NBHlHiCirU TBAOaOTH
Khu vUc kinh t e horp tac xa nong nghiep
Tidm nang con bo ngo
1. D a t v a n d e
Khi hgi n h a p , nhSt la khi da vao WTO va chiu su canh tranh gay gat vcri n h u n g nen kinh to himg m a n h , nen kinh te trong nuoc cang thay ro nhiing ban che yeu kem ciia minh. Vice p h a t trien cac khu vuc kinh te trong nuoc n h u the nao de canh tranh ngay cang trcV nen cap thiet, trong do co khu vuc kinh te hcrp tac xa n 6 n g nghiep, mot khu vuc kinh to ma rat nhieu Hem nang con bo ngo. Phat trien hcrp tac xa n6ng nghiep, cai thien no sao cho phii hcrp, hieu qua la d o n bay bao d a m can bang miic song giua khu vuc n6ng th6n va Ihanh thi.
Viet Nam, dat nuoc co den 707(> dan so song cV n6ng thon, va cucic song phu thugc chu yeu vao nguon thu nhap bap benh tir n6ng nghiep, day chinh la tang Icrp ngheo nhat, chiem phan km luc lucmg lao dcing trcmg xa hc)i, lai dang phai dam ducmg mgi linh vire CCT ban ciia nen kinh le la s i n xuat nong nghiep, Khi hgi nhap kinh te Ihe gicVi, canh tranh thi trucmg ngay cang khac nghiel trcmg khi cac 16 chiic san xuat cua nong dan hien nay Ihucmg dem le, lac hau va khong co siic canh tranh. Do vay, do nen kinh te n6ng nghiep phat huy hieu qua t6t nhat, kh6ng co con d u o n g nao ngan bang viec gan no vcri viec phai trien cac hcrp tac xa nong nghiep.
Nhin lai thuc trang ciia hcrp t i c xa ncing nghiep trong thi'ri gian qua.
Sail hem 20 nam thuc hien cong cugc doi men do Dang la khcri xucmg va lanh dao, kinh le tap the ma nong cot la cac hgp lac xa (I II'X) da co nhiing thay doi can ban, phat trien m a n h ve s6 lugng, da dang hoa cac loai hinh, tham gia hoat d g n g trong hau hot cac nganh, linh vuc ciia nen kinh te.
Den nay, ca nucrc cc) 52 Lien hiep HTX, 18,104 HTX va 360.000 to hcrp lac; thu hut su Iham gia ciia khoang 12,5 trieu xa vien va nguod lao dcing.
Trong do co 8.828 hcrp tac xa n o n g n g h i e p (HTXNN), chiem 48''ci tren t6ng s6 hcrp lac xa thucic cac nganh nghe trong ca nuoc, t6ng so xa vien khoang 6,5 trieu ngucn; ty 16 hg n6ng dan tham gia hcrp tac xa nong nghiep dat khoang 58"/(), Lire lugng lao d 6 n g d 6 n g d a o n h u vay, n h u n g
» ThS. PHAM THANH HUONG Tri/dng Dai hoc Tht/ang mai
thanh p h a n kinh te tap the d a n g gap nhieu ban che khi d o n g gop ciia thanh p h a n na}- vao long thu n h a p qu6c d a n (GDP) giam lien tuc trong 15 nam vira qua, bien chi chiem 5,66"/o. r6c do tang trucmg ciia kinh te lap the vao nam 1995 la 104,48%, nam 2000 la 105,4"„ nhung den 2009 chi con 102,85%.
2. N h i i n g k h 6 k h a n t o n tai
Thii nhat, nang luc quan ly con veu. Tren thuc te, kho khan 1cm nhat ciia cac 1 ll'XNN 6 nuac la hien nay la thieu dgi ngu xa vien co kien thirc quan ly; thieu nghiem trgng cac nhan vien co trinh do dieu hanh va dieu hanh c6 sang lao cac boat dgng cua HTXNN, dieu nay d 6 n g nghia vcVi viec thieu p h u o n g an san xuat kinh doanh; ban che khau s6 sach ke toan, it von, it tu lieu s i n xual, dSl dai manh miin; thieu nhirng hcrp dong bao tieu san pham.
Ngav Iren dia ban thanh ph6, so lucmg can bg I i r X N N hien nay I6t nghiep qua cac trucmg dai hgc, cao dang, trung cap chi chiem khoang 35";).
S6 lucmg can be) con lai chi ducrc tap huan cac cong viec truoc mat, con nhiem vu chuyen m6n sau can den tu duy thi chua dugc dao tao bai ban I h a m chi, nhieu chu nhicm HTXNN con chua lot nghiep bac lieu hgc.
Bcjn canh do, mac dii Luat HcTp tac xa nam 2003 da cho phep H I X N N dugc Ihue chu nhiem (giam d6c dieu hanh HTX), song cac lYYX khong CO kinh phi de tra cho giam d6c dieu hanh, do vay, hau hot deu duv tri mot be) may vira quan ly, vira dieu hanh, khong tach bach dugc hai hoat deing trong HTX, lam cho HTX kh6ng co kha nang van hanh t6t cac chiic nang nay,
Thii hai, nhan thirc ve vai tro va tac dung cua HTX kieu meji cua can bg quan ly, xa vien cung nhu toan xa hgi con nhieu han che. Qua cac cugc khao sat, phong van cac hg xa vien va he) nong d i n cV nhieu dia phucmg tren ca nue'rc cho thay: Co tren 80% so ngucri dugc phong van deu tra Icri can thiol phai c6 IITX; song hau n h u tat ca deu chua the tra lod dung dugc cau hoi ve vai tro va tac dung ciia HTX. Iham chi, nhieu can bg quan ly HTX va hau
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NGHIEN CUU
hot xa vien hieu rat m a ho vQ cac n g u y e n tac, gia tii ciia HTX, ve nhiing dac trung ciia HTX kieu mod, ve cac ngi d u n g qui dinh trong Luat Hepp tac xa s6 1 8 / 2 0 0 3 / Q H l l , dac biet la cac quyen va nghia vu cua HTX, cac quyen va nghia vu cua xa vien d6i veM ITTK. NTiieu xa vien van con t u tucmg y lai, trong cha vao su giiip d o ciia HTX va bao cap ciia NTia nuoc, chua coi HTX la ciia chinh minh, thieu Hch cue tham gia dong gop, xav d u n g HTX. Qua khao sat ciia Chi cue Phat trien n6ng th6n (PINT) Ha Ngi cho tha'y, H-ong tdng s6 100/962 HTXNN tren dia ban thanh ph6 sau khi sap n h a p , n h a n thiic cua can bg va xa vien ve HTX kieu mod con m o h 6 . Theo thong ke ciia Chi cue PTNT, hien t6ng so Hen xa vien n g dgng cac HTXNN tren dia ban thanh pho vao khoang 100 ty d6ng.
Thii ba, thieu su lien ket veil cac t h a n h p h a n kinh te khac. Hien nay, m o t bg p h a n k h o n g nho cac HTXNN t h u o n g lam vao tinh t r a n g m a n h miin, khep kin, n h o Ic;. Tai cac HTX nay, tinh t r a n g san xuat n h o le da khien cho san p h a m ciia hg kho long tao d u n g d u g c vi tri tren thi t r u o n g . Tir do, CO qua nhieu hepp tac xa hinh thirc, co den 3-040 herp tac xa co ten n h u n g thuc chat la kh6ng boat d g n g . N h i e u h g p tac xa l u n g tiing trong t6 chuc boat d g n g nen hieu qua t h a p , chua m a n g lai nhieu lepd ich cho xa vien. Cac hcrp tac xa chua h a p d a n n h a n d a n va cac t6 chiic kinh te t h a m gia. Cac hejp tac xa n 6 n g n g h i e p da p h a n chi meii cung cap m o t so dich vu d a u vao, rat it dich \ u tieu thu, che bien. N g u y e n n h a n chinh la tinh t r a n g san xuat m a n h m i m , nho le, chua d a p irng d u g c yeu cau cua thi t r u o n g .
Thii tu, cac chinli sach q u a n ly, va k h u y e n khich cua Nha n u o c d6i viid kinh te H T X N N con chua h o a n thien. Mac dii n h i i n g n a m gan day.
D a n g va N h a n u o c d a rat q u a n tam, b a n h a n h nhieu chinh sach h6 trg HTX, d a c biet la da ban h a n h Luat H g p tac xa sd 1 8 / 2 0 0 3 / Q H l l , N g h i d i n h sd 1 7 7 / 2 0 0 4 / N D - C P , N g h i d i n h sd 88/2005, chi thi sd 2 0 - C T / T W , n h u n g cac chinh sach chua thuc su d o n g bg, con n h i e u bat cap.
Viec trien khai cac chinh sach con c h a m (nhu chinh sach ve d a o tao dai h a n cho can bg, xa vien HTX). C6ng tac h6 trg, g i a m sat ciia N h a n u o c ciing chua d u g c q u a n t a m diing miic.
Ve chinh sach dat dai, mac dii da co Luat Dat dai siia d6i va co cac \'an b a n hueing dan thi hanh, song cac HTX nong nghiep hien nay van gap kh6ng it vucing mac va can tro can dugc thao gor.
Doi vcn dat HTX diing vao lam tru so, xay d u n g
kho bai hien d a n g chua co chinh sach giao dat hoac cho thue uu dai doi viM HTX, de tao dieu kien cho HTX m o r g n g , n a n g cao hieu qua hoat d g n g kinh d o a n h . Tai t h a n h p h o Ha N g i con co tod 40°o HTXNN k h 6 n g co tru s o lam vice, phai n u o n g n h o UBND xa h o a c tiii t a m t r o n g cac den, chiia, mieu m a o , cong trinh cong cgng.
3. Giai p h a p
Thii nhat: N a n g cao n a n g luc q u a n ly
M u d n H T X N N p h a t tridn tdt, can p h a i co dgi ngii can bg q u a n ly co n a n g luc, t a m huyet, dugc dao tao va g i n bo vod sir n g h i e p p h a t trien HTXNN. O nuoc ta, m a c dii t r o n g nhirng n a m qua, Nha n u a c da d a u t u kha n h i e u de d a o tao dgi ngu "can bg HTX", n h u n g chu y e u mod tap tiung vao cac chuc d a n h chii n h i e m , p h o chu nhiem, trucmg ban kiem soat HTX, va chat lucmg d a o tao chua cao. Vi vay, trong thod gian tdi, can xem xet lai c6ng tac d a o tao dgi n g u xa vien lam "can bg q u a n ly HTX" va m o t h e m cac c h u o n g trinh dao tao dgi ngii n h a n vien d i e u h a n h b o a t d g n g ciia HTX, n h a t la cac hoat d g n g ciia HTX n o n g nghiep.
Cac t r u o n g d a o tao can b g HTX ciia Bg NTN&PTNT, Lien m m h HTXVN He'p tuc cai tien p h u o n g thirc dao tao tir cong tac tuyen sinh don giao trinh, giao vien... va cap chiing chi theo timg chuyen nganh dao tao. De nghi cap 1007<> hgc bong, hoac mien hgc phi cho nhirng sinh vien tinh nguyen sau khu t6t nghiep dai hgc ve lam vice cho cac HTX theo p h u o n g thirc hepp d 6 n g lau dai co s u ho trg ciia Nha nuac Som hinh thanh thi truong lao d g n g chuyen lam vice cho HTX co chuyen m o n cao de cac HTX thue, ke ca nguod nuoc ngoai t u nguyen.
Thu hai: N h a n thiic d i i n g d a n vi tri, vai tro va tac d u n g ciia HTXNN H-ong thai ky h a u WTO.
Doi mod n h a n thiic ve H T X N N cho cac can bg quan ly, xa vien va toan xa hgi theo hucmg tuan thii nguyen tac t6 chuc va q u a n ly: t u nguyen, binh dang, cimg c6 Igi va co s u h 6 H-g cua Nha nuoc, p h u h g p vod n g u y e n tSc ciia lien m i n h cac HTX qu6c te, n h a m ttiich u n g vai qua trinh hgi n h a p quoc te. Hepp tac xa n o n g n g h i e p phai coi cai tao hi t u o n g p h o n g each, id idi, tap q u a n san xuat cua n 6 n g dan la m u c Heu cua m i n h thi mcM giup ich nhieu cho n 6 n g d a n va giiip h g n o n g d a n p h a t trien luc lugng san xuat d e canh tranh hieu qua vod n o n g dan the giod trong nen kinh td toan cSu.
Trong thuc id, nhiing H T X N N d a n g boat d g n g thanh c6ng, canh tranh dugc vod cac thanh p h l n kinh ke khac la nhirng HTX d u g c to chiic va quan ly theo d u n g ban chat, cac n g u y e n t i c va gia tri ciia
3 0 CONC NCHIEP » K ) ' 1. Ihang .1/2011 Website: www.tapchicongnghiep.vn
NGHIlNGini T B A O B d l ^
HTX. Xa vien tham gia HTX mot each tu nguyen, CO g6p von, phat h u y dan chu va co trach nhiem vod HTX. C6 n h u vay, HTX meii that su mang lai Igi ich kinh tc cu the, thiet thuc cho xa vien.
Thii ba: Day m a n h lien ket h g p tac giiia hepp tac xa n6ng nghiep vod cac doanh nghiep thugc cac thanh p h a n kinh te khac.
Khi hgi n h a p , n h a t la khi da v a o W T O va chiu su canh tranh gay g a t voi n h i i n g t a p doan n u a c ngoai, cac t h a n h p h a n kinh to trong n u a c cang thay ro viec lien ket, hepp tac la v6 c u n g can thiet, do do tirng hepp tac xa n o n g n g h i e p kh6ng the k h e p kin m a p h a i p h a t trien theo h u c n g lien ket r g n g rai nhirng n g u o i lao d g n g , cac hg s a n xuat kinh d o a n h , cac c o sei s a n xuat kinh d o a n h n h o ; k h o n g gieii b a n q u y m 6 , linh v u c va dia b a n , mcr r g n g lien ket, hepp tac v a i cac c o quan, to chiic, d o a n h n g h i e p . Thuc te cho thay, cac HTX m a n h ciing la n h i i n g HTX da dinh hinh d u g c cho minh m 6 hinh p h a t trien kinh to va mei hinh t6 chiic p h u hepp.
D6ng thod, de m o rgng p h a m vi va nang cao chat luepng ciia m 6 hinh lien ket, theo cac chuyen gia trong nganh, trong thod gian teii, ben canh viec khuyen khich cac thanh p h a n kinh to ciing tham gia, nen thanh lap thi diem mept s6 I ITX lion ket eV trinh do cao, ducri hinh thirc lien hiep san xuat tai mot so nganh co the m a n h n h u dot may xuat khau, san xuat thiet bi dien, day cap dien, san xuat bao bi, lap r a p m a y tinh.
TTiii tir: De k h u y e n khich kinh te hepp tac va HTX phat tiien, N h a nuoc can b 6 sung, mot s6
chinh sach va thuc hien mept s6 giai p h a p mang tinh ho trg v6 kinh to, de k h u y e n khich, tao thuan lepd cho kinh to h g p tac va HTX phat trien. Nen hoan thien Luat Hepp tac xa theo hucmg phai lam ro b a n chat hepp tac xa.
Nha n u a c phai chi d a o do thuc bien d u n g chuc n a n g va xay d u n g he thong to chiic quan ly hepp tac xa n 6 n g n g h i e p tir trung u o n g don co so, nhat la ciing c6 Lien m i n h hepp tac xa Viet N a m sao cho thiet thuc va co hieu qua, tranh h a n h chinh h o a de chuyen m a n h sang cac boat d g n g dich vu, h 6 t r g cac h g p tac xa trong san xuat va tieu thu san p h a m . D6ng thod, phai tao dieu kien huy d g n g m g i n g u 6 n luc cho boat d g n g h 6 trg p h a t trien HTX, C6ng tac h6 t r g p h a t trien ciia Lien minh HTX Viet N a m phai g a n vod vice trien khai cac chuong trinh p h a t tridn c h u n g cua N h a nuoc tren tat ca cac linh vuc: d a o tao, khoa hgc c6ng n g h e , cac chuong trinh, d u an kinh to - xa hgi; d 6 n g thod phai g a n vcri cac ca quan q u a n ly chuyen nganh ciia Nha nuoc o cac cap tu trung u o n g d e n dia p h u o n g n h a m t6i uu hoa viec khai thac, to chiic quan ly va su d u n g die n g u o n lire cho su phat trien ciia HTX.
T A I L I E U THAM KHAO 1. Lien minh HTX Viet Nam
2. Lien minh I ITX Quoc tc
3. Bao cao chuyen doi HTX cac linh, thanh pho 4. So tay huan luyen quan ly HTXNN cua FAQ 5. Phan tich hoat dong dich vu SXKD va trien vgng cua cac HTXNN Viet Nam theo don dat hang cua to chiicJICA.
Bo Cong Thirang quan tam Mi cong tac.
(Tiep theo trang 15) Tai n a n trong san xuat c6ng nghiep van concao. Theo thong ke, tinh d e n ngay 5/11/2010, cac d o n vi san xuat true thugc Bg Cong T h u o n g da d e xay ra 33 vu TNLD nghiem trgng, lam 44 nguod chet, so voi ciing ky n a m 2009, tang hon 3 v u va 14 nguoi chot. Cac n g a n h san xuat xay ra TNLD nhieu la hoa chat, d a u khi, d a c biet la khai thac than. Theo T a p d o a n C 6 n g n g h i e p Than va Khoang san Viet N a m (Vinacomin), trong 9 thang dSu nam 2010, cac c6ng ty thugc Vinacomin da de xay ra 17 vu TNLD, lam chdt 22 c6ng nhan (tang 3 vu, 7 nguoi chet so veVi ciing ky n a m 2009).
Nam 2011 va trong nhirng n a m teii, c h u n g ta hy vgng, voi viec ngay 10/12/2010, Pho Thii tuong thueing true Chinh phii N g u y e n Sinh Hiing da
thay m a t Thii tuong Chinh phii ky Quyet dinh s6 2281/QD-TTg p h e duyet C h u o n g trinh qu6c gia vd A n toan ve sinh lao d g n g giai doan 2011 - 2015, voi m u c tieu cai thien dieu kien, giam 6 nhiem m6i trudng lao dgng; ngan ngira tai nan lao dgng
\'a benh nghe nghiep; cham soc sire khoe ngucri lao dgng; nang cao nhan thirc, d a m bao su tuan thii p h a p luat ve an toan ve sinh lao dgng; d a m bao than the va tinh m a n g nguod lao dgng va tai san ciia Nha nuac, ciia doanh nghiep, t6 chuc, gop phan vao su phat trien ben virng ciia qu6c gia va cung veii Th6ng t u s6 4 3 / 2 0 1 0 / i T - B C T , thi c6ng tac BHLD - ANLD - VSLD cua ca nuac noi chung va nganh C6ng Thuong noi rieng so ducrc quan tam cai thien va thuc hien t6t hem./. •
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