J 3 K Y N I E M 150 NAM NGAY SINH V.l.ieNIN
TI/TI/6NGCUAV.I.LENIN VE QUYEN DAN TOC TU QUYET VAY NGHIA DOI V6l VIET NAM HIEN NAY
• TS HA THI TH(JY DirONG Hoc vien Chinh tri khu vitc IV
• Tom tdt: Quyen ddn tgc tti quyet diidc V.L.Lenin bdn den trong nhieu tdc phdm cua ong.
Tren cd sd ldm rd tii tiidng cita V.LLenin ve quyen ddn tgc tii quyet vdi cdc ngi dung nhii quyln ddn tdc tii quyet Id quyen cua quoc gia ddn tgc diidc ddt ra khi co dp biic ddn tgc bdng bao liic de ddm bdo binh dang ddn tgc vd ddm bdo ldi ich chung cda ddn tgc, bdi viet ddu tranhphdn bdc lai nhUngludn dieu cua cdc theliic thii dich dangldi dung, xuyin tgc tu tudng cua V.LLenin dekich diing tU tiidng ly khai, tii tri d niidc ta hiin nay.
• Tii khda: V.L.Lenin, quyen ddn tgc tti quyet 1. TIT tirofng ciia V.LLSnin ve quyen dSn toe tir quyet
V.I.Lenin dii dira ra dinh nghia rat rd rang, quyen dan tdc tu quydt cua cac dan tgc chinh la quyen tu quydt ve chinh tri: "Quyen dan tdc tu quydt cd nghia la quyen phan lap ve mat Nhii nudc cua cac dan tdc dd ra khoi tap the dan tdc khac, cd nghia la su thanh lap mdt qudc gia dan tdc dpc lap"'", Ngirdi ndi rd hon: "Quydn dan tpc tu quydt hoan toan chi cd nghia la cac dan tdc cd quydn ddc lap chinh tri, cd quyen tu dg phan lap, ve mat chinh 01, khdi dan tpc ap hue hp"°'. Nhu v^y, quydn dan tdc tu quyet la quyen ciia mgt dan tdc cd the tach ra tta thanh mdt qudc gia dan tdc ddc lap vdi viec tir quydt dinh the chd chinh trj cua minh khoi mdt dan tdc khac dang apbiichg.
Gia tri ciia to tuong V.LLenin ve quyen dan tdc tu quyet chinh la luon ditng tten ISp ttudng ciia giai cap vd san de giai quyet vfc de quyen dan tdc ttr quydt. Khdng phai Ong ling hd bat cit mdt dan tpc nao ttong mpt qudc gia thdng nhSt ddi tach ra thanh lap quoc gia rieng biet ma VLLenin cbi ung hp viec tach ra thanh mpt qudc gia rieng biet khi dan tpc dd hi ap buc, bdc lot btag cac bien phap bao luc. Bdi canh ma V.LLenin dua ra van de quydn dan tdc tir quyet la su ap biic dan tdc dang ttan lan, phd bien b ci nudc Nga va tten tiid gidi. Nudc Nga Sa hoang la nha td cua cac dan tpc, chii nghia Dai Nga dang lan ludt, nd dich cac dan tdc khac ttong nudc Nga "6 nudc Nga, su ap hue ma nhirng ngu^ di tpc ay phai chiu dung, cdn nang ne ban nhidu so vdi b cac qudc gia lan can"™. V.I.Lemn cho rJng
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viec thiia nhan quyen dan tdc tti quygt d nudc Nga la van dg cdp bach vi nhung ngudi di tdc dang phai sdng d nhiing vung ngoai vi, su dp biic md lihimg di tdc dy phai chiu dtmg edn nang ni hon nhigu so vdd cac qudc gia lan can va nhting dan tdc bi ap hue sdng dnhung vung ngoai vi cd nhiing ngudi ddng tdc d ben kia bien gidi duoc hudng su ddc lap dan tpcnhigu hon. "O Nga, nod md hon 100 trieu ngudi, chi^m it ra la 57% dan so, deu thudc cdc dan tdc di dp biic... digu myet ddi ed tinh chat bdt budc ddi vdi nhung ngudi dan chti - xa hdi, vi nhting nhiem vti dan chu va xd hdi chu nghia cua hp, Id phai thua nhdn cho cac dan tdc hi che dd Nga hodng dp buc, dupe tir do tdch khoi nudc Nga"'*'; "Chinh la nhiing ddc digm hch su cti the cua vdn dg ddn tdc d Nga khien d nudc ta, trong thdi ky chting ta dang trai qua, viec tiitra nhan quyen dan tdc tu quyet cd mdt tdm quan ttpng dac biet"*^'.
Trong hdi eanh cua the gidi thdi ky ctia VLLgnin sdng, chu nglua tu ban tu do canh ttanh da phat trien thanh chti nghia de qude di xam chigm thudc dia, bien ede qudc gia, ddn tpc nhd yeu hon ttd thanh thudc dia cua minh, hay ndi each khde, tinh trang ap btie etia qudc gia ndy len qudc gia khde cung Id rdt phd bien "Mdt phdn ldn ciia chdu A, bd phan ddng dao nhdt cua thd gidi, hien dang d ttong tinh ttang, hoac la thudc dia ciia cdc "cudng qudc ldn", hoac la qudc gia hdt sue hi phil thudc va hi dp htic vg mat dan tdc"'^'.
Trong bdi canh cua nudc Nga va thg gidi dang cd su dp hue dan tdc bdng bao luc nhu ray, V.I.Lenin da ndi ddn quyfe dan tdc tu quyet. Nhu vdy, quyen ddn tpc tu quygt dupe ddt ra khi cd digu kien, chti khdng phai luc ndo cung ndi den quydn dan toe ttr quygt. Dieu kien dd chlnh la khi sir dp biic ddn tdc dang diSn ra va ngudi ddn khdng thd chiu dung dupe cupc sdng dd "chi quyet dinh phan lap ra khi nao su dp buc dan tdc vd nhiing
xung dot ddn tdc ldm eho cudc sdng chung myet ddi khdng the ehiu dupe, ldm cho mpi tiiti quan hd kmh te bi ttd ngai" ^^. Chinh vi vay, tiirdc tiitre ti Na Uy ddi quyen dan tdc tu quyet, ddi tach ra khdi Thtiy Dien, V.I.Lgnin da thg hien ro lap trudng cua minh. Thdi dd eua V.LLenm la ung hd cudc dau ttanh ddi quygn tii quygt cda nhan dan Na Uy. V.l.Lenm dd giai thich ly do tai sao Ong ung hd dieu nay "sit hdn ket giua Na Uy vdi Thuy Dien khdng phai la tu nguyen... Cbinh bpn vua chda trong thdi ky chidn ttanh Napdigdng, dd dem Na Uy ddng cho Thiiy Dign, ttdi vdi y nguyen etia ngudi Na Uy vd ngudi Thiiy Dien da phai dem qudn vao Na Uy de chinh phiic nude nay"'^'. Chinh vi Thuy Dign da dung bao Itjc de thdng tri, dp buc Na Uy nen V.LLenin ting hd viee phan lap Na Uy ra khdi Thuy Dign.
V.I.Lenin dd dua ra dieu kien de ddt ra van de quygn dan toe tir quygt. Do do, chung ta cdn nhdn thiic rd rang, ttong digu kien ddt nude dang phat trien binh thudng thi khdng ndi dgn quyen dan tpc tit quygt, tham chi la khdng ndi ddn chg dp hen bang "khi ndo va chimg nao cde dan tdc khde nhau vdn cdn Id mdt qudc gia thdng nhdt, thi khdng bao gid, ngudi mac xit lai di tuyen tmyen cho nguyen tac hdn bang, cung nhu cho chg dp phdn quyen"'^'. Dd Id vi ca nhiing ngudi mdc xit vd qudn chung nhdn ddn dgu thay rdt rd Ipd Ich cua viee duy tri nhting qude gia cd dien tich ldn va dan sd ddng cd uu the hon nhieu so vdi cdc qudc gia nhd va dan sd It. Nhirng ngudi mdc xit deu thua higu rang "Vdi nhung digu kien nhu nhau, thi so vdi cdc nude nhd, eac nudc ldn cd thg giai quyet mdt each thanh edng hon nhieu ddi vdi nhiing itiiiem vu cua su tign bp kinh te vd ctia cudc ddu tranh cua giai cap vd san chdng lai giai cdp tu san. Nhung chiing tdi chl tdn ttpng mdi lien he tti nguyen chu khdng bao gid tdn ttpng mdi hen he cudng
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KY NIEM 150 N A M NGAY SINH V.I.LGNINTuang ddi VLLenin tai vudn hoa Chi Ldng, qudn Ba Dinh, Hd Noi _Anh: St
buc. Bat cir nai nao chiing tdi thay cd nhirng mdi lidn hd cirdng biic gitra cac dan tdc la chiing tdi bao ve mdt each vd didu kien va kien quydt quydn ciia mdi dan tpc dupe quyet dinh van mdnh cbinh tri cua trunh, nghia la nguyen phan lap, tuy rflng chung tdi khdng may may toyen truydn viec mdi dan tpc ddu nhat diiih phai tach ridng"™'. Va quan chting nhan dan cflng rat sau sSc ve dieu nay "Do kinh nghiem hang ngay cua minh, quan chiing nhan dan biet rat rd tam quanttpngcda nhimg quan he dia ly va kinh td, nhirng lpi the ciia thi trudng rdng ldn va ciia mpt qudc gia rdng ldn nen hp chi nghi ddn phan lap khi nao su ap birc dan tdc va nhiing xung dot dan tdc lam cho cudc sdng chung tto thanh myet ddi khdng thd chiu dung dugc va lam cho mgi thu quan he kinh te bi tto ngai""". Do dd, ttong dieu kien mdt qudc gia dan tdc dang thdng nhat phat tiien binh thirong, mdi lien he giita cac dan tpc
la tu nguygn thi khdng bao gid ndi den van de quydn dan tdc ttr quyet, den su phan lap.
Muc dich ciia viec thirc hidn quyen dan tpc tu quydt la nh&m bao dam binh dang dan tdc. Bdi le, quydn nay chi dugc ndi ddn khi cd ap buc btog dan tpc khdng thd nao chap nhan dupe, do dd viec thuc hidn quyen dan tpc to quydt la de xda bo tinh ttang ap hire dan tdc dang hien hiru, thuc hidn binh dang dan tpc. V.I.Ldmn My vi du vd ttudng hop Na Uy va Thuy Dien "Na Uy tir tii vdi to each la mdt bd phan cua Thuy Dien, da dupe hudng quyen tir ni rat rgng rai chg den nam 1905, nhungvankhdngdupc binh dangve quyen lpi vol Thuy Didn. Chi khindttidophan lap thindmdi thuc te to rd va chiing minh la nd dupe binh dang vd quyen Ipi""^'. Khi Na Uy vSn nSm ttong Thuy Dien dd da dugc hudng chd dp tu tri thi van chira dugc binh dang thuc su vdi Thuy Didn va chi khi tach ra ttd thanh mdt qudc gia ddc lap thi Na Uy
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mdi thiic su binh ddng ve mat quygn lpi vdi Thuy Dien. Khi cd su dp biic dan tdc thi phai ddu ttanh thuc hien quygn dan tdc tu quyet dg bao dam binh ddng dan tpc "Bao ve, myen truyen, thua nhdn quygn dd tiic Id bao ve quygn ddn tpc bmh ddng, bac bd nhting mdi lien he cudng buc, ddu tranh chdng mpi dac quyen ve mat nhd nudc cua bdt cu dan tdc nao""^'. Tudd, V.LLenm phd phan nhiing ke ca hdi, cao bupc nhiing ngudi ung hd quygn dan tde tu quyet la ting hd chu nghia phan lap cimg vd Iy nhu budc nhiing ngudi ung hp tu do ly hdn la khuyen khich pha hoai nhiing mdi hen he gia ffinh: "Budc tdi nhiing ngudi ting hd quygn tu do tu quyet, tiic quyen tu do phdn lap, la khuyen khich chu nghia phdn lap, thi ciing vd ly vd cung gia nhdn gid nghia nhu budc tdi nhiing ngudi ling hd quyen tit do ly hdn la khuygn khich viec phd hoai nhting mdi hen he gia ^nh""*. Ung hd quyen dan tdc tir quygt khdng cd nghia la mudn chia tdch tiidnh nhiing qudc gia nhd be, cung nhu ting hd quygn tu do ly hdn khdng cd nghia la khuygn khich ly hdn. Lenin chi ung hd quygn ddn tde tti quyet khi dan tdc dd dang hi dp htic bdng bao liic ttong mdt qudc gia dan tdc khac, cdng gidng nhu chi ung hd ly hdn khi sti ttdm ttpng cua cudc sdng chung Id khdng the keo dai, khdng ly hdn chi gay ra dau khd cho ngudi ttong cupc.
Theo V.I.Lemn, ttong digu kien dang cd dp btie ddn tdc ma khdng ndi den quyen dan tdc tu quyet tiic la ting hd cho tinh ttang dp biic dan tpc nay, cdng nhu khi su ttam ttpng ctia cudc sdng chung la khdng the keo dai ma khdng ndi dgn quyen tu do ly hdn chi Id keo ddi sir dau khd md thdi. Nhiing ngudi mdcxit ndi ddn quygn ddn tpc til quyet khdng phai ma mudn chia rg, xe nhd cac qudc gia. Ngudi xa hdi chu nghia ludn hudng tdi loi fch chung cua tat ca mpi ngudi, tat ca mpi ddn tdc, phdn ddu cho su bmh ddng dan tdc khdng
chi cho dan tde minh ma edn cho ea dan tdc khac. Do dd, lap trudng ddi vdi quyen ddn tpc tu quyet chmh la lap trudng ddi vdi van de binh ddng ddn tde va la cai phan biet cd phai Id ngudi macxit hay khong phai Id ngudi macxit "Ngudi xd hpi ehii nghia nao thudc mot dan tdc di dp biic ma ttong thdi bmh cung nhu ttong thdi chien, khdng tuyen truyen cho quygn ttr do phan lap eua cac ddn tdc bi dp hue, thi ngudd dd khdng phai la mdt ngudi xa hpi ehu nghia, cimg khdng phai Id mpt ngudi qudc te chu nghla"'^^'. Nhiing ngudi khdng ung hp cho quygn ddn tdc tu quydt tiong dieu kien dang cd dp biic dan tdc bdngbao lire chinh la nhiing ngudi ung hp cho giai cap thdng tri, cho nhiing dan tdc di dp buc dan tdc khac, do dd khdng thd la ngudi macxit "Ngu chting ta khdng dg ra vd khdng cd dpng cho khau hieu quygn phan lap, thi chung ta se lam lpi khdng nhung cho giai cdp tu san, ma cdn lam loi cho bon phong kign vd che dp ehuyen ehg ctia dan tdc di dp hue ntia"'^^'; "Khdng ung hp cudc khdi nghia ctia nhiing vung bi thon tinh tM khaeh quan ma ndi, chung ta ttd thdnh nhiing ke tan thdnh thdn tinh"'"'; " vi su thdn tinh vi pham quyen dan tde tu quyet, hay ndi each khac, vi nd la mdt ttong nhiing hinh thtic dp biic ddn tdc"'^^';
"Phu nhdn quyen tti quyet hay quyen phdn lap thi ttgn thue tg tat nhien ed nghia la ung hd nhiing ddc quyen ctia dan tdc thdng tri"'^^'.
V.I.Lgnm cdn dua ra nhiing nguyen tae can dam bao ttong thuc hien quygn dan tdc tti quydt.
La ngirdi chdng ap hue, nd dich ddn tdc dudi mpi hinh thuc nen V.LLenin cho rdng khi mdt ddn tpc trong mpt qudc gia ddi thanh lap qudc gia rigng thi cac ddn tde khac (dan tdc chiem da sd), nha nude khdng dupe dung cdc bien phdp bao lue de dan dp, cam dodn viec thuc hien quyen ddn tdc tu quygt. Ddng thdi, eac dan tde ddi quygn tii quydt cung phai bang nhiing bien phdp
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K t N I | M 150 N A M N G A Y SINH V.I.LGNIN hda binh va chmh nhan dan ttong ddn tpc do se la ngudd quyet dinh cd phdn lap ra thanh qudc gia rieng hay khdng bdng bien phdp hda binh thdng qua bd phigu km.Nhu vdy, V.I.Lenin phan ddi viec dung bao lire de ddi quyen dan tdc tu quygt ca phia dan tdc ddi quyen tu quyet hay ddn tdc, Nhd nudc eua mdt qudc gia chung dd.
V.I.Lenin cung khdng dinh nguydn tdc ea ban la phai lay lgi ich chung ctia dai da sd rihan dan ldm tieu chuan ttong viec xem xet vd gidi quygt van dg quygn dan tdc tu quyet "Khdng dupe lan ldn vdn de quyen dan tdc ttr quyet (nghia la hign phap nha nudc bao dam mdt phuong thuc giai quygt hoan todn tu do va ddn chu vdn dg phdn lap) vdi vdn de xem xet mdt dan tdc nao dd cd nen tach ra khdng. Trong mdi trudng hpp rigng biet, van de thu hai nay phai duoc dang dan chu - xa hpi giai quygt mdt each hodn todn ddc lap, cdn cu vao lpi ich eua todn bd su phat tiien xd hdi va lpi ich cua cudc ddu tianh giai cdp eua giai cap vd san vi chu nghia xa hdi"'^'". Nguygn tdc ttong giai quygt van de" quygn ddn tde tu quyet Id vide thuc hien quygn nay vdn phai dam bao lpi ich chung cua todn xd hdi, hudng tdi lpi ich chung cua qua ttinh xay dimg chd nghia xd hdi.
Dd la tieu chl de xem xet ed giai quygt quygn dan tde tu quydt cua mdt ddn tdc nao dd hay khdng.
2. Y nghta ddi vol thirc hien quyen tir quyfit dan toe d* Viet Nam
Cd the ndi, quan niem hien nay ctia the gidi vg quyen ddn tdc tu quyet cd sir mong ddng vd gdn gui vg quyen ddn tpc tu quyet ma V.I.Lerun da ndi dgn. Trong Tuyen bd nam 1970 ve cac nguygn tde cua luat qudc tg ctia Lien Hpp qudc da nhdn manh: "Viec thiet lap mdt nha nude ddc lap cd chu quyen hay tir do gia nhap vao nha nudc ddc lap khac hoac hen ket vdi qudc gia dd, cung nhu viec thiet lap bdt cu che dp chinh tri nao do nhdn
dan tir do quygt dinh la cac hinh thtic thi hien quygn ddn tdc tii quygt" vd "mdi qudc gia deu cd nghia vii tdn ttpng quyen ndy, phu hop vdi Hien chuong Lien Hpp qudc". Nhuvdy, quyen dan tde til quyet la quyen dupe thdnh lap qudc gia ddc lap hay cung vdi eac dan tdc khac tiianh lap qudc gia Uen banghoac dan nhdt tten casdtii nguyen, Id quyen tii do lua chpn chg dp chuih tri, kmh tg - xa hdi, tu giai quy^t cac vdn dg ddi npi khdng cd su can thiep ttr ben ngoai. Viec thue hien cdc quyen ndy la do nhan dan cua cdc ddn tdc dd quygt dinh. Nhung quan niem cua luat phap qude te ve quyen tu quygt ddn tdc la gan giii vdi VLLgnin vi Ong eung cho rdng, quygn tu quygt dan tdc la quyen qude gia dd dupe tu do phan lap ve mat ehinh tri, nhd nude, tu quyet dinh the che chinh tri tien eo sd tu nguygn cda todn thg nhan ddn bdng hmh thiie phd thdng dau phieu.
Ke thua va van dung tu tudng eua V.I.Lenm vg quyen tii quyet dan tde, Dang ta khang dinh khi cac tiie lire de qude, thuc dan xam lupc nude ta, nd dich, dp hue ddn tpc ta thi chiing ta thuc hien dau tianh dg gidnh ddc lap ddn tdc, gidnh lay bmh dang ddn tdc, thtic hien quygn tti quyet cda dan tdc mmh. TrongDai hpi Dang todn qudc lan tiiu II, Dang ta khang dinh "Muc dich cupc khang chign cua ta hien nay Id tiiiic hien quyen ddn tdc til quyet cua dan tdc Viet Nam: ddn tdc Viet Nam tu quygt dinh Idy sd phan cua mmh, tu mmh dinh lay chg dd ma minh ua thich. Dan tdc Viet Nam, da sd vd thieu sd, tir giac va tu nguygn doan kgt chat che thdnh mot qudc gia de bdo ve quygn dd. Khdng the ddt vdn de cac dan tdc thieu sd 6 Viet Nam tach rdi khdi nuoc Cong hda dan chu Vidt Nam"*^". Cudc khdng chign chdng thuc dan Phap, dg qudc My ma chung ta tidn hanh chinh Id dd tiiuc hien quyen dan toe tu quygt, dua nudc ta ttd thanh nudc ddc lap tu do Trong thdi ky dau ttanh gidnh doe lap dan tdc
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tiTide ddy, chiing ta da thuc hien tdt quygn dan tdc til quygt cda minh. Hien nay, cdc thglue thu dich van dang lpi dung bdi canh mdi ciia the gidi, ddc biet la xu the qudc tg hda, toan cau hda de de dpa den quygn tu quyet ddn tdc d Viet Nam. Chdng dang thdng qua vide chiing ta tham gia vao cdc thiet che kinh tg, chinh tri khu vuc va qudc te vdi vigc ddt ra nhiing dieu kien nhat dinh de chiing ta dupe gia nhap nhdm can thiep vao cdng viec ndi bd cua Viet Nam, de dpa dgn quyen tu quygt dirih the che chinh tri, kinh te, xa hdi cua dat nude. Chung da ra nhiing mdi nhu vg kmh te nhu dupe vay von, dupe nhiing uu dai ve kinh te... vdi nhiing dieu kien can thiep vao cdng viec ndi bd cua Viet Nam. Do dd, chimg ta phai tich cue va chu ddng hdi nhap qude tg dg ttanh thu, tdn dung nhiing cohdi, thdi ca do hdi nhdp qudc tg mang lai nhung cung phai canh gidc, tinh tdo tranh tinh trang mat quyen tu quygt dan tdc ttong bdi canh mdi rdt phtic tap hign nay. Vide dau ttanh bao dam quyen ttr quygt dan tdc ma V.I.Lenin ndi ddn van dang dupe ddt ra mdt each thudng true hien nay.
Hien nay, dg tim each ehdng pha Viet Nam, cdc the luc thu dich da ddnh ttao khdi niem rdng, V.I.Lenin dd ndi den quyen dan tdc tu quyet, quyen tu do phan lap de thanh lap nha nudc rieng. Do dd, chiing kich ddng mdt bd phan ddng bdo dan tdc thieu sd d nudc ta ddi thanh lap nha nudc rigng, kich dpng cho ly khai, tu tri. Cdc thg luc thu dich, phan ddng va tdn giao ciic doan luu vong d nudc ngodi dang thue hien am muu Ipd dting "quyen dan tdc tti quyet"
ciia ngudi bdn dia dg hinh tiianh cdc vung ddt tiitri ttong ldng datnudc VietNam. Chung kich dpng mpt bd phdn ddng bdo Khmer d viing Tdy Nam Bp ddi thanh lap "Nha nudc Khmer Krdm"; kich ddng mdt bd phdn ddng bdo dan tpc thigu sd tai chd dTay N^yen ddi thanh lap
"Nha nudc Dega", kich ddng mdt bd phdn ddng bao Chdm ddi thanh lap "Vuang qudc Champa", kich ddng mot bd phan ddng bdo Mdng d vung Tay Bde ddi thanh lap "Vuong qudc Mdng" nhdm gay mat dn dmh chinh til - xd hdi, chia re ddn tde, chia re khdi dai dodn ket todn ddn, timg budc tien tdd pha va sir todn ven lanh thd, thdng nhat ddt nudc. Nhan thtic dting tu tudng ctia V.I.Lenin vg quyen ttr quyet dan tdc chiing ta kien quygt dap tan nhirng am muu, thu doan cua eac the luc thu dich nay.
Trudc bet, ve mat ly luan, phdp ludt, chiing ta thdy ca tu tudng cua V.I.Lgrun vd luat phdp qude te deu khdng dinh quyen tu quygt ddn tdc thi ddn tdc d day vdi tu each Id qudc gia dan tdc.
Chung ta can phdn biet ro quyen tu quydt ddn tdc vdi quyen ctia ngudi dan tdc thigu sd. Quyen tu quygt ddn tdc la mdt qudc gia dan tdc bi mdt qudc gia khac dp btie trd thanh thudc dia, phii thudc dugc quygn tu do phdn lap ve mat chinh tri thanh mdt qude gia dde lap. Quyen dd khac vdi viec cdc thglue ddnh ttdo khdi niem ndi rdng V.I.Lenin ting hd quyen tti quyet dan tdc ed nghia la mdt ddn tgc tdc ngudi nao dd ttong mdt qudc gia cd the tach ra ttd thdnh qudc gia ridng.
Dan tdc thieu sd eung vdi cac dan tde tde ngudi trong qude gia dd tham gia vao viec thuc hien quygn tu quyet dan tdc chung cua qudc gia ma hp dang sdng nhtmg khdng phdi Id mdt tdc ngudi ddi tdch ra thanh qudc gia rieng. Phap ludt qudc tg cung dd khang dinh dieu nay. Phap ludt qudc te dd ndi dgn quyen cda ngudi dan tpc thigu sd trong mot qudc gia. Hai van kien qudc tg ngn tang ghi nhan cdc quyen cua con ngudi dgu khdng dinh ngudi dan tdc thieu sd cd day du cac quygn vg' ddn su, chmh tri, kmh tg, xd hdi, van hda nhu nhiing ngudi thude ddn tdc da sd trong xa hgi, hoan loan binh ddng va khdng cd su phan biet ddi xu. Trong Digu 2, Cdng udc
LYLUAN CHiNHTR!-So4/2020
^ K V NigM 150 N A M N G A Y SINH V.LLENIN
qudc te ve eac quyen kinh te, van hda, xa hdi nam 1966 da khdng dinh "Cac qudc gia thanh vien cam ket bao dam rdng cac quyen dupe neu ttong Cdng udc nay se dupe thiic hien khdng cd bdt ky su phan biet ddi xti ndo ve ehung tdc, mau da, gidi tinh, ngdn ngii, tdn giao, quan diem chfnh tri hodc cac quan diem khac, nguon gde dan tgc hodc xa hdi, tdi san, thanh phan xuatthanhodc cdc dia vi khac". Cdngudcqudc tg ve eac quyen dan siivd ehinh tri (ICCPR) ndm 1966 ghi: "Tai nhung nudc cd nhieu nhdm ddn tdc thieu sd, tdn giao vd ngdn ngu cung chung sdng, thi nhiing ca nhan thude cac dan tdc, tdn giao, ngdn ngu va eae thieu sd dd, eung vdd nhung thdnh vign khde cua cpng dong minh, khdng the hi tudc bd quyen dupe thu hudng nen vdn hda rigng, quygn dupe the hien va thuc hanh tdn giao rieng hoac quygn dupe sti dung tidng ndi rieng cua hp" (Dieu 3). Trong Tuygn bd ve quyen ctia nhiing ngudd thudc cdc nhdm thieu sd ve dan tde, chting tgc, tdn gido va ngdn ngu nam 1992 ghi: "Cdc qude gia se bao ve sir ton tai vd ban sde ddn tdc hay sdc tdc, vdn hda, tdn giao va ngdn ngu cua ngudi thieu sd ttong pham vi lanh thd thudc su qudn ly cua hp va khuygn khieh nhimg digu kien de thuc day ban sac do; eac qudc gia se thdng qua nhiing bidn phap lap phap va nhting bien phdp thich hpp khde dg dat dupe nhting muc tieu ndy" (Digul).
Nhu vdy rat nhieu vdn bdn phdp luat qudc td thiia nhan quyen ctia ngudd ddn tdc thieu so tien tat ca cac mat tuong duong nhu ngudi dan tdc da sd ttong qudc gia dd, nhung khdng cd bat eu mdt quy dinh eua phdp ludt qudc te ndo cho rdng mdt nhdm dan tde thieu sd d mgt qude gia nao dd ed quygn dupe ly khai, dupe thanh lap mdt qudc gia dde lap.
Nhu vay, quyen tu quyet ddn tdc khdng phai Id mdt tdc ngudi ttong mdt qudc gia ttong dieu
kien bmh tiiudng dn dinh ddi thdnh lap qudc gia rieng. Hon niia, 6 Viet Nam khdng cd dp buc giua tdc ngudi nay vdi tpc ngudi khae. Dang va Nha nudc ta luOn nhat qudn thue hien chinh saeh bmh ddng dan tpc, cdc tpc ngucri dViet Nam deu binh dang ve quygn lpi va nghia vu, thdm chi chdng ta cd nhigu chmh sach uu tien cho ddng bdo dan tdc tiiieu sd. Cac ddn tde d Viet Nam bmh dang, doan kgt eung phat tiien ngn khdng cd ea sd dg ndi den quyen tir quyet dan tdc d Viet Nam hien nay. Can khang dinh rdng viec mdt tdc ngudi ndo dd ddi tach ra thdnh qude gia rieng se khdng cd lpi cho ddn tdc thigu sd dd cur^ nhu cho ea nhdn ddn Yiit Nam. Dd ehi la am muu keo lui su phdt trien cua \^et Nam, cdn ttd con dudng di len chu nghia xa hdi d nudc ta. Vi vdy, chting ta can higu dting ddn, sau sdc, day du tu tudng cua V.I.Lgnm de dau ttanh chdng lai dm muu lgi dung, cdi gpi la quyen dan tdc tii quygt cua cac tiie luc thu dich de chdng pha Viet Nam O
(1) V.LLenin: Toan tap, t.25, Nxb Tign bp, Matxcava, 1980, tt.303.
(2), (4), (15) VLLenin: Torn tap, t.27, Nxb Chinh tti qudc gia. Ha Ngi, 2005, tt.327,338 -339,84.
(3), (5), (8), (10), (11), (13), (14), (16), (19) VI.Lenin:
Toan tap, t.25, Nxb Chfnh tti qudc gia. Ha Npi, 2005, ti.317,317,341, 84,336, 84, 335, 322, 338.
(6), (7). (9) V.I.Lenin: Nhungvan dechinh sach dan tdc vi chu nghia qudc ti vo san, Nxb Tien bO, Matxcava, tt.55,83,42.
(12), (17), (18) VLLgnin: Toan tap, t.30, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, HaNpi, 2005, tt.53,38,41.
(20) VI.Lenm: Toan tap, t.24, Nxb Chfnh tri qudc gia, HaNoi, 2005, tt.78.
(21) DCSVN: Van kien Dang toan tap, t,i2, Nxb Chinh tn qudc gia. Ha Npi, 2002, tt.l40.
LYLUAN CHINH TRI-So 4/2020