua phat tridn ndn rat khd 6e dan vi md rgng ngdnh, nghd kinh doanh.
3 3 . Mgt so de xuat
3.3.1. Ve md hinh to chuc qudn ly Phuang dn 1: Mdi tinh thanh lap 0! Cdng ty Iam nghidp tryc thudc UBND tinh. True thudc cdng ty lam nghidp cd cac phdn trudng theo dia gidi hanh chinh huyen. Mdi phan trudng cd cac tidu khu theo dia gidi hanh chinh xd.
Cdng ty Idm nghiep dugc thdnh lap cdc co sd chd bien Idm sdn, thyc hi^n thuang mgi (xudng, xi nghidp hodc cac cdng ty con).
Cdng ty Iam nghiep cd rimg phdng hd vd dac dung dugc Nha nudc dat hang dd quan I^, bao vd, phat tridn rimg thdng qua ban qudn ly tryc thudc cdng ty.
Cdng ty lam nghiep dugc thanh lap cac dan vi cung cap cac dich vu nhu cac: tmng tam khuydn Iam, trung tam hay xi nghiep didu tra, thiet ke quy hogch riing, xi nghiep khai thac, van chuyen ldm san.
Phuang dn 2: Chuydn cdc cdng ty lam nghiep qudn ly rung ty nhidn thanh cac ban
qudn ly rimg (don vj sy nghidp cdng Igp cd thu). Trong dd hogt dgng cdng ich (bao gdm:
quan ly, bdo ve rimg phdng hd, dgc dyng va rimg san xuat ty nhidn ngheo; dich vu cdng ich va xa hdi khdc do Nhd nudc dat hang) dugc Nhd nudc giao dy toan vd cdp kinh phi thyc hidn theo Nghi dinh sd 43/2006/ND-CP ngdy 25/4/2006 cua Chinh phii Quy dinh quydn ty chii, ty chju trdch nhiem vd thyc hi?n nhidm vy, td chiic bg may, bidn che va tai chinh doi vdi don vj su nghidp cdng lap. Hogt dgng "cd thu" ciia ban qudn ly dugc thyc hidn day dii quydn vd nghia vy vd cac hogt ddng san xudt kinh doanh phii hgp vdi chiic nang, nhi^m vu dugc giao (md hinh nay trong nudc hi$n dang cd d Thanh Hda va Dong Nai).
3.3.2. Vi Cff che, chinh sdch
- Ddi vdi chiic nang kinh doanh: Cdng ty ldm nghidp nha nudc dugc thyc hien day du ve quydn vd trdch nhiem ciia cdng ty trach nhidm him ban mdt thdnh vidn do Nhd nudc Iam chii sd huu theo quy djnh tai Ludt Doanh nghi?p nam 2005 va cdc van bdn phdp lugt hudng dan thi hanh Iuat nay;
- Dugc quydn chii ddng to chiic vd chiu trach nhidm ddi vdi cac boat d0ng san xuat kinh doanh Idm nghi?p (tgo rirng, khai thac, che bien, tidu thu Idm sdn...) tren didn tich rirng vd ddt dugc giao, dugc thud theo nguydn tdc hach todn kinh doanh va theo ca che thj trudng cd sy hd trg cdn thiet va cd dieu kidn cita Nhd nudc; thuc hidn nhidm vu cdng ich theo kd hoach hogc dan dat hang cua Nha nudc va cd dam bao kinh phi ciia nhd nudc de thyc hidn nhidm vy cdng ich theo kd hogch hang nam dugc cdp cd tham quydn phd duydt;
- Duge dung cac Igi thd ciia edng ty (vd ddt dai, von, ky thu^t, thi trudng, v.v...) dd lien doanh, lien kdt gay trdng rimg, kdt hgp san xudt ndng, Idm, ngu nghidp, chd bi^n, tieu thy san pham vd lam dich vu cho cac ttianh phdn kinh td trdn dia bdn theo quy djnh ciia p h ^ luat.
TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG N G H ? LAM NGHIEP SO 2-2015
Kinh ti & Chinh sdch Dugc ty chii tai chinh theo hudng ngudn
thu tir khai thac Idra sdn, dich vy mdi trudng rirag (djch vy didu tidt nudc, bao ve dat, kinh doanh canh quan riing, h ^ thu va Iuu giii cdc bon...), mgt so khodn thud phai nop dugc cap lai cho cdng ty dd dau tu vao vide bao ve va phat trien rimg, trong dd cd nliidm vu bdo vd, nudi dudng rimg sdn xudt la rimg ty nhidn ngheo kiet.
- Cac cdng ty Idm nghiep cd phuang dn ddi mdi hogt dOng san xudt kinh doanh theo hudng md rgng hgp tac vd da dang hda cac hinh thiic td chiic san xuat kinh doanh rirng; chuyen dich CO cau san xuat tir khai thac, che bien gd rimg ty nhien sang kinh doanh gd rimg trdng, ldm sdn ngodi go vd dich vy.
IV. KET LUAN
Ldm trudng qudc doanh sau sap xep chuyen ddi da budc vdo hoat dong dn dinh. Tuy nhien, den nay nhung don vi khd khdn nhat chinh la cdc cdng ty ldm nghi?p dugc giao giir rimg tu nhidn chii ydu Id ngheo kiet. Cdc co chd, chinh sach de dau tu, quan Iy bdo vd logi rung ndy Id bit cdp vd vudng mdc; cac giai phap de ra thieu tinh kha thi ddn den tinh trang rirag da ngheo nhung dang tidp tuc bj suy thodi cd ve dien tich, chit lugng vd tmh da dang sinh hgc.
N^u nhirng bat cap, vudng mac ve co che, chinh sach ndi trdn dugc siia ddi, bd sung didu chinh kjp thdi, ddng bd thi chac chan ddi tugng rimg sdn xuit ty nhidn va ddc bidt Id Ioai rirag ty nhien ngheo kiet se dugc qudn ly, bdo vd va
phdt tridn dn djnh, hidu qua./.
TAI L i f U THAM KHAO
1. Artemiev, L (2003) Cdi cdch ldm trudng quoc doanh a Viet Nam Ma ra tiim ndng trong rimg cho muc ^ck thuang mgi. Tdi lieu ky thugt EARSD - Ca quan phdt triin ndng thdn vd tdi nguyin thiin nhien khu vgc Dong A vd Thdi Binh Duang. Ngan hang the gidi. Viet Nam
2. ADB, (2000) Nghiin cuu chinh sdch \a khirng thi chi bdo vi tdi nguyin rimg. Ngdn hdng phdt trien chdu A, TA No. 3255 - VIE. Ban Tu van nong n ^ e p . Rome, Italy va Ha N™, Viet Nam.
3. Bo Chlnh tri Ban chap hanh Trung uong Dang Cpng san Viet Nam (2014), Nghi quyit sd 30-NQ/TW ngdy 12/3/2014 vi tiip luc sdp xip, doi mai vd phdt trien. ndng cao hiiu qud hogt dpng cua cong ty ndng, ldm nghiep.
4. Chinh phii (2004), Nghi dmh so 200/2004/ND-CP ngdy 03/12/2004 vi sdp xip, doi m&t \d phdt trien ldm trudng qudc doanh.
5. Cbinh phu (2006), Nghf dinh sd 43/2006/ND-CP ngdy 25/4/2006 Quy dinh quyin tu chu, tg chiu trdch nhlim ve thge hiin nhiim vu, to chuc bo may, biin chi vd tdi chinh doi vdi dan vf su nghiep cong lap.
6. Chinh phu (2014), Nghi dtnh sd 118/2014/ND-CP ngdy 17/12/2014 vi sdp xip, doi mai phdi triin, ndng cao hiiu qud hogl dong cua cong ty nong ldm nghi^.
Cac Website
7. Cue Kiem iam, Tong hgp so liiu diin biin rimg.
Co tai:
http //ft"ww.kiemlam.org.vn/Desktop.aspx/List So- li eu-d len-bi en-rung-h an g-nam/
8. EASRD, (2005), Cdi cdch ldm inrdng quoc doanh a Viet Nam. Co iai:
http://siteresources.wQrldbank.org/rN TVIETNAM'R esources-'vn sfe report en.pdf
9. RECOFTC, (2011) Cdi cdch ldm nghi^ a Viit Nam.
Co tail hUp//ww'w.recoflc.org/site/V'ietnam-s-Forestrv- Refomis
TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 2-2015 113
MECHANISMS, POLICIES FOR THE FORESTRY COMPANIES MANAGING THE NATURAL PRODUCTION FOREST
CURRENT SFTUATION AND ORIENTATION
Nguyen Van H o p , Vu Nggc C h u a n SUMMARY
Currently, there are 170 state forestry companies sorted to convert under Decree No, 200/2004 of the Govemment dated 03/12/2004. Hie State has issued several mechanisms and policies to improve the performance of forestry companies. Hie newest policy is the Decision No. 118/2014-ND-CP dated 17/12/2014.
However, these mechanisms and policies are inadequate and problematic, especially for the forestry compames which are assigned to manage natural forests. Therefore, to manage, protect and develop forest sustainablely to enhance operational efficiency for forestry companies, the shortcomings and problems of mechanisms and policies mentioned above need to be amended, supplemented and adjusted timely and synchrtmously./.
Keywords: Forestry company, mechanisms andpoUcies, natural production forests.
Ngu'di p h a n bien Ngay nhan bai Ngay phdn bien Ngay quyet dinh dang
PGS.TS. Nguyin Van T u a n 14/4/2015
25/5/2015 09/6/2015
TAP CHI K H O A H O C VA C O N G N G H E LAM NGHIEP SO 2-2015