Tiep can khai niem Triet li giao due ffai Iipc
Nguyen Huy Vj Tnlcing Oai hgc Khoa hgc Xa hoi va Nhgn van Thanh pho Ho Chi Mmh 10 -12 Bmh Tien Hoang, phildng Bgn Nghe, quan 1, Jhknh pho Ho Chi Mmh, Vigt Nam Email' nguyentiuvvi@gmail com
TOM TAT: Bii viet tim hieu npi him cua khii nipm Triet ligiio due dai hoc cija giao due the gidi tQ xQa den nay, dong thdi phin tich cac triet ligiio due dai hoc theo hudng tie'p can muc tieu dao tao nguon nhan lUc cho xa hpi cua giio due dai hoc the gidi ngiy nay. Tren cosddo, phin tich cic triet li giio due dai hoc da CO va dang dinh hudng su van hanh nen giao due dai hoc Viet Nam theo tien trinh lich sQ cua nd.
TUf KHOA: Triet li; triet 11 giao due; dai iipc.
•» Nhan bai 29/7/2019 •» Nhan ket qua phan bien va chinh siia 25/8/2019 -^ Ouyet dang 25/9/2019,
1 . Dat v^n de
Khai m6m 'TriSt li giao due (TLGD) dai hoc (DH)" la mpt pham tru rong Ion ciia giao due (GD) hoc, la mot van de cu thg Clia TLGD noi ehung. Khoang 15 nam tro lai day, o Viet Nam da co nhieu tranh luan xung quanh van de TLGD noi chung tren dien dan khoa hoe va ngay ca tren nghi truong Qu6c hoi, Nhiing cupc tranh luan nay xoay quanh 3 cau hoi: (1) TLGD noi chung va TLGD DH noi rieng la gi?(2) Via Nam da c6 mot TLGD DH hay chua? (3) Nlu co, thi TLGD DH Viet Nam la gi? Trong pham vi bai viet nay, chi ban luan van de a goe dp tir nguyen va buac dau tim hieu TLGD DH theo quan niem cua doi xua va cua the giai ngay nay, tren co sa do de xuat mot TLGD DH phu hgp doi vol tinh binb phat trien kinh te - xa hpi cua Viet Nam ngay nay.
2 . N p i d u n g n g h i e n cuTu
2.1. Tiep can v6i tif nguyen cua cac khai ni^m "Triet li"; "Triet hoc" va "{lai iipc"
Ve tir nguyen, theo Dao Duy Anh (Tu dien Han - Viet, 2001), "Triet li" (philosophy/ La philosophie) co nghia la "dao li ve triet hoc"; va "Triet hge" (philosophy/ La philosophie) co nghia la "thii hpc van ve nguyen li cua vii tru va nhan sinh".
Theo Thai Duy Tuyen (2007), khai niem Trifit hpc 6 Viet Nam duoc hieu thong qua mpt so dmh nghia sau: 1/
Triet hpe la mot hinh thai y thirc xa hpi la the gioi quan, la he thong tu tuong va quan diem d6i voi the gicfi va vi tri Clia con nguai trong the gioi; 2/ Triet hpc la mpt khoa hpc nghien ciiu cac quy luat chung nhat cua sir phat trien tu nhien, xa hpi va tu duy; 3/ Triet hpc la phuong phap luan chung Clia nhan thuc khoa hpc.
Cung theo Thai Duy Tuyen (2007)- "Theo Tii di6n Tigng Viet,.triSt li la: Quan diem chung ciia con nguoi vg nhung vSn dl nhan sinh va xa h6i. Theo Tir didn Han - Viet, trigt li la: Li luan v6 ink hpc (trilt = tri; li = |g) Tii do, chiing ta CO thi hilu: Triet li la nhiing quan diim duac khdi qudt tu cupc sdng, nhdm chi dgo su suy nghi vd hdnh dong cua con ngudi".
Theo Pham Mmh Hac, "Trong ngu he La tmh co thuat ngu "Philosophy", tuong duang ta co thuat ngu "Trilt hoc"
va "Triet li", Tnet hoc, nhu chiing ta biet, la mot khoa hoc ve nguon gSc ciia vit chat va tinh than.,., con "triet li", theo Tu dien Tieng Viet, Vien Ngon ngU hpe (2007), "cai li sau xa ma phai vay eua mpi li do, moi sir vat tren dai".
"TLGD" la gi? Theo Thai Duy Tuyen (2007), TLGD la nhiing quan diem phan anh nhung van de cua GD thong qua con duang trai nghiem tir cupc song de chi dao sir suy nghT va hanh dpng ciia con nguai ve eae van de GD Nhu vay, triet li va triet hpc co su tuang dong voi nhau, nhung trilt li thudng de cap den van de cu the, con Triet hoc la mpt khoa hpc duac xay dung tu mpt he thong tu tuong, quan dllm voi cac khai niem, pham trii, doi tuang va phuong phap rieng.
Pham Minh Hae [1] co each dien dat khae nhimg ciing thong nhat voi npi ham cua khai niem Triet hpe GD ma Thai Duy Tuyen (2007) da neu: "TLGD tuang duong ngu he Latinh co "Philosophy of Education" hay "Educational Philosophy", theo tii diln nirac ngoai (Bach khoa thu Stan- ford, Wikipedia), la mot phan mon ciia trilt hoc van dung vao GD tao nen cac tu tuang GD, xae djnh each tilp can cac v4n dl thupe IMi vuc GD, nliu danh gia vai tro cua GD, ban ch4t cua eong viec GD, qua trinh GD, ducmg 16i, chinh sach phat triln GD, noi dung, chuong trinh GD, phuang phap GD, ..."
Nhung hon hit, trong GD hpc ngay nay noi ehung, ngudi ta thuang hilu khai niem Triet li (La philosophie) theo dinh nghia cua Tu diln Phap van ciia Paul Robert: "Principle generate sur lequel sefondent la realisation, lefonctionne- ment d'un systeme "; co nghia la '"Triet li Id nguyen tdc chung ldm ca sd cho viec thuc hien, vdn hdnh mpt he thong"^
(Vu Ngoc Hai, Trin Khanh Due; 2003). Vay "TLGD "
(Philosophy of education) co thi dugc hilu la: Nguyen tdc chung Idm ca sd cho viec thuc hien, van hdnh mot he thong GD cu the ndo do.
Khai niem "DH" duffc hilu nhir thg nao? Trong tilng Phap, "DH/Tru'dng DH" gpi la L'Universite, co nghia tu nguyen la huong vl (Vers) mpt mli (Unite); Vi huong v6 mot mdi, nghia la "khi nhieu cdi quy tu Igi mpt, cdi mpt dy tdt phdi to, phdl dai". Nhu vay, "DH la gi? Thua la cai hoc to"
(Khn Dinh, 1975). Tir "University" trong tilng Anli ciing co
So 21 ihang 9/2019 1
nghia tuong tu nhu trong tieng Phap va deu co nguon goe tu tieng Latinh la Universitastatis (= Toan vii tru).
Vao thdi Trung Hoa eo dai, ngudi ta phan thanh hai cap trinh dp hpc van la Tilu hpc va DH. Qua trinh dao tao DH dupc tien hanh 6 nha Thai hpc - tiic la trudng DH hieu theo nghia ngay nay. Tir "DH" ehinh la ten ciia mot bo sach trong Tli thu (DH, Trung dung; Luan ngii; Manh Tix) ciia Khdng hpe. Sach nay dugc xem la sach nhap mon ve dao dire hoc cho cac mon sinh bac DH liic bay gid (Ly Minh Tuin, 2004).
Ddi vdi Viet Nam, khai niem "DH" co nguon goe tir khai niem DH ciia Trung Hoa co dai va dugc hieu la: "Bac hoe cao han hit" (Tir diln Han - Viet, 2001). Cu thi hon, "DH la bac hpc tii 4-6 nam tiep sau bac trung hoe, dao tao can bg khoa hpc kT thuat co trinh do va kha nang boat dpng nghe nghiep trong mot ITnh vire chuyen nganh" (Dai tii dien tieng Viet, 1999).
Nhu vay, ed the xae dinh dugc dinh nghTa cua khai niem
"TLGD DH" nhu sau: TLGD DH la nhimg nguyen tdc chung ldm casd cho viec thuc hien, vdn hdnh mot he thong GD GD DH hodc mgt ca sd GD DH cu the ndo do. Va cd mpt nhan xet la, khai niem "TLGD DH" khdng phai la dieu gi mdi la, chang qua la mot each ndi khae ciia cac khai niem cd ndi ham tning lap nhu: "Tu duy GD DH" hay "Dudng ldi GD DH" ma lau nay GD nudc nha van sir dung ma thdi, Tuy nhien, trong xu thi hdi nhap vdi nln GD duang dai tren thi gidi, cd le nen sir dung khai niem "TLGD DH" la phu hgp va chinh xae nhSt khi dl cap den van dl nay.
2.2. Stf lUtfc ve cac "Triet ti giao due dai hpc" theo tiep can muc tieu dao tao nguon nhan luc cho xa hpi
Dllm lai lich sir phat tnen ciia cac triet thuyet GD ndi chung, trong dd cd thanh td noi trdi la TLGD DH ciia nhan loai ma ta dang de cap.Tiiy thudc vao tinh hinh phat triln kinh tl - xa hdi ciia moi thdi dai khae nhau, nhieu TLGD DH 15n lugt dugc dl xudt hoae lap thuyet, gan lien vdl muc tieu phat triln ngudn nhan luc cua xa hpi dd. Tuy nhien, ngudi ta co thi phan loai mpt each tuang ddi thanh 4 khuynh hudng trilt 11 nhu sau: GD DH vi linh hoa (Higher Education for elite); GD DHvi nhdn luc (Higher Education for manpower ); GD DH vi dgi chiing (Higher Education for mass); GD DH trong xd hpi hoc tap (Higher Education in leaming society) (Theo Vu Ngpe Hai, Tran K.hanh Diic, 2003).
- GD DH vi tinh hoa la nln GD DH cho sd it uu tu, cd su sang loc rSt nghiem ngat, quy hd tinh bat quy ho da.
d Chau Au cd dai, Platon dugc xem la ngudi de xudng khuynh hudng nay. Trong khi do, cac nha nudc phong kien phutmg Dong chiu anh hudng hgc thuylt Khdng Tii dlu rat ken chon hpc trd trong viec thu nhan. Muc tieu cua GD DH tinh hoa ta dao tao ra nhiing niia chinh tri, ra nhiing cdng chue. Cd thi noi r5ng, hSu hit cac nln GD DH ciia eae xa hpi nong nghiep, hoae tiln cdng nghiep deu theo xu hudng tinh hoa. Diiu nay co ca sd trilt hoe cua no, dd la su phii
hgp vai yeu e§u vl quy md va chit lugng nhan u^> ° thdi phii hc^ vdi quyln Igi ciia giai cap llidng ^^^^^^ [j tl - xa hgi ay Mdt vi du gSn gui mmh chiing 'JJV° jj„
DH tinh hoa dl dang dugc tim thSy d riiuc tieu "^|^^^ ,^
Clia Viet Nam da dugc diln ra d Van Mieu - Quoc Tir ^^^
dudi cac trilu dai phong kiln. "Hiln tai la nguyen m ^^
qudc gia"; hoae dugc td chirc dao tao a mot vai^ca sa ^^^
DH hilm hoi va mang tinh han lam, tinh ciiua het tren ngdn tay, xet tren toan cdi Viel Nam thdi thupe Phap.
- GD DH vi nhan hfc la nln GD DH l^y viec dao tao ngudn nhan luc phuc vu su phat mIn kinh te theo hircmg cdng nghiep hda va dich vu lam muc tieu. Khuynh hifong xay dung nln DH vi nhan luc bat m phat trien manh tji cac nudc cong nghiep d Chau Au, Hoa Ki vao cuoi the b XIX va d Lien Xd trong nua dau thi ki XX, DT nhien rang, nong nln GD vi nhan luc luy co rapt d^c trung quan trpng la tinh kl hoach hda viec phat triln nguon^nhan lire cd chat luang cdn phai dupc dao tao, ngirai ta van chu trpng den tinh tinh hoa n-ong mdt bp phan nhit dinh dl lam^ co sd cho su sang tao va phat minh khoa hpc, Co the ndi, nen GD DH nudc ta trong giai doan 30 nara, 1975-2005, dirpc van hanh theo khuynh hudng triet 11 nay,
- GD DH dai chiing la nln GD DH duuc xay dung tuong thich cho mdl xa hpi phat trien va Uen bo ve moi mat: San xudt, dich vu, van hda, thdng tin hen lac, giao thong van tai,.,, trong mpt dieu kien khoa hpc va cong nghe da phat trien d trinh dp cao. Mot xa hoi nhu vay doi hoi phai cd root dieu kien hpc tap rpng rai, mpt moi tnrdng hpc tap thuan Igi cho moi ngudi nham dap img mpt each sinh dpng va phong phii cua thi trudng siic lao dpng; GD DH phai dap ling nhu can xa hdi.
Mpt vi du tudng minh cho TLGD DH dai chiing la nln GD DH dan chu cua Hoa Ki dupc thi hien qua he thing cac trudng DH Cong ddng (Community College) mang dnh dae hieu MT. Cimg vdi 2.455 traong CD va DH khae mang ludi gdm 1.158 trudng DH Cong ddng trai rdng khap tren 50 tieu bang ciia Hoa Ki - mpt &k nudc cd 250 trieu dan, thi cho con s6 binh quan 70.000 dan/ 01 tnrdne CD - DH (Nguyin Van Thiiy, 1994) Cung voi chi sd iy nhung ddi voi Viet Nam - mdt dat nudc din nay (nam 2019) cd 97 trieu dan, dang tren dudng cdng nghiep hoa va cd 471 trudng CD, DH (235 trudng DH; 236 trudng CD) fNm ^ Bp GD&DT, 2017), thi binh quan c6 206.000 dan/Qi Z ' CD - DH. Vay, nlu dem so sanh mdt each hit siichi h th • ^ chua phai ia ban chai ciia van dl, thi nudc ta kem ^ 11^^' so vdi Hoa Ki vl co hoi hpc DH, CD cho mdi c6 ^^^ "
toan dai chiing hoa DH ciia nuac ta cdn la can phai tiep tuc luan ban.
- GD DH trong xa lipi hpc lap (hay con goi la GD ft phd cap) la nln GD DH tren thi gidi dang mu6n tliiS i^
nham phat huy nhirng co hdi hpc tap cho moi n '^- 'I duang dau vdi nhimg thach thiic ldn chua timg co^*^ f van minh nhan loai:T6c dp phat tnIn eiia khoa h o c ? ^ "
nhu vu bao, mpt ngay bang 50 nam. Ndn kinh t^ JT^^^
'^ t>o irio^
cong dan Bai mot chuyen d^j
TAP CHl KHOA HQC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
minh da va dang diln ra ttong mdt "thi giai phdng" eua eudc Cach mang cdng nghiep 4.0. Hon niia, xu thi toan can hda tren mpi ITnh vuc ben canh nhiiDg mat tich cue cua no vl mat li thuylt, nhung lai chiia dung nhieu nguy ea tiem an vl sir bat binh dSng giUa cac dan toe. Tren thuc tiln, nhan loai dang dli mat vdi nhimg khd khan khdng de gi khae phuc dugc nhu: Su ngheo ddi va benh tat, su ngu dot va boc lot, cae cupc chiln tranh va khung bd, su suy thoai tai nguyen, tai hpa va d nhilm moi trudng thien nhien ngay cang nghiem trong. Tat ca nhung vdn nan ky chi cd the giai hda dugc bang con dudng xay dung mgt xa hgi hpc tap (Leaming Society). Theo dd, GD DH pho cap la mpt triet li duang dai dugc xae lap: "GD DH va viee hoc sudt ddi. GD DH cung mpt luc la mdt trong nhimg ddng luc phat trien kinh te, vua la tieu diem ciia viec hge trong xa hoi. Ngoai ra, nd cdn la mpt cdng cu ca ban de chuyen tai kinh nghiem van hda va khoa hpc ma loai ngudi da tich Xuy dugc.,, Han nira, hieu qua cua canh tan va tien bg cdng nghe cd nghTa la, kinh te ddi hdi sir gia tang ngay cang nhieu nang luc ma chi GD DH mdi cd the dap img dugc " (Jacques Delors, 2002).
Can luu y them rang, mdt tieu ehi ma cae chien lupe gia ve GD tren the gioi dang sir dung de phan loai cae nen GD DH la dua vao ti so sinh vien so vdi sd thanh nien d dp tuoi hpc DH (18-24 tuoi) ciia mdt nudc de xae dinh quy md GD DH cua nudc do, Theo do, mot nen GD DH dugc xem la danh cho sd it ngudi (GD DH vi tinh hoa) khi ti sd nay thap hon 15%; dugc xem la dai chiing hoa, khi ti sd nay nam trong khoang tir 15% den 50% va nen DH ciia qudc gia nao cd ti sd nay cao han 50%), thi dugc ggi la GD DH phd cap (GD DH trong xa hpi hpc tap) (theo Vu Van Tao, 2004).
Dua vao tieu ehi ay, ngudi ta thay rang, Hoa Ki, Canada, Han Qudc va cac nudc thupe khdi OECD (Td chiic Hgp tac va Phat trien Kinh te) da dugc xip vao cac qudc gia ed nen DH phd cap; Nhat ban. Thai lan, Philippine, Singapore cd nen DH dai chiing. Viet Nam den nay cung da bat dau budc vao khung ciia dai chiing hda DH d miic cdn thap (ca 18- 20%). Nhu vay, cd nghla la nen GD DH nudc ta cdn nhieu bat binh dang. Nen DH ay van chua dap ling nhu eau nhan Iyc cua xa hdi phat trien - Mpt nen GD DH cdn bat cap vdi TLGD DH ndi rieng va ddi vdi TLGD ducmg dai ndi chung ma UNESCO da de xudng va canh bao la: GD cho moi ngie&i, GD trong mgtxa hpi hgc t^p.
2.3. Triet li giao due ffai hoc Viet Nam va su tfoi mdi cua no Ndn hpc van DH theo Nho hgc eiia Viet Nam dugc chinh thiic xae lap cd tinh nha nudc vao nSm 1070 dudi trilu vua Ly Thanh Tdng, dupe danh ddu bang su kien thanh lap Van Milu - Qudc Tu Giam d Thang Long, vdi muc dich dao tao nhan tai ra lam quan quan li dat nudc, Lich sir GD nudc nha xem Van Milu - Qudc Tu Giam nhu la trudng DH ddu tien cua Viet Nam theo quan diim Khdng hpc. Vi vay, TLGD DH cua sudt thai ki phong kiln cho din trude khi ngudi Phap thilt lap nen DH hien d^i d Viet Nam nam 1906 - Vien DH Ddng Ducmg - ddi vdi mdi ngudi di hgc la: "Tw thdn, Ti gia. Tri qudc, Binh thien hg".
TLGD ay dugc trinh bay trong sach "DH" ciia Nho giao:
"DH chi dao, tai minh Minh Dire, tai than dan, tai chi u chi thien"; va de dat dugc ngudi "quan tir", dd la muc dich cua GD DH Nho giao, ngudi hgc phai tu chi ren luyen theo phuang phap: "Vat each, nhi hau tri chi. Tri chi, nhi hau thanh y. Y thanh, nhi hau tam chinh. Tarn chinh, nhi hau than tu. Than tu, nhi hau gia te. Gia te, nhi hau qudc tri.
Qudc trj, nhi hau thien ha binh." (Ly Minh Tuan, 2004).
Ly Minh Tuan giai nghTa la: "Dudng ldi cua bac DH d ehd lam sang td nang luc sang lang, d chd than yeu mpi ngudi, d chd dimg trong su tot lanh ciing circ." va "Su vat dugc xet den ciing rdi sau mdi hieu biet thau dao. Hieu biet thau dao rdi sau mdi cd y thanh that. Y thanh that rdi sau mdi cd long chinh dang. Ldng chinh dang rdi sau mdi cd than dugc sua. Than dugc sira rdi sau mdi cd nha dugc dieu ehinh. Nha dugc dieu chinh rdi sau mdi cd nudc dugc sira tri, Nudc dugc sira tri, rdi sau thien ha mdi dugc thai binh".
Dudi gdc dp phuang phap luan, xet ve tong the, Nho hoc cd nhung ban che nhat dinh ve mat khoa hpc, nhung xet rieng ve TLGD ciia "DH", thi nd van cdn gia tri, cd sire sdng va hiru ich thuc tien ddi voi thanh nien trong viec tu dudng dire hanh va thuc hanh ling dung dao If vao ddi sdng, cung nhu cdng viec quan tri xa hdi khi hp dugc phan cdng.
Trong thdi Phap thudc, nen GD DH d Viet Nam dugc ngudi Phap thiet lap nham muc dieh dao tao mpt so it cong chiic phuc vu cho su thdng tri va khai thae thudc dia d Ddng Duong. Tuy vay, TLGD DH han lam/tinh hoa theo phong each Phap da ghi dam dau an trong tdng ldp tri thirc Viet Nam Tay hpc liic bay gid, va mai ve sau khi nudc nha dpc lap vao 2/9/1945, dd la tinh khoa hpc, nhan ban va chat lugng cao.
Trong thdi ki khang chien chdng thue dan Phap (1945- 1954), tren nln tang kinh nghiem cd dugc tir GD DH Phap thugc, Chinh phu Nudc Viet Nam Dan chu Cpng hda da thanh lap he thing GD DH Viet Nam.Thang 12 nam 1946, cupc khang chien toan qudc biing no, Cac trudng DH va CD d Ha Ndi dlu len Viet Bae. GD DH nhat quan van hanh theo trilt li: "Dan tdc, khoa hgc, dai chiing" de phuc vu
"Khang chiln, kiln qudc" (Bp GD&DT, 2004).
GD DH VietNam giai doan 1955-1975, do dae diim ljeh sir Clia cupc chien tranh Viet Nam, chia thanh 2 tnrdng phai:
GD DH d mien Bac va GD DH d mien Nam.
\! GDDHa mien Bdc: He thing GD DH dugc edu true theo md hinh GD DH ciia Lien Xd (cu), dugc van hanh theo TLGD DH vi nhan luc; nd dugc Nha nudc quan li chat che va tuyet ddi theo su chi huy tap trung cd ke hoach tir Bp DH va Trung hgc chuyen nghiep. Md hinh GD DH ciia Lien Xd (eii) cd 3 nhugc diem ldn la: Thii nhat, taeh biet cdng tac nghien eiiu khoa hgc vdi viec dao tao ciia cae trudng DH;
Thir hai, dao tao theo chi tieu nha nudc chir khdng theo nhu cau xa hdi; Thii ba, dao tao chuyen sau ngay tir nam thir nhat DH; Kien thiic tich luy dugc ciia sinh vien tdt nghiep duac sir dung suot ddi, klid chuyen ddi chuyen mdn, khdng lien thong va tdn tai ca che trudng DH thupe Bg chu quan cd tinh cat cii.
So 21 tiiang 9/2019 3
2/ GD DH a mien Nam • He thdng GD DH luc dau dugc cau triic theo md hinh GD DH Phap, dugc td chirc thanh nhirng dan vi tu tri (tu ehu) gpi la Vien DH (L'Universite), sau dd chuyen dan sang md hinh DH da nganh (University) cua MT (Bd GD&DT, 2004).
" 6 mien Nam, khi ghi trong hien Phap nam 1967 la "Nen GD DH dupe tu tri", eae nha lam chinh sach GD da xae nhan su can thiet phai hpi nhap vdi the gidi dan chu, nhat la theo md hinh cua Mf (Le Xuan Khoa, 2011). Vi vay, trude nam 1970, TLGD DH ciia mien Nam theo truyen thdng TLGD DH cd dien ciia Phap mang tinh tinh hoa/han lam; tir nam 1971, theo TLGD dan chii, phd cap cua Hoa Ki. He thing GD DH dugc phan tang chat lugng va tuan theo 3 nguyen tdc da tuyen ngdn: "Nhan ban; Dan tpe; Khai phdng".Van theo Le Ximn Khoa (2010):
- GD nhdn bdn idy con ngudi lam ciru canh nen chu trpng vao viec xay dung dao lam ngudi, phat trien mam mong tdt d con ngudi dimg nhu dinh nghTa trong sach DH eua Nho giao ("£)// chi dgo. tgi mmh Minh Due, tgi thdn ddn. tgi chi u chi thien ");
- GD ddn tdc nhdm bdi dudng tinh than hieu hda nhung nhiet tinh yeu nude cua gidng ndi Lac Hdng qua hon hai ngan nam lich su, bao tdn va phat huy nhirng truyin thdng tdt dep ciia van hda dan tdc;
' GD khai phong tilp thu nhiing tri thirc khoa hpc, kT thuat va tinh hoa van hda cac nudc Tay phuang mdt each khdng dinh kiln. Mat khae, mdt dae diim ciia tinh thdn khai phdng la quyln tu do nghien ciiu sang tao va giang day/
hpc tap cua giang vien va sinh vien. Hon nira, tinh than GD khai phdng con ham nghTa la GD nhdm tao ra con ngudi tu do. Nd dua tren khai niem cac mdn hpc khai phdng (Liberal Arts) trong thdi Tmng cd, hay gdn hon la chu nghTa tu do n-ong thdi Khai sang, GD khai phdng la mgf TLGD cung cdp cho eae ca nhan sinh vien mdt nln tang kien thuc rdng va nhirng kT nang cd thi ehuyen doi dugc va mdt cam nhan manh me vl cac gia tri, dao diie va can du vao ddi sdng cdng dan... Pham vi GD khai phong cd thi bao gdm mpt chuong trinh hge GD tdng quat cung cdp eo hdi tilp can nhilu ITnh vuc hpc thuat va nhieu chiln lupe hpc tap, ben canh chuong trinh hpc chuyen sau trong it nhat mpt ITnh vue hpc thuat nao dd (Theo Wikipedia,org).
Cd thi ndi rdng, nam 2004 la nam danh ddu chinh thiic su ddi mdi TLGD DH ciia Nude Cdng hda Xa hdi Chu nghia Viet Nam.Trong nam 2004, da diln ra rdt nhieu tranh luan, trao ddi khoa hpc vl nhu edu va quan diem trong doi mdi TLGD DH Viet Nam, dae biet dang chii y la hai hdi thao cdp qudc gia va qudc tl cd su tham du ciia nhieu chuyen gia GD DH khdp nam chau tren toan the gidi. Dd la, Hdi thao "Ddi mdi GD DH Viet Nam - Hpi nhap va thach thiic"
do Bd GD&DT td chiic vao thang 3 nam 2004 va Diln dan qudc tl vl GD Viet Nam: "Ddi mdi GD DH va hdi nhap qudc tl" (Intemational forum on Vietnam education:
Higher education reform and international integration) do Hdi ddng Qudc gia GD ehii ni vao thang 6 nam 2004. Cae
hdi thao va diln dan nay dlu dugc diln ra d Thu do _ ^^_,^
Tai hai diln dan khoa hge nay, cac nha nghien cuu va ^_^
luoe GD nudc ta dlu di din nhit tri rang: "Trong ^ ^^
dli mdi GD DH Viet Nam da cd duac mot so tlian • dang kl thdng qua viee thue hien chinh sach chu miong mdi Tuy nhfen, nln GD DH nudc ta chua thoat kh > het anh hudng cua GD Nho giao (khoa bang, bang cap;, GD han lam, tinh hoa. GD DH chua thuc sir ia cua dan do dan va vi dan, chua that cd quan he hiru co vo. qua trmn phat triln kinh tl - xa hdi. chua that gan vd. th. tnrong lao ddng,.. Nln DH Viet Nam cdn thua kem nhieu so va. mpt sd nudc trong khu vuc va tren the gicn" (Vu Ngpc Hai 2004). Nhu vay. dimg tmdc mdt nhu cau hire xnc va khach quan cd tinh quylt dinh din van menh ciia dat niroc trong diiu kien nln kinh tl - xa hpi cd tinh toan can h.en nay, GD ndi chung, dae biet GD DH ndi riengphai doi mdi manh me tir TLGD din ndi dung, phuang phap, chuong trinh va ca chi quan li," (Trdn Qudc Toan, 2004). ^
Tren eo sd cac phan tich khoa hpc yk tinh hinh chinh tri va kinli tl - xa hdi ciia Viet Nam ndm trong tucmg quan chung eua bdi canh toan can, mgt nilt li mdi tuong thich Clia GD DH Viet Nam phai diroc xae lap la: "Xu thi cua GD DH Viet Nam la ddn ddn chuyin tir n6n GD tinh hoa sang nln GD cho sd dong (GD dai chiing)" (Tran Quoc Toan; 2004). Va mdt trong nhirng giai phap tich cue, kha thi va phii hop vdi dieu kien nudc ta la: "Day manh xa hpi hda GD, xay dung mdt xa hdi hgc tap,.. Mac dii vay, GD DH can phai phan tang trong dao tao: Mpt mat hirdng muc tieu vao DH dai chiing. mat khae phai chii trpng din dao tao dnh hoa, dao tao nhan tai." (Banh Tien Long va Dao Chi Hilu, 2004).
That vay, neu nam 1986 danh dau md dSu giai doan chuyen ddi ciia nen kinh te Viet Nam, tit mgt ngn kinh tl kl hoach hda tap trung bao cap sang nln kinh tl hang hda nhieu thanh phan van hanh theo co chS thi tmdng cd su quan li eiia Nha nudc theo dinh hudng xa hpi chii nghTa thi nam 1987 dupc ghi nhan la nam xudt phat dli mdi nln GD DH va Nghi nghiep (GDDH&NN) cua nudc ta dugc khdi di tir Hpi nghi Hieu trudng BH, nam 1987 tai thanh phd Nha Trang. Chinh tai hdi nghi nay, B6 DH - Trung hoc chuyen nghiep va Doanh nghiep da neu len 4 tiln dl dmh hudng ddi mdi GDDH&NN Sau nay, Dai hoi Vl!] D"
Cdng san Viet Nam nam 1996 da thira nhan trd thanh h truang ciia Dang ve ddi mdi GDDH &NN 6 mdz ta h sau: 1/ GD DH va chuyen nghiep (GDDH&CN) khdn K- dap img nhu cau ciia bien che Nha nudc va kmh i =' doanh, kinh te tap the, ma cdn phai dap itng nhx r" ^^
cae thanh phan kinh te khae va dap img nhu edu hoc f ^^
nhan dan; 2/ GDDH&CN khong chi dua vao ngan sach wv nudc ma cdn dua vao cac ngudn luc khae cd thi Viuv rl* ^ dugc: Sir ddng gop ciia cae ea sd san xudt kinh doanh ""^
td chirc kinh te, td chiic xa hpi, cua cdng ddng cua ' ^^'^
hpc (hgc phi)...; 3/ GDDH&CN khdng chi theo chi t i f i'^
hoach tap trung nhu mdt bd phan ciia kl hoach nha n"
TAP CHI KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
ma cdn phai lam kl hoach theo nhiing dan dat hang, nhiing xu the du bao, nhiing nhu edu hge tap tir i±ieu phia trong xa hpi; 4/ GDDH&CN khdng nhdt thilt phai gdn ehat vdi viee phan phdi cdng tac cho ngudi tdt nghiep theo co chi hanh chinh bao cap; Ngudi tdt nghiep cd trach nhiem tu tim viec lam, tu tao viec lam trong mpi thanh phdn kinh te;... (Theo Trdn Hdng Quan, 1996).
Tinh than cdt ldi ciia 4 tiln dl djnh hudng ddi mdi GDDH&NN neu tren chinh la GD DH Viet Nam da bdt dau chuyen tii TLGD DH vi nhan luc sang TLGD DH dai ehung. Minh chimg eho nhan djnh nay la su phat trien vai tdc dp nhanh ve so lugng va loai hinh trudng DH va CD de dap ling su tang trudng rat nhanh cua nhu can hpc CD, DH ctia xa hdi nudc ta trong giai doan sau nam 2000 den nay, ma d dd cd mpt minh chiing rat thuyet phue, do la su ra ddi eiia md hinh trudng edng dong bac DH: 21 trudng CD cpng ddng (Community College) va 19 trudng DH Dia phuong (Provincial/Local University) (Theo Nguyin Huy Vi, 2019), Ngoai ra, mang ludi tnicmg CD, DH tu thuc/
ngoai cdng lap cung tang trudng rat nhanh eiing vdi loai hinh trudng DH, CD cd yeu td nudc ngoai dugc xuat hien ngay eang nhieu. Tat ca chuang trinh dao tao DH, CD deu chuyen ddi sang he thdng tin chi; Tai cau triic he thong GD Qudc dan theo hudng md, lien thdng, phan tang va kiem dinh chat lugng, tao didu kien cho mpi cdng dan deu dugc hpc tap d mgi liic, mgi noi va sudt ddi; Xay dung xa hpi hgc tap.
3. Ket luan
Vdi sii m e n h va T L G D ro rang, phu hgp, cd tinh bilu cam cao se la kim chi nam va la ngpn e d v l y gpi cho hoat ddng dao tao, nghien ciiu khoa hpc dat hieu qua va chdt lugng ddi vdi G D D H cua mgt dat nude theo tinh thdn DH tu chii.
T L G D D H ciing vdi sir menh phai tuyen bd cua mdi trudng D H ngay nay da trd thanh mpt thanh td quan trpng, mang tinh triet hgc va van hda quan tri DH, trong chiln luge phat trien eua mdi c o s d GD D H m a bat ki bp tieu chudn k i l m dinh ehat lugng GD D H nao cQng da ghi thanh mdt tieu chi bat budc.
Viet N a m - mdt dat nudc cd 4000 nam van hiln, gdn 2500 nam lich sii hinh thanh va phat trien, cd tren 900 nam n l n hpc van D H - nhat dinh, T L G D D H cua qudc gia da dugc xae lap v a t u a n g thich vdi muc tieu GD D H theo timg thai ki lich sir dat n u d c . Tuy lich sir GD D H Viet Nam cung ed nhiing khiic quanh theo thang, tram ciia lich sir dan tpe, song mdt bieu dd phat trien ddng bien vdi su phat trien cua nen kinh te - xa hoi dat n u d c la dieu dugc khdng dinh. Ngay nay, T L G D D H phii hgp cho Viet Nam phai la GD DH dai chiing neu ndi theo tiep can m u c tieu dao tao va neu ndi theo tiep can p h u a n g phap dao tao, mac nhien nen GD D H tien bp phai dugc van hanh theo TLGD khai phdng, bdi vi bai hoc lich sir thanh cdng cua D H Humboldt - Berlin vd cimg gia tri cho G D D H nhan loai, do la: "Chuyen mdn sdu tren nen mpt vdn hda rpng" (Theo Biii Van Nam Son, 2011).
Tki liSu tham khao
[I] www.vietnammarcom.edu.vn.
[2] Dao Duy Anh, (2001), TH- diin Hdn Viet, NXB Khoa hoc Xahgi, Ha Noi.
[3] Bp Giao due va Dao tao, (2004), Gido due dai boc Viel Nam, NXB Giao due. Ha N^i.
[4] Kim Dinh, (1975), Triit Ii gido dye. NXB Ca dao, Sa.
Gon.
[5] Jacques Delors, (2002), Hoc tap: Mot kho bdu lim dn.
Bao cao giri UNESCO ciia Uy ban Quoc te ve Giao due thi ki XXI, NXB Giao due, Ha Npi,
[6] Pham Minh Hac - Tran Kieu - Dang Ba Lam - Nghiem Dinh Vy, (2002), Gido due ihi giai di vdo thi ki XXl.
NXB Chinh tri QuIc gia. Ha Noi
[7] Vu Ngoc Hai - T r k Khanh Diic, (2003), He thong gido due hien dgi trong nhung ndm ddu the kiXXl. NXB Giao due. Ha Noi.
[8] Vu Nggc Hai, (2004), Cdi cdch gido due dgi hoe Viet Nam phuc vu sir nghiep cong nghiep hda, hien dgi hda, timg budc xdy dimg. phdt triin nin kinh ti tri ihire dinh hudng xd hoi chu nghTa, Ki ylu Hpi thao Ddi md. Giao due dai hgc ViSt Nam - Hgi nhap va thach thiic, Bg Giao due va Dao tao. Ha No..
[9] Nguyin Nhu Y (chi. bien), (1999), Dgi titdiin Tiing Viit, NXB Van hoa - Thong tin. Ha Ngi,
[10] Le Xuan Khoa, (2011). Dgi hgc miin Nam inidc 1975 - Hoi ludng va nhdn dinh, Ki ylu Dai hgc Humboldt 200 nam (1810-2010) - K.nh nghiem thi gidi va Viet Nam NXB Tri Thirc, Ha No..
[II] Dang Ba Lam, (2003), Gido due ViH Nam nhimg thap
niin ddu thi ki XXl - Chien luge phdl trien, NXB Giao due. Ha N6i.
[ 12] Banh Tiln Long - Dao Chi Hilu, (6/2004), Dii mai Gido due dgi hoc Viet Nam vd chien luoe hoi nhdp quoc le, Cac bao cao tham luan Dien dan quoc te vS GD DH Viet Nam:
Doi mdi Giao due dai hgc va hg. nhap quoc te, Hdi dong Quoc gia Giao due. Ha Ngi.
[13] Tran Hong Quan, (1996), Ke hoach phdt trien gido due vd ddo tgo giai dogn 1996 - 2000 vd dinh hudng den 2020. phuc vu su nghiep cong nghiep hoa, liiin dgi hoa ddt nude, Bg Giao due va Dao tao.
[14] Bui Van Nam Son, (2011), Li tuang gido due Humboidf Mo hlnh hinh hay huyin thogi?, Ki yeu Dai hgc Humboldt 200 nam (1810 - 2010) - kinh nghiem thi gidi va Viet Nam, NXB Tri thiic. Ha Ngi.
[15] Vu Van Tao, (2004), Nhirng yeu edu mdi doi v&i chdt lugng gido due theo quan diim chdt lugng Id suphu hap vdi muc tieu, Ki ylu Hgi thao chat lugng giao due va van de dao tao giao vien, Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi.
[16] Trdn Quoc Toan, (2004), D6I mai Gido due dgi hoc Viet Nam, Cac bao cao tham luan Dien dan quoc te ve giao due Viet Nam D6i mdi Giao due dai hoc va hgi nhap;
Hg. dong Qudc gia Giao due. Ha Noi.
[17] Nguyin Van Thiiy, (1994), Bdn vi dgi hoc cgng dong, Okemos Michigan.
[IS] Li Mmh Tudn, (2003), Dgi hgc thuyit minli, NXB Van hoa - Thong tin. Ha Npi,
[19] Thai Duy Tuyen, (2007), Triit hpc Gido due Viet Nam, NXB Dai hgc Su pham. Ha Ngi
So 21 thang 9/2019 5
[20] Nguyin Huy Vi, (2019), Phdt triin mo hinh trudng cao cong nghiep hoa, bi$n dai hda ddt nudc Uong ^^^^^^
ddng cong dong vd trudng dai hoc dia phuang d Viet nien dau ciia ih^ ki XXI"- Hi?p hgi cac tnrdng ca ^^, Nam, Ki ylu Hgi thao khoa hgc qudc gia: "Sdp xip mang dai hgc Viet Nam, Bai hgc Kinh te Quoc dao a • ludi giao due dao tao trong bli canh tu chii giao due va (ngay 12 thang 6 nam 20J9), NXB Tliong tin - hgi nhap quoc te, dap img nhu cau iJian luc cho su ngh.ep thong, Ha No.
AN APPROACH TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF HIGHER EDUCATION CONCEPT
Nguyen Huy Vi
University of Social SciencEs and Huinamies - ABSTRACT; The paper presents the philosophy ol higher education " " " ^ ^ P '
!„"'!,"„°?T™"li* „ .iH H in the world education system so la,, and analyzes the philosophy of higl^er
«U .'"iSrSr• - ^ " - " - ' - - ^ = ' " - ^ - - resource.trsih,m^IZhtcZ'o:^hatlasTs Email; ogu,enhi««i(a>9ma,i com alt over the world today in general and in telmm m P f ' " ' ' ' " ° " f ™ ' ° S
the author exemines the development ol Vietnamese higher education based on the orientation ol these existing higher education theories through its historical process.
KEYWORDS: Philosophy; Pliilosophy ol Education; Higher idutalion.
6 TAP CHl KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM