6 TIEN GIANG TRONG NlTA SAU THE K* XIX

sir PHAT TRIEN CIIA Cidl OAI OjA CHU

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VA PHirofNG THirC sir DUNG RUONG OAT CUA HO

• • •

6 TIEN GIANG TRONG NlTA SAU THE K* XIX

NGUYfiN PHUC NGHlfiP' L £ THI KIM LOAN"

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dm 1861, thfle dan Phdp chilm dflpc Tien Giang. Kl tfl dd, ehe dp sd hflu rudng dd't d ddy ed sfl ehuyin biln mdi. Theo quy djnh eiia Thong die Nam K;^ nam 1882, sd hflu dfldi 10 ha dfldc xem Id sd hflu nhd (1). O My Tho, den cuoi t h i ky XIX, cd 19.125 chu rupng ed sd hflu dfldi 10 ha (2). Qua dd, ta thiy ring, thfle dan Phdp v i n eho phdp sd hflu nhd t i n tai nhim muc dfch tham ddc Id ldi kdo ngfldi ndng ddn ban xfl g i n k i t vdi c h i dp thiic dan Phap.

Tuy nhidn, dilu md chfnh quyin thfle dan quan tdm den nhilu n h i t Id phat trien nhflng dien san Idn nhim phuc vu cho vide xuit khiu thde gao cua bpn chiing (3). Tfl dd, gidi dai dja ehu ngdy cdng phinh ra. Vl vd'n d l ndy, trong ludn vdn Chi dp sd hiu rupng ddt Idn d Nam Bp thdi ky Phdp thdng tri, Trln Ngpc Djnh viet: "Xudt phdt ti nhing yiu cdu da thi tnidng tfiigidi vi lua gao; vd nfidt Id do nhiing mdn lpi nhuan kich xu trong viic xudt cdng lia gao

thdi thic; nen di qude Phdp chu tnidng tdng cUdng vO vet lua gao thdt nhiiu de xudt cdng. Song mudn ddm bdo cfio viic vO vet dupc nhiiu lia gao diphuc vu cho xudt cdng, tdt nhiin phdi phdt triin clii dp sd hdu rupng ddt Idn; hay ndi mpt cdch cu tfii hOn Id cdn phdi tgo ra mpt tdng ldp dgi dia chu, sdn xudt thdt nhiiu lia gao cfio di quoc Phdp" (4).

Lue biy gid, d Tiln Giang da xuit hidn nhilu dai dja ehu; ridng tren dja bdn My Tho, din culi the ky XIX, cd 4.518 chii rudng sd hflu tfl 10 ha din trdn 1.000 ha, chilm din 2/3 didn tfch tfl diin cua todn tmh (5). Ting ldp dai dja ehu d Tiln Giang, phin Idn Id ngfldi Vidt; chi cd mdt so r i t it Id ngfldi Phdp: 5 ngfldi (6). Sd di ed tmh hinh l y Id do, trong nfla diu t h i ky XIX, h i u hit d i t dai d Tiln Giang da dfldc khai hoang vd di vdo san xuit on djnh; t i t nhien, d i t dai ly da ed ehu; eho ndn, chfnh quyin thiic dan khdng t h i tfl tidn cit dit, chuyin nhflpng eho nhihig cd - ldng ngfldi Phdp.

••" TS, ThS. D^i hoc Tign Giang

Sy ph6t hi&i ciia gi6i dai dia ehik., ₁₅ 1. Cac phvtttng thvlc md rpng r u ^ n g

dat cua gidi dai dia chu

Tfl ndm 1861, d Tiln Giang, gidi dai dja chu md mang didn tfch sd hflu rudng d i t bing cdc phfldng thfle sau ddy:

- Thi nhdt, thfla k l rudng d i t tfl eha me cua hp, vin Id dai dja ehu trflde khi thfle ddn Phdp xdm chilm Tiln Giang (1861); roi sau dd, cac dja chu ndy md rdng rudng d i t bing cdch kiem tfnh rudng dd't eua ndng ddn hoae cua dja ehu bj pha san. Tidu bilu Id hai dai dja ehu Dfldng Thj Hfldng vd Trln Vdn Hpe:

+ Bd Dfldng Thj Hfldng d Gd Cdng, thfla k l 117 ha 68 a 49 ca rudng tfl eha me eiia bd Id Dfldng T i n Bd'n va Trln Thj Sanh.

Ndm 1865, bd k i t hdn vdi Hu^nh Dinh Ngfldn. Tfl day, bd da mua them 1.042 ha 65 a 10 ca rudng vd 47 ha 88 a 05 ca dd't, ting cdng Id 1.090 ha 53 a 15 ca. Nhfl vdy, so rudng dd't md bd Hfldng mua gip 9 lin so rudng dd't md bd thfla kl. Tong so rudng dd't bd Dfldng Thj Hfldng sd hflu Id 1.208 ha 21 a 64 ea, trai ddi trdn 19 ldng d Gd Cdng. Ngodi ra, bd edn ed mdt khU Ifldng tdi san rd't Idn, tfldng dfldng 523 ha rudng.

Tuy nhidn, bd eung cho cde con eua ba dflng bd mdt so rupng dd't md bd da mua, nhu H u ^ h Dinh Hao dflng bd 84 ha 25 a 64 ca, Hu:^nh Thj Ngdi dflng bd 42 ha 9 a 49 ea, H u ; ^ Thj Nfl dflng bd 26 ha 17 a 28 ca, Hu^nh Thj Didu dflng bp 6 ha 51 a.

Thfle ra, so rudng dd't dd, bd Hfldng ldm ehu hodn todn. Trong di chue, bd da ghi rd dilu ly: "Mdy sd rupng vd ddt, fiogc con trai, con gdi tdi md tin ndo cd ditng bp thi tdi cung gpp lgi md chia cho dd dong vi nguyin Id tiin bae da tdi mua md di tin chung nd ding bd md fhdi" (7). Chfla cd tfl li$u d l 1^ giai vi sao bd Hfldng cho con cua bd dflng b$ ru$ng dd't do bd mua. Dflpc bilt, dfldi thdi thude Phdp, ed mdt hi$n tfldng

p h i biln Id, dai dja ehu khi da Idn tuoi vd cac con cua hp da ldp gia (finh thi hp thfldng cho cac con dflng bd rudng dit; vd xem dd Id mdt trong nhflng phin tdi san dfldc thfla k l sau khi dai dja chu ly qua ddi.

So rudng dd't ma bd Dfldng Thj Hfldng mua bang cdc phfldng each nhfl sau:

Thi nfidt, mua tfl eac dja chu bj pha san. Cd 37 dja chu sd hflu tfl 10 ha trd len ban rudng d i t cho ba Hfldng vdi tong didn tfch Id 1.038 ha 49 a 97 ca; trong dd, cd 2 dai dia chfl sd hflu hdn 100 ha, la Hu;^nh Vdn Tdn (122 ha 64 a 54 ea) vd NguySn Thj d (108 ha 49 a 44 ca). Theo ldi kl cua gia tdc bd Hfldng, vide bd mua rudng dd't eua Huynh Van Tin la nham dl tra thu vide Huynh Vdn Tin da hai chit Binh Tay dai tfldng qudn Trfldng Dinh; bdi vi, me cua bd Id Trln Thj Sanh, sau khi eha eiia ba la dng Dfldng Tin Bon md't, da tai gia vdi Trfldng Djnh. Nhfl vdy, Trfldng Dinh Id eha dfldng cua bd Dfldng Thj Hfldng.

Thi hai, mua tfl cde dia chu cd rudng dd't, do thiiu np, bj chfnh quyen phat mai.

Cd 3 dia chu bj phat mai rudng dit vdi tong didn tfch la 34 ha 3 a; va ba Hfldng da mua so rudng dd't ndy (8).

Thi ba, mua tfl ngfldi tilu ndng do nd n i n phai ban s l rudng dd't efla minh.

Trfldng hdp ndy cd 8 ngfldi ban rudng vdi td'ng didn tfch Id 17 ha 73 a 18 ca (9).

+ 6ng Trln Vdn Hpc d ldng Binh Cach (Chd Gao). 6ng Hpc dfldc thfla k l (kl ca phin hfldng hda) 95 miu. Nhflng din ndm 1877, dng da tdu thdm 361 miu rudng dit (10). Nhfl vdy, so rudng dd't md dng Hpc mua gd'p 7 i l n s l rudng dd't md dng thfla kl, trai dai tren 8 ldng d Chp Gao (11).

Giong nhfl bd Dfldng Thj Hfldng, dng Trln Vdn Hpc cung cho eae eon minh dflng bd mdt s l rudng dd't do dng mua, nhfl Trln

16 Hghi&i eihi McSisi^s6T20n_

Vdn Thai dflng bd 90 miu, Trln Van Thjnh dflng bd 21 miu. Thfle ra, s l rudng dd't dd diu thude quyin sd hflu eua dng Trln Vdn Hpe (12).

So rudng dd't md dng Trln Van Hpc mua tfl cde nguon sau ddy:

Thi nhdt, mua tfl cde dja chu bj phd san. Day id nguIn mua rudng d i t ehu ylu eua dng Hpe. Trong so 22 trfldng hpp bdn rudng dd't cho dng Hpc thi da ed den 15 trfldng hdp md ngfldi bdn Id dja ehu; vdi tong didn tfch Id 322 miu; trong dd ed 3 dja chfl sd hflu trdn 40 miu. Id dng DUdng Vdn Uy: 45 mSu, dng Nguyin Vdn Huydn: 40 miu vd dng Nguyen Vdn Giai: 40 miu (13).

Thi fmi, mua tfl ngfldi tilu ndng. Cd 6 ngfldi, do nd nin, phai bdn rudng dd't cho Trln Vdn Hpc vdi td'ng didn tfch Id 19 miu (14).

Thi ba, mua tfl rudng cdng. Dd la vide hfldng chflc ldng Song Thanh ban 20 miu rudng cdng eho Trln Vdn Hpe (15).

Nhfl vdy, qua vide mua rudng dd't eua hai dja ehii Dfldng Thj Hfldng vd Trln Vdn Hpc, ta thiy ring, phin Idn rudng dd't md bd Hfldng vd dng Hpc mua diu ed nguIn gdc tfl cde dja chii bj pha san. Dilu dd ehflng td, trong ndi bd eiia giai d p dja ehu tid'p tuc cd sfl phdn hda sdu sic; mdt so dai dja chfl da thu tdm trong tay mdt so Ifldng rudng dd't cfle Idn, ehi phoi tinh hinh phdn phra rudng dd't vd san xuit ndng nghidp d dja phfldng. Tfnh din cuoi t h i k y XIX, d dja bdn My Tho, ed 19 dai dja ehu sd hflu tfl 300 dd'n tren 1.000 ha (16). Ding thdi, eung qua dd, ta thiy, vide md rdng rudng dd't cua gidi dai dja chu d Tiln Giang trong ehiing mflc ndo dd, ed khde vdi dgi dia chu d miin Tay Nam Bd. Dai dja ehu d Tiln Giang md rdng didn tfch rudng dd't cua minh, ehu ylu, tfl vide mua rudng dd't ciia cac dja ehu

bi pha san. Trong klii dd, gidi dai dja chu d miin Tdy Nam Bd, de sd hflu nhilu rudng dit, p h i n Idn Id chip chilm rudng d i t cua ndng ddn thdng qua vide eho vay ndng lai vd lfla lpc, lpi dung sfl mfl chfl, kdm hiiu bilt ludt Id eua ngfldi ndng dan di efldp dit (17). Sd di cd sfl khde bidt dd Id do, d Tien Giang, trflde ndm 1861, sd hflu Idn da chilm flu the trong cd d u sd hflu rudng dit d ddy; ndi cdch khac, day la vflng dd't dfldc khai thde tfl rd't sdm, gidi dai dja ehu chilm mdt ti Id dp dao so vdi ngfldi tilu ndng; vd trong buoi d i u thong trj eua thiic ddn Phap, do nhilu nguydn nhdn, mdt bd phdn cua gidi ndy bj pha san; phai bdn rudng dit cua minh. Cdn d miin Tdy Nam Bp, tinh hinh diin ra dfldng nhfl ngflpe lai. Dfldi thdi nhd NguySn, do thiiu nhan Iflc, ndn vide khai hoang d day tiln trien r i t ehdm chap (18); va vi the sd hflu nhd cua ngfldi tilu ndng gifl vj tri chu dao. Sang thdi Phdp thude, do chfnh sach flu ddi gidi dai dia chu eua thfle dan Phdp, ndn ngfldi tilu ndng d ddy d i n d i n bj md't rudng dd't; va t h i Id, sd hflu Idn cua dai dja ehu trd ndn pho biln d miin Tay Nam Bd (19).

Thi hai, gidi dai dja chu md rdng rudng dd't xud't phdt tfl chfnh sdeh chuyin nhupng rudng d i t eua thfle dan Phdp.

Nhfl ta da biet, Tiln Giang Id mdt trong nhflng trung tdm khang chiln chong thi^e dan Phap manh nhd't d Nam K;^ trong nfla sau t h i ky XIX. Dl "binh dinh" vflng dit ndy, bpn chung da ra sflc ddn dp cdc cupc ndi ddy cua nhdn dan. Nhflng ngfldi tham gia khang chiln, cd mdt so da anh dung hy sinh tren chiln trfldng; riidt so khdc phai rdi khdi qud hfldng do sfl truy nd g i t gao cua thfle ddn Phdp. Td't nliidn, khi dd, mpng dd't cua hp bj chfnh quyin thfle ddn tieh thu.

8y phit MJn eia giOl dai dia ehd... ₁₇ Mde dfl cdc cu$c khdi nghia d Tiln

Giang Iln Iflpt bj thit b^i; nhflng nhdn dan vin kidn quylt td thdi dd ching Phdp bing phong trdo 'iy dia" Tfl ndm 1861, d Tiln Giang cd nhilu dodn ngfldi rdi bd ldng que cua minh dang bj bpn thfle ddn chilm ddng di din sinh sing d nhflng ndi cdn nim dfldi sfl kilm sodt cua trilu t^nh. Mpt khi dd nhfl thi tlii rudng dd't cua hp cung bj Ipt vdo tay bpn Phdp xdm lflpc.

Trong niia diu t h i ky XIX, cdng cudc khin hoang d Tiln Giang dd edn ban dflpc hodn thdnh. Thi nhflng, cung cd mpt so ndi d vflng sdu, viing xa hay edn hoang hda, nhfl vflng Ding Thdp Mfldi, vflng duydn hai Tdy Bie Gd Cdng, md dan gian quen gpi Id "Ddm Id tdi trdi". Td't ca nhflng dit dai l y diu phai chju si^ quan ly vd phdn phcS eua ehfnh quyin thi^e ddn Phdp.

Nim trong tay m^t qxxf dit khd doi ddo nhfl thi, thfle ddn Phdp thfle hi$n ehfnh sdeh chuyin nhflpng rudng dit cho nhflng ngfldi cd tiln efla xin khai thde ru$ng dit.

Trdn dja bdn My Tho, sau khi h$ thing kdnh Ting die Ldc dflpc hodn thdnh ndm 1897, thfle ddn Phdp dd cdng nh^n quyin sd hflu ru$ng dd't cho nhflng ngfldi cd ddn xin chuyin nhflpng dit dai d Ding Thdp Mfldi (20). 6 Gd Cdng, v i ^ chuyin nhflpng mai din ndm 1927 mdi chim dflt (21).

Thdng thfldng, ngfldi xin chuyin nhflpng ru$ng dit khdng phai tin bit k^ m$t chi phf ndo; md chi ein phai tudn theo quy djnh ciia nhd d m quyin Id cfl mii ndm phai khai thde 1/5 di$n tfch dd dflpc chuyin nhflpng vd sau tfl 3 - 5 ndm phai ndp thul cho nhd nflde thude dja (22).

Diin hinh cho vi^c ndy Id chfnh quyin thi^c ddn tinh Mf Tho chuyin nhflpng quyin sd hflu ru$ng dit d cfl lao Ndm Thdn cho Taillefer.

Taillefer Id Dai fly hai qudn trong ddi qudn xdm lflpc efla thfle ddn Phdp tai My Tho (23). Thiy eon dfldng nhd binh khdng thi ndo ldm gidu nhanh dflpc, y bdn xin rdi qudn ngu vd nhay qua linh vfle kinh doanh. Ndm 1864, Taillefer ldp k l hoach xdy dflng tram bdm d My Tho, dfl djnh nim ddc quyin vl thfly ldi vd tiln tdi vi§c efldp dit dpc theo kdnh Bao Djnh. Tuy nhidn, k l hoach dly tham vpng eua y khdng thdnh.

Khdng dflng lai d dd, ndm 1866, Taillefer thdnh ldp Cdng ty trong trpt vd thuy lpi Nam k^. De eho cdng ty cd dilu kidn hoat ddng, y gdi ddn len vien Chdnh tham bi^n My Tho, xin dfldc chuyin nhflpng rudng dit d cfl lao Ndm Thdn, vdi ly do Id dan d cfl lao ndy da tan cfl gin hit, ehi edn ed 6 hd vdi didn tfch eanh tdc khoang 36 ha (24).

Theo thfl tuc, ddn eiia Taillefer dflpc nidm yit t p dinh Tham bifn My Tho trong suit ba thdng. Thdi biy gid, ngfldi ddn Ndm Thdn khdng cd dilu kidn di din My Tho; lai khdng dpc dflpc chfl Phdp vd khdng am hiiu ludt Id ciia nhd nflde thfle ddn. Cho ndn, ddn xin chuyin nhflpng rudng dd't eua Taillefer dS ddng dflpc eho thdng qua. Ndm 1867, Chdnh tham bi^n My Tho ehinh thfle ra quylt djnh ehuyin nhflpng 300 ha rudng dd't d cfl lao Ndm Thdn eho Taillefer ldm ehu. So rudng dit ndy tfldng dfldng 3.000

&anes. Vd mflc thul khdng dli hdng ndm Id 3.180 firanes (25). Cd thi ndi, ddy Id m0t trong nhflng trfldng hpp diu tidn d Nam Bp, ngfldi ndng ddn bj thfle ddn Phdp efldp dit mdt cdch tring trpn. Tfl dd, bing nhilu thu doan thdm ddc, Taillefer da chilm gin nhfl todn bd didn tich rudng dit d cfl lao Ndm Thdn (26).

Thi ba, con dfldng din din sfl phdt triln gidi d^i dia chfl d Tiln Giang Id tfl vife ban d p rupng dit cua ehfnh quyin thi^c dan eho nhflng ten Vi$t gian. Lue biy

18 Hfi^^n cflu Lieh sJr. s I T j O J l gid, d Tiln Giang dd noi Idn hai ten tay sai

ed ed cua thfle ddn Phdp Id Hu^nh Vdn Tin vd Trln Ba Ldc.

Hu;^nh Vdn T ^ da tflng tham gia cudc khdi nghia Trfldng Djnh. Ndm 1962, y phan bdi, d i u thu gidc. Ngdy 20-8-1864, Hu^nh Vdn T i n bi mdt d i n qudn din ddnh up ndi d eiia Trfldng Djnh. Sau mdt trdn chid'n dd'u khdng edn sflc, Trfldng Djnh da anh dung hy sinh. Sau dd, Hu^nh Vdn Tin cdn tham gia dan dp nhilu cudc khdi nghia khde d Nam Bd.

De tra cdng ldm tay sai eua Tib, ngodi vide phong chflc Lanh binh, thfle ddn Phdp edn ban d p cho y 122 ha 64 a 54 ea rudng dd't d hai ldng Vinh Trj vd Vinh Th^nh thude Gd Cdng (27). So rudng d i t ndy, nguyen Id rupng dd't cua nghla qudn Trfldng Djnh vd gia (£nh cua hp, bj bpn thfle dan tjch thu. Dfldc bilt, d hai ldng ndy cd nhilu ngfldi tham gia cudc khdi nghia Trfldng Djnh (28). Vide T i n trd thdnh dai dja chu, rd't mflc giau sang nhd cdng ldm

"khuyin md" cho gidc dflpc NguySn Lieng Phong ghi lai nhfl sau:

Ong Huynh Cdng Tdn ngdi cao.

May thdi gap van nhupfiao mpt hoi.

Trd thuong dng Dinh via rdi,

Qud'c gia trgng thudng chic ngoi Idnh binh.

Mdy ndm oanh Hit mpt trdng,

Rupng vUdn dinh ddy gidu sang ai bi.

Bao nhiiu hoa di: phi diin,

Lan tdn qui ti hda miin khdng kfidng.

(29).

Vdi so rudng dd't dd, hdng ndm, Tfih thu dflpc hdn 300 dong (30), tfldng dfldng vdi trj gid eua 10 ha rudng (31) hode 14 t i n thdc (32). T h i nhflng, do dn chdi phung phf, ndn y Iln hoi bj pha san; vd dd'n ndm 1871, phai

bdn todn bd sl" mdng d i t dd cho bd Dfldng Thj Hfldng nhfl da d l cdp d doan tren (33).

Tdn Viet gian thfl hai Id T r l n Ba Ldc. Y dd tflng chi huy ddn dp cdc cudc khdi nghia eua Vo Duy Dfldng d Dong Thdp Mfldi, Trln Xudn Hda vd Tfl Kidt d Cai Ldy, NguySn Hflu Hudn d Chp Gao, dng Ong vd dng Kha d Cai Bd (Tiln Giang), Mai Xudn Thfldng d Binh Thudn - Khanh Hda,...

Ciing giong nhfl Hu^nh Vdn Tin, de thfldng cdng eho T r l n Ba Ldc, thfle dan Phap da phong eho dng ta nhilu chfle vu, nhfl Tri huydn, Tri phfl. Doe phu sfl. Ting doe, uy vidn Hdi dong Tli eao Ddng Dfldng.

Ben eanh dd, T r l n Bd Ldc edn dflde ban d p nhilu rudng dd't. Ndm 1876, dja ehii Taillefer d cfl lao Ndm Thdn bj t h i t bai ndng n l trong kinh doanh; ndn phai giao todn bd didn tfch rudng dd't md dng ta sd hflu eho ehfnh quyen thfle ddn de d n np.

Vd bpn chung da mang so rudng d i t dd ban d p cho Trln Bd Ldc md luc ndy dng ta dang gifl chflc Die phu sfl Cdi Bd.

Dl md rdng dd't dai, Trln Ba Ldc da cd nhflng thu doan vd eflng tdn de vd thdm hiem. Trflde hit, dng ta cho dip ddp, ngdn td't ea cac rach Idn, nhd d tren cfl lao noi vdi sdng Tiln, khdng cho nflde chay vdo dong rudng, d l bdp chet ngfldi ndng ddn. Trln Ba Ldc d m nhflng ngfldi khdng phai Id ta diin efla dng ta khdng dfldc di ngang qua dd't efla minh, dfl trdn bd hay dfldi nflde.

Dong thdi, Ldc eho tdp tmng nhflng ngfldi ed rudng da't trdn cfl lao lai, d l tra xdt giiy ehflng nhdn quyin sd hflu rudng dd't. Biy gid, da so ndng ddn diu khdng cd giiy ehflng nhdn. T h i Id, Trln Bd Ldc efldng dp hp phai hiln hode ban rudng dd't vdi gid cfle re eho dng ta. Dli vdi nhflng ngudi bdn rudng, Trln Bd Ldc ehi tra cho hp m0t s l tiln nhd tfldng tning; so cdn Isd, hpn se tra din; nhflng sau dd, dng ta gidt ludn. Ngfldi

8if phit friAi eia giai dai dia ehii.. 19 ndng ddn "tfidp cdbe miing" khdng t h i kdu

vdo ddu dflde, ddnh phai chip nhdn mit mOng dd't mdt cdch dau xdt. Nhd thi, chi trong m§t thdi gian ngin, Trln Bd Ldc dd nim trong tay 750 ha mdng dd't. Ke tfl ddy, ngfldi ndng ddn d cfl lao Ndm Thdn hodn todn bj efldp m i t rupng dit. Hp khdng cdn

"mdt cue ddt choi chim"; vk phai ldm td diin cho ten dai Vidt gian khdt tiing hung b§io Trln Bd Ldc (34).

Khdng dflng lai dd, sau khi hodn thdnh h$ thong kdnh ddo mang tdn dng ta h$

kdnh Tong doe L^c (ndm 1897), vdi quyin t h i trong tay, Trln Bd Ldc edn bao eliilm r i t nhilu dd't dai d Dong Thap Mfldi, nhit Id d vflng Hdu My, Thidn Hd (Cdi Bd, Tiln Giang) (35).

Hd qua cua nhflng sfl vi$e trdn Id sfl phd san hdng loat eiia ngfldi ndng ddn; khiln hp phai trd thdnh td diin, ehju sfl bde Idt ndng n l cua giai d p dja chu.

2. Vl phfldng thitc sit dung ru^ng dat cua gidi dai dia chu d Tiln Giang

* Phuong thic "qud dUn" hay "bao td"

Phfldng thfle ndy h i u nhfl ehi dflpc dp dung trong so nhflng d§d dja ehu cd di^n tfch sd hflu Idn (36). Hp eho nhflng ngfldi ed kha ndng n h i t djnh v l tdi ehfnh vd quan 1^

linh eanh rudng dd't. NhQng ngfldi ndy dflpc gpi Id td diin chfnh hay ngfldi bao td. Sau dd, td diin ehfnh lai phdt eanh s l rudng d i t dd eho nhflng ngfldi ein rupng dd't de eanh tdc; vd nhflng ngfldi ndy dflde gpi Id td diin nhd hay "diin manh". Td't nhidn, ngfldi td diin nhd phai ndp dja td eho td diin chfnh theo quy djnh; vd td diin ehfnh trich mdt phin dja td dd n$p eho dai dia chii theo sfl thda thudn gifla hai bdn. Nhfl vdy, ngfldi dflpc hfldng lpi Id dfu dja chii rli din ta diin chfnh, cdn td diin nhd thi bj hai lin bde l^t, ndn vd cflng cd c\f.c.

Nhihig dai dja chfl dp d\ing phfldng thfle khai thdc rudng d i t ndy Id vi, "fig kfidng mudn kiiu kfmi thdc ddn dd, "cb con", vdi viic trUc tiip si dung td diin nho. Hg mudn nfianh cfidng ching minh rdng, diin sdn da minh dd diidc canh tdc cd hiiu qud, trdnh bi thu hdi vi 'quoc gia cdng diin, cdng tfid' nhu quy cfii chinh quyin dd ban fidnh ddt vdi nhiing rudng ddt chiia di vdo canh tdc" (37); hodc do "dgi dia chu kfidng d ngay tai rupng ddt thude quyin sd hdu da minh. Hg cdn phdi si dung mdt ngiidi diing ra ldm cdng viic qudn ly cho fig. Ddy Id ngudi qudn ly chung (gerant general), cung tic Id ngUdi td diin chinh da fig (fermier lui - mime)" (38).

6 My Tho, din cu^i t h i ky XDC, cd 1.377 sd rupng vdi tong didn tich Id 1.341 ha dflpc khai thde theo phfldng thfle ndy (39), chilm 1,4% ting didn tfch dd't mdng todn tinh.

* PhUdng thic "ldm rudng re"

Theo phfldng thfle ndy, dja ehii vd ta diin "fipp tdc" eflng nhau dl eanh tdc mdt didn tfch toi da la 5 ha (40). Din cudi t h i ky XIX, d My Tho ed 11. 839 sd mpng vdi tong didn tfch Id 33.381 ha dfldc khai thac theo c h i dp "ldm rupng re", chilm 36,3%

tong didn tfch dd't ru^ng ciia todn tinh (41).

Phfldng thfle 'ldm rudng re" quy djnh rd traeh nhidm efla ea h£ii bdn dja chii vd td diin. Dja ehu se flng trflde eho td diin mdt so tiln vd mdt so dung cu cin thilt cho vide eanh tdc rudng dd't. Td diin phai tiln hdnh eanh tdc, trdng nom mdng ding eho tdi vu thu hoach; vd hodn lai so tiln dflpc tam flng eho chu rudng theo lai sud't hi$n hdnh ciia thdi vu dd. Den k^ thu hoach, san phim se dflpc ehia ddi cho hai bdn. Cdng sflc cdy, d y , ldm ed, trdng nom rudng ding eua td diin se khdng dfldc dja chii tra nfla;

md coi dd tfldng dfldng nhfl khoan tiln thud rudng (42).

20 Rghito c<iru Lieh siSr. ag 7.2011

* PhUdng thic phdt canh thu td

Phfldng thfle ndy dflpc thfle ddn Phap bao lflu vd ra sflc phdt triln. Bdi vl, nhfl ldi phat bilu cua Todn quyin Ddng Dfldng De Lanessan, chi dp phdt canh tiiu td Id "cfii ddcdlpivi mdt kinh ti nfidt vd Id mpt chi dp cfidc cfidn nfidt cfio viic trdng trgt cdc logi cdy cd bdn cung nhU cdc logi cdy cdng nghiip. Dd Id biin phdp tdt nfidt di gidnh dupc tfidnh qud lao ddng tdt da da ngiidi ndng ddn. Chi dp pfidt canh thu td cbn diia lgi mdt lpi ich to Idn nda, dd Id nd gidm dupc mdt pfidn vd cing Idn nhiing chi phi chung vd nhiing chi phi vi viic gidm sdt da cdc nhd thiic ddn ngUdi Au, nhiing chi phi ndy d thude dia lgi Idn fidn rdt nhiiu so

vdi d nudc Phdp" (43).

6 M^ Tho, tong di^n tfch rudng dit md dja chii phdt canh Id 26.150 ha, chilm 28,5% ting didn tfch dd't mdng eua todn tinh (44). So rudng dd't dd dflpc dja chu eho ta diin thud, ci^ thi nhfl sau :

- Thud tfl 1 - 3 ndm: 25.098 ha - Thud tfl 3 - 6 ndm: 719 ha - Thud tfl 6 - 9 ndm: 258 ha - Thud trdn 9 ndm: 75 ha (45).

VI phfldng thfle thu td, d Tiln Giang, dja chu thu td hipn vdt theo san Ifldng, chfl khdng theo di$n tfch phdt canh. Theo dd, dja chfl dfldc hfldng 2/3 hoa lpi; trong khi dd, td diin ehi dfl^c 1/3 md thdi (46). Nhfl vdy, mflc dja td rit ndng, chilm din 67%

hoa ldi. Bing phfldng thfle thu td ndy, vdi 456 miu ru$ng, dai dja chii Trln Vdn Hpc, hdng ndm, thu dflde 5.820 gi^ thdc (47), tfldng dfldng 134 t£b.

Ngodi ra, dai dja ehii cdn thu tfl td diin nhihig khoan dja td phi^. O Gd Cdng, cfl 2 ha rupng phdt canh thi dja chu thu thdm 1 gi^ g^o (23 kg), 2 gia gao Iflt, 1 nan sap (ldm nin), 1 cdp vjt (vjt phai bdo mdp, mit

phai nhay nhanh di chdng td vjt khdng bi b$nh) vd 10 ngdy ldm cdng khdng cho dja chu (48). Nlu gdp ndm thlft mfla, chi khi ndo hoa Idi thift thu dih 50% thi dja chii mdi cho giam dia td 20% (49); md dang Id mflc giam phai Id 50%.

Vdi phfldng thfle phdt canh thu td, dja chu d Tiln Giang thu dfldc Idi n h u ^ nhilu hdn h i n phfldng thfle kinh doanh theo Im tfl ban chu nghia bing vide thud mfldn nhdn cdng ndng nghi$p. d Tiln Giang, 1 ha m$ng cd san Iflpng tmng binh Id 60 gia thdc (50); gid 1 gia thdc trung binh Id 0,5 ding (piastre) (51). Nhfl vdy, tong gia trj bing tiln mdt ciia 1 ha rupng Id: 60 gia x 0,5 ding = 30 dong. Tiln thud mfldn nhdn cdng dl canh tdc 1 ha Id 25 dong (52). Do dd, vdi phfldng thfle thud mfldn nhdn cdng, dja chu thu dfldc trdn 1 ha ru^ng ehi cd 30 ding 25 ding = 5 ding, tfldng dfldng 10 gia thdc. Trong khi dd, nlu dem phdt canh thu td, vdi ty sud't 67% hoa ldi, dja ehii sd thu dflpc 40 gia thdc/ha, tfldng dfldng 20 ding. Vi vdy, xu hfldng chung cua dai dja chu Id dem rudng dit phdt eanh cho td diin; dl sau dd, thu 1^ Ipi nhudn bing nhflng khoan dja td "cdt cd*; vk ldi dung nhihig ndm mit mfla ddi kdm, tflde doat tdi san eua nhflng ta diin l y bing n ^ cho vay lai ndng. d Mf Tho, din cura t h i ky XIX cd 26.150 ha mdng dit dflpc khai thde theo phfldng thfle phdt canh thu td. San Iflpng binh qudn moi ha Id 60 gi^ vd vdi mflc thu td Id 67% hoa Ipi; tW mSi ndm, todn b0 dja ehu d day thu dflpc so dja td Id 1.046.000 gia thdc, tfldng dfldng 24.058 tin. Nlu mSi ngfldi ddn tmng binh mSi thang dn hit 24 kg thdc (53); tU 24.058 tin Id seTthdc dii dl nudi ting sl^ddn d M^ Tho Id 233.802 ngfldi (54) trong gin 5 thang cua m5i ndm. N^n dja td cao da khiln cho ngfldi td diin, vSn da khdng cd manh dd't d m dfli, ldm vdo tinh canh sing dd, chit dd. NhQng ndm

8y phat win dia gi61 dtf <Ba chi.. 21 m i t mfla, todn b$ hoa lpi khdng du di ndp

td cho dja chu. T h i Id, td diin ddnh phai vay np vdi lai s u i t r i t cao. Nhiing sau dd, hp l^i khdng cd kha ndng hodn tra ca vin Iln ldi. Cum cflng, ngfldi.ndng ddn td diin bj phd san hodn todn.

Phfldng thfle phdt canh thu td da khiln cho giai d p dja ehii d Tiln Giang, hdng ndm, thu dflpc m^t nguon lua gao to Idn.

S I lua gao dd dflpc bdn cho cdc thfldng budn ngfldi Phdp vd ngfldi Hoa; nhim phuc vv cho ehfnh sach x u i t k h i u lua g^o cua ehfnh quyin thi^e ddn Phdp. T i t nhidn, dja chu thu dflpc mdt khoan tiln kich xfl. Vd s l tiln l y dflpc hp "mar^ si dung vdo nhing muc tiiu xa xl vi nhd da, xe cd, phUOng tiin sinh hogt, ldm ngudi dd ddu cfio cdc fipi thi tfiao, vdn ddng mua chic tUdc, gdi con cdi di du hgc nhiing ngdnh nghi sau ndy se xip hg vdo giai cdp cao fiay tdng ldp thUpng liiu trong xd hdi (ludt sU, bde si, ky sU,...) hodc dem cfio vay ndng ldi ditUp tuc qud trinh tich luy; chi kfidng ddu tU vdo phdt triin sdn xudt. cdi thiin ddi sdng td diin" (55). Nhfl v^y, vdi phfldng thfle phdt eanh thu td,

"giai cdp dia chu khdng ddng vai trb gi tich eUc trong vi^c phdt triin ndng nghiip dNam bd' (56).

* Phuong thic thui nhdn cdng

Phfldng thfle ndy ehi dflpc cde dja ehii ngfldi Phdp dp diing. Nhiing, do so Iflpng dja chu ngfldi Phdp r i t ft, d dja bdn My Tho ehi cd 5 ngfldi (57), ndn phfldng thfle thud nhdn cdng khdng p h i biln bing cdc chldO khai thdc m$ng dd't dd trinh bdy.

Do chfnh sdeh b i n ciing hda ndng ddn ciia thi^e ddn Phdp; ndn nguIn nhdn cdng d My Tho rit dli ddo. Dia phUOng chi tinh My Tho ndm 1902 cho bilt: "Cdc dia chi ngudi Phdp cd tfii tim tgi efiS cde nhdn cdng cdn that di cdy rudng. Hg di ddng

thui nhdn cdng d cdc ldng xcT (58). Thdm chf, d Gd Cdng, nguIn nhdn cdng vflpt mflc d n thilt trong vide khai thde d i t dai. Vi thi, hp phai rdi khdi qud hfldng, di vl cde tinh miin Tdy Nam Bp dl tim kilm vide ldm (59).

Do dd, gid nhdn cdng r i t re vd phin Idn dflpc tra theo ngdy cdng (Ifldng cdng nhdt) (60). Ngodi ra, tfly ndi, nhdn cdng cung dflpc tra Ifldng theo thdng ho$e theo ndm.

Ddy Id hinh thfle bde Idt gid trj thdng dfl sflc lao dpng eua dja ehu d^ vdi sflc lao ddng cua ngfldi ndng ddn.

Dfl tra cdng vdi gid r i t re; nhiing cde dja ehu ngfldi Phdp vin cIt xdn tiln Ifldng vd thfldng xuydn ddnh d^p nhdn cdng. Chfnh dilu dd dd khiln cho nhdn cdng bd di hdng lo^t. Vi thi, chfnh quyin thi^c ddn tinh My Tho da khuyin cdo cdc dja chu ngfldi Phdp: "Ching ta khdng nin ddnh ddp nhdn cdng eung nhU khdng nin trie cdn vdo tiin lUOng, cdi md nfidn cdng rdt nhay cam vd gdy nin viie hg bo di tic thi. Tdt hOn Id ching ta tfianh todn tiin bgc ngay tgi chd efio nfidn cdng. Chi cd to ra mim mdng vdi nhdn cdng vd cd khi pfidi dng tnide tiin vd gao cdn thiit eho fig thi ching ta mdi dgt kit qud tdf (61). Thi^c ra, dd Id bi^n phdp Ifla bjp nhim tdng cfldng hdn nfla sfl bde I|t cua cdc dja chu ngfldi Phap doi vdi ngfldi nhdn cdng md thdi. Quyin Dia phUOng chi tinh My Tho ndm 1902 nhfo manh: "NgUcA dia chu thUe ddn phdi biit ndm ngUdi nhdn cdng bdn xi. Khdng dUpe di cfio thodt ra khoi tdm kiim sodt vd khoi tdm mdt da ching ta" (62).

Tdm Ifu, do dflpc ehfnh quyin thi^tc ddn Phdp dung dfldng vd tao dilu ki$n, gidi dai dja ehu d Tiln Giang (vd ea nflde) ngdy cdng dflpc md r$ng, sd hflu mpt khdi Iflpng Idn rudng dit. Vdi vife gidi d ^ dia chu bao

22 R g h i t o cihi Lteh sA. s6 7.2011

c h i e m n h i l u m d n g d i t vd sfl d u n g phfldng n d n g n e . M d u t h u i n gifla dja c h u v d ndng thfle k h a i t h a c m d n g dd't k i e u p h o n g k i l n , d a n td d i i n trd n e n t r i m trpng, ddi hdi phai ngfldi ndng ddn td d i i n bj bde lot h i t sflc cd mdt cudc e a c h m a n g x d hdi d l giai q u y l t .

CHU THICH

(1), (2), (6), (21), (46), (50), (52), (59).

Monographic de la province de Gocong (1936), tr.l4, 43, 81, 123, 24, 24, 125, 24.

(3) H u ^ h Lfla (chii bi§n), Lich silt khai phd viing ddt Nam bd, Nxb. Tp. H 6 Chf Minh, 1981, tr.

237.

(4), (31), (53), (55), (56). Trln Ngpc Djnh,

"Chi? d6 sfl hQu ruOng dlTt Idn b Nam b^ thcli k^

Phap thShg tri"i T^P chf Nghien ctht Lich si, so 132-1970, tr. 84, 87, 83, 82, 86.

(5). (16), (20), (23). (25), (39), (41), (44). (45), (54). (57). (58), (60), (61), (62). Monographie de la province de Mytho (1902), L. Menard. Saigon, tr.

43, 81, 5, 4. 4, 46. 46, 46. 46, 83,81, 82, 82, 82, 82.

(7), (8), (9). (27), (33). Ban chia gia t i i cua DUdng Thj HUdng b G6 Cong nim 1894.

(10), (11), (12). (13). (14). (15). (47). TUdng phin gia tii Trin Vin Hoc v i n tu.

(17). Nguyin Thiiy DUdng, Kinh ti Hd Tiin - Rach Gid thdi Phdp thu^ (1867 - 1939), Lu^n i n Ph6 Tiln si Khoa hoc I4ch sfl. Vi^n Khoa hoc Xa h6i tai Tp. H6 Chf Minh. 1977. tr. 103.

(18). Nguyin Dinh D£u. Tong kei nghien cihi dja ba Nam ky luc tinh, Nxb. Tp. Ho Chi Minh.

1995. tr. 142.

(19). Nguyin Dinh D i u . Nghiin ciiu dia ba triiu Nguyin: Hd Tiin, Nxb. Tp. H 6 Chf Minh, 1994, tr. 168.

(22). Thach PhUdng - LUu Quang t u y f o (chii bign). Dia chi Long An, Nxb. Khoa hpc X i h§i. Hi Npi, 1990. tr. 321.

(24). (26). (34). TrUdng Ngoc Tudng - Nguyin Ngoc Phan. CU lao Ndm Thdn viin ngoc sdng tren sdng Tiin, Nxb. Tii'n Giang. 1987, tr. 26. 28.

35.

(28), (48). (49). Vi§t Ctic. Gb Cdng: cdnh cu - ngudi xua. Tie gia xu^t ban, 1969. tr. 22, 123, 123.

(29), (30). Nguyin Li§ng Phong, Nam K^

phong tuc nhan vat dien ca, Nxb. P h i t Toin. Sii Gdn, 1909. tr. 113, 113.

(32). (36). (37), (38). (40), (42). (43). (51). Vi§n Sfl hoc. Ndng ddn vd ndng thdn Viet Nam thdi can dai (tdp 2), Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa h^i. H i N$i. 1992, tr. 27. 32. 33. 34, 26. 26, 25, 27.

(35). Nguyin Phuc Nghidp - Hoing Khinh Thu.

Lich si xd Hg,u My anh hdng, Ban Tuyln hui^a Huy§n iiy Cii B6 xulft ban. 1996, tr. 5.