NGHIEN CUU-TRAO OOI
4 T A P D P DO! Vdl NO! DUNG TRANH CHAPTAIIl^ONGTAI MONG MAI QUOCTE
T
hyc tien trgng tdi thuang mgi qude tl da cho thdy sau khi vdn dl thii tyc da dugc gidi quyet, nhiem vu chinh ciia hpi ddng trpng tai la xac minh tdi lieu, chiing cii ciia vu tranh chap de dua ra phan quylt trpng tdi.Ddi khi vu tranh chdp cd thl duge gidi quyet tryc tidp bang dieu khodn trong hgp ddng, ddc bift khi hgp ddng dugc soan thdo chi tiet. Tuy nhidn, bdt ki thoa thudn nao ciia cac ben van phdi chiu sy dieu chinh eua hf thdng phap lugt nhdt dinh, dd la lugt dp dung ddi vdi ngi dung tranh chap. He thdng phap lugt ndy se quy dinh vifc gidi thich vd hifu lyc cua thod thudn giua cdc bdn, quydn va nghia vu, each thiic thyc hien vd hf qua ciia vifc vi pham thoa thudn. Trong nhilu trudng hgp, vide thay ddi ludt ap dung ddi vdi npi dung tranh chdp cd the dan den sy thay ddi ddi vdi hgp ddng.''^ Chi'nh vi vay, ben canh dieu khodn ciia hgp ddng, vifc xac dinh ludt dp dyng cho ndi dung tranh chdp cd y nghTa quan trpng ddi vdi vu tranh chap dugc giai quylt tai trpng tdi thuong mai qude td, la co sd phap Ii dd phdn dinh quyen, nghTa vu vd trdch nhifm ciia cde bdn tham gia vdo giao dich. Tuy nhidn, thyc tien phap luat ciia cac qude gia trdn thd gidi cung nhu phdp luat Vift Nam da cho thay vdn cdn nhieu khd khdn trong xde dinh ludt dp dung ddi vdi npi dung tranh chdp tgi trpng tai thuong mai quoc tl.
ThS. NGUYiN THU THU9 * 1. Thuc ti^D quy dinh cua phap luat cac quoc gia va dieu u&c quoc te ve luat ap dung doi vol npi duDg tranh chap tgi trong tai thircmg mai quoc te
Li ludn ciing nhu thyc tidn phdp ludt cua cdc qude gia trdn thd gidi da cho thdy vifc xac dinh luat dp dung cho ndi dimg vy d-anh chdp dya tren hai nguyen tdc:
Thie nhdt, nguyen tac y chi ciia cdc ben (party autonomy)
Nguyen tdc y chi ciia cac ben trong vide lya chpn lugt ap dung ddi vdi ndi dung tranh chdp dugc ghi nhan trong phdp ludt vd trgng tai cua tat cd qude gia trdn the gidi. Chang hgn, Didu 28 Ludt trgng tai thucmg mgi qude te nam 1993 ciia Lidn bang Nga xdc dinh:
"Hdi ddng trpng tdi quyit djnh tranh chdp phit hap vol nguyin tdc cua ludt dugc cdc ben tranh chdp lua chpn di dp dung eho npi dung tranh chdp". Cung vdi ndi dung nhu vgy, Dieu 32(1) Ludt trpng tai ndm 2001 cua Singapore quy dinh: "Hdi ddng trpng tdi gidi quyet tranh chdp theo quy dinh cUa lugt dugc cde ben lua chpn la ludl dp dung cho ndi dung tranh chdp ". Hau nhu khdng cd sy khac bift trong each quy dinh ciia phap ludt cac qude gia lidn quan ddn vdn dd nay nhu Ludt trpng tdi ndm 1996 ciia Anh (Didu 46(1)), Luat tu phap qude td ndm 1987 ciia Thyy ST (Dilu 187)...
* Giing viSn Khoa phip lu$t quoc te Tnrdng Dai hoc Luat H i Npi
TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 5/2013
NGHIEN ciru-TRAODOI
Ngay trong dieu udc qude td ciing nhu quy tdc td tung ciia cac trung tam trgng tai qude td hang dau the gidi ddu thira nhdn nguyen tde ty do y chi ciia cdc bdn khi lya chpn ludt dp dung dd giai quydt ndi dung cua tranh chdp thuang mgi qude td. Dieu 28 Luat mdu da ghi nhan: "Hdi dong trpng tdi se quyet dinh vi tranh chdp cdn cu vdo cdc quy tdc cita lugt dp dung cho npi dung tranh chdp md cdc ben da chpn". Hay Didu 7(1) Cdng udc chau Au nam 1961 ve trpng tai thuang mai qude td ciing quy dinh: "Cdc bin lu do thod thudn vi viic xdc dinh ludt dp dung ma trpng tdi viin phdl sic dung ddi v&i noi dung tranh chdp". Tuang ty, theo Didu 21(1) Quy tac td tyng trpng tai eua Trung tam trgng tai thucmg mgi qude te (ICC) nam 2012: "Cdc bin dugc lu do thod thudn lugt de hpi ddng trpng tai dp dung doi vai npi dung tranh chdp" Viec lya chgn luat dp dyng ddi vdi ngi dung tranh chdp cd thd dugc cde bdn dua ra vdo bat ki thdi didm nao, kd cd sau khi tranh chap phdt sinh.
Nguyen tac ty do y chi se dam bdo cho chii thd cd quydn lya chgn hf thdng phdp ludt quen thupc vd quy djnh phii hpp vdi giao dich. Ben canh dd, cdc bdn tranh chip cung cd thd dy doan trudc dugc quyen, nghTa vu ciia minh trdn ca sd nghidn ciiu quy dinh ciia hf thdng phdp lugt da lya chgn. Vi vdy, thyc tien giai quyet tranh chdp thuang mai qude td tai thiet che trpng tai Idn da cho thdy cac ben tham gia td tung tai trpng tdi da vd dang thyc hien ngay cang trift dl quyin lya chpn ludt dp dung cua minh. Vi du, theo sd lifu thdng kd ciia ICC - thidt chd trpng tdi
bang diu thl gidi, trong giai dogn tir nam 2000 din nam 2009, sd vu tranh chip ma cac ben tham gia da lya chgn lugt dp dung ddi vdi ndi dung tranh chap da tang tir 77% len 88% tdng sd vy tranh chap vifc dugc gim quylt tai thidt chd nay.*^'
Nhin chung, tai trpng tai thuang mai qude td, eac ben tranh chap khdng bi hgn che quyen lya chpn lugt dp dung. Hay ndi each khac, chu thd tham gia tranh chdp cd the lya chgn ludt dp dung ddi vdi ndi dung tranh chip la luat ciia quoc gia cu the, dieu udc qude tl hoac tap quan thuang mgi quoc te.
Thgm chi, cac ben cd thd chi quy dinh trong hgp ddng rang tranh chap se duge gidi quyet bdng cac nguyen tac chung cua ludt hodc lex mercatoria. Bdn cgnh dd ciing khdng cd quy dinh ndo rang budc cac bdn phai lya chpn h?
thdng phap ludt cd lidn quan ddn cdc ben hoac lien quan ddn tranh chap dd gidi quyet ndi dung tranh chap. Chang ban, trong phan quydt cua trgng tdi ICC khi giai quydt tranh chap giira qude gia Trung Ddng X vd mpt cdng ti xay dyng ciia Nam A, hdi ddng trpng tai da khang dinh: "Nguyin tdc tic do y chi dugc thiea nhdn rpng rai cho phep cdc ben Ilea chpn bdt ki hi thdng phdp ludt nao de diiu chinh hgp dong giita cdc bin, ki cd he thong phdp ludt do khdng co lien quan ro ret v&i hgp ddng do^P^ Sd lieu thdng ke da cho thay thucmg nhan khi tham gia vao tranh chap thucmg mai qude tl thudng cd xu budng lua chpn ludt ciia qude gia phdt trien, ddc biet la Anh, Hoa Ky dl dilu chinh quan hf hgp ddng giiia cdc ben. Cu thl, trong nam 2008, ed 13%) sd vy tranh chip lya chpn ap
44 TAP CHi LUAT H O C S 6 5/2013
dung phap luat Anh, sau dd la phap luat cita cac qude gia nhu Thuy Didn (9,5%), Cdng hod Phdp (7,3%), Hoa Ky (6,7%), Cdng boa Lien bang Diic (4,8%) va Tay Ban Nha (3,1%).*^^ Y ehi cua cac ben ddi vdi viec xac dinh lugt dp dyng cho ndi dung tranh chap cd the dupc the hifn dudi ba hinh thirc: Thdng qua dieu khodn chpn ludt dp dung trong hgp ddng, trong thoa thuan trpng tai, trong didu khodn tham chidu hoae cdc van ban td tung cua cac bdn.''
Du phdp ludt trpng tai ciia cac qude gia ciing nhu didu udc qude td va quy tac cua cac trung tam trgng tai quoc td deu ghi nhdn cac ben tham gia tranh chap tai trgng tai thuang mai qude te cd quyen lua chgn luat dp dung dl gidi quyet ndi dung tranh chap thi quydn nang nay ciing khdng phdi hoan todn tuyet ddi. Vdi su tdn tai cua hf thdng quy pham bat budc ciing nhu chinh sach cdng ciia cdc quoc gia, quyen ty do y chl cua cdc ben tranh chdp se bi gidi han. Didu udc qude te vd phdp ludt quoc gia da thira nhan rdng trat tu cdng se han che quydn tu do hgp ddng, tu do trgng tai va cd the dp ddt gidi hgn ma cac bdn khdng the thoa thuan dd Ioai bd.'^' Vi du, Dilu 68(2) Luat trpng tdi nam 1996 ciia Anh quy dinh vifc khdng tudn theo quy tac ciia chinh sach cdng la can cii de buy phdn quydt trpng tai, cho dii cdc bdn da lya chpn luat dp dung la phap lugt nudc ngoai, Li do bao ve chinh sdeh cdng da dugc toa dn Anh sii dung trong vu Soleimany v. Soleimany.
Trong vy tranh chdp nay, Toa phiic tham Anh dd tir chdi thi hdnh phan quydt trpng tai khi giao dich la hgp phap theo lugt ap dyng nhung bit bgp phdp theo ludt Anb.^^' Tuong
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ty, Didu 5 Cdng udc New York nam 1958 da quy dinh vifc cdng nhgn va thi hanh phdn quydt trgng tai nudc ngoai cd the bi tii chdi, neu vifc cdng nhdn vd thi hdnh dd trdi vdi trat ty cdng cdng ciia qude gia dugc ydu cau.
Thi hai, luat do hdi ddng trpng tai lya chgn Thdm quydn cua hdi ddng trpng tdi trong vifc quyet dinh lugt dp dung ddi vdi ndi dung tranh chdp trong trudng hgp khdng cd thod thugn cua cdc ben tranh chdp dupc ghi nhdn trong dieu udc qude te, phap lugt trpng tai cua hau het qude gia va trung tdm trpng tdi tren the gidi. Tuy nhidn, tuy timg vy tranh chap ciing nhu tuy tiing hgi ddng trpng tdi ma cd nhirng phuang phap khac nhau de xac dinh ludt dp dung ddi vdi ndi dung tranh chap la khde nhau. Thye tien da cho thdy trpng tai vien thudng sii dyng mdt sd phuang phdp CO ban sau dd lya ehpn luat dp dung nham giai quyet ndi dung tranh chap:
Mdt Id phuang thirc trao quyen cho hpi ddng trpng tai lua chgn quy tac xung dot * ma hdi ddng trpng tai cho la phii hgp. Day la phuang thiic dugc cac qude gia sir dung phd bien. Phuong thiic nay dugc the hien rd tgi Dilu 28(2) Luat mau: "Niu cdc ben khdng chon lugt, hpi dong trpng tdi se dp dung ludl dugc xdc dinh bai cdc nguyen tac xung dot ludt md hpi ddng trong tai thdy Id ihieh hgp".
Quy dinh ndy cua Luat mau dugc giii nguydn hodc ghi nhdn tuong ty trong phdp luat trgng tai cua nhidu quoc gia nhu Singapore,'^^ Anh,'' * Hdn Qude, Australia... Quan didm ndy cung dugc thl hifn tgi Didu 7 Cdng udc chau Au nam 1961 vl trpng tai thuang mgi qude te:
"Neu khdng cd bdt ki su thod thudn ndo ciia cdc ben vi ludt dp dung thi cdc trpng tdi viin
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NGHIEN ciru - TRAO DOI
se dp dung ludt thich hgp theo cdc nguyin tdc xung dot phdp ludt md trpng tdi viin cho Id CO thi dp dung", Theo phucmg thiic ndy, trudc hit hdi ddng trpng tai se phdi lya chgn quy tdc xung dot phii hgp trong nhimg hf thdng phdp luat cd lien quan din vy tranh chip. Sau dd, hdi ddng trpng tai sd dp dung quy phgm xung dot md trpng tai vidn cho la phii hgp dl lya chpn lugt thyc chdt de gidi quylt ndi dung vy tranh chap. Chinh vi vdy, mdt trong nhiing van de ddu tidn ddi vdi trpng tdi vien khi sir dyng phuang thirc ndy dd Id lieu trpng tdi vien se phai lya chgn hf thdng quy phgm xung dot trong phap ludt ciia mdt qude gia hay cd the lya chpn quy tac xung dot cy thd ma trpng tdi vidn mong mudn. Mat khac, vifc xac dinh quy tac xung dot phii hgp se khien cac ben khd cd the xac dinh mdt each chinh xdc ludt thyc chdt ndo se dupc dp dyng dd didu ehinh cho vu tranh chdp ciia minh.
Hai Id phuang thiic trao quydn cho hdi ddng trpng tdi true tidp xac dinh' ludt ma hdi ddng trpng tai cho la phii hgp. Day la phuang thiic dugc ghi nhan trong quy tac td tyng ciia nhidu thidt chd trgng tai.'"' Vifc sii dyng phuang thiic nay cdn dugc the hidn d Didu 28(l)(b)(iii) Dao ludt ve boa gidi va trgng tai cua An Dp; "Truong hgp cdc bin khdng lua chpn ludt dp dung..., hdi dong trpng tdi se dp dung phdp ludt md hdi dong trpng tdi cho Id phit hgp vai cdc llnh tiet trong vu tranh chdp". Phuong thirc ndy cdn duge ggi la phuong thiic tryc tidp, bdi nd khdng ydu cdu hdi ddng trpng tdi phdi dp dung he thdng quy tac xung dot nham lya chgn ludt dp dung. Tuy nhien, trdn thyc tl.
khi dp dung phuang thiic true tiep, hgi ddng trgng tai van phdi dua ra phdn tich, ddnh gia tren ca sd quy tdc xung dot. Vi vgy, ve.ca ban, viec hdi ddng trgng tai sCt dung phuang thuc tryc tilp hoac phuang thiic ap dung quy tie xung dot ma hdi ddng trgng tai cho Id thieh hgp dd dua ra phan quylt dudng nhu khdng cd sy khac biet.*'^* K I cd trong trudng hgp trgng tai vidn lua chpn lugt cua mdt qude gia dl gidi quydt vu tranh chap ma khdng dp dung quy tie xung dot ludt thi tren thyc td, hp van ludn bi anh hudng bdi quy tac ndy trong qua trinh xem xet vy tranh chdp. Do qua trinh xem xet vy tranh chdp dd ciing chinh la vifc dp dyng he thdng quy pham xung dot nen trgng tai vidn se ludn kiem tra den cac yeu td nhu mdi quan hf chat chd doi vdi hgp ddng de xdc dinh ludt dp dyng.
Ba la phuang thirc trao quydn cho hpi ddng trgng tai ap dung luat noi tidn hdnh trpng tai de giai quyet ndi dung tranh chap.
Phuang thirc ndy da hinh thanh tir lau va cimg vdi quan didm de cdc bdn lya chpn noi tien hanh trpng tdi da ngu y cd vifc lya chpn ludt eiia qude gia dd la luat ap dyng ddi vdi ndi dung tranh chap. Quan diem nay dugc the hifn tron^j an le Egon Oldendorffv. Liberia Corporation cua Anh nam 1995.''^' LTu diem cua phuang thiic ndy Id tinh dan gian va de dy doan. Tuy nhidn, thyc tidn gidi quyet tranh chap da cho thay vide lya chgn nai tien hanh trpng tai cua cdc bdn xuit phdt tir nhieu nguyen nhdn khde nhau nhu"quy tdc td tung trgng tai, tinh phii hgp vd mat dia Ii vd cdc ydu td khde cd lien quan. Vi vdy, trong nhieu trudng hgp, nai tidn hdnh trgng tdi khdng lidn quan ddn tranh chdp giua cdc bdn. Do d6 TAP CHl LUAT HOC s 6 5/2013
NGHIEN CUu - TRAO DOI
sg khdng khach quan khi kit ludn ring cdc ben dd ngy y lya chgn lugt nai tiln hanh trgng tdi chinh la luat dd giai quylt ngi dung tranh chap giiia cac ben. Chinh vi vay, phan quydt trpng tai dd khdng dinh rang noi didn ra trgng tai cd the dugc cdc bdn lya chgn vi nhieu nguydn nhdn ma khdng lidn quan din lugt cua qude gia dd. Chang hgn, trong phdn quydt cua trgng tai ICC ddi vdi vu tranh chip sd 3540 ndm 1980 da khdng dinh:
"Dieu khodn trpng tdi khong thi hiin viic lua chpn ludt thuc chdt cua quoc gia noi dien ra trpng tdi (...) vl vgy, quan diim "qui elegit Judicem elegit Jus "' ' bi bdc bo".^ ^' Bdn la phuang thiic dp dyng quy tdc xung dot ciia qude gia cd quan hf mat thiet vdi vy tranh chdp. Ddy Id mdt trong nhirng phuang thiic dugc trpng tai vidn sir dung khd pho bien nham xdc dinh ludt ap dyng dd gidi quyet ndi dung tranh chap. Theo phuang thiic ndy, hdi ddng trgng tdi se xem xet quy tdc xung dot luat ciia timg he thdng phap lugt lien quan tdi tranh chdp (quy tac xung ddt ludt cua qu6c gia cua cdc bdn, ciia qude gia nai hgp ddng dugc ki ket hoac thyc hifn v.v.) tir dd ehgn ra ludt md hdi ddng trpng tdi cho Id thich hgp dd gidi quydt vu tranh chap.
Chdng hgn, trong vy tranh chdp giiia nguydn don Id ben ban cua Han Qude vdi bi don la bdn mua cua Jordani dugc dua ra giai quydt tgi h^i ddng trgng tdi d Cdng boa Phdp theo quy tie td tyng,,ciia ICC va cdc bdn khdng thod thuan dugc ludt dp dung dd gidi quydt tranh chip. Ap dyng Dilu 13 Quy tdc td tyng cua ICC, hgi ddng trpng tai da kidm tra hf thong quy pham xung dot ciia cac qude gia cd lien quan den vu tranh chap vd nhgn thdy
TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 5/2013
rdng quy pham xung dot ciia Han Quoc (noi cd try sd cua ngudi ban, nai giao ket hgp ddng), ciia Jordani (nai cd try sd ciia ngudi mua), ciia Iraq (nai giao hang) va ciia Cong hod Phdp (noi didn ra trgng tai) diu dan chidu den vide dp dimg phap lugt cua Hdn Qude. Ngodi ra, hgi ddng trpng tai cdn kiem tra hf thdng quy tic xung dot dugc ghi nhdn trong hai cdng udc qude te la Cdng udc Lahay nam 1955 vd ludt dp dung doi vdi hgp ddng mua ban tai san, Cdng udc Rome nam 1980 vd xac dmh cdc quy phgm ndy diu ddn chidu ddn qude gia ciia ngudi ban, dd la phdp lugt cua Han Qudc.^'^*
Bdn canh dd, hdi ddng trgng tai cd the dp dung mdt sd phuong thiic khde nhu: Ap dung nguyen tac chung ciia tu phap qude td, dp dyng lex mercatoria...
Ngoai ra, ndu cac ben trong vu tranh chdp ddng y trao cho hdi ddng trpng tai tham quydn giai quydt tranh chap nhu nha trung gian hod gidi hoac quydt dinh ndi dung tranh chdp theo le cdng bang thi khi do hgi ddng trgng tdi sd khdng phai tudn thii nghiem ngat lugt ndi dung do cac ben lya chgn ma ra phan quydt trdn co sd edng li, le cdng bang va tdn trpng nguyen tac trat ty cdng cdng qude td. Ddy Id ndi dung dugc ghi nhgn tai Didu 28 Luat mau ciing nhu trong phdp ludt trgng tai ciia nhidu quoc gia trdn the gidi nhu Thyy ST, Singapore, Ai Cap.,.
2. Thyc tien phap luat Viet Nam ve lugt ap dung doi voi noi dung tranh chap tai trgng tai thuong mai quoc te
Tucmg ty nhu phdp lugt trpng tai ciia ede qude gia vd cdc didu udc qude td, phap lugt Vift Nam vd ludt dp dung cho ndi dung tranh 47
NGHIEN Ci/U - TRAO OOI
chip cung dua ra hai nguyen tac giai quydt dd la: Luat do cac ben lya chpn vd lugt do hdi ddng trpng tai lya chpn trong trudng hgp khdng cd sy thod thugn cua cac bdn. Cu the, khoan 2 Dilu 14 Lugt trgng tai thuang mai Vift Nam nam 2010 quy dinh: "Bdi vai vu tranh chdp co yeu td nu&c ngodi, hdi dong trpng tdi dp dung phdp ludt do cde ben lua chpn; niu cdc ben khong cd thod thugn vi ludt dp dung thi hpi ddng trpng tdi quyit dinh dp dung phdp ludt md hpi ddng trong tdi cho Id phii hgp nhdt " Quy tdc td tyng trpng tai ciia Trung tam trpng tdi qude td Viet Nam bdn canh Phdng thucmg mai va edng nghifp Vift Nam (VIAC) ciing ghi nhan ndi dung tuong ty tai khoan 2 Didu 22.*-''''
Nhu vdy, phap lugt trgng tdi ciia Viet Nam cho phep cdc ben cd quyen thoa thuan lya chgn ludt dp dyng cho ngi dung tranh chap va hdi ddng trpng tai cd nghia vy tdn trpng sy lya chpn dd. Tuy nhien, trong trudng hgp cdc bdn thod thudn dp dyng phap lugt nudc ngoai hoae tap qudn qude te, neu vifc dp dyng va hgu qua cua vifc ap dyng trdi vdi nguyen tdc ca ban ciia phap luat Vift Nam thi hdi ddng trpng tai se khdng thira nhan luat do eac ben thoa thuan.''^' Trong trudng hgp cdc ben khdng cd thod thuan, hgi ddng trgng tdi se lya chpn ludt phii hgp nhdt dd gidi quydt ndi dung tranh chdp. Nhu vdy, phap luat ve trpng tai cua Viet Nam hidn hdnh da dua ra nguyen tac de bdi ddng trpng tdi lya chpn luat dp dung ddi vdi tranh chdp cd ydu td nudc ngodi. Mat khac, qua quy dinh tai Didu 14 Ludt trpng tdi thucmg mgi cd the nhdn thdy Vift Nam da dp
dung quan didm tryc tidp trong vifc h-ao quydn quydt dinh luat ap dung ddi vdi npi dung tranh chip cho hdi ddng trpng tdi. Tuy nhidn, phap lugt md bdi ddng trgng tai lya chgn phdi dam bao khdng dugc trai vdi quy dinh bit budc ciing nhu nguyen tac ca bdn cua phdp lugt Viet Nam.
Quy dinh cua phdp lugt Vift Nam vl ludt dp dung cho ndi dung tranh chap da ed nhieu tiln bg va hodn thifn, tuy nhien vdn cdn mpt sd van de cdn xem xet.
Thu nhdt, cd sy mau thuln' trong quy dinh ciia Lugt trpng tai thuang mgi va Bp lugt dan sy nam 2005 (BLDS). Khoan 2 Didu 14 Luat trpng tai thuang mgi cho phep cac ben thoa thugn ve luat dp dyng de giai quydt tranh chap cd yeu td nudc ngoai thi khoan 1 Dilu 769 BLDS lgi quy dinh: "Hgp ddng ddn su dugc giao kit tgi Viet Nam vd thuc hien hodn todn tgi Viet Nam thl phdi tudn theo phdp ludt Cpng hod xa hpi chu nghia Viet Nam". Do vdy, trong trudng hgp hai doanh nghifp nudc ngodi ki kdt va thuc hifn hgp ddng tai Vift Nam thi hp se can cir vao khoan 2 Didu 14 Ludt trpng tai thucmg mai de lua chpn lugt ap dung hay bdt bupc phdi dp dung phap lugt Viet Nam nhu quy dinh tgi Dilu 769 BLDS?
Thu hai, phdp ludt Viet Nam chua ghi nhgn vide gidi quydt tranh chdp cua hdi ddng trpng tai theo le cdng bang hay vdi tu each nhd trung gian boa giai nhu Lugt mdu vd phdp luat mdt sd qude gia tren thd gidi. Theo nhiing quy dinh nay, trong trudng hgp hfi ddng trpng tai giai quyet ndi dimg vu tranh chap tren ca sd Id cong bdng thi hpi ddng
TAP CHl LUAT HOC s 6 5/2013
NGHIEN Ci/U - TRAO OOI
trgng tai cd quyen bd qua viec dp dung quy djnh ciia luat dp dung, kd cd quy dinh mang tinh bdt budc. Trpng tai chi ra phdn quylt trdn ca sd cdng li, le cong bang va tdn trpng nguyen tic trat tu cdng cpng qude td. Do dd tham quydn ciia hpi ddng trpng tdi theo phap ludt Viet Nam cd phgm vi hep hon so vdi phap lugt cdc qude gia khac.
Thii ba, theo quy dinh cua Ludt trpng tai thuang mgi, khi cdc ben khdng cd thoa thugn vd ludt dp dung thi hdi ddng trpng tdi se lya chpn lugt ap dyng ma hdi ddng trgng tai cho la phli hgp. Nhin chung, phdn Idn trgng tai vidn xem xet lugt dp dung tren co sd xem xet yeu td quan trgng trong tranh chap, de tir dd xdc dinh qude gia cd lien he gdn gili nhat vdi vy tranh chip. Vi du, trong tranh chdp ve hgp ddng mua ban ngii cdc giiia nguyen don Id ngudi bdn d Singapore va bi don la ngudi mua d Vift Nam, hgp ddng khdng xac dinh ludt dieu ehinh vd sau khi t6 tung trpng tdi dugc tien hanh, cac ben ciing khdng thdng nhdt dugc vdi nhau vd ludt dp dyng. Uy ban trgng tai, cdn cii vao hoan canh thyc td ciia vu vifc tranh chap Id hgp ddng dugc ki kdt vd thyc hifn tai Vift Nam, tranh chdp phdt sinh dugc gidi quyet tgi Vift Nam dd quydt dinh ring ludt dp dyng dd gidi quydt tranh chap la phdp ludt Viet Nam.*"* Tuy nhidn, thyc tien xet xir trpng tdi cho thdy co sd dd trpng tdi lya chgn ludt dp dung Id khac nhau, cd vy vifc tranh chdp trgng tdi chgn ludt dp dyng dya trdn ca sd dugc danh gid chdt che nhung ciing khdng it vu tranh chdp vide lya chpn luat dp dyng ciia trgng tdi tgi khdng thuc sy thuylt phuc hodc thieu rd rang.
Dd tang cudng v^i trd cua Trung tam trpng tdi qude te Viet Nam trong vifc giai quyet tranh chap thuang mai qude td, phap ludt Vift Nam edn dugc tiep tue hodn thien.
De tranh sy mau thuan giiia cac quy dinh cua phap luat, cu the la giira khodn 1 Didu 759 BLDS va Dilu 14 Ludt trgng tdi thuang mgi, ciing nhu nham dam bao nguydn tdc ty do y chi ciia cac bdn tham gia vdo giao dich thuong mgi qude td, quy dinh khodn 1 Didu 769 BLDS can dugc siia ddi theo hudng khdng bat budc hgp ddng dugc ki kdt va thyc hidn hodn toan tgi Viet Nam phai tuan theo phap luat Viet Nam.
Ben canh do, Didu 14 Luat trpng tai thuang mai chua thyc sy quy dinh rd rdng ve luat dp dung de giai quydt tranh chdp cd ydu td nudc ngodi, bdi tranh chap cd yeu td nudc ngoai cd the lien quan den nhieu he thdng phap luat khde nhau. Cach quy djnh nhu vdy cd the dan ddn su nhdm Idn Id cac ben dugc quydn thoa thugn ve tat ca ndi dung lien quan den tranh chdp, bao gdm ca ludt didu chinh nang luc phap Ii ciia cac ben. Vi vay, Didu 14 nen dugc quy dinh ro rang, xac dinh luat dp dyng d day dugc hidu la xac dmh ludt dp dung cho ndi dung vy tranh chap, Ngodi ra, dd tang cudng hieu qua giai quyet tranh chap cua trpng tai ciing nhu dam bdo sy bai boa giira phap ludt Vift Nam va phap lugt cdc quoc gia khac, Vift Nam can xem xet vd cdng nhan quyen dugc gidi quyet tranh chap trdn CO sd le cdng bang hoac vdi tu each nhd trung gian hod gidi ciia hdi ddng trpng tai.
Chinh vi vdy, Dilu 14 Ludt trpng tdi thircmg mgi vl lugt dp dung cho ndi dung vu tranh
TAP CHl LUAT HOC s 6 5/2013
chap cd yeu td nudc ngoai nen dugc sira ddi theo hudng sau:
"1. Ddi vdi vy tranh chap cd yeu td nudc ngoai, hdi ddng trgng tdi gidi quyet tranh chdp theo quy dinh cua phdp luat md cac ben lya chgn lam luat dp dung cho ndi dung tranh chdp. Ndu cac ben khdng lya chgn, hdi dong trgng tai se giai quyet trarih chap theo phap luat md hpi ddng trpng tai cho Id thieh hgp.
2. Hdi ddng trgng tai giai quydt tranh chap theo le cdng bdng hoae vdi tu cdch nhd trung gian hod gidi ehi khi cdc ben cd sy thoa thudn ro rang ve dieu ndy.
3. Trong mgi trudng hgp, khi gidi quydt tranh chap, hdi ddng trgng tai phdi can cii vao cac dieu khodn cua hgp ddng, cd tinh ddn cac tap qudn thucmg mai phd bidn dugc ap dung trong giao dich"./.
(t).XenT Alan Redfern, Martin Hunter, Trung tam trpng tii quoc te Viet Nam, Ph6ng thuong mai va cong nghiep Viet Nam (dich va hieu dinh), Phdp lugt vd thyc tien trong tdi thuong mai qude ti, 2004, tr, 113.
(2) Xem: Simon Oreenberg, Christopher Kee, J. Romesh Weeramantry, International commercial arbitration.
An Asia-Pacific perspective. Cambridge University press, 2011, tr. 101.
(3). Nguon, www.trans-lex.org/l 14900
(4),Xem: Czech yearbook of internalional law (Volume /J, 2010, tr, 30.
(5).Xem: United nations conference on trade and development, International commercial arbitration - 5.5 Law governing the merits of disputes. 2005, tr. 10.
(6).Xem' International commercial arbitration committee, International law association final report: Ascertaining the contents of the applicable law in international commercial arbitration. Rio de Janeiro conference, 2008, tr. 2 1 .
(7).Xem: Alan Redfern, Martin Hunter, Trung tam trpng tk] qu6c ti Viet Nam, Phong thircmg mai va cong
n g h i ^ Viet Nam (dich vd hieu dinh), tidd, tr. 117.
(8). La cdc nguygn ISc nhSm kn djnh phdp luat qu6c gia nao cSn ph^i dp dung d l giai quylt quan hf p h ^ lu^t dkn sir, kinh doanh, thucmg mai, lao d^ng c6 y^u t l nuoe ngo4i trong tinh huong thyc t l . (9)A£3n: Dilu 32(2) Lu£it trpng tai nam 2001 cua Singapore.
(lO).Xem: Dilu 46(3) LuSt trpng tai nam 1996 cua Anh quy dinh trong tru&ng hpp cac ben khong lua chgn luat ap dung d6i v6i npi dung tranh chip thi "hoi dong trgng ldi si dp dyng lugt duac xdc dinh theo cdc quy ldc xung dot lugt md hoi dong cho la thich hap ".
( l l ) . X e m : Dilu 34.1 Quy tac to tyng cua ACICA, Dieu 25.1 Quy tac t l tung cua KCAB, Dilu 15 Quy t i c to tung cua BANI.,.
(12).Xem: Simon Oreenberg, Christopher Kee, J. Romedi Weeramantry, tidd, tr. 103.
(I3).Xem: Alan Redfern, Martin Hunter, Trung tSm trpng tdi quoc te Viet Nam, Phong thuong m^i v^ cong nghifp Viet Nam (dich va hieu dinh), tidd, tr. 146.
(14). Ld thu^t ngii Latin c6 nghTa Id lya chgn tham phan cung ding nghia v6i lya chpn iuSt, Nguln: Heiklci E.S. Manila - Comparative Legal Linguistics: Language of Law, Latin and Modem Lingua Francas, ht^://books.
google.com,vn/books?id=qOSJhzwiFOEC&pg=PT26 6&lpg=PT265&ots=2ZwrhmsVkX&dq=qui+elegit+j udicem+elegit+jus+[in•^free+translation:+%27choice +of&hl=vi#v=onepage&q&f=false
(15) Xem: Linda Silberman, Franco Ferrari, Gelling to the law applicable to the merits in internationd arbitration and the consequences of getting il wrong.
New York University school of law, 2010, ir, 21.
(16).Xem: Linda Silberman, Franco Ferrari, tidd, tr. 17.
(17).Xem: Khoan 2 Dilu 22 Quy tac t6 tyng ciia Tmng tam trgng tdi quoc te Viet Nam quy djnh: "Ddi vdi v(/
tranh chdp cd yiu Id nu&c ngodi, hgi ddng trgng tai dp dyng phdp ludt do cdc ben thod thugn; trong Irudng hap cdc ben khdng cd thod thudn vi phdp lugt <ip dung thl hgi ddng trgng tdi quyit dinh dp dung phdp lugt md hgi ddng trong tdi cho la phii hgp nhdt".
(18).Xem: Khoan 3 Dilu 14 Luat trpng tdi thuang mai; c i c khodn 3, 4 Dieu 759 BLDS.
(19) Trung tSm trpng tk\ qu6c t l Vift Nam, 5(JpWfl quyet trgng tdi quoc le chgn loc, 2002, tr. 64 - 69.
TAP CHl LUAT HOC s 6 5/2013