Tiep nhan van luan phwoMg Tay cua Luong Khai Sieu
Biii Thi Thien Thai'
Tom tat: Bai viet phan tfch viec tiep nhan van Iuan phutmg Tay ciia Luong Khai Sieu trong lich Sli Trung (Juoc giai doan culi thl ky XK - diu the ky XX. Theo tac gia, Luong Khai Sieu la nhS tu tudng, nha hoat dpng chfnh ui co tam anh hudng manh me, Iau dai trong Ijch sii Trung Quic.
Ong CO cong lao Idn trong viec djch Ihuat, va la ngudi de xudng cdch mang thi gidi, each mang lilu Ihuyel gidi, each mang van gidi.
Tir khoa; Lucmg Khai Sieu; Trung Qudc; phuong Tay; van luan.
Abstract: The auihor analyses the absorption of Western literary theory by Liang Qichao in the period from late 19" century to early 20" century. Liang is a thinker and political activist wilh durable and strong influence in China's hisiory. He made major conlribulions with translation of works and by appealing for revolutions in Ihe realms of poetry, novels, and literature in general.
Keywords: Liang Qichao; China; ihe West; literary theory.
1. IVld dau
Luong Khai Sieu tu Trie Nhu, hifu Nhipm Cong, but hipu Am Bang Tii, Am Bang That chii nhan {Am Bdng y ndi idng ong ndng nay duy tan lim, phai udng bang cho nd ngupi bdt di, y nay lay trong Nhdn gian the cfia Trang Tit). Ong li ngudi di diu Irong vipc md mang phong khf, each tan van hod cho Trung Qudc.
Nam 1890, Luong Khai Sieu hgc tai Van Mpc thap dudng, bit diu tilp nhan hpc thuyet tu ludng cua Khang Hilu Vi. Trcng giai doan nay, ong chii yiu tilp nhan ldi hpc truyin thdng (Kinh hgc).
Trong Ihdi ky phong trao Duy Tan, Luong Khai Sieu boat dpng tfch cue, dng timg 14 chu but Van quic cong hdo (sau ddi thanh Trung ngoai ky van ciia Bic Kinh;
Thai vif bdo ciia Thupng Hai); sau lai tham
78
gia vao bien phap Duy Tan mpt tram ngjiy.
Ong la trg thii dac Iuc ciia Khang Hilu Vi (Khang Hilu Vi sinh 1858, mit nSm 1927, la nhan val thuc day s\r tiln bp trong Ijch sir Trung Qudc, trung kien trong cupc van dpng biln phjp cudi trieu Man Thanh).
Sau biln phap Duy Tan, Luang Khai Sicu trdn sang Nhat Bta. Trong thdi ky nSy, ong sdng lap ra Thanh Nghi bio (1899), Tan Dan tting bdo (1902), ddng thdi gidi thipu hang loat hpc thuylt chfnh trj xa hpi phupng Tay. Day ciing la thgi ky mi ten tupi dng trd nen ndi tieng va cd anh hudng ldn din cac trao ltm tu tudng ciia Trung Quoc.
Nam 1912, sau 13 nam luu vpng d Nhat Ban, ong trd lai Trung Qudc, dam nhiem eie chiic vy nhu Tdng trudng Tu phdp, Tdng Tien Sl, Vipn HSn lam Khoa hpc xa hpi Viji Nam.
BT: 0922534019. Email: [email protected]
Bui Thi Thien Thai trudng Tai chfnh cua Chfnh phii Bic Duong
- chinh phu cua Vien Thl Khia vii Dota Ky Thuy. Nhung thdi ky tham chfnh cua ong khong dugc xuit sic nhu trong vai ttd ciia mpt nha tuyen truyin, mpt nha chinh Iuan, mpt nha vto; tham chf co the coi la thdi ky am dam nhat trong cugc ddi ong.
Nam 1919, sau khi di cac nudc Chau Au, ong quay trd vl Vien nghien ciiu Thanh Hoa va lam viec tai day cho den cudi ddi, trd thanh rapt trong bdn bac thiy qudc hpc cua Thanh Hoa khi dd.
Lucmg Khai Sieu Ihupc vl mpt thdi ky ljch sir quan trpng trong tiln tnnh phat triln cua van hpc Trung Qudc. Trong bdi ctah thdi dai cudi thl ky XDC diu thl ky XX, lu ludng van hpc ciia Luong Khai Sieu da phta anh mpt each diy dii sif va dap ciia tu tudng van hgc, tu tudng van hda cd - kim, ddng - lay. Viec lilp nhan van luan phuong Tay ciia Luong Khai Sieu xet tren mpt y nghfa nao dd cung chinh la bilu hien ciia qua tnnh timg budc hicn dai hda trong tu tudng van hpc can dai Trung Qudc.
2. Tiep nhan van luan phuong Tay gua dich thuat
Viec dich thuat la mdl lieu chf quan ttpng the hien su thay ddi ciia van hda Trang Qudc. Trong chuong md dau (cd lieu dc Van hoc iirong ttai Trung Qudc ra the gioi) cua chuyen luan Hien lumig vdn hoc thai ky mdi, nha nghien cuu Truong Nhin cd viet: "Nhiing tah hudng cua viec tilp nhiin van hpc va van hda ngoai lai d Trung Qudc da di tbeo con dudng hinh cha chi.
Cac ddi Han, Dudng luc ihinh timg chii dpng du nhap van hda Phat giao ciia An Do
va vta hpc cac nudc, lam phong phu kho ttag van hda vta hpc dta tdc. Song cting vdi su suy bai ciia dl qudc phong kien, mpt IhW gian dai thi htah chfnh sach be quan tda ctag, den thdi cta dai, Tning Qudc van khdng chli ddng md cua, phai den khi nim ddn na phao cua cac cudng qudc phuong Tay, canh cdng Idn radi chju md" [2].
Vdi Luong Khai Sieu, phien djch trong giai doan ljch sir dac biet nay trd thanh cdng viec lien quyit dl trau ddi td chit qudc dan. Nd md ra tim mil mdi, gia tang hieu biet ve thl gidi va lit dd mupn sire manh lit ben ngoai dl "cdng pha thtah tri phong be" ciia van hoa Iruyln thdng Trang Hoa. Trong giai doan lit 1895 din 1919, Trang Qudc phien djch khoang 2.546 tie pham trong khi trudc dd, sd lugng tac phim phien dich la ril ft, lai la ciia eie giao si phuong Tay. Day la mdt su khac biel cue Idn. day nhanh qui tnnh hien dai hda, ddng thdi cung din dudng cho each mang van hpc, each mang tu tudng Ngii Tir sau nay.
Trong thdi ky cao trao van hpc djch nay, cdng lao cua Lupng Khai Sieu la khong hi nhd, ca trong viec keu goi ciing nhu trpng nhiing hanh dpng thuc tl.
2.1. Lirang Khdi Sieu ban vk dich thudt Thang 6 nam 1896, Hlnh bp Thj lang Ly Doan dang len Thanh dinh ban liu Xin ma rong iruang hoc. thiel lap Cue dich sdch va Toa soan bdo Theo Kmh su iai hoc dumg thank lap ky thi ban tiu nay chfnh la do Luong Khai Sicu khdi thao. Vl viec md Cue Dich sach, ban tiu vicl: "Bmh phap ndi: Biet ngudi bill la, tram trta Iram thang. Nay la giao luu vdi ngudi Tay ma khong the nta hilu hit hp, do chfnh la chd 79
Khoa hpc xa hpi Viel Nam, so 10 (107) - 2016 yeu cua ta vay. Mudn biet ngucri, viec dau tien la phai djch sach" [6, tr.97].
Ntai 1897, Luong Khai Sieu dtag bai bao dai ky "Bien phap thdng nghta" tten Thd-i vu bdo gay chta ddng gidi tri thiic duong thdi, ttong do chuong Vn Bdn ve dich sdch ii ttinh bay mpt each mdng tan tam quan trgng ciia viec phien djch, tfch cue de xudng phien djch vto hgc.
C giai doan nay, Luong Khai Sieu da chju anh hudng sau sic ttr Khang Hilu Vi - lanh tu ciia phai Duy Tan. Khi lin diu tien gap Khang Hilu Vi, Luong Khai Sieu 17 tudi, da dau cit nhan, cdn Khang Hilu Vi hon ong 15 tudi nhtmg van chi la mpt tii tai.
Sau Ian di thi sau lin thil bai qua la mgl ddn gitag tam ly khdng nhd ddi vdi mpt ccn ngudi. Nhitng thil bai tren con dudng khoa cii cung la mpt yiu Id thiic diy Khang HUu Vi ltd thanh mpt nha each mang. 6ng hpc rpng hilu nhilu, bta thta da hinh thanh tu tudng rieng, nhit la dng da limg din Thupng Hai, Hdng Kdng, nhiing noi ma ngudi Anh da kinh doanh sudt mia the ky, ong da nhin thiy ding sau ve phdn thinh cua to gidi nhit djnh phai cd mpt lu tudng va van minh. Vay nen, khi gidi chiic dja phumig van edn chim dim trong cdng cupc hoc tap phuong Tay vl vat chat, dng da bit dau nghien cuu chl dp chinb trj ciia phuong Tay. Sau nay chfnh Luong Khai Sieu da dimg hinh anh "bj dpi gap nudc lanh, bj xoi mpt gay vao diu" dl hinh dung cai cam giac Ian dau tien nghe Khang Hiru Vi ban Iuan va sau dd, Luong Khai Sieu doan luy?t con dudng khoa cii, bSt diu thep Khang Hihi Vi, lam nen mpt cap thiy ttd'"tu tai day cir nhan" hilm Ihiy trong lich sir. U hpc ttd va trg ftu die luc ciia Khang Hilu Vi, Luong Khai Sieu ciing chju anh hudng
tir chli ttuomg cua thiy: hpc tap phuong TSy, cpi ttpng va d l xudng sir nghiep phien dich thong qua he thdng bSo chf do cSc ong va nhimg nhta si duy tto ddng chi hudng stog lap (Thanh Nghi bdo, Tdn ddn tUng bdo, Trung ngoiii ky vdn, Thm vu bdo...).
Luang Khai Sieu bit dau djch thuat va keu gpi djch thuat sdm hon ca Nghiem Phuc, song nhimg anh hutjng ciia cac bai dich ban diu nay chua the stah dugc vdi tim tah hudng ciia Nghiem Phuc,
Nam 1898, sau khi lira vong Nhat Bta, dng true tiep tham du viec phien dich ddng thdi vilt Tua cho tilu Ihuyll chfnh tti Giai nhdn ky ngo (sau ddi thanh Bdi lira cho viec dich vd in lieu Ihuyil chinh tri). Bai Tifa tiiy ciia dng da iam diy len mgt phong trao phien djch, tham chf cd hpc gia cho ring, bai Tifa cua ong cp thl sanh ngang vdi bta djch Thien dien ludn ciia Nghiem Phuc, ca hai deu ximg dang la nhung tac phim kinh diln trong ljch su phien djch cua Trang Qudc.
Quta dilm ciia dng ttong bai Ttfa nay dupc ttinh bay rat ro rang: "Nhimg bac ttf gia d cac nudc Tay Au luta ban chfnh trj, cai cich xahpi, kinh nghipm bta thta... diu giii gim qua tilu thuylt. Trong khi Trang Qudc quanh di quin lai ciing chi cd Thiiy Hu - Hdng Lau, nhiing tilu Ihuyll anh himg vi &
tinh ciing hp, bit chudc theo nhau ma khdng may sdng tao... Chfnh gidi ciia cac nudc Ml, Anh, Ddc, Phap, Ao, V, Nhat Ban tiln bp timg ngay, cdng diu thugc vl tilu thuyet chfnh trj. Vay tilp thu phuong Tay vipc diu tien la djch tilu thuyet".
Luang Khai Sieu y thiic mpt cSch sau sac vc vai trd ciia tilu ihuyll chfnh tri trong vipc nSng cao dta tri. Say cung chinh la dpng ca chli yiu khiln chp dng tfch cifc dich thual. Trong bai Ba vu khi sdc ben
Bill Thi Thien Thai trong viec truyin bd vdn minh, ong blnh
luan ve vai trd cua lieu thuylt chfnh tri trong xa hpi thdi Minh Trj nhu sau: 'Tilu thuyet da gdp phin ldn trong thtah cdng cua Minh Trj Duy Tta... Khai niem "tu do"
ttong cac lieu thuyll phuong Tay khi duoc djch Stag lilng Nhat da md diu phong trao Tu do dta quyin vao diu thap nien 1880...
Mpt khi djch thuat da thmh hanh, viec tnrdc tac cac tilu thuylt chfnh trj se din din bit dau. Nhiing nha van vilt tilu thuyet chfnh trj nhu Tdkai Sanshi (tac gia cua Kajin no kigu - Giat nhdn ky ngo), Suehiro Tetcho (tac gia ciia Kakan'o), Yano Ryukei (tac gia cua Keikoku bidaii)... diu mdt thdi ia nhiing nha chfnh luta ldn, gui gim chfnh kien cua mlnh vao nhiing nhan val trong ttuyen, nhirng y kiln ciia hp se di vap lam nap Ciia dan chiing".
Trong thdi gian d Nhat Ban, tap chf Tdn lieu Ihuyil ma dng chii bien cnng liy viec phien djch tilu thuylt nudc ngoai lam chi'nh, ban than dng cung dich rit nhilu.
Ong cung de xuil nhirng quan diem vl ly luan phien djch nhu true djch, djch y va quan hp giila hai phuong phap nay, hay quan diem ban djch quan trpng nhit d chd kliong dugc lam mil tinh ihin ciia nguyen gdc, phai tham khao kinh nghiem phien djch kinh Phat ciia cac lnlt nhan cd dai...
Nci den tilp nhan phuong Tay ndi chung, djch thuat ndi rieng tai Tning Qudc thdi ky nay khdng thl khdng ndi din vai trd cau ndi, ciia sd nhin ra thl gidi ciia Nhai Ban. Khdng chi phien djch lac phim cua cSc tac gia Nhat Ban, ril nhilu cong trinh phien dich, gidi thipu van hda phupng Tay ciia Luong Kliai Sieu diu dupc djeh tir ngdn ngir trang gian la tiing Nhai. Ddi vdi vice phien djch cua Luong Khai Sieu cung
nhu nhitng nhta si Trang Qudc khac d Ihdi diem dau the ky XX, muc dich chu yiu cua hp khdng phai nhim nang cao ttinh dp sang tac van hpc ciia Trang Qudc, ma nhim du nhap linh thin each mang, y thirc dta chii, chu iruong tu do trong vto hpc va vta hda phuong Tay, cai iao linh thin qudc dan va xa hot Trang Qudc, ciiu vdt sd phta ciia dit nudc, khiln cho Trang Qudc tit yiu thanh manh. Tuy nhien, vdi tu each la mpt nha chfnh In, mdt hpc gia cd siic hip dan ca nhan kha dac biel, nhiing tuyen trayin cua Luong Khai Sieu da iing hp va thuc diy manh mc hoat ddng dich ihuat cua Trang Qudc liic bay gid.
2.2. Cdc Idcplurm dich ciia Lircmg Klidi Sieu Hoat dpng phien dich ciia Luang Khai Sieu trudc hel la nhim phuc vu cho eong cupc cai luong van hpc, la mpt phin ciia cdng cupc cai luong loan dien cua phai Duy Tan. De chuan bj cho cdng cupc biln phap, thang 7 nam 1896 tai Bic Kinh, Khang Hihi Vi cho ra bao Trung ngoai ky vdn (Van chuong chep viec Tmng Qudc va nudc ngoai), giao cho Luong Khai Sieu lara chii but. Tren Trung ngoai ky vdn Luong Khai Sieu da djch nhiing bai gidi thieu vl chfnh trj, kinh te, van hda tu tudng phuong Tay Ong cung tfch cue dich sach d Dai Ddng djch thu cue, dae biet dng con bien soan bang Tdy hoc Ihu muc biiu, liel ke ra 300 dau sach da dugc phien djeh lir lilng Au My ra lieng Trang Qudc trong hon 20 nam, trpng dd cdng lac thu muc hpc va each phan loai da cho ihay diu in sau sic ttong viec tiep thu phuang phap ciia phuong Tay Cd the Ihay, Luang Khai Sieu y ihue dugc vai trd cua dich thual va tin ludng rapl each sau sac vao nhiing gia in raa khoa hpc va van hda phupng Tay mang lai. Ong cho ring.
Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 10 (107) - 2016 phuong Tay scr di co the thoat ichoi dem trucmg trung co de hien dai hda, xet den ciing chfnh la nha khoa hoc.
Sau Mau Tuat chinh bien (1898), Luong Khai Sieu luu vong sang Nhat Ban va lap ra tuan bao Thanh Nghi xuat ban a Yokohama.
Ong danh gia rat cao tac dung cua sach bao duy tan Nhat Ban: "Nguoi nuac ta cd chf vk tan hgc thi nen hpc van Nhat Ban, Nhat Ban tir 30 nam duy tan tro lai day da rpng tim tri thlic khap the gioi, Iam sach hmi dung khong duoi vai ngan loai (..,). Nay toi cu moi ngay gap nit dich ra de hien cho d6ng bSo ta" [3, tr.84]. Mot co hpi tinh ccr da dua . Luang Khai Sieu den viec phien dich tiSu thuyet Giai nhdn ky ngo. 6 tieu thuy6t nay,
"loi van trong ban dich lim khi cbn trpi han ca nguyen tdc". "Hau hk cSc nghien cuu deu thong nhat rang, ly do khiSn Luong Khai Sieu dich Giai nhdn ky ngg la (1) ong tin tieu Ihuyet chfnh tri la cong cy hiJU fch nhit cho vi?c kliai sang dan trf; (2) Luang Khai Sieu tim thiy nhirng chia se tir Tokai Sanshi ve npi dung cai cdch chfnh tri; (3) dich gia vi tac gia gap go nhau, ft nhSt )a o mia dau tdc phim, ve m6i de dpa tir chu nghTa dk quoc phuong Tay doi voi cac dan toc nhugc ti^u" [4].
Cd the Ihay, tir cac nha khai sdng Van Thanh nhu Lam Tac Tir, Nguy Nguyen, viec phien dich da duac coi trong nham hoc tap phuong Tay. Den Khang Hiru Vi, Luong Khai Sieu, y thiic dd cang dugc nang len. Vi den Giai nhdn tv ngo ciing Bdi tua cho vi$c dich in ueu thuyit chinh tn thi loi keu gpi da bien thanh hanh dgng thyc ti.
Dau nam 1902, Luong Khai Sieu ti§p lyc cho dang dai ky tren Tdn ddn timg bdo Iruyen dich Muai ldm chdng hdo kiel nho luoi ciia Jules Verne [Deux ans de
vacances - Ky nghi 2 ndm) do ong vk La Pho la dong dich gia. Ly giai nguyen nhSn lira chgn "ti6u thuyat mao hilm" c6n khd xa la vdi Trung Quoc thai biy gio nay, Lucmg Khai Sieu viet: "Dan tgc Chau Au, so dl manh hon Trung Quoc, nguyen nhan chi cd mpt, do la giau tinh than tien thii mao hi6m, do chfnh 1^ cho trgng yeu nhat cua hg". Neu nhu Giai nhdn ky ngg la ban dich van ngdn thi den day, van bach thoai de hi€u da ket hgp vai tha chuang h6i mgt each khd nhuin nhuyen, va tu thii nghiem ciia Luong Khai Sieu, hang loat tic phim dich bach thoai da lan lugt ra doi.
Ngoai tieu thuyet, Lucmg Khai Sieu cung la nguoi dau tien gidi thieu tho Byron (George Gordon Noel Byron, 1788 - 1824) vao Trung Quoc. Ong ca nggi Byron 1^ bac
"dai hjlo kiet", dong thoi dich cdc tdc phim noi tieng ciia Byron: The Giaour, Don Juan.
Sau ong, mdi cd them cac ban dich ciia Ma QuSn Vu, Td Man Thu va Ho Thfch... [8].
2.3. Vai tro cua Lucmg Khdi Siiu trong viec to chuc dich thudt
Tap chl Tdn tieu thuyei ra do'i thdng 11 nam 1902 tai Nhat Ban thirc sv 1^ mgt budc ngoat ciia bao chf van hgc, dua bao chi vdn hgc trd thanh mgt thii thdi thugng, dong Ihdi ciing danh dau budc phat trien dgc lap ciia bao chf van hgc. Day cung Id tran dja de Luong Khai Sieu thuc hi?n cdng cugc cai lucmg van hpc ciia dng.
Tdn tieu thuyet la td tap chf vdn hgc dang tai ddng ihdi cdc lac phim sdng tdc vd phien djch. Trudc dd, van nhan Trung Qudc da bat dau phien djch tilu thuyet nudc ngodi, nhung hd hdo vd td chuc phien dich mgt cdch cd y thiic, cd h? thdng thi phai chd den Tdn tieu thuyet. Chu truong cua tap 82
Bill Thi Thien Thai chl la mudn thong qua nhimg tac phim
dugc dang tai dl khai day lu mdng each mang d qudc dan. Tir anh hudng ciia nhiing tac pham djch, van nhan Trung Qudc ciing CO the nhan ra mpt thl gidi van chuang rpng ldn va diy ldi cudn d ben ngoai, mang lai chp hp nhimg nguon dudng chit mdi.
Hang loat lieu thuylt djch da dugc dang tai tren Tdn lieu thuyit ma Luong Khai Sieu la ngudi td Chile. Day cung chinh la ddng gpp lo Idn cua dng ddi vdi Ijch sir phien djch van hpc can dai Trung Quoc.
3. Nha each mang cua phong trap van hoc can dai
Tu tudng chli dap ciia Luong Khai Sieu Ii hung dan cuu qude, trong dd Irudc hit va quan trpng nhat la phai trau ddi td chit qudc dan, bdi theo dng: "Dan khi phan tan ma khdng bill doan tu, long dan dpc dja ma khpng biet hpp quin, chi trach ngudi ma khdng ttach minh, chi chd dpi hy vpng d ngudi ma khdng bill hy vong d minh"; va
"Trung Qudc bdn tram tripu dan deu la nhihig ke bang quan" (TTim vu bdo, lap 40).
Ong y thlic mpt each sau sic vl vai trd ciia van hpc trong vipc thirc hien tu tudng hung dan Cliu qudc iy: "S^ thjnh suy ciia van hpc ti I? thuan vdi su manh yeu cua tu ludng.
Htmg dan cira qudc canh tan tinh than... thi van hpc vira la mpc di'ch, vira la cpng cu.
Tu lam mdi minh va lam mdi ngudi la trach nhipra cua van hpc" (Ban ve xu thi lan cita su bien thien trong tu twang hoc thudt Trung Quoc). Dd citng la hy vpng song trting ciia Luong Khai Sieu. Vln di muon mupn van hpc lam cdng cu, nhung nhan ra Ihii cong cu nay cang qua ca ki, loi Ihdi, va vi the, dng Iai phai hd hao ddi mdi van hoc.
Luong Khai Sieu la mpt trong nhimg ngudi di dau trong vipc chii iruong du nhap
van hda phuang Tay. Bilu nay da dupc dng Viet rn ttpng cdng trinh nghien cuu Khdi ludn hoc thudt dai Thanh (1920). Dd cOng la ly do khien dng gidi thieu hang loat cac tac pham trilt hpc cung nhu khoa hpc phuang Tay, ttong dd cd Tiin hoa ludn.
Ong cd y thirc ttong viec dua Tiin hoa lugn vao linh vuc phe binh van hpe. Ong cho rang: "Mau chdt cua tiln hda trong van hpc la tir van hpc cd ngil sang van hpc luc ngS (Idi ndi Ihudng) Su phat tnin cua hch su van hoc cac nudc khdng dau la khong di theo quy dao dd... Thdng ihudng ngudi ta van chp rang, kl tit Tdng Nguyen vl sau la thdi dai thoai hda ciia van hpc Tmng Quoc, con idi^ thl cho ring, khong hin. Tir ddi Tdng ve sau, thuc la mpt budc liln hda ldn ciia van hpc Id qudc. Vi sao lai ndi nhu vay.
Ay la vi van hpc theo Idi ndi thudng da phat trien manh vay" (Tiiu ihuyil limg Ihoiii).
Ong cang chi ro: van hpc phai liln hda.
van hpc hdra nay phai ban van hpc hdra qua Con ngudi hdra nay phai han cd nhan.
Day cung la quan diera mang tinh each mang cua png. Cung cin ndi them, gia trj quan eiia png chju anh hudng sau sic cua Tien hoa ludn, bat kl xa hpi, ljch sir, hay qudc gia, chi cd Ihl liln len chii khdng thl thui lui (dd la Iy do vi sao dng cue Iuc phan ddi vipc xung dl cua Vien Thl Khai). Quan diem nay da khien chp Luang Khai Sicu dc xudng cai Iuong va phan dpi bao thii trong van hpc - khcng phai each mang dpi biln ma la cai luong theo ldi tiera tien, biln ddi dan dan vdi cac cudc cdch mgng ihi giii, vdn giii vd lieu Ihuyel giit. Ong vilt:
"Cach raang khdng phai la lat dd, raa la thay ddi; chjnh tri, van hoa, van hpc diu can each mang, cin thay dli. Cach mang tire chi each tan, biln each" (Thich each).
Cung chinh vl quan dilm liln hda luan
83
Khoa hpc xa hpi Viel Nam, sdl0(107)-2016 ttong van hgc nhu vay raa Luang Khai Sieu phe phan quan diem phien dien cua van nhan Trung Qudc xua nay deu coi thucmg tieu thuyei va by kich. Ong nhan manh gia trj, ra sire de xudng nang cao dja vj cua tieu thuyei va by kjch.
Cd the thay, su va dap vdi cac ttao Itm van hda ben ngoai, su hda nhap ve quan niem van hpc giua Trung Qudc va phuang Tay da dan den hang Ipal nhiing biln ddi vl mat tu tudng, ly luan cung nhu thuc liln sang tac ciia van hpc. Cap cudc each mang trpng van hpc dp Luang Khai Sieu ii xuit cd the coi la thiri diem Ihen chdt cua van hpc Trung Qudc can dai.
Luong Khai Sieu la ngudi de xudng each mang thi gidi (1899): Trong Du ky Hawaii (1899), Luang Khai Sieu vill: "Neu Trung Qudc khdng thuc hien cudc cdch mang tha ca thi e rang van menh tho ca se tuypl... va llic nay chi'nh la thdi dilra chin muli chp vipc cai each". Theo ong "Tho mdi" phai chii ttpng d ba yiu td: ^ canh mdi; ngO cu radi; phong cich cu, phong each cua cd nhan. Day cung la ly luan quan trpng trong tha. Dilu dang ndi la "y canh mdi" ma Luong Khai Sieu yeu ciu tren thuc tl chinh 14 "linh than Chau Au chan ehinh". Tuy nhien, ngoai trir vice dung nap nhiing danh tir mdi cila phuang Tay ra, cdn vc van dc tinh thin phuang Tay cd npi ham cii the ra sap, quy luat hinh thirc cua tha ca phuang Tay Ihl nao, thl nhting ngudi phat dpng Cdch mang thi gtii cang khdng rd.
Thp mdi duong ihdi thuc ra la rapt kiln each tan thi ca dugc cac nhan sT Duy Tan sang tap ra nhara phdi hgp vdi vice truyin ba van hda radi, lu tudng radi cua phuong Tay. Cac dai dipn ciia nd thdi ky diu pbai ke den Hoang Tuan Hiln, Khang Hihi Vi, 84
Luong Khai Sicu, sau cd them Ha Tang Huu, KhJu Phiing Giap. Tuy nhien, Luong Khai Sieu phan ddi Tan hpc thi ciia Hj Tang Huu. Ong che tac phim cua phai Tan hpc thi qua Iam dung lir mdi khiln ngudi ta khd hilu; dng tan ihudng Tan phai thi cua Hoang Tuan Hien vdi chii truang "nga thii ta nga khau" (tay la viet Idi ta ndi) va cho rang Hoang Tuan Hiln da dua dugc Iy tudng mdi vao trong phong each cu. Ban than Luang Khai Sieu cung la ngudi lam tha mac du rat ft, bdi nhu dng tu nhan, lam tho mat cdng phu khdng kem gi hang ngan bai bap. Tho ciia ong thupc loai Ihi bdn c6 - dng tu ggi nhu vay. Cupc each mang thi gidi tuy ngan ngiii, nhung lir gee dp quan niera, nd cp anh hudng sau sic ddi vdi cupc each mang Iho mdi Ngu Tir sau nay va su nhiet thanh ciia Luang Khai Sicu tren cic mat Iran bap chi, tren cac dien dan cung nhu trong cac tac pham ciia dng da ddng mpt vai trd khdng nhd.
Luang Khai Sieu cung la nguai de xudng each mang van gidi, gin nhu ddng thdi vdi each raang thi gidi. Npi dung cua Caeh mang van gidi la: liy van thl bao chi lam chu, chli khdng phai van thl cua hpc thual, ciia van chuang; dai chiing hpa, chuyen lit nha thanh luc, khai sing cho mdng mudi, dan dudng cho ngu tdi, thiic linh dan chting; yeu ciu van mdi phai de hicu, sang ro, gay xiic cam noi ngudi dpc;
de xuat khai nipm van hpc Irayln thl (kinh hpc) va van hpc giac the (thiic tinh ding bao). Day la rapt quan dilm hoan loin mdi, tiic diing siic manh ciia Irayln thdng, ciia bap chi dl khoi day tinh thin dan tpe.
Trong Du ky Hawaii, dng viel: "Van gidi dang le phai each mang lau rdi! Nhung Ihay ddi trpng van the cua cac nudc Au, MT, Nhat Ban thudng bao gid cOng song hanh
Biii Thl Thien Thai vol van minh vay". Va dng cho ring, dilm
CO ban nhat ctia Cach mang van gidi chi'nh la d chd phai dua ni tudng Tay Au vao trong van hpc Trang Quoc nhim tap dpng ldi tu tudng qudc dan. Nam 1896, dugc su liy thac cua Hoang Tuan Hiln, dng diing ra chu bicn Id That vu bdo, trong dd dang tai hang loat nhirng sang tac theo vBn thl mdi.
Tan van thl (hay con gpi la Tan dan thl) cdng khai phan ddi cd van, phan ddi truyen lhdng van hgc ca "thay Thanh hiln lap ngdn", chli truang "Thich ling vdi thdi thl, phat ra nhiing liri mudn ndi tii trong tam kham", ddng thdi cd u'nh chinh In va tinh hien thuc manh rae.
Su hung khdi ciia van thl radi d mpt mirc dp nap dd cd lien quan true tilp vdi viec du nhap van hda phuang Tay, viec phien djeh van hpc phuang Tay; mat khac cung gin bd vdi su hung khdi cua bao chi Irong thai dai mdi. Su ra dtri va htmg vugng ctia bao chi cd mpt vai ttd quan ttgng irong viec tao ra du luan, raa mdi gidi cua du luan do lai la van xudi mdi. Luang Khai Sieu khdng chi de xudng khau hieu Cach raang van gidi, raa cdn dich than vilt rit nhilu van xudi, chi ra dac dilm ciia van thl mdi. Sang tac van xudi ciia ong da gpp phin die lire vao cdng cudc djnh hinh cho Van thl mdi. Van xuoi cua dng ve raat npi dung raang dara tinh thin yeu nude, ndi Ien nguypn vpng va llnh cam cua qudc dan, vach irin hien thuc den tdi, ca ngpi cai mdi, dong thdi cung gidi ihieu hang loat tti ludng mdi, hpc thuylt mdi cua phuong Tay.
Luong Khai Sieu la ngudi dl xudng Cach mang lilu ihuyll gidi (1902). Dudi anh hudng cua tu trap van hda phupng Tay, cupc each mang lilu ihuyll do Luang Khai Sieu phal dpng da cd nhiing tbay dli ca ban
ttong nhan thirc. Nhd nd, dja vi cua tilu thuyet dupe thay ddi, ddng thdi dipn mao ciia sang tac ttiu thuylt ciing dupc ddi mdi, lieu thuyet ttd thanh thl Ioai quan ttpng nhat ttong van hgc Trang Qudc tbl ky XX.
Tren thtic le, su coi ttpng va thay ddi vl nhan thirc ciia Luong Khai Sieu ddi vdi tilu thuyet da ddng hanh ciing vdi each tan tho van trade dd. Hai bai Iuan Bdi Tua cho viec dich vd in lieu thuyit chinh tri vi Bdn vi moi qutin he giira tiiu thuyit vd Iri ddn eua dng the hien rd nhit cho quan dilra nay, ttong dd, ueu thuyll dugc khing dinh cc vai trp quan trpng trong cdng cudc canh tan qudc gia. Cupp Cach mang ulu thuylt gdm cac npi dung sau: dua tilu thuylt len dia vi cao nhit trong van hpc; chia tilu thuylt thanh hai loai: phai la thiic va phai ly tudng (lang man); khai quat sue ehi phdi ciia ulu thuyll din nhan iam thl dao trong 4 ehU:
Huan, Tara, Thich, D I (hun due, thim nhuin, kich ihi'ch, dl khdi); keu gpi each mang tieu thuylt Trang Qudc; keu gpi phai cd ngudi chuyen mdn viet tilu thuylt, dting lieu thuyll de cai thien dan tri ddng ihdi phai cp ngudi binh luan lilu ihuyel, thong qua dd de dan dil ngudi doc, nang cao kha nang ly giai cua nguiri dpc.
Luang Khai Sieu cho ring, mudn lam mdi dan mpt nudc, trudc lien khpng thl khdng lara mdi lieu Ihuyll cua nudc dp.
Mudn lam radi dao dirc tit phai lara radi tieu thuyei, mudn lam mdi tdn giao til phai lam mdi lieu Ihuyel, muon lara mdi chinh tti tat phai lam mdi lieu thuyll, raudn lara radi phong ttic tit phai lam mdi tilu thuyll, raudn lara radi nghe thual lit phai lara mdi tieu thuyei; tham ehi raudn lara mdi long ngudi, lara radi nhan each, tit eung phai lara radi lieu thuylt Vi sao vay? Tilu
Khoa hoc xa hpi Viel Nam, so 10 (107) - 2016 thuyei CO mdt siic manh chi phdi con ngutri khdng sao ludng het dugc.
Day la mpt nhan thuc chua timg cd ttndc dd ve vai tto xa hpi cua lieu thuyet. Trade Luong Khai Sieu, cac hgc gia deu chii y den the loai nay, nhtmg chu yeu tit gdc dp linh. Con Luang Khai Sieu chu y den chinh tri va mudn dimg Ueu thuyet de khai sang, htmg dan, anh hudng den chinh trj. Dimg van hpc de tac dpng tdi chinh tri la rapt thien y cua dng khi tilp nhan phuang Tay.
Ngoai ra, Luang Khai Sieu cdn dl xuit Khiic giii cdch mang nhara hd hao sang tac kjch va nang cao vai ttd ciia kjch trong su nghiep hung dan ciiu qudc. Dudi sir cd vu va true liep sang tac eiia Luong Khai Sieu, lan diu ticn by kjch Trang Quic da dua chuypn nudc ngoai len san khiu, lin diu tien nhOng dien vien Trang Qudc mac quin io Trung Qudc dl dien chuypn Tay. Tuy nhien, sang tae kjeh eua dng vi qua chu trpng ky thac nghj luan ma nhai xung dot tinh liet, lai them nhiing xudng tir cau ky, trau chudi, ddn tu lil ca tai nang ciia tac gia... eho nen hiu nhu khdng cd tinh kich va do do, chi cd thl dpc ma khdng thl diln.
Tuy nhien, vdi linh thin each raang sin khau, rat nhilu doan kich da ra ddi, tao Ihanh nhimg cao trao sang tac, bilu dien.
Ngoai vipc neu cao eac khiu hieu each mang trong van gidi, Ihi gidi, lilu thuylt gidi, Luong Khai Sieu eon cd nhiing so sanh van hpc Trang Qudc va phuang Tay.
Trong cae bai vilt cua minh, Luang Khai Sieu cung cd y thiic chli y tilp nhan va van dung tu tudng van hpc va my hpe phuong Tay vao phan tich tac gia tac phim va cae hien lugng van hpe, hip thu va iham khao phuong phap sang tac lir trpng Iy luan van hpc phuang Tay, nhan ihirc va ly giai "lilu
Ihuyet thupc phai IJ tudng" (chii nghia lang man), "tilu thuylt thugc phai la th(ic" (chii nghta hien thuc).
Nam 1919, Luang Khai Sieu (ngudi dugc coi la "nguai true tiep khdi dgng"
phong trao NgO Tii) sau khi kit Ihljc hpi nghi Versailles (Pari) da khong vl nudc ma lua chpn d lai Chau Au. Ong da quyit tam til gia con dudng chi'nh tri dl ci5ng hiln cho Hnh vuc tu tudng. Trong biet thu ngoai 6 Paris, Luang Khai Sieu da vilt vl su thit vpng ciia dng ddi vdi van hda phuang Tay.
Ong vi nd nhu "cai bdng ldn" ma mdt ke lac dudng tren sa mac bdng nhicn nhin thay, va nd khiln cho nhiing ke au ca khoa hpc van nang ng ra siic dudi bit. Tii Chau Au ttd vl, Luong Khai Sieu cho dang bai Au du ldm dnh luc, ghi Iai cam giac cua dng trade nhiing dilu mil thiy tai nghe tai Chau Au sau chien tranh thl gidi. Ong nhan ra ring, duy khoa hpc Iuan cang dua din gilt chdc thuang dau, tdn sung khoa hpc rapt each mu quang chinh la can nguyen eiia mpi xung dot, bdi Tiln hda luan khdng Ihl la thudc trj bach bpnh, va dng dac bipt nhin manh ring, trayin lhdng trgng tinh thin cua van rainh Trang Quoc cd thl uln nin nhimg sai lam cua van minh phuang Tay.
Ngdn luan cua dng lai mpt lan nila dua din cudc dai Iuan_ chiln ma din hom nay van chua di din hoi kit. Quay ve vdi hpc thuat, Luang Khai Sieu cd vu dung phuang phap ciia phuang Tay dl chinh ly lai di san van hda cua Trang Quoc. Cac cdng trinh ciia png nhu Lich sii hoc Ihudl Trung Qudc 300 ndm nay; Phuang phap nghien ctiu lich si Trung Quoc... deu cd anh hudng lau dai ddi vdi hau the.
4. Kit Iuan
Luang Khai Sieu da ciing mpt thl hp hoc gia Trung Qudc xay dung nen mpt
Bill Thl Thien Thai
nen mdng can ban cho phong trao van hda mdi Nga Tii cung nhu ca chinh thl van hpc Trung Qudc thl ky XX sau nay.
Khong cd nin mdng iy, "sii thanh cdng cua cac tac gia Ngu Tii se rit de dang bi tudng lam chi la su di thuc cua van hoc Au M r [7, tr.31-32]. Thdi ky cua Luang Khai Sieu eung dugc gpi la mpt "thdi ky qua dp, tdng cuu nghenh tan". Trao Iuu van hpc nude ngoai dugc du nhap va anh hudng kha rpng rai khiln cho quan niera, hinh thiirc van hoc truyin thing cua Trung Qudc bj da pha phin nao. Qudc dan Trung Qudc cOng nhd dd ma md mang tam mil, dugc khai sang; phong trao cai luong van hpc cung duoc triln khai tren hiu hit cac thl loai van hpc dong thdi dat dugc nhtrng thanh tuu. Tuy nhien phai din phong trao van hda Ngu Tir mdi thuc su la khdi dilm cua van hoc thl ky XX.
Tai lieu tham khao
[1] Ngnyin Hiln Le (1997), Boi cuong vdn hoc si, Tnmg Qudc, Nxb Tre, Tp. Ha Chi Minh.
12] Tran Minh Son (i6ng Ihual) (2001). 'Tinh hinh dieh va gioi thieu vln hoc nuoc ngoai o Tmng QuSc Ihi ky 20", Tap chi Vdn hoc nu&c ngodi. sd 3 Nguyen Van Y (1972), Luong Khdi Sieu. Hoa Dang xuil ban, Sai Gtjn.
Trin Hai Yin (2011), 'Trayjn din va chuyin h6a irong van chirong Dong A alii thi ky 19 dSu ihi ky 20", Vdn hoc Viei Nam vd Nhdl Ban Irong bdi cdnh Ddns k Dai hoc Khoa hoc xa hoi vi Nhan van, Dai hoc (Judc gia H6 Chl Minh
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