TAP CHI KHOA HOC QUAN LY GIAO DUC SO 01(25),THANG3-2020
TIEP CAN LINH HOAT BOI VOI GIAO DUC STEM DAP inVG CmrONG TRINH GIAO DUC PHO THONG MOfI
A FLEXIBLE APPROACH TO STEM EDUCATION TO MEET REQUIREMENTS OF THE NEW GENERAL EDUCATION PROGRAM
HO SY ANHf'>, PHAM THI LAN PHUONG
f'*Trudng Dai hge Su pham Tha.nh phd Hd Chi Minh, [email protected]
THONG TIN TOM TAT Ngdy nhdn: 28/02/2020
Ngdy nhgn lgi: 05/3/2020 Duy?t ddng: 24/3/2020 MasS: TCKH-S01T3-B05-2020 ISSN: 2354 ~ 0788
Gido due STEM Id mdt tiip can lien mon trong hgc tap, da dugc dp diAng ddu tiin tgi My, nhdm muc tieu phdt trien a hoc sinh cdc ky ndng: khoa hoc, cdng nghe, ky thuat vd todn gdn v&i gidi quyit vdn di thuc tien. Gido due STEM da du nhap vdo nhiiu quoc gia, trong do co Viet Nam v&i cdc cdp dp vd hinh thuc khdc nhau. Bdi viit trinh bdy dinh nghia ve gido due STEM va cdc bien thi, cUng nhu muc tieu, ddc diim vd cdp dp thuc hien;
tiip theo Id su tuong dong giUa muc tieu gido diic STEM v&i muc tieu cita chuong trinh gido due pho thdng m&i. Su da dang trong cdch hiiu ve STEM vira Id thdch thicc nhung cUng chica dung cdc thuan lai, tic do ddi hdi phdi tiip can linh hogt doi v&i triin khai gido due STEM & tru&ng tiiu hoc trong bdi cdnh doi mai gido due pho thdng.
Tie khoa:
gido due STEM, STEM+. chuang trinh gido due pho thdng m&i.
Key words:
STEM education, STEM+. new general education program.
ABSTRACTS
STEM education is an interdisciplinary approach in learning, was first applied in the United States, aiming at developing students' skills in science, technology, engineering and math associated with practical problem solving. STEM Education has been introduced into many countries, including Viemam with different levels and forms. This paper presents the definition of STEM Education and its variants, as well as the goals, characteristics, levels of implementation; followed by the similarity between the goals of STEM education and goals oj the new general education program. Diversity in interpretation of STEM is both challenges and advantages, which requires a flexible approach to the implementation of STEM education in primary schools in the context of reforming general education.
HOSlAINtl-FnAM IHILANFHUUN'J 1. DAT VAN DE
Giao dye nude ta dang timg budc ddi mdi can ban va toan dien, chuyin tir nin giao due nang ve truyen thy kiln thiic sang nin giao dye phat trien pham ehit va nang luc ngudi hge.
Trong qua trinh dd, viec van dyng cac mo hinh, phucmg phap, hinh thirc day hpc phat trien nang lyc hpc sinh eiia cac nude ed nen giao due tien tiln la rit ein thilt. Gido due STEM da dugc nhieu nude trien khai manh me, nham dao tao ngudn nhan luc dap irng cudc Cach mang cdng nghi6p lan thii tu. Ddi vdi Viet Nam, md hinh giao due nay van cdn mdi va nhieu van dl dat ra can giai quyet. Nghien ciiu va van dung giao dye STEM eho cac trudng phd thong Viet Nam ed y nghTa thilt thyc, gdp phan vao thanh cong cua ehuong trinh giao dye phd thdng mdi.
2. DpjH NGHIA GIAO DUC STEM VA CAC BIEN THE
2.1. Gido due STEM
STEM la each viet lay chii eai ddu eila eae tir tieng Anh la: Science (Khoa hpe), Technology (Cong nghe), Engineering (Ky thuat) va Mathematics (Todn). Cum tii nay dugc de cap dau tien trong van ban dau tu ngan sach eho nghien ciiu khoa hge d My nhiing nam 1990.
Sau do, dugc vilt kem theo cdc tir khac nhu:
"STEM Education" (Giao due STEM), "STEM workforce" (ngudn nhan lyc trong ITnh vyc STEM), "STEM Careers" (nganh nghi trong ITnh vuc STEM), "STEM integration" (tich hpp STEM),... (Nguyin Thanh Hai, 2019, tr.22)
Giao dye STEM da duge eae tnrdng hpe My trien khai vao cudi the ki 20 de giai quyet mgt sd van de cdn bat cap eiia nen giao due: 1) Mac dii cac tnrdng dai hgc My la tdt nhat va sd phat minh, sdng ehe diing dau the gidi nhung hge sinh phd thdng khdng dat thanh tieh eao ve khoa hgc va toan trong cac ki danh gia qude te PISA eua Td chiic OECD - Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development (To chiie Hgp tac va Phat triin Kinh tl); sd lugng sinh vien theo hpc cae nganh thude STEM ngay mgt giam, nhat la
sinh vien nii; 2) Nhung du bao kinh te va xa hdi eho thay nhu ciu lao ddng trong eac nganh STEM d My va cac qude gia ngay mgt tang (Nguyin Thanh Hdi, 2019). Trong qua trinh triin khai vao thyc tien, khai nhiem gido due STEM dugc cac nha nghien ciiu, nha giao due dua ra vdi nhieu djnh nghTa khac nhau.
Trudc tien, dang ehu y nhat la djnh nghTa giao dye STEM ma Hiep hgi cac giao vien dgy khoa hpc qude gia My (National Science Teachers Association) de xuat. Theo dd, "gido due STEM Id mgt cdch tiep can lien ngdnh trong qud trinh hgc, trong do cdc khdi ni?m hgc thugt mang tinh nguyin tdc duac Idng ghep v&i cdc bdi hgc trong the gi&i thuc, a do hgc sinh dp dung cdc kien thicc trong khoa hgc, cdng nghi, ky thudt vd todn vdo trong cdc boi cdnh cu the, giup kit ndi giira truang hgc, cpng ddng, nai lam viic vd cdc td chicc todn cdu. de tic do, phdt trien cdc ndng luc trong linh vuc STEMvd co the gop phdn vdo cgnh tranh trong nen kinh te m&i"
(Tsupros, Kohler, va Hanllinen, 2009), Bd Giao due My (2007) djnh nghTa giao due STEM the hien quan diem chii trgng va tang eudng cac nganh hge STEM. "Gido due STEM Id mpt chuang trinh nhdm cung cdp ho tra, tdng cu&ng gido due Khoa hgc, Cong nghe, Ky thuat vd Todn hgc (STEM) & tieu hoc vd trung hgc cho den bac sau dgi hgc".
Giao dye STEM ciing cd the dugc hieu theo nghTa la tich hgp lien nganh tu hai trong cac ITnh vue Khoa hpc, Cdng nghe, KT thuat va Toan hgc trd len. Theo quan niem nay, Sanders (2009) dinh nghTa ''''gido due STEM Id phucmg phdp tiep can gidng day vd hoc tap tieh hpp hai hogc nhieu han cdc mdn hoc STEM, hade giita mpt mdn hoc STEM vai mpt hogc nhieu mon hgc khdc trong nhd tru&ng' (Sanders, 2009).
Giao due STEM: Id md hinh giao due dya tren each tiip can lien mdn, giup hpc sinh ap dung eac kiln thiic khoa hgc, cdng nghe, ky thuat va toan hpc vao giai quyet mpt sd vin dh
TAP CHI KHOA HQC QUAN LY GL\0 DUC SO 01(25), THANG 3-2020 thuc tien trong bii eanh cy thi (Bg Giao due va
Dao tao, 2018, h-.37).
Trong bdn djnh nghTa ve giao dye STEM nay, quan niem eua Sanders (2009) mang tinh md cao nhat. Nd cho phep mdt su tiip can linh boat ddi vdi giao due STEM va phu hgp vdi bSt eii noi ndo co nhiing sang ki8n va nd lyc tieh hgp lien mdn trong dieu kien edn han che ve ngudn luc CO sd vat chat va dpi ngii.
2.2. Gido due STEM+
Trong qua trinh trien khai giao due STEM thuc tien, cac nha gido due mong mudn md rdng myc tieu, khdng chi phat trien d hge sinh nang lyc trong Ihih vyc STEM, ma edn mong mudn giao due STEM ed sdc thu hut vdi nhiiu ddi tugng hge sinh hon, thiic diy su ddi mdi va sang tao, su tinh te, tham mT cQng nhu tinh nhan van cua nhirng san phim khoa hpc cdng nghe, vi the, hg keu ggi sy tich hgp ca cac yeu td khac vao gido dye STEM va dua STEM trd thanh STEM+.
2.2.1. Gido due STEAM
Tac gia Georgette Yakman (My), nam 2008, da de xuat md hinh giao due vdi su kit hgp them yiu td Art vao giao due STEM va ggi la giao due STEAM. Nhu vay, STEAM chmh la STEM+Art, la su tieh hgp cd 5 ITnh vyc gdm khoa hge, edng nghe, ky thuat, nghe thu§t va toan trong hpc tap, nham giiip ngudi hgc giai quySt van de thue tien mpt each sang tao ban.
Trong do, yeu td nghe thuat ham chira y nghTa rat rdng, la nghe thuat khai phdng (Liberal Arts), bao gdm nghe thuat ngdn ngii, xS hdi hge, vdn dgng CO the, ml thuat va am nhac,... (Nguy8n Thanh Hai, 2019, tr.47). 6 Viet Nam, tai eac ki thi sdng tao cua giao vien dua tr6n nen tang eong nghe thdng tin da cd nhieu san pham day hge STEAM.
2 2.2. Gido due STREAM
Giao dye STEAM thyc ra khdng mdi, vi ngay nhu cac phat minh, sang che cua Thomas Edition (1847-1931) eung la kit qua cua su kit hgp giua khoa hge, edng nghe, ky thuat, toan vd
nghe thuat. Tuy nhien, gidi hpe thuat d My va cac qude gia vdn neu eae van de eSn giai quyet nhu: "giao due STEAM nen bat diu tii do tudi nao", "gido due STEAM ket hop qua nhieu mdn ed dam bao dp sau cua khien thiic? va tich hgp yeu td nghe thugt da dii chua hay cin bd sung them cdc yeu td khac".
Tac gid Rob Furman (2014) cho ring, giao due STEAM se Id thieu sdt Idn cho the he tuang lai neu bd qua ren luyen kha nang dgc hieu va viet. Vi vay, tac gid nay da de nghj bd sung th8m yeu td R (Reading and wRiting) de trd thanh STREAM. Nhu vay, STREAM chinh la STEM+Art+R (Reading + wRiting). Cho dii khoa hpc hay cdng nghe phat trien den dau con ngudi ciing can ky nang dpc va viet (Nguy8n Thanh Hai, 2019).
Ngoai ra, ddi vdi cac nude ma tilng Anh khdng phai la tieng me de, viee ren luyen ky nang dpc vd viet tieng Anh se giup eho hpc sinh ITnh hdi eae bai hge va ngudn hge lieu giao dye STEM tdt ban. Ddi vdi cac nude nhu Viet Nam, rat eSn bd sung yeu td English vao giao due STEM. STEM+ tilng Anh (English) cd the vilt thanh STEEM bode vin vilt la STEM hong dd chii cai E bao ham 2 nghTa la (Engineering va English).
2.2.3. Cdc biin thi khde cua STEM KT thuat so va robot la nhung thanh phan edt lot cila Cach mgng edng nghiep 4.0, vi vay, cac nude tren thi gidi va Viet Nam da trien khai giao due STEM+Robot vd ggi Id STREM. Nhu vay, STREM ehinh la STEM+R (robot). Khi day hpc STPvEM, hpc sinh dugc hpe lap trinh va Idp rap robot theo mdt ehuong trinh cy thi, phu hgp vdi timg Ilia tuoi, Ddng thdi trong nhung dilu kien cho phep, mdt ehu dl hay du an STEM cd thi dugc bd sung them ea 3 yeu td A(Art), R(Robot), E(English), va liic do STEM se trd thanh STREEAM, hoac niu coi chii cai E dai dien cho cd ky thuat (Engineering) va tieng Anh (English) thi ten ggi eua tiep can tich hpp lien mdn nay la STREAM.
H O S Y A N H - y H A M ' l H i LAN P H U U N O
Nhu vay, STEAM, STREAM, STREEAM diu la giao due STEM+ tich hgp cac ITnh vuc md cae chii cai dai dien. Trong bii eanh thuc hien ehuong trinh giao due phd thdng mdi tai Viet Nam va thyc tiln hiin khai STEM tai cac dia phuang, kha nang trien khai giao dye tieh hgp giua nhieu hon hai trong 7 ITnh vuc gdm: khoa hpe, cdng nghe, robot, ky thuat, tilng Anh, ngh8 thuat va toan la hoan toan khd thi va phu hgp vdi nhieu vimg mi8n khdc nhau. Trien khai giao due STEM+ giiip hpc sinh hiing thii vdi eac bdi hpc, cd co hdi "van dung hieu qua ki8n thiic, ky nang da hpc vao ddi sdng va ty hpc sudt ddi", khdng chi lam cho viec hpc tap cd y nghTa hon ma edn phat trien d hge smh nang lyc cdng dan thi ki XXI.
3. MUC TIEU CUA GIAO DUC STEM Giao dye STEM hudng den 3 muc tieu chinh, do la: phat triin nang lye dac thii STEM, phdt tri8n nang lye cdt loi cila the ki XXI va djnh hudng ngh8 nghiep (Nguyin Thanh Hai, 2019) 3.1. Muc tieuphdt ky ndng STEM
Giao due STEM khdng phai la de hpc sinh trd thanh nhirng nha toan hge, nhd khoa hpc, ky su hay ky thuat vi8n, ma Id phdt trien eho hpc sinh ky nang STEM, dugc hilu la su tieh hgp, long ghep ciia bdn ky nang: khoa hge, edng nghe, ky thuat va toan hpc. Trong do:
Ky ndng khoa hgc: la kha nang lien ket eac khai niem, nguy8n li, dinh luat vd cac ca sd li thuyet cila giao dye khoa hge de thyc hanh va sir dung ede kien thiic nay vao giai quyet cdc van de thue te.
Ky ndng cdng nghi: la klia nang sir dyng, qudn ly, hieu biet, va truy cap duge edng nghe, Cdng nghe la tir nhirng vat dung hdng ngay don gidn nhat nhu quat mo, biit ehi den nhung he thdng sir dung phiic tgp nhu mang Internet, ludi dien qude gia, he thdng ve tinh,.,.
Ky ndng ky thudt: la khd nang gidi quyit van dh thuc tien dien ra trong cudc sdng, bing each thilt k l cac ddi tugng (nhung san pham do con ngudi che tgo ra), he thong hda va xay dyng cac qui trinh san xuat ra ddi tugng. Phat
trien ky nang nay nghTa la, hgc sinh cd khd nang phSn tich, tdng hgp va kit hgp cac yiu td lien quan (nhu khoa hgc, nghe thuat, cdng nghe, ky thuat) dl cd duge giai phdp tdt nhit trong xay dyng qui trinh san xuit doi tugng.
Ky ndng todn hgc: Id kha nang nhin nhgn vd nam bat duge vai trd eila toan hpc trong mgi khia eanh tdn tai tr8n the gidi. Hgc sinh co ky nang todn hgc se ed kha nang thi hien ede y tudng mdt each chinh xac, ap dung cdc kiln thdc, ky nang toan hpc vao giai quyet cdc van de eupc sdng.
3.2. Muc tieuphdt triin ky nang the kiXXI Gido due STEM cdn cung cap cho ngudi hgc nhung ky nang can thiet trong the ki XXI nhu ky nang gidi quyet van de, tu duy phan bien, ky nang hgp tac vd giao ti8p,... Trong dd:
Ky ndng gidi quyet vdn di, la mpt trong nhitng ky nang rat can thi8t trong qua trinh hoc tap va lam viec. Cuoc sdng 1^ mot chuoi nhiing van de doi hoi chung ta phai giai quyet ma khong van de nao giong van de nao va ciing khong co mpt cdng thiic chung nao de giai quyet mgi v&i de. Lya chpn giai phap toi uu trong cac dieu kien gicri han la ky nang sinh ton cua mgi cong dan.
Tu duy phdn biin: duge hilu la mot qua trinh tu duy va phan tich thdng tin theo mpt hudng khdc cila mdt vin dl, d8 lam sdng td va khang dinh lai vin dl. Tu duy ndy giilp hgc sinh bieu sau vin dl, hinh thdnh loi suy nghT logic, ddc lap va xir ly thdng tin tdt ban.
Ky ndng cpng tdc vd giao tiip: Id cdc ky nang vd ciing quan trgng, bdi eae cong viec ngdy cang ddi hdi su chia se, giao tiip, ling nghe, va nhd dd van d8 duge giai quyet mdt cdch nhanh chdng, trdi chdy vd hieu qud cao.
3.3. Mue tieu dinh hu&ng nghe nghiep Giao due STEM giiip hpc sinh cd nhiing kiln thiie, ky nang mang tinh nen tdng cho viec hpc tap d ede bac hgc cao ban cung nhu cho nghi nghiep tucmg lai ciia hp. Qua hogt ddng
TAP CHI KHOA HQC QUAN LY GIAO DUG SO 01(25), THANG 3-2020 gido due STEM, giiip hpc sinh phdt bien ra sd
thieh, kha nang eua minh, tir do, dinh hudng nghe nghiep cho ban than tdt ban.
Ngoai ra, mac dii giao due STEM lien quan nhieu den cdc mdn hpc khoa hpc tu nhien, cdng nghe, ky thuat nhung khi hpc sinh tham gia boat ddng trai nghiem STEM trong va ngoai trudng cd CO hdi ndng cao ky nang sdng, k j nang xa hdi vd nhan thire sau sie vl bai hpc nhan van.
4. DAC DIEM VA CAP DO GIAO DUC STEM 4.1. Bac diem
Gido due STEM ed mdt sd dae diem mang tinh djnh hudng va thyc tien. Tac gia Nguyin Thanh Hai (2019) cho ring md hinh giao due nay cd 5 dac diem, trong do eo dac diem "hudng den phdt trien cdc ky nang ciia the ki XXI".
Nhung dac diem ndy da dua vao mue tieu, nen theo chiing tdi, gido dye STEM cd 4 dae diem sau: 1) giao due STEM tap trung vao su tich hop:
dd Id sy tieh hop hai hay nhiiu mdn hgc STEM (theo quan diem cila Sanders, 2009). Ddng thdi, dl phat triln tinh sang tao d hpc sinh cin bd sung th8m eae y8u td khac nhu nghe thuat, xa hdi, van hgc,.., NIU trong mdt chu dl dgy hgc cd nhieu mdn ciia STEM, nhieu giao vien gidng day nhung khdng cd sy kit nii va bd trg lan nhau thi khdng the gpi la gido dye STEM; 2) giao due STEM cd tinh he thdng va ket ndi giua eac bai hpc: thong qua cdch tiep can day hpc tich hgp, hpc sinh nhan thirc dugc sy giao thoa giiia cac nganh khoa hgc, ky thuat, edng ngh8 va todn hpc va mdt sd ITnh vya khac de gidi quyet van de, Tir dd, hgc sinh se cd he thdng vd kiet ndi cdc kien thire lai vdi nhau tot ban; 3) gido due STEM ludn lien he vdi cudc song thye te: do sy tich hop li8n ngdnh nen giao due STEM khdng nang ve li thuyet ma thien ve van dyng, ren luyen gan vdi giai quyet van dl thuc tien; 4) gido due STEM tao tbdeb thire dl hgc sinh vugt len chinh minh:
gido due STEM thdng qua cdc bai tap, dy an hge tap hogc cdc chuyin di thyc dia ddi hdi hpc sinh phdi nd lyc bdn than, phdi hgp vdi lam viec nhdm, khai thac cae ngudn lyc cd san de dgt
dugc nhirng cdt mdc mdi vl kiln duic, kinh nghiem ciing nhu nang lyc mdi cua minh. Cde bdi tap duge giao cho hge smh gan vdi gidi quyet van de dat ra, do la van de ey the cua dja phucmg, ciia qude gia hay pham vi todn ciu nhu bien ddi khi hau, phdng chdng dich benh,.,. Dilu nay se tao ra thdeh thiie rit Idn de hgc sinh vugt len chinh rainh.
4.2. Cdp dp gido due STEM
Viec td ehiic day hge trong giao due STEM cd nhieu cap do khac nhau. Tuy thudc vao hodn canh vd di8u kien eu the cua timg trudng md lya chpn cap dp day hgc STEM sao cho phii hgp, hieu qud (Dang Ty An, 2018), gido dye STEM cd 4 cip dd nhu sau:
Cdp dp dgy hgc dinh hu&ng theo STEM:
Vdi eSp dp ndy, dac biet chii trgng tdi ede mdn hpc ban 18 eho thdi dai ky thuat sd va iing dung khoa hpc. Trong do, phuang phdp day hpc cde mdn khoa hpc dupe thay ddi, lay phdt trien nang luc, nhan cdch hpc sinh lam muc tieu. Vdi cdch day tdp trung hgc li8n mdn ndy, kiln thirc eae mdn STEM dugc cimg cd chac ehan; kha nang sdng tao, tu duy logic; hieu suat hpe tap va lam viec vugt trdi; cd ea hgi phat trien ede ky nang mira, ky nang xa hdi. Day la cdp dp phd bi8n tai Viet Nam. Cap do nay khdng doi hdi tich hgp ea 4 luih vye STEM ma ed thi la tu hai ITnh vue trd I8n. Trong thilt kl bdi hpc, cd tbi tich hgp cdc ITnh vyc khdc ngoai STEM.
Cdp dp dgy hgc STEM duac bd tra Cong nghi vd Robotics: Cdng nghe vd Robotics la cdc mdn hgc diin hinh cho gido dye STEM trong thdi dai Cdch mang cdng nghiep 4,0. Thdng qua viee lap trinh va Idp rap robot, hge sinh cd the hgc duge: nguyen ly co bdn v8 lap trinh vd cdc edng nghe mdi hi8n nay; cde ky thuat lap rap d8 phat triln tinh tu duy ky thuat. Hpe sinh hgc cdng nghe thdng qua thuc hanh dudi dang cac trd choi, lam tang sy birng thii, khdng gay qud tdi eho hpc sinh.
H 6 S I /^INH-rilAM. i m ^ A N i ' r t U V l ' * ' ' Dgy hoc tich hgp, long ghep liin mdn cua
STEM theo mpt chuang trinh: Trong qua trinh ndy, hpc sinh dugc thyc hdnh thdng qua xem cac video trong khdng gian do. Tuy nhien, each dgy hge nay mdi dam bdo dupe mdt mat: Nhirng kien thiic vd ky nang can thilt lien quan den eac ITnh vyc khoa hpe, eong nglie, ky thuat va toan hpc, Idng ghep vd bd trg cho nhau trong mot giao trinh cd chii dieh. Cdn ve mat iing dung thyc tien cua STEM chua dugc de cap nhieu. Cd thi hilu va ggi cap dg nay Id cdp dp dgy hoc tich hgp Idng ghep cdc mdn STEM theo chuang trinh, hay con goi Id cdp dp dgy hgc bdn STEM.
Dgy hoc theo cdp dp hodn todn STEM: Cac du dn giao due STEM duge thyc hien day hpc theo dy an, nhdm tao ca hdi eho hgc sinh tich hgp kien thiie tir nhieu ITnh vyc khdc nhau, nhdt la cdc ITnh vyc thudc STEM va ap dung mgt each sdng tao vao giai quyit vin d8 dat ra hoac tgo ra sdn pham mdi. Cap dp nay la day hge tiep can hodn todn quan diem STEM,
5. GIAO DUG STEM VA CHUONG TRINH GIAO DUC PHO THONG MC«
Cudc Cdch mang edng nghiep 4.0 dang ed tde ddng manh din mgi mat kinh t l - xa hgi, trong dd cd giao due. Giao due STEM la mot xu hudng mdi dugc coi trpng d nhieu qude gia nham dao tgo ngudn lue dap irng eupc each mgng ndi tren, O Viet Nam, Chi tbi so 16/CT- TTg ngay 04/5/2017 ve viec tang eudng nang lyc tiep can cudc Cdch mgng cong nghiep 4,0, daneuro: "...edn tap trung vao thiic day dao tao ve khoa hgc, cdng nghe, ky thuat va toan (STEM), ngoai ngii, tin hgc trong chuong trinh gido due phd thdng" (Thu tudng Chinh phii, 2017). Nhd vay, rad giao dye STEM da duge the hien mdt cdch rd net ban trong chuang trinh gido due phd thdng mdi. Nghien ciru ehuong trinh tdng the vd chuang trinh cac mon hge dugc Bp Gido due vd Ddo tao (2018), trong chuang trinh gido due phd thdng mdi, vai trd giao dye STEM the hien d nhftng diem sau:
Thu nhdt, chuong trinh gido due phd thdng mdi cd diy dii eac mdn hpc STEM: vl Khoa hoc, duge dua vao ca 3 cip, cip tiiu hge la eac mdn Ty nhi8n vd Xa bdi (lap 1, 2), Khoa hge (Idp 3, 4, 5); cap trung hge ca sd la mdn Khoa hpc ty nhien (tieh hgp Vgt Ii, Hda hoc, Smh hpc va Khoa hgc trdi dat); vd d cap tmng hgc phd thdng la mdn Vat Ii, Hda hpe vd Sinh hge; vl Cdng nghe vd KT thuat dugc gidng day ed 3 cap, cap tieu hgc Id mdn Tin hge va Cdng nghe (Idp 3,4,5); cip trung hge eo sd va trung hpc phd thdng la mdn Cdng nghe va mdn Tin hpc; mdn Toan dugc giang day tir lop 1 din Idp 12, Dgc biet, trong chuang trinh giao due phd thdng mdi Hoat ddng trdi nghi8m cip tiiu hpc va Hoat dpng trdi nghiem, budng nghiep (cip trung hpc co sd va trung hge phd thdng) la boat ddng gido dye bat bude, tao dieu kien rat thuan Igi cho trien khai giao due STEM. Trong chuang trinh giao due phd thdng mdi, cdc mdn hgc nhu Todn, Khoa hge ty nhien, Cdng nghe. Tin hge dd nhan manh den gido due STEM. Chang ban, mdn Toan khang djnh "Giao due todn hge tao lap sy k8t ndi gifta eac y tudng toan hpc, giua Todn hpc vdi thuc tien, giua Todn hgc vdi cdc mdn hgc va boat ddng gido dye khde, dae biet vdi cac mdn Khoa hge, Khoa hgc tu nhien. Vat li. Hod hpc, Sinh hpe, Cdng nghe. Tin hpc de thye hien gido dye STEM" (Bd Giao due vd Ddo tao, 2018).
Thic hai, chuang trinh gido due pho thdng mdi ndng cao vai trd, vi tri cua gido dye cdng nghe va giao due tin hpc. Trong 10 nang lyc cin phat triln d hgc sinh ed 2 nang lyc dac thii lien quan den 2 mdn nay, dd la: nang lue edng nghe vd nang luc tin hge, Mdn Tin hge mdn la bat bupc ddi vdi edp tieu hpe va trung hge ca sd, trong khi ehuong trinh hien hdnh. Tin hge d 2 cap hpc ndy la mdn tu chpn.
Thu ba, chuang trinh giao dye phd thdng mdi va gido due STEM ed su tuang ddng vl muc tieu, ndi dung ITnh vuc hge tap, phuang phdp gidng day vd kilm tra, danh gia. Su tuong ddng nay thi hien d 2 bang sau:
TAP CHi KHOA HQC Q U A N LY GIAO DUC SO 01(15). THANG 3 - 2 0 2 0 Bang 1. So sanh sir tirang dong ve muc ti6u cua gi^o due SEM va chuong trinh giao due ph6 thong mdi
Tieu chi Phdt triln nang lyc ddc thii
Phdt triln cdc nang luc c6t 16i, nin tang
Hudng nghiSp
Phdt trien ky nang song, ky ndng xa hoi
Gido due S T E M Phdt triln ky nSng STEM, la su tich hgp, hdi h6a cda 4 ky nang: khoa hpc, cong ngh6, k5> thudt vd toan hgc
Phdt triln cdc ky ndng thi ki XXI, g I m : ky ndng giai quyit vdn d l phiic tap, ky nang phdn bi6n, ky nang c6ng tdc vd giao tiip, ky nang sang tao
Qua ho^t dong gido due STEM giiip hoc sinh biit dugc kha nang vd sd thich cua minh de xac dinh ngh6 nghiep tuong lai.
Thong qua hoat dong gido due STEM d ngodi trudng giup hgc sinh phdt triln ky ndng sing, 1^ ndng x3 h6i va cac vdn de nhan van nhu nhan di, cham chi, trdch nhiem
ChuBTig trinh gido due pho thong miri Phdt n-ien 4 ndng luc ddc thii: todn hgc, khoa hoc, eong ngh6 vd tin hpc
Phat tri6n 3 ndng lire cot 16i, nSn tang, d6 la: tir chii vd tu hoc, hpp tdc vd giao tiep, giai quyit vdn d l vd sdng tao; Phdt trien "tu duy dpc lap" chinh Id tir duy phdn biSn
Qua hoat dong trai nghiem, hu6ng nghigp vd qua hoat dfing hpc tdp cdc mon giiip hpe sinh nhan biet duoc khd nang, sd thich cua minh d6 dinh hudng nghi nghiSp
Qua hoat dpng hoc tdp, trdi nghiSm trong vd ngoai trudng, giilp hoc sinh phdt trien ky ndng song, phdt triln 5 phim chit: ySu nude, nhan di, chdm chi, trung thuc vd trdch nhi6m Bang 2. So sdnh su tuong d i n g giila iTnh vuc, phuong phdp gidng day, kiem tra, danh gid
gifta gido due STEM vd chuong trinh gido due pho thong mdi T i i u chi
Linh vuc tham gia gidi quyit vin da
Kit nii cac mon hoc vd kit noi giiia nhd nuong voi cpng dong
Phucmg phdp day hgc
Kilm Ua, ddnh gia
Gido due S T E M
Tich hgp chu yeu cdc linh vuc: khoa hoc, cong nghe, ky thudt vd todn
Gido due STEM hien nay khong gidi han 4 tich hop 4 linh vuc S, T, E, M vd md rpng tich hop them A (Art) thdnh STEAM; tich hpp them R (Robot) thdnh STREM, tich hgp them ngon ngft tieng Anh E (English) d l tao n€n STREEM;
gido due STEM tdng cudng k i t noi cdc m6n hgc vd kit n i i gifta nha trudng, c6ng ding, dja phuong vd pham vi todn cau
Tieh hop nhiSu phuong phdp khdc nhau nhu: day hpc theo du dn, day hpc theo nhom, day hpc phdn h6a, thuc hanh, thi nghiem, trai nghiem
Ddng gid hudng den nang luc nhu ddnh gia ndng luc sdng tao, ndng luc gidi quyit vin dl, ndng lyc hcrp tdc,... thong
C h u o n g trinh gido due ph6 thOng mdi Co cdc mon: T u nhien v i xa hpi, Khoa hgc (cip Till! hgc), Khoa hpc nr nhi6n, C6ng nghe, Tui hpc (cip Trung hpc ca sd); Vat li, H6a hoc, Sinh hpc, Cong nghe. Tin hoc (cdp Trung hpc pho thong)
C6 tinh md cao: Chucmg trhih bao dam nhihig npi dung gido due cot 15i, bat bu6c d6i vdi hpc smh todn q u i c , d i n g thdi trao quyen chil dpng vd trdch nhiem cho dia phuang, nhd trudng trong viSc lua chpn, bo sung m6t so npi dung gido due vd triln khai k l hoach gido due phu hop vai dii tupng gido due vd diSu kien ciia dja phuang, ciia nha trucmg, g6pphaii bdo dam k i t n i i hoat dgng ciia nha h^dng vdi gia I dmh, chinh quyen vd xd h6i
Tich hpp nhigu phuang phdp khdc nhau nhu:
day hpc truyin thing, day hgc theo tinh hulng, day hpc theo du dn, day hpc theo nh6m, day hpc phan h6a, thuc hanh, thi nghiem, trai nghiem
Pham vi danh gid bao gom cdc m6n hoc va hoat dong gido due, mfin hpc vd chuySn d l hpc tap lua chpn va mon hpc tu chpn. Doi tupng
HOSY A N H - P H A M TH! LAN PHU V i ^ "
Tieu chi
Hinh thiic giao due
Giao dye S T E M
qua hoat dpng; ddnh gia sdn phdm, ddnh gid qud trinh
Day hoc tieh hpp cdc m6n STEM;
Hoat dpng trai nghiem STEM theo chii dl, theo du an; Cdu lac bg STEM; Hgi thi sdng tao STEM,,..
Chmmg trinh gido due p h i thSng m6'i danh gid Id san phdm va qua frinh hpc tap, ren luySn ciia hpc sinh
Day hpc theo chii dg lifin mon STEM; Hoat dpng trdi nghiem STEM; Hoat dpng nghien ciiu khoa hpc; Cdu lac b6 Khoa hoc, can lac bp Cpng nghS, "Nghe thudt
6. DE XUAT GIAI PHAP TRIEN KHAI GIAO DUC STEM DOI VOfI TRUCJNG PHO THONG
Xdy dung chinh sdch quoc gia, dia phuong theo hu&ng tiep can da dgng, linh hogt: Can thiet phai dua giao dye STEM thanh ehuong trinh qude gia, eae tinh, thdnh phi xay dyng Dl dn giao dye STEM rieng cho dja phuang minh nham thuc day giao dye STEM trong trudng phd thdng; cac trudng phd thdng tiep edn giao due STEM mdt each linh boat, da dang vl loai bmh, phong phii v8 ndi dung, hinh thiic, vdi nhieu cap do khdc nhau, Khdng ed mpt rad hinh chung ndo cho tat ca cac trudng va khdng chi trudng cd di8u ki8n, md ngay cd nhiing hudng d mi8n niii, klid khan van trien khai gido dye STEM nhu STEM 1dm vudn, STEM trdng eay, STEM tdi cbl.
Doi mai trong kiem tra, ddnh gid: Tdng cudng irng dung cdng nghe thdng tin trong quan li khdu kiem tra, danh gia hge sinh thdng qua sdn phdm cua day hpc theo chii dl, dy an. Kit thiic dy dn, chu de, hge sinh thudng tao ra mdt sdn phdm bdng viec tu tim toi, nghien eiiu. Ddi mdi danh gid theo budng ddnh gid sdn pham va danh gia qua trinh.
Ndng cao chdt lugng dpi ngii gido viin tieu hgc ddp iing yiu cdu eiia gido due STEM: Giao due STEM Id mdt md binh giao dye cdn mdi ddi vdi nude ta, vi vdy, can ddo tao giao vien theo nhdm bode theo cap; thudng xuy8n td chiie bdi dudng nghiep vu va ky nang eho ddi ngu giao vien giang day giao due STEM tai cac trudng tieu hoc.
Phdt triin ca s& vdt chdt hd trg gido due STEM: NIU cho ring "khdng ed eo sd vdt chat bien dai thi khdng thi day hgc STEM" Id khdng diing. Thyc te d cac vimg khd khan, chi can vdi cac vat lieu tai che la hgc sinh ed th8 duge hpe STEM. Trong giao due STEM, cd nhiiu mdng ndi dung ein phai diu tu ea sd vdt chit, thilt bi hien dai, nhu Robotic, khoa hge mdy tinh,,.. edn timg budc dau tu ca sd thiet bj day hge phu hgp.
Ddy mgnh cdng tdc nghien cicu khoa hoc, chuyin giao cong nghe: Hang nam, can td chirc eac eupc thi ve sang tao, hdi thao khoa hpc v8 gido dye STEM trong nhd trudng phd thong, nhat la trudng tieu hpc. Thiie ddy phong trao giao due STEM bang cde boat ddng nhu: eau lac bd, ngdy hdi, tham quan cdc phdng thi nghiem, nha may.,.; day manh cac hoat ddng nghien eiiu ling dung edng nghe, phuong tien va cdng nghe thdng tin trong day hge STEM; binh thanh mang ludi, ket ndi nghien ciiu - chuyen giao ve giao dye STEM gifta ede vien, trung tara, trudng dai hgc vdi trudng pho thdng tren dia ban,.,,
Tdng cu&ng phdi hap giiia nhd tru&ng vai phu huynh vd Cpng dong: Thyc hien cdng tac xa
hdi hda giao dye, lien ket vdi eac td chire, ea nhan dang boat dpng trong ITnh vyc giao dye STEM nhim triln khai md hinh gido dye nay d eac trudng tiiu hgc, dac biet la can ed su ddng thuan, hd hg ciia phu huynh va eong ddng.
Khuyin khich cac nha dau tu trong va ngoai nude md ca sd gido due STEM ehat lugng cao;
hgp tae ddo tao, tap huan cho gido vien nhdm nang cao nhan thuc vd ky nang day hge tich hgp, day hge STEM.
TAP CHi KHOA HQC QUAN LY GIAO DUC SO 01(25), THANG 3 - 2020 7. KET LUAN
Mo hmh gido due STEM cd nhieu diem manh, do Id: gido due STEM khdng chi phat trien eae ky nang dac thii thugc STEM md edn phdt triln ede ky nang ciia ngudi edng dan tbi ky XXI va gdp phdn hudng nghiep cho hpc smb.
Chiing ta ein khai thdc nhirng dilm manh eiia gido due STEM trong day hgc d nhd trudng, ngay tir cip tieu hgc, trong dd ed tinh din trinh do va nang lue ciia dpi ngu cdn bd qudn ly; nang lyc giao vien; ca sd vat chdt nha trudng; dieu ki8n kinh te - xa bdi eiia dja phuang, sy ddng thuan ciia phu huynh,... Gido due STEM la phuong thiic giao dye tieh hgp theo each tiip can lien mdn, thdng qua thuc hanh, iing dung. Qua do, hpe sinh vfta hgc kiln thuc khoa hgc, vfta hge duge cdch van dyng kien thu-c dd vao thyc tien. Dieu nay phii hgp vdi quan diem day hge tieh hgp trong chuong trinh gido due phd thdng mdi, dd la: "Day hge tich hpp Id dinh hudng day hgc giup hpe sinh phat trien kha nang huy dpng tdng hop kiln thuc, 1^ nang,,.. thupc nbilu ITnh
vyc khde nhau de gidi quy8t cd hieu qua cdc vin de trong hgc tap vd trong cudc sdng, dugc thyc hien ngay trong qua trinh ITnh hdi tri thiic va ren luyen ky nang" (Bg Giao dye vd Ddo tao, 2018, tr.36). Gido dye STEM dl eao phong cdeh hge tap mdi eho ngudi hge, dd Id phong cdch hge tap sang tao. Dat ngudi hgc vao vai trd eua mgt nhd phdt minh, ngudi hge se phai hieu thyc chat eiia cac kien thiie dugc trang bi; biet md rdng ki8n thirc; biet edeb siia chfta, eai ti8n chiing cho phii hgp vdi tirih hudng cd vdn de md ngudi hpe dang phdi gidi quyet. Giao dye STEM khdng phdi Id tit ca, khdng phai la "chia khda v^n nang" ma thdng qua mo hinh giao dye nay nham thiic day manh me ban viec ddi mdi phuong phap day hgc, doi mdi kilm tra, ddnh gid, tang cudng hoEit dgng trai nghiera d cap tieu hpc vd boat ddng trai nghiem, hudng nghiep d cap tnmg hge ca sd, trung hgc phd thdng budng din phat triln phdm chat va nang lye hoc sinh, dap irng y8u ciu chuong trinh giao dye phd thdng mdi.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Dang Tu An (2018), Hiiu dung vi dgy hoc STEM, https://giaoduethoidai.vn/giao-due/hieu-dung- ve-day-hoc-stem-3966184-b.htail, truy cap 28/11/2018.
2. BO Gido due va Dao tao (2018), Chuang trinh gido due pho thdng, chuong trinh tdng thi, Hd Ndi.
3. Chinh phii (2017), Chi thi sd 16/CT-TTg ngdy 04/05/2017 vi viic tdng cu&ng ndng luc tiip can cupe cdch mang cong nghiip lan thu 4.
4. Nguyin Thanh Hai (2019), Gido due STEM/STEAM tic trdi nghiem thuc hdnh din tu duy sdng tgo, Nxb. Tre.
5. Nguyin Thanh Nga (Chii bien, 2017), Thiit ki vd td chuc chit di STEM cho hoc sinh trung hoc ca s& vd trung hgc phd thdng, Nxb. Dai hpc Su pham Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
6. Nguyin Sy Nam, Dao Nggc Chinh, Phan Thj Bich Lgi (2018), Mot s6 vdn di gido due STEM trong nhd tru&ng pho thdng ddp ung chuang trinh gido due pho thdng m&i. Tap ehi giao due.
7. Tsupros, N., R. Kohler, and J. Hallinen (2009), STEM education: A project to identify the missing components, in Intermediate Unit 1: Center for STEM Education and Leonard Gelfand Center for Service Learning and Outreach. Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania.
8. Sanders, M. (2009), STEM, STEM Education, STEMmania, Technology Teacher.