TIEP TUC BAN VE Sl/ DOC LAP CUA THAM PHAN
N
gay tir thdi co Hy Lap, Arixtdt, Platon da tirng mo udc den mgt hinh mau toa an dgc lap, khong thien vi.Arixtot quan niem rang: Trong bdt ky Nhd nuac ndo eiing edn phdi ed nhimg yeu td bdt bupe: Co quan ldm ra ludt ed trdeh nhiem trdng coi viee nudc, cdc ca quan thuc thi phdp ludt vd ede tda dn, tic do dng chia hogt dpng nhd mcdc thdnh ba thdnh td: Nghi ludn, chdp hdnh vd xet xic . Trai qua qua trinh dau tranh lau dai va gian khd cho den nay, dgc lap xet xir cua toa an da trd thanh nguyen tae phap luat cua bat ky Nha nudc dan chu, van minh nao. Tuy nhien, trong thuc te van cdn tinh trang tham phan bi ehi phoi bdi cac yeu td ehii quan lan khaeh quan lam cho phan quyet cua hg bi thien lech.
Dieu do cho thay viec dam bao cho tham phan ndi rieng va toa an ndi chung dugc dgc lap xet xir chi tuan theo phap luat ludn la khat vgng va eung la ndi uu tu cua nhan loai ngan ddi nay. Chimg ta dang tien hanh Chien luge cai each tu phap trong bdi canh xay dung Nha nudc phap quyen cua dan, do dan, vi dan vdi trgng tam la cai each he thong toa an thi cd le ban ve nguyen tac tham phan dgc lap xet xir van la van de xua nhung khdng he cu.
Hien nay, cd rat nhieu cdng trinh nghien cim nguyen tac dde lap xet xir dudi cac gdc do khac nhau d mgi cap do. Nhung chu yeu la xem xet su dgc lap ciia tham phan trong moi quan he vdi eae yeu td khach quan - sir can thiep den cdng viec xet xir eiia tham phan tir ben ngoai. Dd cd the la sir tac dgng ttr cac CO quan khac nhu hanh phap, lap phap tham chi cd y kien de cap sir can thiep cua
Dinh The Hieng"
mgt so cap uy dia phuang den boat dgng xet xir ciia tham phan. Trong bai viet nay, chiing tdi tiep can van de dgc lap xet xir ciia tham phan dudi gdc do nhting yeu td chii quan tac dgng den tinh dgc lap xet xir ciia tham phan.
Tire la nhirng yeu td nam ben trong nganh toa an va trong mdi tham phan lam cho tham phan khdng dgc lap xet xir.
L Tham phan co muon doc lap khong?
Trudc het, cdng viec xet xir bao gid Cling do con ngudi - tham phan dam nhiem va that vien tudng khi ngudi ta lap trinh boat dgng xet xir va giao cho may mdc dam nhiem. Nhting nam 70 ciia the ky trudc, Giao su X.X A-lech-xay-ep da ban den van de "Quan tod dien tic" khi dng dat cau hdi:
Phdi chdng cd the thay the vi quan tod bdng nhung mdy tinh hien dgi cd khd ndng ndm bdt dugc cdi tinh te cua phdp ludt vd ngay tic ddu da cung cdp nhiing quyet dinh theo yeu cdu ciia chiing ta?"\ Sau khi lap luan mdt each chac chan rang: Sir vd tu, tinh logic, do chinh xae, tinh dgc lap eiia cac quyet dinh ludn le thugc vao cac tinh each ca nhan tham phan vdi tinh tinh dng ta; neu ngdi ghe bi cao thi bat eii ai eiing mudn vi quan toa thay cho ngudi may quyet dinh sd phan cua hg, Giao su A - lech - xay - ep ket luan: Quan he giiia con ngudi vdi nhau phai dugc con ngirdi hieu chir khdng phai do may mdc phan xet. Cac tham phan trong nhiing tinh hudng phiic tap ciia mdi quan he giiia con ngudi vdi nhau, hg cd the hieu dugc cai ma khdng may tinh nao hieu duge^. Van de quan toa dien tir chi la vien tudng va trai vdi dao ly eiia chimg ta.
ThS. Luat hgc, Vien Nha nudc va Phap luat.
'Xem http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam quy%
E1 %BB%81 n_ph%C3%A2n_l%E 1 %B A%ADp
' X.X. A-lech-xay-ep, Phap luat trong cudc sdng cua chiing ta, ban djch ciia Ddng Anh Quang, hieu dinh Nguyen Dinh Lgc, Nxb. Phap ly, 1986, tr.221.
' X.X. A-lech-xay-ep. sdd, tr. 223.
Thirri phan dii khi ngoi tren cdng dudng xet xir trudc het va mai mai la mgt con ngudi, ndi nhu Mac la mdt thuc the tu nhien va xa hgi, la tap hgp ciia tat ca cac dac tinh tam, sinh ly va dac tinh dao dire xa hgi. Hg hoan toan cd the mac sai lam, ddi khi dao dgng va de sa nga.
Lam sao han che dugc nhting tieu cue cua tham phan vdi tu each con ngudi binh thudng ay vdi mgt tham phan - ngudi dai dien cua cdng ly mdi la ca mgt van de. Xem xet mgt sd trudng hgp rat it tham phan thdi gian qua bi ky luat vi cd tieu cue trong edng tac cho thay: Nhiing ke "chay an" khdng he de dga, khdng he cudng birc... nhtrng tham phan nay'*. Ndi each khac la cae tham phan hoan toan dugc dgc lap xet trong mdi quan he vdi ben ngoai. The nhung, cdng ly ddi khi van cd the mua dugc bang tien ngay tai toa an ma dau xdt thay ngudi ban lai chinh la cac quan tda. Trudng hgp nay khdng nen do ldi eho phap luat, cho co ehe khdng dam bao cho tham phan dugc dgc lap. Cac tham phan nay da khdng dgc lap dugc vdi chinh minh.
De nguyen tac xet xir dgc lap va chi tuan theo phap luat khdng chi la nhiing eon ehii cam lang trong hien phap va trong cac bg luat cd le can nhieu thir. Song trudc het cd le can phai xem tham phan cd mudn dgc lap xet xir hay khdng? Dieu nay ed ve nhu vd ly nhung thuc te cho thay khi mdt ai dd mudn ne tranh trach nhiem ca nhan, do ldi cho tap the thi hg khdng mudn dgc lap. Mat khac, khi luat phap rd rang, trach nhiem ca nhan khdng duge de cao, khi xay ra hau qua xau van cd co hdi de do ldi cho ai dd thi rd rang day la mdi trudng tdt cho nhiing tieu cue phat sinh. Nhiing tham phan nang lire ylu, tu each dao dire kem thi khdng mudn dgc lap.
Xem Bao cao Tdng ket cdng tac nam 2009 ciia Toa an nhan dan Tdi cao: Nam 2009, cd 44 ngudi la thSm phan hoac lanh dao tda an nhan dan dja phuong bi ky luat. Nguyen nhan chinh ciia viec bj ky luat nay la do vi pham pham chat dao dire, nhan tien ciia duang su, lam trai nguyen tac quan ly tai chinh, lam dung tin nhiem chiem doat tai san, cd sai sdt trong xet xir.
Dam bao cho thim phan dde lap xet xir ngoai y nghia nang cao chat lugng xet xir cdn cd y nghia xae dinh ldi va truy ciiu trach nhiem ca nhan.
Ben canh dd, cin phai xem tham phan cd dil trinh do va ban lmh dl thuc thi quyen dge lap xet xir ma phap luat va xa hdi trao cho minh hay khdng? Tiic la khdng chi
"mudn", "ed khd ndng" ma cdn "ddm" dgc lap xet xir hay khdng? Dgc lap xet xir, chi tuan theo phap luat - tudng nhu don gian nhung cd dirng trudc nhtrng van de nhu cd tdi hay khdng cd tdi, chung than hay tir hinh... mdi thay trinh do va ban lmh ciia tham phan can den nhu the nao? Hgc hanh khdng den noi den chdn, khdng cd diing khf de bao ve chan ly, sg trach nhiem, ba phai, dT hoa vi quy... la nhiing yeu td chu quan chi phdi khdng nhd den tinh dgc lap xet xir ciia tham phan ban bat ki cac yeu td khach quan nao. Khdng phai ngau nhien ma phap luat nhieu nudc ddi hdi tham phan dgc lap xet xir khdng chi tuan theo phap luat ma cdn phai xet xir theo dung luong tam ciia minh.
Nhan day xin dugc ban den van de thinh thi an va duyet an da tirng dien ra trudc day trong nganh toa an ma nhieu ngudi chi trich va cho rang nd vi pham nghiem trgng nguyen tac dgc lap xet xir. Tuy nhien, chiing tdi lai cd each nhin khac tich cue han ve van de duyet an (cdn ggi la bao cao an) va thinh thi an. Viee trao ddi chuyen mdn nghiep vu giiia tham phan va Chanh an va giiia cac tham phan vdi nhau, tham chf vdi toa an cap tren di chang nira la cdng viec can khuyen khieh bdi quy luat ciia nhan thiic la eg xat nhilu y kiln mdi thay dugc chan ly. Bao cao an, thinh thi an cting la mdt trong nhiing hinh thirc trao ddi nghiep vu, cd cam di chang ntia thi tren thuc te nd vin diln ra nlu mgt khi tham phan mudn biet y kiln cua thim phan khac hay y kiln ciia toa an cap tren vl mgt vu an eu the. Bdi vi luat cua chiing ta khdng he cam nhting ngudi cd lgi ich, quan he gia dinh vdi nhau khdng dugc lam ciing mgt toa an. Vi du: khdng cim bo
TIEP TUC BAN VE SU.
lam Chanh an toa an cap tinh, con lam tham phan toa an cap huyen hoac ngugc lai. Neu cam duyet an hay thinh thi an hg se khdng xin y kien ngudi khac bing mgt cugc hgp duyet an hay bang mdt cdng van thinh thi nhu da timg lam ma se xin y kien bang hinh thirc khac "phi chinh thiec" nhu ggi dien thoai hay gap gd true tilp... rat khd kiem soat. Duyet an, thinh thi an se khdng vi pham nguyen tac dgc lap xet xir neu chiing ta eoi dd la van de trao ddi nghiep vu, hudng dan ap dung thdng nhat phap luat ciia toa an cap tren ddi vdi toa an cap dudi chir khdng phai la su chi dao va de cao trach nhiem ca nhan ciia tham phan neu xay ra oan sai. Cd nghTa la tham phan hdi y kien ai dd la dieu khdng the cam nhung khi xay ra oan sai thi tham phan khdng the dd ldi cho viec phai lam theo y kien chi dao ciia ngudi nay, ngudi khac ma phai chiu trach nhiem ca nhan bdi phap luat trao quyen dgc lap xet xir cho hg nhung hg khdng thue hien quyen dd.
2. Ban ve Chanh an
Nhu tren da ndi eho dii de cao tinh dgc lap cua tda an va tham phan nhung day la boat ddng ciia con ngudi, ban the niia la boat dgng eiia nhiing ngudi nhan danh Nha nudc nen nd van can phai dugc quan ly. C) Viet Nam, boat ddng quan ly tda an cac cap cho thay khdng it nhting truan chuyen. Ban dau do Tda an nhan dan tdi cao dam nhiem sau do la Bd Tu phap, hien nay lai chuyin vl cho Tda an nhan dan tdi cao theo quan diem
"ngudi ndo gidi chuyen mdn thi ngudi do ldm qudn ly". Dieu nay ehua chac diing vi ddi vdi ITnh vuc quan ly td chirc, cac toa an ludn lay sir dgc lap lam tien dl. Vl md hinh quan ly cac toa an, cd nude giao cho Toa an tdi cao quan ly, cd nudc giao cho Bd Tu phap quan ly. Tuy nhien, each thirc quan ly eac toa an dia phuang ciia cac Toa an tdi cao khdng gidng nhu chiing ta dang lam tiic la cho dil toa an quan ly nhung ed co ehl dam bao cho sir dde lap ciia toa an eip tren vdi toa an cap dudi, giiia Chanh an vdi thim phan. Vi du, d Canada cd mgt dao luat ve co
quan quan ly hanh chinh cac toa an. Theo dd, CO quan nay se chiu trach nhiem cung cap dieh vu hanh chinh cho toa an cac cap.
O Trung Qudc, Toa an nhan dan tdi cao Cling quan ly toa an dia phuang ve mat td chirc, nhung hg ciing dang cd y tudng thuc hien che do quan ly tach rdi cdng tac hanh chfnh tu phap vdi nghiep vu xet xir ben trong cua toa an nhan dan^. Nhu vay, viec giao cho CO quan nao quan ly tda an thi muc dich eiia nd nham khdng chi quan ly tdt ma phai tuan thu nguyen tac tda an dgc lap.
Theo phap luat nudc ta hien hanh, trong nganh toa an cd thuc te la Chanh an cac toa an vira thue hien chiic nang quan ly hanh chfnh vira thuc hien chirc nang td tung. Ve mat hanh chfnh, Chanh an la ngudi lanh dao mdt toa an nao do. Ong ta cd nghTa vu td chirc viec xet xir, ddn dde, kiem tra tien do giai quyet an eua toa minh, xir ly ky luat tham phan khi hg vi pham ky luat va phap luat... Ve mat td tung, Chanh an lai la ngudi tien hanh td tung. Hon niia, xet dudi gdc do quan ly, nhiem vu eua Chanh an la lanh dao nhung lai la lanh dao nhting con ngudi dugc quyen dgc lap xet xir. Day cd le.la cai khd Cling la eai dac thii ciia chiic vu lanh dao trong nganh toa an so vdi lanh dao cac nganh khac. Cd ngudi tirng manh dan de xuat rang mudn tham phan dde lap thi phai ha thap vai trd eua Chanh an toa an bdi khi de cao vai trd nay cd nghTa la tao dieu kien cho viec chi phdi boat dgng xet xir . Chung tdi ddng quan diem vdi y kien nay ddng thdi binh luan them: Van de tham phan dde lap hay khdng dgc lap so vdi Chanh an khdng chi nam d chd vai trd ciia Chanh an ldn hay nhd ma nam d gidi ban cu the giira chirc nang quan ly va chiic nang td tung cua Chanh an. Ve td tung thi Chanh an khdng
Nguyen Hai Ninh, Cai each tu phap d Canada, Trung Qudc va Nhat Ban, Tap chi Nha nudc va Phap luat, sd ], nam 2008.
Ngd Huy Cuong, Td chirc tu phap hudng tdi nha nudc phap quyen: Mdt sd van de ca ban, Tap chi Nha nudc va Phap luat, sd 7, nam 2003, tr. 11.
the ean thiep vao cdng viec xet xir ciia tham phan. Nhung ve mat quan ly thi Chanh an phai biet dugc tinh hinh xet xir ciia toa an minh nhu the nao, chat lugng ra sao... Ndi tdm lai la Chanh an khdng the vi ly do tham phan dgc lap xet xir ma budng long quan ly, hdi din viec gi ciia co quan minh ciing khdng nam dugc va cang khdng nen nang cao hieu qua quan ly bang each biet mgi thir va can thiep qua miic can thiet vao cdng tac xet xir eiia tham phan. Hien nay theo quy dinh tai Dieu 38 Bd luat Td tung Hinh sir, Chanh an toa an cd quyen: Td chiec edng tdc xet xit eita tod dn, quyet dinh phdn cdng Phd
Chdnh dn tda dn, thdm phdn, hpi thdm gidi quyet, xet xic vu dn hinh su; quyet dinh phdn cdng thu ky tda dn tien hdnh td tung ddi vdi vu dn hinh su. Dieu 40 Bg luat Td tung Dan sir ciing cd quy dinh tuong tu. Nhu vay, tham phan nao se xir vu an nao la do Chanh an quyet dinh. Vdi quy dinh nhu vay, hoan toan cd the dat ra giai thiet vi ddng co khdng trong sang ma Chanh an chi chgn nhtrng tham phan "hgp" vdi minh xir nhiing vu an
"hgp " vdi Chanh an. O Dire, quy trinh phan cdng xet xir theo thir tu lan lugt va quay vdng khdng he cd sir can thiep cua Chanh an lam cho mgi tham phan deu cd ca hdi xet xir ngang nhau. Cd le day la each thirc td chire xet xir can duge nghien cim ap dung de dam bao sir dge lap ciia Chanh an va tham phan.
3. Keo dai nhiem ky tham phan - da den liic?
Khi cdn su le thudc vao ai dd hoac cdn sir sg hai thi tham phan se khdng the dgc lap dugc. Neu dat cau hdi tham dd cho cac tham phan Viet Nam hien nay, rang hg sg gi nhat thi cd le cau tra ldi se la: Sg khdng dugc lam tham phan niia. Bdi vi dugc bd nhiem tham phan toa an, nhat la tham phan Toa an nhan dan tdi cao la ea qua trinh phan dau lau dai va gian khd. Chfnh vi vay, sir dgc lap cua tham phan phai gan lien vdi su dn dinli ve vi trf lam viec. Vdi logic nay thi d Viet Nam, viec bd nhiem tham phan theo nhiem ky, nhiem ky qua ngan (5 nam) nhu hien nay rd rang anh
hudng din tfnh dde lap xet xir ciia toa an.
Viec quy dinh ehl do bo nhiem thim phan theo nhiem ky ngin nhu hien nay tat nhien cd ly do ciia nd. Dd la viec ngudi ta danh ddng boat dgng xet xir ciia thim phan vdi hoat ddng ciia nhting chirc danh biu cir trong bd may hanh phap va lap phap ma chua chi ra dac thil ciia boat ddng xet xir. Tham phan khdng phai la mdt chirc vu ma la mdt nghe nghiep lay sir dgc lap lam tien de thay cho phuc tting tren dudi. Ben canh dd, cdn cd ly do dac thil ciia Viet Nam dd chfnh la chat lugng ddi ngu tham phan ciia chiing ta. Cd thdi gian dai, ddi ngii tham phan Viet Nam khdng dugc dao tao bai ban. Viee tuyen dung, bd nhiem tham phan nham giai quyet sir thieu hut ve lire lugng mdt each rat tinh the. Hg la nhiing can bd chuyen nganh, bg ddi xuat ngu... chuyen sang lam can bd toa an va hoan chinh kien thirc co ban ve luat bang cac loai hinh dao tao phi chinh quy dudi nhieu hinh thirc. Khdng phai tat ca nhung rd rang ehat lugng tham phan da bi anh hudng bdi hoan canh lich sir dac thti nhu vay. Viec bd nhiem tham phan theo nhiem ky ngan cdn cd ly do khac phuc tinh trang nhiing tham phan kem nang lire va pham chat ngdi lau giti chd, tao dieu kien eho mdt the he can bd tre dugc dao tao bai ban, chuyen nghiep cd CO hdi trd thanh tham phan. Tuy nhien, do la cau chuyen ciia hdm qua. Hien nay, khi dat nudc boa binh da dugc hon 30 nam, viec dao tao cir nhan luat chinh quy da tai khdi dgng, hang nam cung cap cho xa hdi mdt ddi ngii ddng dao cir nhan luat thi rd rang tu duy ve nhiem ky tham phan nhu tren khdng cd ly do de tdn tai.
De vi tri nghe nghiep cua tham phan vtrng chac, khdng bj ap lire bdi van dl nhiem ky, dam bao cho hg dugc dgc lap thi cin thilt phai keo dai nhiem ky tham phan, tiln tdi cbl do tham phan sudt ddi. Keo dai bao nhieu nam hay sudt ddi la van de cin ban nhung khdng the qua ngan nhu hien nay.
Viec keo dai nhiem ky tham phan phai va chi vdi muc dich dam bao cho hg dugc dde
TIEP TUC BANVESU.
lap xet xir chir khdng phai la sir uu dai danh rieng cho tham phan. Dilu dd cd nghTa la neu tham phan vi pham dao dire nghe nghiep, vi pham phap luat, nang lire yeu kem (khdng the dgc lap xet xir) can phai sa thai.
Duong nhien, tai sao sa thai va sa thai nhu the nao can cd tieu chi cu the duge quy dinh trong mdt dao luat ve tham phan.
Nhu vay, viec keo dai nhiem ky tham phan se dem lai lgi ich: On dinh nghe nghiep; tranh sir can thiep cua cap uy dia phuang, cac co quan hanh phap, lap phap va ngay ca sir can thiep ciia toa an cap tren vao cdng viec bd nhiem tham phan se lam cho tham phan khdng chi cd kha nang dgc lap xet xir ma cdn dam dde lap xet xir.
(Tiep theo trang 22 - Bdn ve ddi tugng ...)
Chfnh phil va td chiic UBND cac cap, dd la Thil trudng eac Bd, ca quan ngang Bd deu la thanh vien Chfnh phii va do Qudc hdi phe chuin, trong khi dd, chi cd thii trudng mdt sd CO quan chuyen mdn ciia UBND la thanh vien UBND. Mat khac, cac Bd diu la co quan quan ly nha nudc, trong khi dd, UBND mdi la co quan quan ly nha nudc, cac ca quan chuyen mdn ciia UBND chi giiip UBND trong linh vuc quan ly nha nudc ma thdi. Chinh vl vay, quy dinh HDND giam sat thil trudng co quan chuyen mdn thudc UBND la khdng hgp Iy.
Nhu vay, loai y kie'n thii tu cd ve phii hgp vdi nguyen tic "HDND chi giam sat co quan chiu trach nhiem trudc minh" hon, khi cho rang vdi nguyen tic td chiic bd may nha nudc ta nhu hien nay, HDND chi nen giam sat UBND cimg cap (giam sat co quan chiu trach nhiem trudc HDND) va giam sat HDND cap dudi (theo nguyen tic co quan dan eii phai bi giam sat va bi giam sat bdi co quan dan cir).
Do vay, HDND chi nen giam sat UBND va cac thanh vien ciia UBND. Dd'i vdi nganh, ITnh vuc ma khi xay ra nhiing van dl can quy trach nhiem thi dd la trach nhiem ciia thanh vien UBND dugc giao phan cdng phu trach va trach nhiem chung ciia UBND. Tat nhien, trong qua trinh giam sat UBND, HDND ed
quyln true tiep tdi eac co quan, td chiic khac de tim hieu thdng tin, phuc vu cho hoat ddng giam sat ciia minh. VI du nhu HDND td chuc giam sat vl ITnh vuc giao due thi HDND cd quyen xud'ng cac trudng hgc, Sd giao due, Phdng giao due... de thu thap dii lieu de phuc vu cho viec giam sat boat ddng ciia UBND trong ITnh vuc chi dao, dilu hanh nin giao due d dia phuang.
Viec HDND (co quan dan cir d dia phuong) chi giam sat UBND (co quan hanh phap d dia phuong) vira dam bao nguyen tic ciia boat ddng giam sat la HDND giam sat CO quan, ca nhan ma HDND cd quyln tac ddng tdi, vira dam bao nguyen tic td chiic bd may nha nudc Viet Nam, dam bao tinh kha thi trong thue te. Day cung la xu hudng, md hinh cua cac nudc tren the' gidi khi co quan dan cir chi tap trung giam sat co quan hanh phap do minh bau, bd nhiem.
Vdi CO cau td chirc HDND nhu hien nay (HDND cap tinh cd khoang 6 dai bieu boat ddng chuyen trach, HDND cap huyen cd 2 dai bieu boat ddng chuyen trach, HDND cap xa chi cd 1 dai bieu boat ddng chuydn trach) thi viec HDND chi nen tap trung giam sat UBND la phil hgp bdi xet cho ciing thi trung tam ciia Nha nudc la co quan hanh phap, co quan cd thuc quyen nhat cung chfnh la co quan hanh phap.