So 1(281)-2019 NGON N G f & PCfl SONG 33
INGON NGU" HOC VA VIET NGU' HOC|
MOT VAI DINH Hl/OOVG CHUAN HOA THUAT NGiT KINH TE THU^ONG MAI TIENG VIET
TRAN QUOC VIET*
TOM TAT: Ngay nay, van de chuan hoa thuat ngir kinh te thuong mai (KTTM) tiSng Viet co vai tro rat to Ion va can thiet trong ITnh virc KTTM. De co the lam tot van de tren, bai bao se dua ra mot vai ggi y va giai phap nhiim chuan hoa he thong thuat ngir KTTM tiSng Viet.
TU' KHOA: thuat ngir; thuat ngii KTTM; chuan hoa thuat ngii.
NHAN BAI: 9/4/2018. BIEN TAP-CHINH SlTA-DUYET D A N G : 10/1/2019 Dat van de
O nirac ta, vin d6 chuan hoa he thuat ngir kinh te thuong mai (KTTM) fifing Viet la mgt cong viec xuyen suot trong moi giai doan nghien ciru chuan hoa tieng Viet "chuan hoa thuat ngir khong chi gop phan giii gin su trong sang cua tieng Viet ma con tao ra dieu kien cho tieng Vifit thdng nhit, phat trien" [Le Quang Thiem, 2015:214]. Tuy nhien, cac nha nghien ciiu cho rang cong tac chuan hoa tliuat ngir KTTM tieng Viet a nuoc ta chua mang tinh hen tuc, thuong xuyen, dong thoi cong viec chuan hoa nay cung chi dirng lai a viec dieu chinh each sii dung thuat ngii theo nhiing giai doan hoac co su ket hgp ma khong theo mot nguyen tac hay chuan muc gi ca. Mac du truoc do, chiing ta da co mot so van ban nhung cQng chi mang tinh chat noi bp dan dfin hi^u qua cong viec chuan hoa nay khong dat dugc hieu qua cao. Vi vay, viec thong nhat trong xay dung va chuan hoa thuat ngQ' KTTM heng Viet a Viet Nam la van de rat cap thiet.
Bai viet nay se dua ra mot vai dinh huong trong vi^c chuan hoa he thuat ngii noi tren.
1. Li thuyet v^ chu^n va chuan h6a trong ng6n ngu- hoc
Nhu chung ta da biet, thuat ngii KTTM tieng Viet la bg phan quan trgng cua he thong thuat ngii tieng Viet, do ta nhung tCr, cum tu co djnh dimg de bieu dat cac khai niem, doi tugng dugc sir dung trong ITnh vuc KTTM. Vi vay khi noi den chuan va chuan hoa thuat ngir KTTM tieng Viet thi truoc het can hieu ro nhijng khai niem co ban ve: chuan va chuan hoa trong ngon ngir.
Theo each hieu thong thuong chuan la "cai dugc cong nhan la dung theo quy dinh hoac thoi quen xahgi" [Hoang Phe, 2012:181].
D6i vai ngon ngir hoc, chuan lai dugc cac nha nghien ciju nhin nhan tir nhieu goc do, khia canh khac nhau. Nguyen Van Khang [2000:46-54] cho rang chuan trong ngon ngii bao gom ba dac di^m CO ban sau: Thir nhdl: Ket qua cua su danh gia, lua chon ciia cong dong xa hgi va dugc xa hgi thira nhan. Noi each khac la tinh quy uoc xa hgi; Thti hai: Phii hgp voi quy Iuat phat trien ngi tai ciia ngon ngU; va Thir ba: Co tinh giai doan lich su. Theo Nguyen Thien Giap [2010:319]
chuin trong ngon ngii la "nhirng cai dugc trau chuot, ggt giua, da dugc sang Igc de phuc vu hiru hieu nhit cho yeu cau giao tiep van hoa cua toan dan tgc". Ciing vai quan diem tren, Nguyin Dire Ton [2011:8] khang dinh rang trong ngon ngQ- "chuan khi no dugc su dung (va dugc tao ra) phii hgp nhirng gi da dugc cong nhan theo quy dinh hoac thoi quen xa hgi. Chuan cua tir ngQ thong thuong lien quan den su danh gia ciia con nguoi, no thugc binh dien nhan thirc chir khong phai thugc binh dien ban the ciia dan vi ngon ngir noi chung. Chang han, ciing mgt dcm vi ngon ngir, khi dugc diing trong hoan canh giao tiep A thi bi coi la khong chuan nhung khi dugc diing trong hoan canh giao tiep B thi lai dugc coi la diing chuan. Cho nen, de co the khang dinli mgt dan vi ngon ngCr thong thuong nao do co diing chuan hay khong thi phai can cir vao hoan canh giao tifip cu the co dugc lua chgn sir dung ma danh gia" va "chuan cua mgt don vi ngon ngu:
thong thuong chinh la mgt bg tieu chi quy dinh ro rang no dugc su dung the nao va khi nao trong cac hoan canh giao tiep". Cu6i ciing, ong khang dinh chuan trong ngon ngil la "each sir dung cac
* TS; Dai hoc Thii do Hd Not; Email: [email protected]
34 NGON NGir&BCn SONG S6 1(281)-2019
phuang tien ngon ngir trong lai noi da duoc thira nhan, la t6ng th6 cac quy tac (cac quy dinh, ch6 dinh) dieu chinh each sir dung cac phuong tien ngon ngir trong loi noi ca nhan".
Qua su phan tich tren, chiing ta co thi thiy chuin hoa la thiet lap mgt bg tieu chuan quy dinh viec sir dung dung mgt don vi ngon ngu- trong tirng hoan canh giao tiep, thong qua viec thiet lap bg tieu chuan nay se giup chiing ta dua ra nhQ-ng dinh huong ve chuan hoa thuat ngir KTTM tieng Viet trong qua trinh chuyen dich.
2. Mot so yeu cSu chung cho viec chuin hoa thuat ngir KTTM tieng Viet trong qui trinh chuyen dich
Dua trin thuc te va quy Iuat sii dung thuat ngiJ khoa hgc, Sager da dua ra nhirng nguyeri tac ciia viec chuan hoa thuat ngii "a) Nguyen tic thu nhit - Lira chgn qua kifim chung thuc tS; b) Nguyen tic thu hai - Co su hgp tac ciia cong d6ng; c) Nguyen tac thii' ba - Bao dam tinh than thien voi nguai su dung thuat ngir; d) Nguyen tic thii tu - Bao dam tinh tiem nang cua thuat ngir;
e) Nguyen tic thii nam - Lien tuc digu chinh; va f) Nguyen tic thir sau - Bao dam ti'nb phap li cua thuat ngu" [theo Nguyin Thi Kim Thanh, 2005:12].
Nhu vay, nhQ-ng nguyen tic ciia viec chuin hoa thuat ngu- vira dugc de cap a tren xet cho Cling cung la dS thoa man cac tieu chi ciia thuat ngu "doi vai thuat ngu', do chiing la nhung tii ngir biSu thi cac khai niem, d6i tugng khoa hgc, nen chuan hoa thuat ngiJ khong the gan lien chiing voi hoan canh giao tiep nhu cac dan vi thong thuong, ma chi con phai thuc hien trong viec xay dung hoac chgn !gc thuat ngiJ theo cac tieu chuan can va dii ciia thuat ngir" [Nguyen Diic T6n,201l:8].
Thuat ngii KTTM tilng Viet cung la mgt bp phan ciia thuat ngir noi chung, do do trong qua trinh chuan hoa chiing ciing can phai dua vao mgt vai tieu chi sau:
Mot Id, thuat ngu' KTTM trong qua trinh dich phai dam bao tinh chinh xac. Tinh chinh xac co nghia la thuat ngir phai phan anh dung ngi dung, khai niem khoa hgc mgt each tuang minh neu khong se gay ra su nham l§n. Miic chinh xac yeu cau thuat ngu the hien diing ngi dung khai niem khoa hgc mgt each ro rang, ranh mach. Mgt thuat ngii chinh xac tuyet doi khong lam cho nguoi nghe hieu sai hoac nham Ian tir khai niem nay sang khai niem khac. Muon dam bao mire do chinh xac cua thuat ngu' thi khi dat thuat ngii sao cho trong ciing mgt nganh khoa hgc, mot ITnh vuc chuyen mon nen chi eo mot thuat ngu' bieu hien va ngugc lai moi thuat ngir chi dugc diing de chi mgt khai mem tranh nhiing hien tugng dong am, dong nghTa. Dua vao tieu chi nay, chiing toi se can nhac tirng truong hgp voi muc dich lira chgn dugc nhu'ng thuat ngii KTTM tieng Viet tot han trong qua trinh chuyen djch.
Hai Id, thuat ngQ KTTM trong qua trinh dich phai dam bao tinh he thong. M6i thuat ngii la mgt yeu to cua he thuat ngu va giu mgt vi tri nhat dinh nao do trong he thdng thuat ngu. Gia tn cua moi thuat ngir chi dugc xac dinh trong moi quan he cua no vat nhung thuat ngii khac trong ciing mgt he thong. Neu tach thuat ngQ- do ra khoi he thong thi ngi dung cua thuat ngii khong con nua. Do vay, trong qua trinh chuan hoa thuat ngu KTTM tieng Viet can phai chu y din tieu chi quan trgng nay.
Ba Id. thuat ngu KTTM trong qua trinh dich phai dam bao tinh qu6c tl. Thuat ngii la nhiing tir, ngu' bieu thi cac khai niem, doi tugng trong ITnh vuc khoa hgc. Khi dl cap din tinh quoc te ciia thuat ngu chiing ta khong the khong chii y din hai mat n6i bat do la: mat ngi dung va mat hinh thirc. Vl mat ngi dung la dieu hiln_nhien vi thuat ngQ bilu dat cac khai niem khoa hgc la tri thuc, la tai san chung cua nhan loai. Ve mat hinh thirc, tinh qu6c tl dugc xet o mat ngu' am va cac thanh t l lien quan ciu tao nen thuat ngu. Xet trong toan bg he thing thuat ngu KTTM tilng Viet ma chiing toi phan tich deu dugc thu thap tir cac quyin tir diln ddi chilu thuat ngu' KTTM tilng Anh voi tilng Viet. Qua do, chiing loi thiy thuat ngu KTTM rilng Viet dugc sir dung lam
So 1(281)-20I9 NGON N G C & DCH SONG
ngii li?u phan tich cho bai bao cua chiing toi da c6 tinh quoc te rat cao ve phuang dien ngi dung va hinh thuc.
Bon Id, thuat ngu KTTM trong qua trinh djch phai ngan ggn. Thuat ngir cung nhu nhiing don vi tir vung khac deu mang tinh chat dinh danh; neu thuat ngii co cau tao dai dong thi se thien ve tinh chit mieu la, dinh nghTa khai niem, doi tugng la chu yeu. Do do, muon ket cau cua thuat ngii dugc chat che, dam bao linh chat djnh danh cua thuat ngii thi ve mat hinh thuc doi hoi thuat ngii phai ngan ggn, co dgng, Thuat ngii li tuong nhat xet theo tieu chuan nay chi co cau tao gom mgt thanh to hoac theo ket qua nghien cim ma luan an da de cap a nhiing phan tren chi gom 2, 3 thanh to ciu tao "trong thanh phan cau tao thuat ngu, chi can chua mgt so lugng dac trung toi thieu can thiet, nhung van dii de dong nhat hoa va khu biet hoa cac khai niem dugc phan anh bing thuat ngu: do" [Belakhov, 1976.211-214]. Tuy nhien, gan day mgt so nha khoa hgc lai khong de xuat so lugng cu the ve thanh to cau tao thuat ngii ma lai dua ra tieu chuan ve do dai toi uu cua thuat ngu. Trong do, nhan manh den moi thanh to cau tao thuat ngil bieu dat mgt khai niem tir he thong khai niem ciia ITnh vuc chuyen mon. Nhu vay, de chuan hoa thuat ngii KTTM tilng Viet trong qua trinh chuyen dich thi day cung la mgt trong nhiing tieu chi can liru y den.
D6 danh gia qua trinh chuyen dich thuat ngir KTTM tieng Viet ngoai nhirng dac diem hay yeu ciu chung trong xay dung thuat ngu KTTM, thuat ngil KTTM tilng Viet con phai dap ung cac tieu chuan, tieu chi trong tuong duong dich thuat ngu.
Qua khao sat ngir lieu, chiing toi thay rang tieu chi noi len hang diu trong qiia trinh chuyen dich thuat ngu kinh tl thuong mai tilng Anh sang tieng Viet la dam bao su tuong duong ve ngi dung "dich thuat cin phai huong tdi viec chuyen tai y nghTa" [Newmark, 1998:5]. Vi the trong qua trinh chuyin dich he thuat ngQ nay, chiing ta cin phai xem xet ki ngi dung y nghia cua thuat ngil tilng Anh dl tir dd co thi tai tao, tao ra cac thuat ngd cd ngi dung y nghTa tuong duang vdi thuat ngu trong tieng Viet.
Ben canh dd, viec danh gia qua trinh chuyin dich thuat ngu KTTM rilng Anh sang rilng Viet khdng chi dua vao tieu chi ngi dung y nghTa ciia thuat ngii ma cdn dua vao tieu chi hinh thii'c cua chiing "dich gia phai chip nhan rang mdt tir d ngon ngfl nguon cd the dugc dich bang mgt hoac mgt s6 tir trong ngon ngir dich, va vai tir trong ngdn ngil nguon ddi khi se duoc dich bang mgt tir trong ngdn ngii dich" [Larson, 19874:154]. That vay, thuat ngu KTTM rieng Anh va tieng Viet la hai he thuat ngu' thugc hai loai ngon ngu khac nhau ve loai hinh, din den viec chuyen dich tuong duong giiia chiing cd thi bi bop meo lam sai lech ndi dung y nghTa can chuyen dich khien cho ban dich kho hilu. Do vay, su dam bao tuong duong ve hinh thuc tron§ qua trinh dich thuat ngu KTTM tir tilng Anh sang tilng Viet cung la mdt trong nhung yeu cau tat yeu nham giiip cho qua trinh chuyin dich dugc tdt hon, lira chgn dugc nhiing thuat ngu phii hgp.
Cling vdi nhirng nguyen tic, cac tieu chuan va tieu chi ciia thuat ngu nhu da mieu ta d tren, cd thi coi day la nhiing yeu ciu quan trgng trong viec xay dung bg tieu chi chuan ciia mgt thuat ngu KTTM tilng Viet, va lam tiln de ca sd sol rgi viec phan tich thuc trang thuat ngir KTTM tieng Viet trong qua trinh chuyen djch.
3. TliTC trang thuat ngir KTTM tieng Viet trong qua trinh chuyin dich
v l li thuylt, trong qua trinh chuyen djch thuat ngu khoa hgc ndi chung va thuat ngu KTTM rieng Viet noi rieng thudng gap mgt so tnrdng hgp hay xay ra nhu: a) Dich sai ndi dung bieu dat;
b) Dich khdng chinh xac cac khai niem; c) Dimg thira lir ngu dan den dai ddng khdng dap ung duoc cac yeu ciu ciia mgt thuat ngu:; d) Dimg thieu tir din den hieu sai khai niem thuat ngii; e) Su dung hi ddng nghTa; f) Diing khiu ngu, tir dia phuong trong qua trinh dich; g) Sir dung ylu td lay trong khi dich; va h) Mdt thuat ngil nhung lai cd nhieu each dich khac nhau.
Di vao thuc tl va qua khao sat ngir lieu, chiing tdi nhan thay trong qua trinh chuyen djch thuat ngil KTTM tilng Viet chi c6 cac tinh trang sau: Mgi Id: Diing thira tir trong qua trinh chuyen
NGON NGU" & DOI SONG So 1(281)-2019
dich lam cho thuat ngu trd nen dai dong khong dap img dii cac tieu chuan can thiet cua thu^t ngir; Hai Id: Diing khiu ngir, tir dja phuang; Ba Id: Con thien vl mieu ta, dien giai khai niem, va Bon Id: Dugc dich bang nhieu thuat ngir khac
Di sau vao khao sat 7.060 thuat ngii KTTM tilng Viet, chiing tdi nhan thay trong qua trinh dich so lugng thuat ngii cin hieu chinh chilm ti le kha Ion (1.176, chilm 16,65%). Sau day la nhiing mieu ta cu the:
- Dung thira tir: a) nhiing thuat ngu thira hu tir (45 thuat ngfl), vi du: Sd ghi ngdy ddo hgn ciia hdi phiiu nhdn trd; Tdi khodn cdn liin giri a ngdn hdng: b) nhung thuat ngfl thu:a thirc tu (4 thuat ngu), vi du: Ti le cong dn viic lam; Thi truong cdng an viec lam
- Nhiing thuat ngil su dung khiu ngii, tu dia phuang (13 thuat ngfl), vi du: Tien gui a nude ngodi. Tdng thu nhap tdi chdnh ciia nhd nude.
- Con thien vl mieu ta, diln giai khai mem: a) nhiing thuat ngCr mieu ta dai dong do thira hu tir (10 thuat ngii), vi du: Doanh so binh quan cua mdi nhdn vien ban hdng; Mice thu nhap tdi thiiu hdng ndm duac bdo ddm bdi tra cdp cua chinh phii; b) nhirng thuat ngfl mieu ta, dien giai khai niem (21 thuat ngQ), vi du: Khodn vay md Idn trd cuoi ciing cao han nhimg Idn trd dinh kl;
Diiu khodn ve viec ngudi thui hit Irdch nhiem.
- Nhung thuat ngu c6 nhilu each dich khac nhau (1.085 thuat ngfl), vi du: Dieu khodn phti, bo udc; Dinh nggch, phdi nggch, hgn nggch ndm, dmh mice ndm
Dua hen sir tim hilu va phSn loai thuc trang thuat ngii KTTM tilng Viet trong qua trinh chuyen dich, chiing tdi dua ra mdt sd nguyen tac ca ban de xir li van de tren.
4. Mpt s6 nguy&n tSc chuan hoa thuat ngu- KTTM tilng Viet trong qua trinh dich De cd the chinh li va chuan hda cac thuat ngu KTTM tieng Viet trong qua trinh dich can phai dua vao mdt sd nguyen tac sau:
Nguyen tdc thu nhdl: De cd the chuan hda thuat ngu KTTM tieng Viet trong qua trinh dich can dua vao tieu chuan can co cua thuat ngu ndi chung: Tinh khoa hgc hay chinh xac; tinh he thdng; tinh qudc te; tinh ngan ggn, dan tdc, de sir dung; dam bao cac tieu chi tuong duang dich thuat. Trong mgt so truong hgp cd nhieu each dich thi can ddi chieu cac thuat ngu nay vai cac tieu chuan tren de co su lira chgn thich hgp,
Nguyen tdc thu hai: De chuan hda thuat ngu KTTM tieng Viet trong qua trinh dich can dua vao so lugng thanh td cau tao. Cac thanh td cau tao phai phu hgp toi da vdi ngi dung bi6u thi, khdng cd ylu td du thira, chi cin chiia mdt sd luong dac trung toi thieu can thiet, "neu thuat ngu la tu' ghep, tir td chi cd the gdm hai, ba hoac tdi da la bon yeu td" [Reformatskij, 1978:225].
Nguyen idc thic ha: De chuin hda thuat ngu' KTTM tieng Viet trong qua trinh dich cin dua vao cac md hinh cau tao co tinh he thdng cao. Qua khao sat so lieu, chiing tdi thiy cd 3 mo hinh (chiem 66%) tieu bieu gom:
Mo hinh 1: Day la md hinh thuat ngu gdm hai thanh to cau tao, duac ciu tao thanh 1 cip quan he.
I i 12
t _J
Md hinh 2: Day ia md hinh thuat ngQ gdm ba thanh td, dugc ciu tao thanh 2 cip quan he.
S6 1(281)-2019 NGON N G C & BCH SONG 37^
Mo hinh 3: Day la mo hinh thuat ngir gom ba thanh to, duoc tao thanh 2 ciip quan he.
I I T2 T3
Nguyin lac thii: lu: De chuan hda thuat ngil KTTM tieng Viet trong qua trinh dich can dua vao phuang thirc cau tao quan he chinh phu va trat tu cii phap tieng Viet nham dam bao thuat ngil chuan moi dugc tao ra mang tinh chat dan tgc.
Nguyen tdc thu ndm: De chuan hda thuat ngu KTTM tieng Viet trong qua trinh dich can chu trgng vao dac diem tir loai. Trong qua trinh dich thuat ngfl KTTM tieng Viet, danh tir la tir loai cd sd lugng dugc sir dung nhieu hon cac tir loai khac nhu ddng tir, tinh tu, trang tii'.
Nguyen lac thu sdu: De chuan hoa thuat ngu KTTM tieng Viet trong qua trinh dich can dua vao dac diem dmh danh. Can chgn nhiing dac tru'ng dmh danh tieu bieu, ban chat nhat ciia su vat, ddi tugng va chiing phai cd gia tri khu biet cao de tao cac thuat ngu KTTM tieng Viet phii hgp.
Nguyen tac thir bay: De chuan hda thuat ngu KTTM tieng Viet trong qua trinh dich can loai bd hay thay the cac tir dia phuong, khau ngfl. Ve co ban cac tu khau ngfl dugc sfl dung trong thuat ngfl KTTM can dugc chinh sira thanh nhung don vi cd phong each khoa hgc, con nhiing tir dia phuang dugc su dung trong thuat ngu KTTM can dugc chinh li thay the bang tii' toan dan tuang ling.
Tren day la nhflng nguyen tac chung cho viec chuan hda thuat ngfl KTTM tieng Viet. Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh chuan hda, chiing ta ciing can ap dung cac nguyen tac nay mgt cdch linh boat, dac biet can chii trgng soi rpi cac nguyen tac nay vao tiitig truong hgp cu the de han che viec ap dung cac nguyen tac nay mgt each cung nhac va dong loat doi voi mgi thuat ngii.
Nhu vay, de chuin hda thuat ngfl KTTM tieng Viet chiing ta can dua tren cac nguyen tac co ban tren, tu do chiing toi dua ra nhiing xir li cu the trong qua trinh dich cac thuat ngii' KTTM tilng Viet. Dudi day la nhung de xuat chuan hoa cu the cho tii'ng nhdm thuat ngii.
a) Nhflng thuat ngu thua hu tir
D I chuin hoa vin dl tren, chiing toi de nghi bd thanh td cau tao la hu tu Qua ngu' lieu khao sat, chiing tdi thiy hiu hit cac thanh to cau tao la hu tu nay khdng anh hudng den do chinh xac cua thuat ngfl. Viec bd thanh td cau tao la hu tir se giiip thuat ngfl dugc ngan ggn hon, co ket cau chat che va vin dam bao tinh chinh xac cua thuat ngil Vi du
Sd ghi ngdy dao hgn cua hdi phiiu nhdn trd —> Sd ghi ngdy ddo hgn hoi phieu nhdn trd. (bd hu tir cua)
Tdi khodn cdn tien gin a ngdn hdng —> Tdi khodn cdn lien gui ngdn hdng (bd hu tu a) Tuy nhien, chung ta cflng can luu y trong mgt sd truang hgp khdng phai liic nao cung cd the bd hu hi di dugc, vi nlu chung ta loai bd hu tu di se lam cho thuat ngfl trd len khdng rd nghTa, din din hilu sai khai niem ctia thuat ngfl. Vi du: No cua dgi li Neu chiing ta luge bo hu tir ciia trong thuat ngfl' tren se cd hai kha nang xay ra: Kha nang thu nhat: Dgi li dugc hieu la con ng, va Kha nang thu hai: Dgi li dugc hilu la chii ng
Ndi torn lai, viec loai bd cac thanh td cau tao la hu tir se giiip cho thuat ngu mang rinh ngan ggn, gdp phin dam bao tinh chinh xac ciia thuat ngfl. Tuy nhien, tuy tiing trudng hgp cu the chiing ta phai xem xet, cSn nhac de tranh viec loai bo thanh to cau tao la hu tu cd the dan den hilu nhim, hieu sai y nghia thuat ngfl.
b) Nhung thuat ngu thua thuc tfl
38 NGON NGtr & DCJl SONG So 1(281)-2019
Dk xu li vin dl tren, chiing tdi dl nghi bd bdt thanh td ciu tao la thuc tu. Qua ngu lieu khao sat ciia luan an, chiing tdi thiy viec bd bdt thanh td cau tao du thira la thuc tir vin dam bao tinh chinh xac cua thuat ngfl, vin diln dat diing khai niem ma thuat ngu bieu thi. Vi du:
Ti le cdng dn viec lam —* Ti le viec lam. (lid thuc tir cong dn) Thi truong cong an viec lam —* Thi trudng viic lam. (bd thuc tir cong dn)
Tuy vay, chung ta cin luu y ring viec loai bd bdt thanh td ciu t^o la thuc tfl phai dugc xem xet den timg truang hgp cu the de tranh viec lam cho thuat ngil mo hd, khdng ro nghTa.
c) Nhiing thuat ngu su dung khau ngfl, tir dia phuang
Ve CO ban, hiu het cac tu khiu ngu, tu dja phuang dugc su dung trong thuat ngfl KTTM tieng Viet can dugc chinh li thay thi bing tir loan dan tuong ung va chiing cflng la nhflng yeu td da quen dimg.Vi du:
Tien gdi a nude ngodi -^ Tien giii d nude ngodi. {gai dugc thay the bang gui)
Tdng thu nhdp tdi chdnh cua nhd nude —* Tdng thu nhdp tdi chinh cua nhd nudc.(chdnh dugc thay the bang chinh)
d) Nhiing thuat ngii rmeu ta dai ddng do thii'a hu tu
Nguyen tic xii li cho van de nay dugc chiing toi ap dung nhu muc a, chung tdi de nghi bd thanh to cau tao la hu tu. Vi du:
Doanh sd binh qudn cua mdi nhdn vien bdn hdng —* Doanh sd binh qudn ciia nhdn vien bdn hdng. (bd hu tu mdi)
Mite thu nhdp ldi thieu hdng ndm duac bdo ddm bdi tra cdp ciia chinh phii -^ Muc thu nhdp tdi thieu hdng ndm duac bdo ddm bdi tra cdp chinh phu (bd hu tu ciia)
e) Nhung thuat ngu' mang tinh mieu ta, dien giai khai niem
Ddi vdi cac thuat ngu dai ddng thudng cd tinh dinh danh, chinh rinh chat nay lai lam cho thu|t ngfl hi long leo, lu md, ddi khi cdn pha vo tinh hinh thuc ngan ggn cua thuat ngu. Do do, mudn cho ket cau thuat ngfl dugc chat che, ma van dam bao tinh chit dinh danh ciia nd thi vl mat hinh thirc thuat ngfl phai ngan ggn, cd dgng "mudn dam bao tinh ngin ggn, co dgng ciia thuat ngfl thi khi dat thuat ngfl phai chgn nhiing yeu td that cin thilt, ham y, siic tich, cin loai bd nhiing ylu td thira, khong can thiet cho sir chinh xac ciia thuat ngfl [Luu Van Lang, 1977:2-11].
Do vay, de xir li van de tren, chiing tdi dl nghi bd cac thanh td chi chiic nang, tinh chit hoac cac cum tu cd chuc nang giai thich them nghTa hoac phai sip xIp lai, ciu tnic lai trat tu cac thanh to cau laode nhom thuat ngii nay khdng nhung ngan ggn, cd dgng ma cdn dam bao rinh chinh xac, h^ thdng cua thuat ngfl. Vi du:
Khodn vay md Idn trd cudi cung cao han nhimg Idn trd dinh ki -^ Cd thi nit ggn thanh:
Khodn vay Idn trd cuoi cao hon Idn trd dinh ki.
Dieu khodn vi viec ngudi thui hit trach nhiem -^ Cd thi rut ggn thanh: Diiu khodn ve Ihue ngudi hit trach nhiem.
f) Nhiing thuat ngfl cd nhieu cdch dich khac nhau
Dua vao ket qua khao sat cho thiy thuat ngu cd nhilu each dich khac nhau chilm sd lugng nhieu nhit (1.085 don vi). Cac thuat ngfl riay bilu hien rit nhilu muc dO, dang khac nhau, nghTa la cung mot khai niem trong thuat ngir gdc nhung cd 2, 3 tham chi 26 ten ggi, each dich khac nhau.
Quy tac chung cho vi#c lua chgn thuat ngfl cd nhilu each dich: Uu rien thuat ngfl chinh xac, dap iing rieu chuan he thdng, ngin gon, khai quat Vi du:
Dieu khodn phu, bo udc -^ Diiu khodn phti.
Dinh ngach, phdi nggch. hgn ngach ndm, dinh muc ndm —* Dmh muc ndm.
Dinh hudng chuan hda thuft ngii KTTM hing Viet trong qua trinh chuyin dich la mgt cdng viec lau dai, ben bi, khdng the mdt sdm mgt chilu ma cd thi lam ngay duoc. Vin dl cip bach
S6 1(281)-2019 NGON N G g & PCfl SONG 39^
hien nay can xay dung cac van ban phap quy quy djnh ro viec chuan hda he thuat ngfl nay. De giup cong viec chuan hda nay dugc thuan Igi, chiing tdi dua ra mgt sd dieu can luu y khi xay dung thuat ngfl KTTM tieng Viet mdi. a) Tranh tao thuat ngfl ddng nghia; b) Han che su dung cac thanh td hu tir; c) Tranh sii' dung cac thanh td thira, khdng can thiet; va d) Tranh sir dung ldi dien giai dai ddng, thien ve mieu ta, giai thich.
5. Ket luan
Dua tren mgt sd co so khoa hgc, chiing ta ciing cd the khang dinh rang ket qua phan tich va trinh bay ve tinh hinh thuat ngu KTTM tieng Viet neu tren la mdt dieu rat bd ich trong viec dinh hudng xay dung va chuan hda thuat ngu KTTM tieng Viet dap ung nhu cau ciia thuc tien trong thdi gian toi. Cac ket qua khao sat va mieu ta tren day tuy cdn don gian nhung co the la nhiing thdng tin htru ich, gdp phan de chung ta cd cai nhin toan canh hon ve cdng tac chuan hda thuat ngfl tieng Viet ndi chung va thuat ngir KTTM tieng Viet ndi rieng d nude ta.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Belakhov, L (1976), Nhimg vdn de tieu chudn hda Nhd nude ve thuat ngie, Nhu Y dich, Vien Ngdn ngu hgc. Ha Ndi.
2. Tran Van Chdnh (1996), Tii-diin kinh te-thuongmgiAnh-Viet,'Nxh Thongkc, Ha Ngi 3. Nguyen Htru Du (2009), Tic dien thudt ngit kinh li-thuang mai Anh-Viet, Nxb Giao thdng Van tai, Thanh pho Hd Chi Minh.
4. Nguyen Thien Giap (2010), Tir vung hoc tieng F/e/, Nxb Giao due. Ha Ngi.
5. Nguyen Van Khang (2000), Chudn hda thuat nga, nhin Igi tif gdc do boi canh xa hoi. Tap chi Ngdn ngu (1), tr.46-54.
6. Luu Van Lang (1977), Thdng nhat quan niem ve tieu chudn cua thudt ngii khoa hoc. Tap chi Ng6nngfl(l),tr.2-ll.
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University Press of America.
8. Diic Minh (2005), Tic diin kinh ti-thicang mai Anh-Viet, Nxb Thdng ke. Ha Ngi.
9. Newmark, P (1988), Textbook of translation. Prentice - Hall, Hemel Hempstead.
10 Hoang Phe (2010), Tirdiin tieng Viet, Nxb Tfl diln Bach khoa, Ha Ngi.
11. Reformatskij, A. A (1978), Thi ndo Id thudt ngii vd he thudt nga. Ho Anh Diing dich, Vien Ngdn ngu hgc. Ha Ngi.
12. Nguyin Thi Kim Thanh (2005), Tham khao nguyen tdc chudn hda thuat ngQ- khoa hgc d cdc rtwd-c. Tap chi Ngdn ngfl & Ddi song (5), tr. 12-15.
13. Le Quang Thiem (2015), Si^phdt trien he thudt ngie tieng Viet theo dmh hudng Vdn hoa (tic 1907 - 2005). Ma sd: VII2.9.2011.07 (07/2012/yiI/HD - KHXH).
14. Nguyen Due Tdn (2010 & 2011), Mgt so vdn di vi nghien cicu, xdy dung vd chudn hoa thuat ngif tiing Viit trong thdi ki hoi nhdp, lodn cdu hda hien nay. Tap chi Ngdn ngii (12), tr. 1-9 & (1), tr.1-10.
15. D6 Hflu Vinh (2009), Tic dien thudt ngir kinh te-thuang mai Anh-Viet, Nxb Giao thdng Van tai, Thanh phi Hd Chi Minh.
Some guidelines on standstandization of Vietnamese commercial, economic terms Abstract: Nowadays, the standardization of Vietnamese commercial, economic terms is necessary and plays an important role in the commercial, economic filed. In order to clarity this issue, the article is to give some useful guidelines and solurions so as to build the standardization of Vietnamese commercial, economic terms.
Key words: terms; commercial; economic terms; standization theory of terms.