Tieu ban Sinh thdi, Mdi trudng vd qudn ly Biin

Tieu ban Sinh thdi, Mdi trudng vd qudn ly Biin 337

T i r DUY H i r d N G BIEN, CHiNH SACH BAO VE CHU QUYEN VA TAI NGUYEN BIEN TRONG LJCH SU" VIET NAM

PGS. TS Nguyin Van Kim Tnrdng DH KHXH & NV, DHQG HN

Email: nguyenvanki mls@ yahoo .com

La mgt qudc gia thudc Dong Nam A bdn ddo, tic nhirng thi ky trudc, sau Cdng nguyen, tren lanh tho Vi?t Nam da hinh thdnh cdc nin vdn hda Dong San, Sa Huynh, Oc Eo - Phu Nam... Chii nhdn cdc nin vdn hda do da thi hiin rd dgc tinh vdn hda bien, tu duy hudng biin. Qua cdc tuyin giao thuong tren biin, cdc nin vdn hda cd dd cd nhiiu mdi liin h? vdi cdc trung tdm vdn hda, vdn minh phuang Dong vd the gidi. Ldm chu mdt khdng gian biin gidu tiim ndng vdi nhiiu hdi cdng tu nhien ndi tiing, ddng thdi cd vi tri giao thuong trgn^ yiu nen bien Viet Nam da sdm trd thdnh mdi trudng sdng vd Id mgch nguon chil dgo giao luu kinh te, vdn hod... vdi the gidi ben ngodi. Sau thdi ky Bdc thugc, budc vdo ky nguyin dgc lap, cdc triiu dgi qudn chu nhu Ly (1009- 1225).^ Trdn (1226-1400), Li so (1428-1527), Li - Trinh d Ddng Ngodi vd chiia Nguyin (Ddng Trong. TK XVI-XVIII)... diu ed y thuc sdu sdc vi biin, chu quyin biin ddo vd vcd trd cita kinh ti ddi ngoai vdi suphdt triin ddt nude. Vdi chinh quyin Ddng Trong, ddn nhdn xu the phdt triin ciia kinh te the gidi, chua Nguyin dd sdm cd su lua chgn vd tgp trung phdt triin mgnh me kinh te ngoai thuong. Nhd dd, chi trong mdt thdi gian ngdn. Ddng Trong da trd thdnh mgt vuong qudc cudng thinh. mgt trung tdm thuong mgi Idn cua Ddng Nam A. Viec xdy dung dugc nen tdng kinh te vicng chdc trong do cd ngogi thuong khong chi gdp phdn dem lgi mdt di$n mao mdi cho kinh te Ddng Trong md con tgo nin nhirng diiu ki$n thiit yiu cho chinh quyin ndy cung cd quyin luc, md rgng cuong vuc lanh thd vd bdo ve vicng chdc chu quyen ddn tgc.

Abstract

SEA-DIRECTED THINKING, POLICIES FOR SEA SOVEREIGNTY AND RESOURCES IN THE HISTORY OF VIETNAM

As a nation in the peninsular Southeast Asia, since the AD-previous

centuries, the cultures of Dong Son, Sa Huynh, Oc Eo-Phu Nam etc. were

established in the Vietnamese territory. The owners of these cultures

manifested obviously marine culture, and sea - directed thinking. Through

trading ways on the sea, the ancient cultures created many connections to the

cultural and civilized centres in the Orient and the World. Managing the_ sea

space rich in development potential, with the naturally famous harbors, and

Hgi nghj Khoa hgc vd Cong ngh? bien todn quoc Idn thir V

important trading position, the Vietnamese Sea become early to the living environment and the decisive source for the economical and cultural exchanges to the outside. Ending Chinese domination and beginning independent era, the monarchical ^nasties such as Ly (1009 - 1225), Tran (1266- 1400). Le So (1428-1527), Le-Trinh in Dang Ngoai part and Nguyen Lord ( in Dang Trong part. XVI - XVIII centuries) etc. had the deep awareness on sea, sea-island sovereignty, and foreign economy for the country's development. Realized the development tendency of the world's economy by the government in Dang Trong part, the Nguyen Lords early chose and focused to strongly develop the economy of foreign trade. By this. Dang Trong part was becoming a prosperity kingdom, and a big centre of foreign trade in Southeast during a short time. Building the strongly economic basement included foreign trade contributed to the new economic aspect in Dang Trong part not only, and established the essential conditions for this government to consolidate its power, expand the country's territory, and defend stably the national sovereignty, but also.

Mddau

Tren ban dd khu vuc, Viet Nam la mdt qudc gia thudc Ddng Nam A ban dao. TG nhGng the ky trudc, sau Cdng nguy6n, cac nen van hda Ddng San, Sa Huynh, 6c Eo - PhG Nam...

da the hien rd ddc tinh van hda bien, tu duy hudng bien. Qua cac tuyen giao thuong tren biin, chii nhan cua cac nin van hda cd da cd nhieu mdi lien he vdi cac trung tam van hda, van minh phuong Ddng vd thS gidi. Lam chu mgt khdng gian bien giau tiem ndng, co nhieu hdi cdng ty nhien ndi tieng ddng thai cd vi tri giao thuong trgng yeu nen bien Viet Nam da sdm Gd thdnh mdi trudng sdng va la mgch ngudn chu dgo giao luu kinh te, van hod... vdi the gidi ben ngoai. Sau thdi ky Bac thugc, budc vdo ky nguyen dgc ldp, cac trilu dgi qudn chu nhu Ly (1009-1225), Tran (1226-1400), Le sa (1428-1527), Le - Trinh a Dang Ngoai va chua Nguyen (Dang Trong, TK XVI-XVIII)... deu cd ^ thGc sau sic vS bien. Dua tren nhieu ngudn tu lieu Ijch sG, bai viet cd gang phac dyng va minh chGng ve mgt truyen thdng bien Viet Nam ddng thdi Ginh bdy, phan tich tu duy hudng bien, nhOng chinh sdch, kinh nghifm quy... cua cha ong ta trong viec bdo vd chu quyln, ngudn lgi bi6n, md rgng mdi bang giao vd giao luu kinh te.

1. Truyen thong va tu duy hudng bien cua nguoi Viet

TG khdi ngu;y'en, bien da la mdi trudng sdng, la bd phan hap thdnh, gdp phin tgo dyng, djnh dien bdn sic van hda va tu duy ciia ngudi Vi?t. Trong tien trinh Ijch sG, van hda dan tdc, neu nhu vinh Bdc Bd, mgt trung tam kinh tl Idn, sdm cd moi quan h? mat thilt vdi cac qudc gia khu vyc Ddng Bdc A dgc bi?t la trung tam van hda Hoa Nam thi d phuang Nam,

* Nhilu tii li?u vin gpi viing biin ndy li "Vinh Thii Lan" hay "Vjnh Siam". Thugt ng& niy chi mang tinh uo-c If, nhim dl chi mot khong gian Bfa-ktnh ti, Dia-van hoa, nai Vi|t Nam c6 hb biin, Ijlnh hai, cung chia se Igfi fch kinh tfi vi co nhieu moi quan h§ tau diri vdi cic quic gia trong vi ngoii khu vyc

niu ban Sinh thdi. Mdi tncdng vd qudn ly Biin 339

!a nudi dudng nhieu qudc gia, n i n van hda cd Gong dd cd van hda 6 c Eo - Phu Nam ndi

iing.

Ndm d vj tri trung chuyen giGa hai vjnh bien Idn la ddi b d bien mien Tnmg cd nhieu hai

;dng tu nhien nhu: Lgch Trudng (Thanh Hda), Hdi Thdng (Nghe An), Ky Anh (Ha Tinh), fhanh Hd (Thua Thien Hue), Chiem Cang - Hgi An (Quang Nam), Thj Ngi - Nude Man [Bmh Djnh)... Cac thuong cdng mien Trung Id noi ggp ga, huySt mach giao thuong ciia bao ldp ngudi cd: Chdm, Viet, Hoa, Java..., cac doan thuyin budn chau A, chau Au ddng thdi cijng Id cua n^d tiep giao cua cac tgc ngudi sinh sdng tren cac vGng Trudng San - Tdy Nguyen va cac qudc gia lang gieng khu vyc nhu Ai Lao, Chan Lap*.

Trong hanh Ginh Ijch sG - vdn hda cua dan tdc, bien khdng chi la bg phan hgp thdnh md con tao nen d^c tinh v5n hda tieu bilu Gong truyen thdng van hda. N h u quy luat ty nhien, cac dong sdng Idn, bdi ty nen cac chau thd cho cu dan canh tac liia nude, d i u dd ra Bien Dong. Su gdp gd giGa cac tiem nang, gia Gj van hda giOa sdng va biin, giGa chdu th6 vdi dai duong, giGa cac yeu to n§i sinh vdi ngoai sinh... da tgo nen cac tnmg tam van hda, kinh tl, chinh tri, cdng thi p h i n thinh.

Ld mdt quoc ^ia thdng nhdt nhung cd truySn thdng van hda da dgng. Gong kho tang van h6a Viet Nam, ve thdi lap qudc cd biet bao huyen thogi, huyen tich... gdn lien vdi tam thGc ciia cdc cgng dong cu dan ve bien. Bi6n Id diem khdi ngudn ddng thdi cung Id noi trd ve ciia nhieu nhdn vdt huyin thogi. Thud ddt - nude sinh thanh, tu biin. Lgc Long Quan da tien ve vdi ddt (m? - mdu), hgp- duySn cimg Au Co, sinh Gam tning, de Gam con. Den luc trudng thanh, Lgc Long Quan lgi dan nam muoi ngudi con ve vdi bien, tien hdnh cdng cugc khai phd, chinh phyc bien khoi. Cd the coi dd la cugc phan cdng lao dgng xa hgi ddu tien Gong Ijch sG dan tgc. Cugc phdn cdng do khdng tien triSn theo rod hinh chung mang tinh pho quat la sy chia tach giGa trdng trgt vdi chdn nudi va sau dd la giua thu cdng nghiep vdi ndng nghi?p, md chuyen vgn theo mdt phuong thGc rieng, ddc thu kieu Ddng A . Qiju sy chi phdi ciia h? sinh thdi phd tap nhiet ddi {General ecosystem), diem khdi nguyen ciia cugc phdn cdng dd Id viSc xdc lap cdc khdng gian khai phd, sinh ton. Sy phan lap dd dd dugc tiln hdnh giiia biin vdi luc dia, giGa ddt vd nude - Nhiing bd phan hgp thanh cua mgt chinh t h i dan tdc"*.

Vao thdi l^p quoc, cugc song cua mdt bg ph?n cu dan Vi?t cd luon gan va gan vol moi Gudng bien. Theo Tdn dinh Llnh Nam chi'ch qudi thi vao thdi Hung Vuofng thG hai, d Bien Ddng cd nhung loai cd khong ll, khi thuyen budn di qua chung thudng tao sdng Idn khien thuyen bj n^n. Loai yeu ay cd the nhai sing ngudi, nuot ca thuyin! Chiing han phai song d viing bien sau, rgng Idn. Sy quay nhieu cua Ngu tinh khien nha vua cd y djnh tim con dudng khac cho khach thuong qua lai.

' C(S Ihl tham khio Hi Vin Tan (Cb.): Khao c6 hgc Viet Nam, t3p II, Thiri dai kim khi, Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa h$i, H., 1999; Phan Huy Le: Tm vi cQi ngudn, Mip I, Nxb. Thi Giai, H., 1998; Trung tam Nghien ciiu Khao ci - Vi§n KHXH t?ii Tp HCM: Mgi s6v6n di ve khdo c6 hgc a Miin Nam Vi?t Nam, Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa h^i, H., 1997.

'" Trong cdng trinh nghifin ciiu ciia minh nhi khio c6 hpc Nguyen Khic Sii cung cho ring: "Cu dSn tiln sur Vi^t Nam tilp xAc vd'i bien tir khi s6m, nhung khai thic biin thirc sy chi bit diu tir thfri kjr di md'i. Sy thilt tip van h6a biin di liln vdi s\r phSn viing kinh tl - xi hpi dau ti6n d Vi^t Nam. Trong mSi viing vSn hda blln id c6 nhthig sing t^o quan trpng U\i(iz hit ve do g6m, mang ^ nghTa th6i dai". Nguyin Khic Su: Di chi liin w Cai Bio, dao Cat Bd, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xi hOi, H., 2009, tr.271.

Hgi nghj Khoa hgc vd Cdng ngh? biin todn quoc lan thu V

Thau hilu ndi khd cua cu dan va cac khach bu5n, d Thuy cung. Long Qudn ben hod thdn thdnh mgt chiic thuyen budn (chii khong phai thuyin danh ca hay thuyen chien - TG) din noi Ngu tinh thudng hay lui tdi. Khi N^u tinh djnh nuot lay thuyen. Long Quan liln dimg thdi sit nung do, ngng ngot trim can va guom than de tieu di?t .

Nhir vay, sue manh sieu vi$t cua Lgc Long Quan da kit hgp vdi sGc manh cCia vu khi, ciia thdi dai do sit - kim khi de tao nen sue mgnh tdng hgp chiln thang Thuy quai - Ngu tinh. Ong da diing quyln nang than thanh cua minh de bao v^ sy binh yen cho bien ca, cho cac thuyen budn qua j^i, giao thuong tren bien. Trong y nghTa d6, Lgc Long Qudn chinh Id vj Thdn biin ddu tiin trong tdm thuc ciia cir ddn Viet co. Ve sau, con chau cua ong, tuc cac vua Hiing, cdn dgy cho dan cdch lay mirc den ve minh (xam hinh, cham trd) de Giao Long sg, khdng dam lam hgi'^.

Theo huyen thoai, dng con timg giup dan khoi s\x quay nhieu cua ngudi phuang Bac, ngan ch^n su xam lan cua gi?c Ho Tinh (tGc nude Ho Ton - Chiem Thanh) d phuang Nam. Khong chi giup dan di^t tru hai tac va nhan tac, Lgc Long Quan con "dgy dan cay liia, nuoi tam, bit dau ddi song CO quy cu"'^. Nhu vay, "Lac Long Quan da dugc diln ta nhu la mgt nhan vgt cd quyln lyc sieu nhien, nhan vgt do khong chi thi hien nhung phep mau huyen dieu ma cdn la ngudi dau tien dgy cho dan bilt ciy lua, nudi tam ddng thdi bilt tuan thii theo nhiing nguyen tic dgo due giiia ngirdi thing tri va ngudi bj tri cung nhu chuc phan cha con. Hon the nua, huyIn thogi cung cho biet tu diy ngudi Vi?t bit diu biet din khai niem ve "Cha" va "Chii". Tdm lgi, tit ca nhung nhan to do di hgp tlianh thien tinh cua Lgc Long Quan chinh la vj anh hiing khai sang ra nin v5n hoa dan tgc"'''

Cung theo huyIn thogi, dit nude ma Lgc Long Quan va Au Co khai pha la nai giau c6, "khip nai canh d^p, vat la, nggc nga, chau bau, ddl mil, vang bgc, tram huong, nh^c qui cac loai rat nhilu, khi hau thi ndng Ignh chenh lech nhau nhieu"'^. O do, "Thdi dd chua cd cau, pham lay vp lay chong, lay mudi goi ldm li hdi, roi sau giet trau, bo lam le thanh hdn. Lgi lay com nep lam le nhap phong, hai ben cimg an"'*. Hin la, mudi la mgt logi sdn vgt quy va nhilu the ky sau n6 vin la san vat quy hilm cua cu dan vimg chau thi, nui cao. Tyc liy mudi lam ll hdi la mgt tin ngu&ng vpng bien, chju on Thdn biin ciia ngudi Viet. Do cd quyln ning si6u vi$t, Lgc Long Quan co thi di (song) dudi nude nhu dl (sdng) tren can. Hi?n than dirdi dgng thuc mgt Nhdn thdn, phep miu ciia Lgc Long Quan con la du anh ve nep sdng ciia m^t sinh thi luong cu, rat dien hinh Uong lich sir tien hoa cua nhan logi. Dilu dang chii y la, hgu due ciia dng, An Duong Vuong (vdi truyen thuyet Nd than nii tilng) cung c6 mot s6 bao bdi nhipm mau trong ung xu vdi mdi trudng chinh trj khu vyc va vdi bien. Ngoai nd than, vua Thuc con c6 simg te bay tac, cd the re nude de nhgp ve Thuy cung'^

Vu Quynh: Tan dinh LTnh Nam chich quai, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hpi, H., 1993, tr.57.

Kh6ng chi cu dan biin, ngay ci nhimg ngu&i sing o viing rimg nui hp van lam nghi ci vi thu&ng bj Giao long lam hai. Tyc truyen vua Hung da dgy cho hp "lay myc den vg minh cho quai ga, Giao long thiy sp, Idiong dam lam hai". Vu Quynh: Tdn dinh LTnh Nam chich qudi, Sdd, tr.48.

" Vu Quynh: Tdn dinh LTnh Nam chich qudi, Sdd, tr.44.

•* Yamamolo Tatsuro: Myths Explaining the Vicissitudes of Political Power in Ancient Vietnam, Acta- AsiaticaNo. 18, 1970, p.82.

'* Vu Quynh: Tan dinh LTnh Nam chich qudi, Sdd, tr.45.

'* Vu Quynh: Tdn dinh LTnh Nam chich qudi, Sdd, tr.49.

" Theo tich An Duong Vuang vi Thin Kim Quy cua Tdn dinh LTnh Nam chich qudi thi, khi bj Tri^u Bi tniy dull, "vua Thyc da cim sCmg te bay tac, theo Rua ving re nude mi vSo Thuy cung", Sdd, tr. 131. Xem Ihfim phan C6 tich vi san vat trong An Nam chi luge cua Le Tac tr.64 & 284. Tic gii viit: "Tyc tniy^n An Duong Vuong CO simg vin te dii bay tic, khi dinh trin thua, n^m. simg t6 xu6ng biin, nir6c ra ra, Vuong chgy vio nu6c thoit nan", Sdd, tr.284.

Tiiu ban Sinh thdi. Mdi tnrdng vd qudn ly Biin ^ 341

Dieu thu vj la, huyen thogi nay cd kha nhieu diem tuong ddng vdi truyen thuyet ve thdi lap qudc cua Phu Nam. Luang thu (mdt bd sG ndi tieng Trung Qudc) viit: "Phia Nam Phu Nam cd nude Kieu, cd mdt ngudi theo than giao ten la Hdn Diln ndm mgng thiy thin cho mgt cay cung rdi theo thuyin budn di ra ngoai biin... din PhG Nam. Dan chung cua Lilu Di$p thiy cd thuyen din, mudn cudp liy. H5n Diln liln giuang cung bin. Thuyin bj tSn xuyen thung mgt ben va trung ngudi hiu. Lieu Diep sg, dem bg chung diu hang Hon Diln.

Hon Dien ben day cho Lilu Diep mac quan do, vin diu, than hinh khdng cdn lod Id nGa, rdi cai trj nude iy, lay Lieu Diep lam vg, sinh con rdi phdn dit, phong vuong"'*.

Mac du khdng thi khang djnh mgt each chdc chdn nguon g6c xudt thdn cua Hdn Diln nhung ddt Gong bdi canh lich sG Phu Nam thdi bdy ^id cd thi doan djnh ring Hdn Diln thugc dang cap Ksatoria, theo'Bd La Mdn gido, tG mien Nam An Do tdi'^. Bing sGc manh bieu tnmg ddy nam tinh, sy hien dien cua Hdn Dien (yeu td ngoai sinh) da tac ddng mgnh den nO vuang Lieu Diep (ndi sinh), ma theo Luong thu "la mgt phy nG tre dep, khoe mgnh". Cugc hgp duyen Hon Diln - Lieu Di6p va lam thay ddi can ban Ijch su va xa hdi Phil Nam. TG cu^c giao thoa sinh hgc day nhan tinh mang y nghia ddc trung cho hai thi gidi, hai dgng thGc vdn hod dd, xd hgi miu h6 da can ban kit thuc va cung tG dd Phu Nam dd k6t ndi dugc vdi An Dd, mdt trung tam vdn minh Idn, Nhd cd tiem nang kinh te vd giao thuong bien, Phu Nam da mau chdng md rgng cuong vyc lanh thd, trd thanh mdt Gong nhimg qudc gia cd trinh dg phdt trien cao nhdt d Ddng Nam A. Trong khoang 5 thi ky, PhG Nam da Id mgt Vuang qudc biin rdi De chi bien cd nhieu anh hudng vdi ddi sdng chinh trj, van hoa va quan he giao thuong khu vyc. Nhieu qudc gia Ddng Nam A phai thin phyc PhuNam^"

Ld cu dan sdng d vung ban dao, chG nhdn cac nen vdn hoa cd vGa tiep nhan, hdi nhgp vdi cac nen vdn hod "lyc dja" vGa hod minh vdi mdi trudng vdn hoa bien, dao. Cac phdt hi?n khdo cd hgc cho thdy, vao t^i da mdi, tiep ndi nhihig phat trien cua Soi Nhu , Cdi B6o - mdt di chi dugc coi la "da ddnh ddu vi?c md dau phdn vung kinh te tiln sG Vi|t

Luong ihu, Tu li^u Trung Quic viit vl Vi|t Nam vi Dong Nam A, Phdng Tir lieu Khoa Ljch sur, Trucmg DH KHXH & NV, so TL 558, tr. 53.

" Chia se quan dilm vdi Pelliot trong tic phim "ie Fou-nan", p. 303 '^Quelques textes Chinois concernant I'lndochine Hindouisee" Et.Asiat, EFEO, 11, p. 243, G.Coedfes cho ring; "Theo Khang Thii, vua diu tien cua Phil Nam chic hin li Hdn Diln, dd chinh li Kaundinya, ong co thi tir An Dd, tir bin dao Ma Lai hay tir cic dao phuang Nam tdi", G. Coed^s; The Indianized Stales of Southeast Asia, University of'Hawaii Press, Honolulu,1968,p. 37.

Phan Huy LS: Qua di lich Vdn hod dc Eo vd thir tich co thu nhan di?n nu&c Phii Nam, T^p chi fi^ien ciiu Ljch su, s6 11 (379) 2007. Trong cdng trinh niy tic gii da phin l$p cic khii nif m vi khdng gian cua "vuang quoc Phil Nam" vi "d4 chi Phii Nam". Theo dd, vucmg quoc Phii Nam li cot loi, trung tam cdn dl chi Phil Nam thi bao gdm nhilu "thugc quoc", "chi nhdnh" hay "nuac kimC\

" Nhan xet vl di chi Soi Nhy, nhi KCH Trinh Nang Chung cho ring: "Soi nhy la mpt trong nhihig di chi khao cd hpc quan trpng bac nhat trong khu vyc biin, hii dao cua mien Ddng Bic nude ta. Ve mat khdng gian, nd nim ven bd cua dao Cii Bau Idn nhat vjnh Bii Tii Long vi doi m^t vdi bien khai, la m^t Uong nhdng dau mil giao luu van hda cua loin viing BSc BO vdi Nam Trung Qudc vi vdi Dong Nam A. Ve th&i gian nd tuong duong vdi ySn hda Hda Binh - Bic Son. Tuy nhien, Soi Nhy cd nhiing khic bi^t co bin so vdi cic di tich Hda Binh - Bac Son d khdng gian sinh tin". Trinh NSng Chung: Khdo cS hgc tiin sir Vdn Ddn (Qudng Ninh) - Tirlifu va nhgn thuc, Tgp chi Khio c6 hpc, s6 6 (156), 2008, tr.lO.-

Hgi nghi Khoa hgc vd Cdng ngh? bien todn qudc Idn thu V

Nam"^^... vao thdi hgu ky da mdi, d vimg Ddng Bic nude ta, mdt bg phgn quan Ggng cua Biin Ddng, dd hinh thdnh mdt nen Vdn hoa biin Hg Long phat trien rue ra. Theo d6,

"NhGng diu in van hoa Ha Long khdng chi tim thay tren toan b0 khu vyc miSn Bdc Viet Nam hi6n nay ma cdn thdy ca d mien Trung, mien Nam, va xa hon the nGa, d cd Nam Trung Qudc, Ddng Nam A luc dja va Ddng Nam A hai dao"^-

Dln thdi dgi kim khi, cac nen van hoa nhu Dong San, Sa Huynh, Ddng Nai... deu co moi lien h?, rgng Idn vdi cac nin van hoa chau A. Bing cac phuang ti?n di biin gian dan, tu phuang Bic xuong, tu phia Nam len, tG miln Tay xuIng, tu phia Ddng ve, viing duySn hdi va biin ddo Viet Nam trd thanh no! gap gd, dja ban tilp giao van hda, trao dii sin v^t cua cu dan nhieu qudc gia khu vyc. Diu in Ah lgi la, sy hien di?n, hIn dung cua cac nhdm di dan Hoa, An, Malayo - Polynesien va sau do la ngudi Tay A vdi cu dan ban dja^^. Sy xuit hi?n cua nhung cpng dong cu dan do (nhu Pu-lao hay Bit-lao, Bd-ld tuc Cii lao^*) da g6p phin md rgng khong gian, tu duy kinh te, khuyen khich tmyin thing hudng biin, nang lyc khai thdc bien cOa cac cpng dong cu dan Vi^t.

Doi di?n vdi bien rli tung budc vuon ra dgi duang, ngudi Vift din thiu hieu, nlm trai sire mgnh va ca nhGng nSng lyc an tang cua biin. Trai qua nhilu the hp, hg da dan tich liiy biet bao kinh nghi?m vi biin, hinh thanh tri thirc bien va chiem nghipm ve biin. C\x dan bien don^ hb mang, roi chi thuyin d$c mdc, tiln den phat trien ky thu^t ddng thuyin, chi banh Idi, c^t budm^^, tgo ludi cdu, chi ludi, khai thdc san hd, nggc trai, doi moi... Trdi qua thdi gian, cu dan - ngu din biin dan hilu them quy lugt cua cic con nude va mil lien he giGa bien vdi cac vy danh bit, luong di cu ciia cac bdy ca, dja ban phan bo, sinh tnidng ciia cac loai dpng vgt thuy sinh.

Trong truyen thong, nip song vdn hoa cua ngudi Vi$t vdn cdn bao luu nhilu huyen thogi ve bien. NhGng huyIn thogi nhu Son Tinh - Thuy Tinh, Tien Dung - Chu Ding TG... deu the hi§n r5 truyin thing khai thdc bien, tir duy hudng biin cQa ngudi Viet. Khao cGu cdc truyin thuyet, huySn thoai do chung ta co thi lien tudng va rut ra nhung h? lugn vl tmyln,thong doan kit, nang lire chong thien tai, kha nang xay dyng hp thong thuy nong, qua trinh bien tien - bien lui, truyen thong ngoai thuong cung nhu cac cugc chuyen cu Idn ciia ngudi Viet. Den nay, d nhieu vung ven bien, cU dan van to chuc ll hpi dua thuyin, ll chgi trdu, tyc thd Cd Ong, thd thin Dgc Cudc, thin Can Hai

Nguyen Khac Sii: Di chi tiin sir Cai Beo, Ddo Cat Bd, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hpi, H., 2009, tr.298. C6 the tham khao them Hi HOii Nga - Nguyin Vin Hao: Hg Long thai tiin sir. Ban quin IJ vjnh Hg Long, Ha Long, Quing Ninh, 2002.

" Hi van TSn (Cb.): Khao c6 hgc Vi$t Nam, Tip I, Thdi dd di, Nxb. Khoa hpc X3 hpi, H., 1998, tr.267.

Tham khao them Trinh NSng Chung: Mdi quan h? van hoa ihdi tien sir giira Bdc Vi?t Nam vd Nam Trung Qudc, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hpi, H., 2009.

^ Nguyen Duy Thifu: Cdc cgng ddng ngu ddn thuy cu a viing biin K/f/yVom, T^ipchf Nghien cCm Ddng NamA,s66,20O3,tr.3-10.

^' LTnh Nam chich qudi tiing cho ring, thiiy tl cCia hp li ci rdi din bien thinh ngudi. Dd la nhOng con ngu&i luong thifn "chi bit tdm bat hIn mi in. Giong dd cd tSn li Dan NhSn, d miln duyen hii, trong hdc di, sing ve nghe ci, cd biet it nhieu vl ll nghTa, ciing vdi cic din min mudng giao djch budn bin, ddi liy gfio, vii lua v.v...". VQ Quynh: Tdn dinh LTnh Nam chich qudi, Sdd, tr.55. Nguyin l^n Cudng; Dgc diim nhdn chiing ciia cu ddn vdn hoa Dong Son a Vi4t Nam,}^xh. Khoa hpc Xa hpi, H., 1996, tr. 143.

^*' Ngd Diic Thjnh - Nguyen Vi?t: Thi^in be truyin thing Vi?t Nam (D^t mdt so van di du&i gdc d^ ddn tgc hgc). Tap chi Nghien cihi Ljch sil sl 6,1984, tr.48-55 & 82; Piiui: Ba logi thuyin buom ven biin Ddng Ducmg it dugc biit din, T^p chi Xua vi Nay, s6 134, thing 2,2003, tr.30-32; Li Tana: Thuyin vd kp thugt dong thuyin a Vi?l Nam cudi thi ky XVllI ddu the ky XIX, T^p chf Xua vi Nay, sd 131, thing 1, 2003, U.21- 23; Nguyen Duy Thieu: Cgng dong ngu ddn a Vi?t Nam, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa h^i, H., 2002, tr.l 85-196.

Tiiu bcm Sinh thdi. Mdi trudng vd qudn ly Biin

Dgi Vucmg, TG vj Thanh Nucmg va nhilu vj thin bien khac . Trong cac sinh hogt van hoa, ngudi Vi§t luon the ro dac tinh ciia cu ddn gin biin, ven bien. Thi kjf XIII, tac gia An Nam chi luge LB TSc tiing nhgn xet: "Vi Udi ndng sot, dan ua tim d song, nen hp cheo do va lgi nude rit gidi... Tiep khich thi dai trau cau. Tinh ua dn dua mim vd nhiing vgt dudi bien"^*. Cac sinh hogt van hoa, tin ngirung do khong chi la sy than phyc trudc sGc mgnh ciia bien ma con la sy chju cm Than biin da bdo vf, dem lai nguon sdng cho hg. Vol quan nipm v l sy ton tgi ciia "mgt dudng vien van hod bien" trong truyen thing van hoa Vipt co, GS. Ha Vdn Tan cho ring, da "co mgt ldp hay nhilu Idp dan cu, mang yeu to van hoa Nam Dao, tG rat sdm, ro nhat la tu cuoi thdi dgi da mdi, diu thdi dgi kim khi, da lam^hanh mpt dudng vien ven bien Vl^t Nam va tham thau vao nhGng vung sau hon phia trong. Ldp cu dan do ching nhung khong mat di ma cd thi tang cudng trong nhieu dgt, cuoi cung cijng da hoa lin vdi c^ng dong Viet c6. Chinh do la m^t Gong nhung cgi nguon ciia Viet. Tuy bj hoa lan, no van tgo ra mgt sac thai biin cho vSn hoa Viet c6"^'-

2. Cbinh sach bao ve chii quyen va tai nguyen bien

Sau thdi k j BSc thugc, budc vao ky nguySn dOc l^p, tu duy sdng nuac vd mdi trudng song ciia ngudi Viet van gin liln vdi cac yeu td song, bien. Trilu Ly (1009-1225) khdi dyng ca n^hi$p d viing que d bd Nam song Cau va Bic song Hong. Trilu Trin (1226-1400) vd sau dd Id GiSu Mgc (1527-1592) diu Id nhiing the lyc Goi day tii vimg ven biin. Dd la nhung Gilu dgl cotuduy mgnh me, nang dpng, khoang dgt.

Y thiic sau sic vl chii quyln dit nude, tG thdi L^, chinh quyln Thang Long da danh nhilu sy quan tam cho cac viing biin ddo. Chinh sGtGng ghi, nam 1149 vua L^ Anh T6ng (cq;l 138-1175) dS cho khai md trang Van Don, thilt l§p trung tam kinh t l doi ngogi d vCing dio xa Ddng Bic. Nam 1171, dich than nha vua da "di tuan cac hai dao, xem khap hinh the nui song, muon biet dan tinh dau kho va dudng di xa gan the nao**^°. Nam sau, miia Xuan, nha vua "lai di tuan cdc hii dao d dja gidi cac phien bang Nam Bic, ve bdn do ghi chep phong vgt"^'. Nhin lgi Ijch sit trieu Ly ciing cac trieu dai quan chu khac, cd the khing djnh ring hiem cd mgt ngudi diing ddu vucmg triiu ndo nhu vua Ly Anh Tdng lgi cd y thuc sdu sdc vi chu quyin bien ddo vd trdch nhi?m vdi cu ddn bien den vgy. Han la Diic vua, Gong hai chuyin di tuin den cac vung hai dao, da tryc tiep den Van Don, trung tam kinh te dii ngogi quan trgng nhat cua qu6c gia Dgi Vl?t".

Nhu v|iy, Cling vdi y thuc ve vi?c bao vp chii quyen, an ninh quoc gia, nhd Ly cung da di den mpt sy lya chgn, mgt quyet sach tdo bgo la Igp mpt dja diem giao thuong quic tl, md ra moi Gudng

" Ngd Dure Thjnh (Cb.): Vdn hod ddn gian ldng ven biin, Nxb. Van hoi Din tpc, H., 2000, tr.43-6L Tham khio them Tg Chi D^i Trudrng: Thdn, Ngudi vd Ddl Vi?l, Nxb. V5n hoi Thong tin, H., 2006, U.40-55 & 175- 179.

" Le Tic: An Nam chi luge, Nxb.Thuin Hoi - Tmng tam VSn hoa Ngdn ngit Ddng TSy, H.T"2002, U.70.

COng can phii ndi th€m li, trong bii viit Tdn mgn xung quanh chuyen mam, GS. Trin Quic Vupng cho ring

"Mam li m0t d$c sin Ddng Nam A... Ddng Nam A nhin chung chSn nudi khdng phit trien, lupng dgm dpng vjt trong nin dinh dudng 6 cic nin vin minh c6 truyin Ddng Nam A chii ylu trdng c§y vio nguon dgng vdt ihiiy sinh". Xem TrJin Quoc Vupng: Vdn hoa Vi4i Nam lim toi vd suy ngdm, Nxb. V5n hda Din t$c - T^p chi Vin hda Ngh# thu§t, H., 2000. tr.416.

" Hi van Tin: Theo ddu cdc vdn hod cd, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hpi, H., 1997, tr.717.

" Bgi Vi?t sii ky todn thu, T|p 1, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hpi, H., 1993, U.324.

*' Dgi Viit sic ky todn thir, T|p I, Sdd, tr.325.

" Sii thSn Ngd SI Lien cho rang: "Anh Tdng nii ngdi tuli cdn tho iu, vi|c cua Dd Anh Vu lim gi mi bilt dupe, din khi tuli ngogi hai muoi, sai bpn Hien Thinh dem quin di tuin noi bidn gidi, l^i thin di xem khip hinh the niii sdng, muln bilt sy dau khi dan gian vi dudng di xa gin, vl m$t giiJ dSn giii nude, quy md da thiy rd". Dgi Viit su ky todn thu, Sdd, tr.326.

Hgi nghi Khoa hgc vd Cdng ngh? biin todn quoc lan thd V

kinh doanh mai, thugn Igi cho thuong nhan cac.nude den budn bdn. Moi trudng do, vdi cac vyng biin sau, kin gio khong nhGng c6 thi bao dam an toan cho cac doan thuyin buon ma cdn nim trong giao dilm ciia tuyln giao thuong Dong A. Md rgng tim nhin chung ta thdy, cac hogt dpng ciia hai trang Van Ddn, mpt trung tam kinh te, bang eiao d phia Bdc kit hg^ vdi h? thing chg Gai dgc viing bien (cac Bac djch trudng) giap Trung Quoc, da kit ndi vdi tuyen budn ban phia Tay Nam ma trung tam la cac cang vimg Nghe - Tinh. Cac trung tam giao thuang do, vdi vai trd dieu phoi ciia kinh do Thang Long, da tgo nen tu gidc kinh ti cua vuang trilu Ly. Sy hien dipn cua trung tam kinh tl Dong Bic da gop phin hodn thipn hoa he thing kinh t l do! ngogi dong thdi tgo nen the can bing quyen lyc, trung Igp hoa quan hp ngogi giao, giao luu kinh t l vdi cac quoc gia khu vyc"-

Mpt so nha nghien cuu thudng nhin manh den "tinh thin canh giac", "y thuc bao vp an ninli"

cua cac trilu dai Ly, Tran va dgc bi?t la chinh quyen LS so trong cac hogt dpng kinh t l doi ngogi.

Dilu do diing bdi le moi tnrdng bien luon khong ngirng bien doi, in tang nhilu mli nguy ca. Them vao do vung chii quyln Ddng Bic, dgc khu kinh tl Van Don cung nhu vimg biin phia Nam giap vdi Champa luon la myc tieu nhom ngo cua cac the lyc ben ngoai. Y thurc sau sac ve chu quyen dat nude, chinh quyln Thang Long da danh nhilu sy quan tam cho vimg bien dao. Cung vdi vi?c thiet lap su quan chi, cu nhirng quan l^i, vd tudng gidi din cac viing dao, ciia bien trgng ylu cdc trilu dgi quan chii con hit sire chu trgng xay dyng lyc lugng thiiy quan. Vao thi ky XI-XV, viing bien dao Dong Oic va cac cang vimg Nghp Tinh khdng chi la phen dau ciia dat nude ma con la trung tam kinh t l dii ngoai quan trgng.

Trong vd sau 3 cugc khang chien chdng quan xam luge Mdng - Nguyen the ky XIII, nhi Trin ludn y thGc hit sGc sdu sic ve vai Gd vd vi the cua bien, dao Gong vi^c bao v? chu quyln, an ninh dit nude. Chien thing Van Ddn va Bach Dang nam 1288 cung nhu cdc cugc nit lui chiln luge cua quan dan Dal Vi?t ve vung duyen hdi Ddng Bac da cho lliay nghe thuat quan sy, khd nang vd tri thGc bien sau sac cua gidi lanh dao Dgi Viet. Nha Tran da phdt huy tdi da lgi t h i ciia dilu kien ty nhien de che ngy va di tdi chien thdng ke thii.

Chinh sG cOng cho bilt, vao thdi Trdn Du Tdng (cq: 1341-1369), mua Ddng, thang 10 ndm 1362, nhd Trdn cho dao hd Lac Thanh d vudn ngu trong hdu cung. Trong hd xIp da lam niii, bdn mat chay thdng nhau. Tren bd ho trdng thdng, tre va cac thG hoa tham cd la. L?i nudi chim quy, thii la trong do. "Lai dao mgt hd nhd khac. Sai ngudi Hdi Ddng chd nuoc mdn chua vdo dd, dem cdc thu hai vat nhu ddi mdi, cua, ca nudi d Gong hd" . La mpt trieu dai cd tu duy hudng bien manh me, vdn hod bien da trd thanh mgt nhu cau sdng, thudng thGc khong the thieu cua gidi quy tdc Thang Long thdi Tran.

Den thdi Mgc (1527-1592), trudc nhiing chuyen bien sau s i c cua dat nude, nhieu nganh kinh te cdng thuang nghiep da cd su phdt trien trdi vugt. Nhd Mac ciing rat coi Ggng kinh te thuong nghiep, hai thuang. Sy xuat hien vdi do Gu mgt cao cua cac pho tugng Quan Am Nam Hai, vj than che chd cho cdc dodn thuyen budn vd thd Chu Ddng Tu (m^t trong T6 bdt tG), nhu Id td su cua nghe budn sdng, budn bien d 72 lang ven theo cac ngdi chto '^ Cd the xem mpt sd chuyen khao trong: Phdt irien ben virng Thu do Hd Npi - Vdn hiin, Anh hiing, vi Hoa binh, Nxb. Dai hpc Quoc gia, H., 2010; Nguyin Quang Ngpc (Cb.): Vuang triiu Ly (1009-1226), Nxb. HS Npi, 2010; Nguyin Vin Kim: Tinh he ihong vd quy md cua thuang cdng Vdn Ddn - Nhgn thiic ve vai ird va vj ihi ciia mdt thuong cdng. Tap chi Nghien ciru Lich sii, s6 9 (97), 2009.

" Dgi Vi?l sir ky loan Ihir.-Hxb. Khoa hpc Xa hpi. H., 1993. tr.l43.

" Trin Qudc Vupng: May van divi nhd Mgc, Sdd, tr.l64. D I hieu IhSm vl chg ling vi moi (juan h§ giOah^

the gidi tam linh (chiia) vi nhu ciu trin thi (chp) cd thi tham khio Nguyin Diic Nghinh: Mdy netphdc lifiO

Tiiu ban Sinh thdi, Mdi tnrdng va qudn ly Bien

vung ven sdng Hdng, Thai Binh ciing nhu sy hien dien ciia cac bai "sanh Mgc" Gai rdng khip vimg Ddng Bic da cho thdy chinh sach khuyen thuang, hudng bien cua trieu dai ndy.

Vd ngay cd trieu Le so (1428-1527), mgt trieu dai vdn van dugc coi la cd tu duy chdu thd mgnh me, cimg da tranh thu nhihig dieu kien thuan lgi ma thdi dai dem lai de thuc day, md rpng kinh te hai thuong"'^. Cung can phai ndi them la, sau nhiing cugc tin cdng, dot pha kinh thdnh Thang Long ciia quan dgi Champa cuoi thi ky XIV, din thi ky XV, sau khdng chiln chdng Minh (1407-1427), dudi trieu Le Thanh Tdng (cq: 1460-1497) chinh quyen Thdng Long da thyc thi chinh sdch hudng Nam mgnh me. Su kien nam 1471 khdng chi cho thdy mgt quyet djnh chien luge nhim ngan chan mdi de dga tu phuang Nam, tao nen the phdng thu cd chieu sau md cdn cho thdy tam nhin cua chinh quyln Thdng Long vl vj the cua cac thuang cdng mien Trung trong cdc boat ddng kinh te ddi ngoai.

Den the ky XVI-XVIII, trong thdi dgi hoang kim cua he thdng hai thuang chdu A, chinh quyen Le - Trinh d Ddng Ngodi vd chinh quyen chua Nguyen d Dang Trong deu thyc thi nhieu chinh sach kinh te ddi ngoai tich cue. Trong lich sG Viet Nam chua cd thdi dai nao CO quan he da dgng, rgng md nhu thdi ky nay. Dieu dang chd y la, d Dang Trong, cac chOa Nguyen khong nhGng da thyc thi nhGng chinh sach ddi ngogi tich cyc (nhu cho phep mgt s6 tap dodn thuang nhdn dugc chgn dia diem budn ban, dugc thiSt ldp che do ty quan, dugc hudng che dg uu dai thue quan...) ma cdn da phuang hda dugc cac mdi quan he qudc le, giG vQng chu quyln vd ludn nim dugc quyen chu ddng ve ngoai giao. Cdc chua Nguyen c6n cho Igp d^i Hoang Sa dl khai thdc cdc ngudn lgi bien, ve bdn do va khang dinh chu quyen tren cdc ddo, quan dao^'.-

Thyc tl lich sG cho thiy, trong thdi ky cam quyen, chinh quyen Dang Trong cung da phai lien tyc ddi chpi vdi nhung thach thGc chinh tri, an ninh tu bien. Sau khoang hai the ky chil ylu tiln hdnh cudp bdc d vimg biin Ddng Bdc A, dSn cudi the ky XVI, nhiSu toan wako (Hda khiu) da md rgng hoat dgng xudng vung bien Ddng Nam A. Nam 1578, wako da din vung biin thudc hai phan Ddng Trong va cudf) thujjen cua thuong nhan Trung Hoa la Trin Bdo TGng dang vdn chuyin ddng, sdt vd dd gdm din Quang Nam^^. Dgi Nam thuc li^c tiin biin cGng ghi lai sy kien nam 1585, Bgch Tan Hien Quy {Shirahama Kenchi) dd chi huy mdt doan thuyin Idn gdm 5 chile den cudp d CGa Viet bi lyc lugng hdi quan cua chiia Nguyen gIm 10 chiln thuyin do Nguyin Phuc Nguyen (1563-1634) chi huy tin cdng, ddnh tan 2 chile. "TG dd gidc bien im hoi"''^ Thai do kien quyet dd cua chiia Nguyen khdng chi dd bao ve dugc toan ven chii quyln cua Dang Trong, gdp phin cung vdi cac qudc ^^a trong khu vyc gidi tru ngn hai tgc, dem lgi mdi trudng dn djnh cho giao thuang qudc tl ma cdn khiln chinh quyln Nhdt Ban phai cd y thuc day du hon trong cac

ve'cV/ong, T^p chi Nghien Cliu Ljch sii, s6 5 (194). ]9S0, tr.50-64; huy Chg chiia & the 1^ JCVIl, Jap cM Nghien Cliu Ljch su, sd 4 (187), 1979.

Nguyen Vin Kim - Nguyen M^inh Dung: Truyen ihong vd hogt dgng ihuang mgi cua ngudi Vi^i - Thuc ti Hch su vd nhgn thiic; trong Trudng DH KHXH & NV. DHQG KN: Vift Nam trong h? thing thuang mai chau A thi ky XVl-XVU, Nxb. The Gidi, H.. 2007, tr.333-346.

" Dgi Nam thirc lyc liin bien, Nxb. Giio Dye, H., 2002, tr.!64. Tham khao thdm Le Quy Ddn: Phu bien tgp luc, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xi hpi, H., 1977, tr.l 19-120.

" !wao Seiichi: Chdu dn thuyin vd Pho Nhgt, Nxb. Hakusendo, Tokyo, 1962, tr. 15.

" Quic sii quin trilu Nguyin: Dgi Nam lh\rc lyc liin bien, Sdd, tr.32.

Hgi nghj Khoa hgc vd Cdng ngh? biin todn quoc lan thii V

mdi bang giao khu vyc'*". Nhd dd, chinh quyen Thugn Hda khdng nhGng da thilt Igp dugc quan he chinh thuc vdi Nhat Bdn ma cdc thuyen Chdu dn cdn Gd thanh nhiing ban hang Ggng ylu. Nhu vdy, viec xG Iy thoa dang mdi quan he vdi Nhat Ban ciia Nguyen Hodng dS dl lai cho Ddng Trong nhiing kinh nghiSm quy Gong quan h^ quoc te. Chd truong ddi ngogi mim deo nhung cuong quyit bdo v? cha quyen do da tgo nin tiin I? trong cdch thuc ung xu vdi cdc thuong nhdn vd the luc qudc ti khdc khi din buon bdn, thiet lap quan he d Ddng Trong.

Trong quan he ddi ngoai, chua Nguyen da dya vao cac qudc gia truyin thdng, tuc thi lyc phuang Ddng dl ddi chgi vdi phuang Tay. Ddng thdi, cung lay chinh sue mgnh kinh tl, ky thugt, vu khi phuang Tay trong do ddc bi6t la Bo Ddo Nha de dieu phdi cdc moi quan h§, gidm thilu ap lyc cua mdt sd the lyc chinh trj chau A cimg nhu Anh, Ha Lan... Do viec giai quylt tuong ddi thanh cdng mdi quan he vdi cac qudc gia khu vyc ciing nhu phuang Tdy, xu Iy hai hoa vdn dl lgi ich giai cap va quyen Igi dan tdc, cac chua Nguyin khdng chi da md rdng dugc anh hudng xudng phuang Nam md cdn xac lap dugc quyen quan 1;^ thyc te G6n cac vimg dat mdi vdi mot y thGc dan tgc manh me.

Kit luan

Trong ljch sG, bien va van hda bien da trd thanh mdt bg phan hgp thanh cua van hda ddn tdc. TG huyIn thoai vl biin din co ting van hda bien, tG truyen thdng khai thac bien den tu duy hudng bien, tu nang luc thuy quan^' den kha nang phdt trien hai thuang... tat ca deu cho thiy dan tgc ta da sdm din didn vdi bien, sdm cd tu duy hudng bifin vd the hien khd ndng khai thac biSn, ldm chu bien khai''^

Trdi qua cac trilu dai tG Ly, Trdn, LS so, Le Trung Hung d6n chua Nguyin... cac chinh quyen qudn chu deu rit chu Ggng den mdi trudng kinh te bien, bao v6 an ninh, chu quyen Idnh hai. Trong thai dai hodng kim cua he thdng hai thjjtong chau A, cung nhu nhieu dan tgc phuanp Ddng, Viet Nam vua ddng thdi ddn nhan, xac lap quan he vua chju nhieu ap lyc kinh t§, chinh tri, tdn giao... tG cac cudng qudc phuang Tay. Trong bdi cdnh do, cac Gieu dgi qudn chu da sdm ban hanh va thyc hien nhieu chu tnrong, chinh sach phu hgp, thS hien tam nhin chien luge nhim xac lap chu quyen, khai thdc cac ngudn Igi tG bien, bao ve cac hoat dgng kinh te ddi ngoai. Dilu dang chu y la, cdc trieu dai dd khdng chi da thyc thi

^^ Tir nSm 1592 din 1598, Toyotomi Hideyoshi da huy dpng nhiing dgo quan Idn tong cOng lin din 340.000

ngudi md hai cupc tin cdng xam lupc Trieu Tien ddng thdi nudi tham vpng chilm Tmng Qudc vi mpt so viing dit cr Dong Nam A. Xem Nguyin Vin Kim; Chinh sdch dong dra dia Nhgt Bdn thdi ky Tokugawa - Nguyen nhdn vd h? qud, Nxb. Thi Gidi, H., 2000, U.117-118.

*' Phan Huy Le - BiJi Ding Dung - Phan D^i Do3n - Pham Thi TSm - Trin Bi Chi: Mgt s6 trgn quyit chiin chien luge trong ljch sir ddn lgc, Nxb. Quan dpi Nhan dan, H., 2004; Nguyen Vi|t - VQ Minh Giang - Nguyen M^nh Hiing: Qudn thuy trong ljch sir chdng n^ogi xdm, Nxb. Quin d^i Nhan din, H., 1983.

*^ Do thf c6 Hgi An, Uy- ban Qudc gia Hpi thio Quic te vl Dd thi co H&i An; Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hOi, H..

1991; Vien Ddng Nam A: Biin vdi ngudi Viit cd, Nxb. Van hda Thdng tin, H., 1996; Trudng DH KHXH &

NV, DHQG HN: Viit Nam trong h? thing thuang mgi chdu A thikyXVI-XVIl, Nxb. Thi Gidi, H., 2007;

Trk Qudc Vuong: Viet Nam - Cdi nhin dja - vdn hga, Nxb. Van hoi Din t$c - Tgp chi Van hoi Ngh§ thuit, H., 1998; Le Xuan Diem - Dio Linh Cdn - V5 ST Khii: Vdn hoa dc Eo - Nhihig khdm phd mai. Nxb. Khoa hpcXahOi, H., 1995...

Tieu ban Sinh thdi, Moi tnrdng vd qudn ly Bien

chinh sach hudng bien tich cue ma cdn md rgng anh hudng, ngan chan kip thdi am muu xam phgm chu quyen cua cac cudng qudc, de che dai duong (Maritime empires).

Cd the ndi, Uuyen thong vin hoa bien va nang luc chinh phuc bien khai trong Ijch sG dan tgc khong chi la tiem ndng, von song, von Ui thuc ma con tgo nen niem tin, dgng lyc dl chiing ta ngay nay tilp tyc tien ra blln, thyc hi?n thanh cong "Chiln luge biin", khai thac biin, phat Giln hai thuong, md rgng quan hp vdi cac qudc gia khu vyc va thi gidi.

Ngudi dgc nhgn xet: PGS. TS. Tran Birc Thanh